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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Eichner, E. Randy. "Iron and Irony." Current Sports Medicine Reports 8, no. 5 (September 2009): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0b013e3181b7d2f1.

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2

Qusnaini, Asmaul, M. Misbahul Amri, and Inayatul Fariha. "Problematizing Situational Irony: A Critical Study on Hardy’s An Imaginative Woman." JoLLA: Journal of Language, Literature, and Arts 1, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1607–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um064v1i112021p1607-1626.

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Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to comprehend how situational irony in Thomas Hardy’s short fiction entitled An Imaginative Woman conceptualized a tension of irony in readers’ perceptiveness. To this aim, this study tries to examine the relation among aspects: the story plot, characterizations, focalizations, and narrator’s comments. The narration of this short story shows there are two representation levels of irony: (1) the story level which contains: the sequence of Ella’s ironic events and portrayal of victimized characters; (2) the narrative level consists of: numerous focalizations that are entangled with formulation of perspective and narrator’s intrusive comments that becomes the embodiment of narrator’s unreliability. This paper suggests that situational irony signifies the dynamic strategy of narrative in order to manifest the tension of irony within the story and its representation. Additionally, this strategy emphasizes readers’ compatibility with the irony of the narrative. Keywords: narrative; situational irony; focalization; intrusive narrator Abstrak: Makalah ini bertujuan untuk memahami bagaimana ironi situasional dalam cerita pendek An Imaginative Woman karya Thomas Hardy mengkonseptualisasikan ketegangan ironi dalam persepsi pembaca. Untuk itu, penelitian ini mencoba mengkaji secara kritis hubungan antar aspek berikut: alur cerita, penokohan, fokalisasi, dan komentar narator. Narasi cerpen ini menunjukkan terdapat dua tingkat dalam representasi ironi: (1) tingkat cerita, yakni memuat: urutan peristiwa ironis yang terjadi terhadap Ella dan penggambaran karakter yang dijadikan korban; (2) tingkat naratif, terdiri dari: beberapa macam fokalisasi yang berhubungan dengan perumusan perspektif dan komentar narator yang mengganggu sebagai perwujudan ketidakpercayaan pada narator. Makalah ini menunjukkan bahwa ironi situasional menandakan kedinamisan strategi dalam narasi dalam mewujudkan ketegangan ironi baik di dalam cerita maupun cara merepresentasikan cerita. Selain itu, strategi ini menekankan kompatibilitas pembaca yang berperan penting untuk menjangkau ironi narasi. Kata kunci: naratif; ironi situasional; fokalisasi; intrusi narrator
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3

Dynel, Marta. "The Irony of Irony: Irony Based on Truthfulness." Corpus Pragmatics 1, no. 1 (January 11, 2017): 3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41701-016-0003-6.

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4

Khamdamovna, Mavlanova Ugiloy, Ruzieva Dilfuza Salimboevna, and Babaeva Vasila Toshpulatovna. "Irony in dramatic works." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 03 (February 18, 2020): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i3/pr200784.

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5

Esquibel, Catrióna Rueda. "Irony." Meridians 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2002): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15366936-3.1.252.

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6

BRASSETT, JAMES. "British irony, global justice: a pragmatic reading of Chris Brown, Banksy and Ricky Gervais." Review of International Studies 35, no. 1 (January 2009): 219–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210509008390.

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AbstractThe article provides a critical analysis of the concept of irony and how it relates to global justice. Taking Richard Rorty as a lead, it is suggested that irony can foreground a sense of doubt over our own most heartfelt beliefs regarding justice. This provides at least one ideal sense in which irony can impact the discussion of global ethics by pitching less as a discourse of grand universals and more as a set of hopeful narratives about how to reduce suffering. The article then extends this notion via the particular – and particularly – ethnocentric case of British Irony. Accepting certain difficulties with any definition of British Irony the article reads the interventions of three protagonists on the subject of global justice – Chris Brown, Banksy and Ricky Gervais. It is argued that their considerations bring to light important nuances in irony relating to the importance of playfulness, tragedy, pain, self-criticism and paradox. The position is then qualified against the (opposing) critiques that irony is either too radical, or, too conservative a quality to make a meaningful impact on the discussion of global justice. Ultimately, irony is defended as a critical and imaginative form, which can (but does not necessarily) foster a greater awareness of the possibilities and limits for thinking/doing global justice.%‘‘The comic frame, in making a man the student of himself, makes it possible for him to ‘transcend’ occasions when he has been tricked or cheated, since he can readily put such discouragements into his ‘assets’ column, under the heading of ‘experience’. . . . In sum, the comic frame should enable people to be observers of themselves, while acting.Blackadder: Baldrick, have you no idea what irony is?Baldrick: Yes, it’s like goldy and bronzy only it’s made out of iron.’’
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7

