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Punia, Divya, and Rajender Kumar. "A Kalman Filter Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for Efficient Vehicle Connectivity and Traffic Management." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 23, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2022-0003.
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Abstract The geographic routing protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are contemplated as most efficacious protocols. Though, such types of protocols communicate a huge quantity of data that influence the network connectivity negatively. Also, out of bound issue is the second major disadvantage of geographic routing protocols. To provide a solution to these impediments, a novel K-PGRP (Kalman filter-Predictive Geographic Routing Protocol) routing protocol is proposed in this paper. K-PGRP is an improvement to PGRP (Predictive Geographic Routing Protocol) routing protocol and wields Kalman filter as a prediction module in PGRP routing protocol in order to anticipate the neighbor location and to select the propitious neighbor for advancing packets in both urban and highway framework which leads to efficient connectivity in the network and improves road safety. K-PGRP is then compared with PGRP, GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing) and GPCR (Greedy Perimeter Coordinator Routing) routing protocols in terms of throughput and packet delivery ratio metrics and outperformed all the simulation cases. The simulations were performed on MATLAB R2018a along with traffic simulator SUMO.
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Manhar, Advin, and Dr Deepak Dembla. "Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP) in MANETs Based on Situation Based Adaptive Routing." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.110103.
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Without the need of a fixed foundation or base station, the Mobile Ad hoc Network creates its own wireless network. One of the most troublesome aspects of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is the occurrence of unexpected loss of network connectivity. As a result of this problem, packets continue to drop, and we must restore the connection by sending Route Request (RREQ) and Route Reply (RREP). As a result, network performance will suffer yet another setback. We used the scenario routing technique to combine the Dream Multipath Routing (DMR), Ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV), Optimized link-state routing (OLSR), and Ad-hoc on Demand Vector (AODV) routing protocols to build the IHRP routing protocol in this work. According to previous studies, (AODV) is more suited when node motion is high. The purpose of DREAM Multipath Routing (DMR) is to maintain node mobility and location information coordinated. Route packet flooding is prevented by computing the expected chance of node relocation. The number of mobile nodes in the wireless network fluctuates, and the DMR operates on each one individually. In the network, each node maintains a list of nearby nodes and their current locations. Using the AOMDV routing protocol is effective for load balancing and preventing congestion on the network. OLSR is a good fit for networks that priorities link reliability above other considerations when routing traffic. When using the aforementioned (DMR, AODV, AOMDV, and OLSR) protocols to create the IHRP routing protocol, we are capable of better regulation of network behavior and perform. In the case of 100 nodes, data is sent for analysis for The Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP), Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols. For data send, the performance of IHRP, ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR is 11513, 10240, 10225, 10558, and 9184, respectively, and for 50 nodes, the performance of IHRP, ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR is 11151, 9807, 9636, 9586, and 7470, respectively. Thus, with 100 and 50 nodes, the Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol (IHRP) outperforms the AOMDV, ZRP, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols. In the case of 100 nodes and 50 nodes, the data receive analysis for IHRP, ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols is 11513, 10240, 10225, 10558, and 9184, respectively, and 9367, 8714, 8370, 6730, and 7298, respectively, So IHRP also receives data faster than ZRP, AOMDV, AODV, and OLSR routing protocols. The IHRP outperforms AOMDV, AODV, ZRP, and OLSR routing protocols in terms of data transmit, receive, data drop, PDR, throughput, E-E latency, and NRL.
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Zafar, Sherin, and Neha Sharma. "Inculcating Trust in Hybrid Routing Approach for Securing MANET." International Journal of End-User Computing and Development 8, no. 2 (July 2019): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeucd.2019070102.