Couper, Scott. "Irony upon Irony upon Irony: The Mythologising of Nationalist History in South Africa." South African Historical Journal 63, no. 2 (June 2011): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02582473.2011.569346.

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8

Rozik, Eli. "Theatrical Irony." Theatre Research International 11, no. 2 (1986): 132–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300012165.

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It is my intention to derive the concept of ‘theatrical irony’ from the general theory of theatrical communication.The basic meaning of the term ‘irony’, from the Greek word ‘ειρωνεια’, was ‘dissimulation’. Over the centuries, this term has been extended to additional semantic fields and consequently acquired new meanings as in ‘Socratic irony’, ‘philosophical irony’, ‘romantic irony’, ‘dramatic irony’, ‘tragic irony’, and so on. At the same time, a number of more colloquial expressions were introduced as well, as in ‘ironic smile’, ‘irony of events’, ‘irony of fate’, and so on. I am of the opinion, however, that despite the diversity of such phrases and regardless of their partial overlap, it is still possible to unveil a common semantic core. Furthermore, it is my belief that our understanding of theatrical irony benefits from all these additional usages.
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9

Zhao, Chenyu. "A Review on Second Language Learners’ Irony Comprehension." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 8, no. 2 (June 2022): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2022.8.2.330.

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Irony, as a pragmatic tool, is often used in daily conversation by native speakers. However, for second-language learners, irony comprehension can be a barrier in conversation when they try to understand native speakers’ usage of this pragmatic tool. This study aims to identify factors that are critical for irony comprehension and find out training methods that address these issues to improve second-language learners’ ability of comprehending irony. To this end, we review studies about (1) native speakers’ irony comprehension, highlighting three factors that play an important role: intonation, common ground, and context; (2) second-language learners’ implicature comprehension, elaborating the role of two kinds of factors: within-implicature factors and learner-related factors; (3) second-language learners’ irony comprehension and training projects that help improve this ability, finding out the key difficulties of irony comprehension for language learners and the ways to improve. In addition, this study also proposed some future directions for this line of research.
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10

Meyler, Bernadette. "Bakhtin's Irony." Pacific Coast Philology 32, no. 1 (1997): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1316783.

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11

T.L. Short. "Peirce's Irony." Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 54, no. 1 (2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/trancharpeirsoc.54.1.02.

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12

Tobin, Pat, and Candace Lang. "Irony/Humor." MLN 103, no. 4 (September 1988): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2905026.

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13

Cabañas, Cynthia, Atsushi Senju, and Tim J. Smith. "Dramatic Irony." Projections 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 84–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/proj.2022.160106.

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How do we understand the experiences of characters in a movie? Similar to real life, viewers attribute mental states to characters through a process known as Theory of Mind (ToM). Filmmakers commonly use Dramatic Irony, a narrative device where the audience knows something that at least one characters does not. From a social neuroscience perspective, understanding the cognitive mechanisms that underlie dramatic irony can provide a remarkable opportunity to study ToM in a more ecologically relevant context. While descriptive narrative theories of dramatic irony exist, these have never been studied in relation to contemporary social neuroscience. In this opinion piece, we aim to bring together these two traditionally isolated disciplines to propose a cross-disciplinary research roadmap for investigating the social neuroscience of dramatic irony in cinema.
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14

Martini, Jennifer. "Dramatic Irony." Family Medicine 54, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2022.154897.

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15

Tittler, Jonathan. "Approximately Irony." Modern Language Studies 15, no. 2 (1985): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3194430.

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16

Higgins, Kathleen Marie. "Beyond Irony." International Studies in Philosophy 33, no. 3 (2001): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/intstudphil200133336.

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17

Naughton. "“Diaphanous Irony”:." Comparative Literature Studies 51, no. 3 (2014): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/complitstudies.51.3.0466.

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18

Rose, William I. "Volcanic irony." Nature 411, no. 6833 (May 2001): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35075127.

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19

Katz, Solomon H. "TRANSCENDING IRONY." Zygon® 45, no. 2 (May 25, 2010): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2010.01092.x.

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20

Yates‐Doerr, Emily. "Imperialist Irony." American Anthropologist 122, no. 3 (August 24, 2020): 674–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aman.13454.

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21

Zirkel, Perry A. "Gifted Irony?" Phi Delta Kappan 86, no. 7 (March 2005): 556–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003172170508600719.

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22

Wetzsteon, R. "On Irony." Literary Imagination 7, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/7.2.269.

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23

Andrews, Nancy C. "Hungry irony." Journal of Clinical Investigation 125, no. 9 (August 24, 2015): 3422–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci83193.

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24

Weislogel, Eric L. "Schlegel’s Irony." Idealistic Studies 22, no. 3 (1992): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/idstudies199222366.

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25

Doherty, Maggie. "After Irony." Dissent 63, no. 3 (2016): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dss.2016.0062.

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26

Judge, S. "CDT irony." British Dental Journal 209, no. 1 (July 2010): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2010.585.

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27

Brittenham, Gary M. "Myocardial irony." Blood 101, no. 11 (June 1, 2003): 4231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-03-0911.

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28

Vlastos, Gregory. "Socratic Irony." Classical Quarterly 37, no. 1 (May 1987): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800031670.

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‘Irony,’ says Quintilian, is that figure of speech or trope ‘in which something contrary to what is said is to be understood’ (contrarium ei quoddicitur intelligendum est). His formula has stood the test of time. It passes intact into Dr Johnson's dictionary (‘ mode of speech in which the meaning is contrary to the words’ [1755]). It survives virtually intact in ours:Irony is the use of words to express something other than, and especially the opposite of, [their] literal meaning (Webster's).
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29

Sibbald, Peter R. "Recursive irony?" Trends in Biochemical Sciences 14, no. 8 (August 1989): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(89)90161-8.

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30

Pelsmaekers, Katja, and Fred Van Eesien. "Subtitling Irony." Translator 8, no. 2 (November 2002): 241–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2002.10799134.

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31

Harris, J. "Corneille's Irony." French Studies 62, no. 4 (October 1, 2008): 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/knn087.

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32

Bøggild, Jacob. "Irony Haunts." Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook 2009, no. 2009 (August 18, 2009): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110207897.1.249.

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33

Pexman, Penny M., and Kara M. Olineck. "Understanding Irony." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 21, no. 3 (September 2002): 245–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x02021003003.

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34

Burgers, Christian, Margot van Mulken, and Peter Jan Schellens. "Verbal Irony." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 31, no. 3 (May 10, 2012): 290–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x12446596.

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35

Shoaps, Robin. "“Moral irony”." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 297–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.17.2.05sho.

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This paper presents an ethnographically sensitive account of a family of modal constructions in Sakapultek, a Mayan language spoken in highland Guatemala. The constructions in question share many characteristics with those that have been analyzed as ironic in English and are dubbed “moral irony,” due both to their similarities to irony in other languages and to their primary interactional function. The morphosyntactic composition and semiotic processes involved in moral irony are described and the proposed account of these semiotic properties makes use of Goffman’s distinction between author, animator and principal as dimensions of the speaker role. The indexical properties of moral irony are demonstrated and it is argued that they play a greater role in determining ironic meaning than speaker intentions. Using extended examples from naturally-occurring talk, the paper also demonstrates how irony functions in evaluative stance-taking in Sakapultek. Such examples illustrate both the relatively presupposing and entailing aspects of moral irony’s indexical meaning. Moral irony is argued to be modal in that it projects hypothetical or unreal possible worlds and ironic in that it indirectly and negatively evaluates the stances of an imagined principal. Finally, on the ethnographic level, moral irony is examined in light of what it reveals about Sakapultek notions of moral personhood.
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36

Williams, Nigel. "Lake irony." Current Biology 17, no. 10 (May 2007): R341—R342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.043.

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37

Grant, Colin. "The Irony of Rorty's Lack of Theological Irony." Toronto Journal of Theology 22, no. 1 (March 2006): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/tjt.22.1.7.

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38

Ophälders, Markus. "The fundamental irony or the irony of foundation." Axiomathes 9, no. 1-2 (April 1998): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02681708.

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39

Nurdinova, Gyuzel Sh, and D. Sh Egamnazarova. "IRONY AS A MULTIPURPOSE STYLISTIC DEVICE." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 03, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-03-05-18.

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The article discusses new approaches to the understanding of the idea of irony from the perspectives of lingua-pragmatics and cognitive linguistics. An examination of recent scientific literature reveals numerous potential options for resolving this problem. The distinction between irony and humor, sarcasm, mockery, and lies; defining the boundaries of irony in the text; the allocation of linguistic means of its construction and roles in various forms of discourse are among the key issues that scholars encounter in identifying the definition.
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40

Hoyle, Eric, and Mike Wallace. "Two Faces of Organizational Irony: Endemic and Pragmatic." Organization Studies 29, no. 11 (November 2008): 1427–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840607096383.

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This paper puts forward a perspective on organizational irony framed in terms of two reciprocal faces, as a contribution to the developing interest in irony as a tool for organizational analysis. Endemic irony explores theoretical approaches implying that irony is a characteristic of all organizations, extended by contingent manifestations in contemporary organizations. Pragmatic irony conceptualizes how organization members engage in ironic strategies and deploy verbal irony as modes of coping — with both endemic discrepancies between intention and outcome, and contingent contradictions generated through major change efforts. This perspective is offered as a heuristic for exploring organizations whose members are inherently confronted by irony. First, those philosophical, literary and organization theory approaches to irony are reviewed which relate most closely to organizational irony. Second, the endemic nature of organizational irony is elaborated. Third, distinctive manifestations of irony in contemporary organizations that extend endemic irony are discussed. Fourth, instances of pragmatic irony in contemporary organizations, conceived as the reciprocal of endemic irony, are explored. Finally, the value of an ironic perspective as a means of understanding organizations is asserted and suggestions offered for future theory-building and research.
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41

Priydarshi, Ashok Kumar. "Jane Austen’s Comic Vision and Her Use of Irony." Journal of Advanced Research in English and Education 05, no. 03 (March 31, 2021): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2456.4370.202012.

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Irony in its broadest sense, is a rhetorical device, literary technique, or event in which what on the surface appears to be the case or to be expected differs radically from what is actually the case. In other words, the basic feature of irony is a contrast between reality and appearance. It can be categorized into different types, including verbal irony, dramatic irony and situational irony. These types of ironies are often used for emphasis in the assertion of a truth. Jane Austen uses all these ironies in her novels to show the comic vision of her life. She has used it as a neutral discoverer and explorer of incongruities.
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42

Shively, Rachel L., Juan Acevedo, Rocio Cano, and Izadi Etxeberria-Ortego. "Teaching humorous irony to L2 and heritage speakers of Spanish." Language Teaching Research 26, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 279–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13621688211068087.

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The present study examined the effect of a pedagogical intervention about humorous verbal irony in Spanish with a mixed group of 40 second language (L2) and heritage speakers of Spanish. Unlike previous studies that have considered only irony comprehension, this project incorporated both comprehension and production of irony into instruction and assessment. The intervention consisted of 2.5 hours of lessons that focused on humorous irony and irony cues. To assess effectiveness, participants completed a pretest and posttest of an irony comprehension instrument and a written production questionnaire designed to elicit humorous irony. The results from the study indicate that the intervention was beneficial in increasing participants’ accurate interpretation of irony and identification of tone of voice as an irony cue. Additionally, after instruction, participants produced significantly more irony and incorporated new resources into their ironic responses. However, participants did not increase their success in being humorous over time. No significant group differences were observed, suggesting that the instruction had similar effects for both L2 and heritage speakers.
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43

Mpandi Oleta, Lucrès Destin, and Anatole Mbanga. "Ironie et subjectivité dans la presse écrite congolaise." Cahiers Africains de rhétorique 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.55595/mmo2022.

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This article examines the use of irony as a persuasive strategy in the service of the subjectivity of the journalist in the Congolese print media. It approaches the procedures of irony from a semantic-pragmatic and enunciative perspective in order to highlight the subjectivity of the speaker and the effects generated by these uses on the reception of the message. The aim is precisely to see how, through the use of irony, the journalist tries to persuade and influence his readers. In this way, he displays his positions, his vision and his judgement of both the politicians and the socio-political and dramatic realities of the country. Keywords: Irony, subjectivity, Congolese written press.
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44

Shirahatti, Abhinandan, Vijay Rajpurohit, and Sanjeev Sannakki. "Fine grained irony classification through transfer learning approach." Computer Science and Information Technologies 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/csit.v4i1.p43-49.

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Nowadays irony appears to be pervasive in all social media discussion forums and chats, offering further obstacles to sentiment analysis efforts. The aim of the present research work is to detect irony and its types in English tweets We employed a new system for irony detection in English tweets, and we propose a distilled bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (DistilBERT)light transformer model based on the bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) architecture, this is further strengthened by the use and design of bidirectional long-short term memory (Bi-LSTM) network this configuration minimizes data preprocessing tasks proposed model tests on a SemEval-2018 task 3, 3,834 samples were provided. Experiment results show the proposed system has achieved a precision of 81% for not irony class and 66% for irony class, recall of 77% for not irony and 72% for irony, and F1 score of 79% for not irony and 69% for irony class since researchers have come up with a binary classification model, in this study we have extended our work for multiclass classification of irony. It is significant and will serve as a foundation for future research on different types of irony in tweets.
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45

Petrova, Olga Gennadyevna. "Types of Irony in Fiction: Conceptual and Contextual Irony." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Philology. Journalism 11, no. 3 (2011): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2011-11-3-25-30.

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46

Flay, Joseph C. "The Dialectic of Irony and the Irony of Dialectic." Owl of Minerva 25, no. 2 (1994): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/owl19942527.

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47

Ellis, Raissa. "Testing the impact of paraverbal irony signals. Experimental study on verbal irony identification in face-to-face and computer-mediated communication." Psychology of Language and Communication 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plc-2022-0004.

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Abstract This paper reports the results of an experimental study with a between subject design (N = 122) whose aim was to compare irony comprehension rates in face-to-face (FTF) and computer-mediated communication (CMC), and examine the influence of paraverbal irony signals on irony identification rates. An irony comprehension test was intersemiotically translated to three conditions: FTF (n = 46), paraverbal signal-rich CMC (n = 30), and paraverbal signal-poor CMC (n = 46). The study adopted a relevance theoretic account of irony. There was a statistically significant difference between the signal-rich CMC and FTF conditions - irony identification rates were higher in the signal-rich CMC condition. The results are important since they suggest that paraverbal irony signals are not essential for correct irony identification if relevant contextual information is available, and the CMC medium is not only unlikely to be an obstacle in communicating the ironic intent, but with the addition of the medium-specific irony signals, may be significantly better.
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48

von Blanckenburg, Friedhelm. "The Irony of Iron – Life'S Major Trace Element." Elements 14, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.14.6.367.

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49

Van der Merwe, T. "’n Perspektief op ironie in die hedendaagse Afrikaanse taalgebruik." Literator 22, no. 2 (August 7, 2001): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v22i2.364.

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A discussion of irony in contemporary Afrikaans The purpose of this article is to investigate the nature of irony as used in contemporary Afrikaans language. A common feature of the irony that shows up consistently in contemporary Afrikaans, is some form of duality or contrast, such as between a reality and a perception. Special attention is given to the distinguishing features of verbal irony and the different semantic contrasts which could occur. Various signals indicating irony, and functions of irony in contemporary use are also examined.
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50

Lestari, Widia. "Irony Analysis of Memes on Instagram Social Media." PIONEER: Journal of Language and Literature 10, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.36841/pioneer.v10i2.192.

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This study disscused the irony in memes on Instagram. The memes were selected by selecting some accounts on Instagram. The aims of this study are to identify the types of irony in meme and to describe the meaning of irony used in memes on Instagram. In conducting this research, the methodology used is descriptive method by Creswell (2008). Theory of types of irony by Perrine (1966) and theory of meaning by Leech (1981) are used to do the analysis. The result of this research shows that there are twenty six verbal irony and four situational irony. Verbal irony in memes can attract the readers interest , and situational irony gives funny effects because of discrepancy between appearance and reality, or between expectation and fulfillment. Verbal irony and situational irony found on the Instagram are illustrated through the utterances in memes, and these memes have implicit meaning (non-literal meaning). How the readers understand the memes depends on their culture, time, and individual experience. Besides, the readers can get the meaning of memes if they compare the memes with the topic that has been viral their life.
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