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The rudimentary notion of using MANET is that the exchange of information in between the portable nodes count on the swift arrangement of a momentary network. Also, each node in a MANET can travel spontaneously in any direction and can change its links to the other nodes repeatedly. In hybrid protocols, initially, the routing is established with the help of some proactively prospected routes and later on serves the request with the help of reactive flooding. In MANET, the security and the routing are the two most crucial and challenging aspects that open up a vast area for improvement. Security includes a set of considerations that are adequately funded. Designing a competent routing protocol for wireless ad-hoc network along with the fulfilment of security aspects is a challenging task. MANET demands for a new set of networking strategies to be adopted in order to provide competent and secure overhead free end-to-end communication. In MANET, hybrid routing protocols are considered to be the most effective types of protocols as they take the advantage of both proactive and reactive routing protocols. After performing an intense literature survey, it could be concluded that there is a specific requirement of a protocol hybrid in nature that could include the two most specific factors for MANET (i.e., routing and security). The existing hybrid routing protocols suffers from the problems like optimisation control, images detection, and image quantization. To solve the above-mentioned issues of hybrid routing protocols, various optimization algorithms have been proposed that are natural genetics-inspired. The various techniques that can be used to enhance the security are cryptography, bio-metric, trust-based approach, Hash function algorithm, etc.
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Singh, Barjinder, and Rishma Chawla. "Performance quantification of Wireless Sensor Networks by implementing ZRP." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 2, no. 3 (June 30, 2012): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v2i3b.2695.
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sensor network is composed of a largenumber of autonomous sensor nodes, which are denselydeployed in the area of interest i.e either inside thephenomenon or very close to it. Routing is an importantoperation, being the foundation of data exchangingbetween wireless devices.Zone Routing Protocol was thefirst hybrid routing protocol with both a proactive and areactive routing component. ZRP was proposed to reducethe control overhead of proactive routing protocols anddecrease the latency caused by route discovery in reactiverouting protocols. ZRP defines a zone around each nodeconsisting of the numbers of neighbourhood. During myresearch work, I applied the hybrid routing protocol inwireless sensors and measure the correspondingperformance of the network in terms of overhead, delayand throughput.[10]
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Iqbal, Muddesar, Muhammad Shafiq, Jin-Ghoo Choi, Hasina Attaullah, Khawar Akram, and Xingheng Wang. "Design and Analysis of a Novel Hybrid Wireless Mesh Network Routing Protocol." International Journal of Adaptive, Resilient and Autonomic Systems 5, no. 3 (July 2014): 20–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaras.2014070102.
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Wireless mesh network (WMN) operates both in infrastructure and ad-hoc mode. It provides extended network coverage based on heterogeneous wireless technologies through multi-hop communications. In WMNs, the routing mechanisms and network organization need to be improved so that optimal path discovery or different protocols adaptability can be achieved. Hybrid routing is a demanding issue to be discussed these days as need of higher mobility management in the diverse situations and environments. It's required to improve the older schemes for higher data rate and minimum energy consumptions. The proposed work presents a design of a novel routing algorithm for optimal route discovery, congestion reduction, dynamic route selection and scalability in hybrid mesh networks. The authors have focused on Hybrid Routing Protocols to originate a novel routing scheme based on AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector routing protocol) in Ad-Hoc level with clustering scheme and DSDV (Destination Sequence Distance Vector) as proactive routing protocol in Backbone Mesh Router Level to form a new hybrid routing protocol. In this work a Novel Hybrid Distance Vector (NHDV) routing protocol algorithm has been introduced, which is the combination of DSDV (Destination Sequence Distance Vector) and AODV routing protocols. A clustering scheme with the combination of two efficient clustering schemes for Ad-hoc mesh client levels is discussed in detail and a performance metric for DSDV is also discussed which ETX (Expected Transmission Count) is for measuring packet loss ratio at each link for higher throughput. A new performance metric introduced in AODV as Mesh Router Count is used to improve the performance of communication to the Mesh Routers. The proposed work is the design of new algorithm that presents an optimal solution in bringing out a revolutionary change to Hybrid Routing.
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Ragab, Ahmed Refaat, and Pablo Flores. "Adapting Ad-hoc Routing Protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems." International Journal of Data Science 2, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijods.2.1.1-8.2021.
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The field of the ad-hoc network and its routing protocols had attracted a lot of researchers for many years, due to the various usage of the ad-hoc networks in many fields and especially the field of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Routing protocols in the ad-hoc network are the main focused problem, for their characteristics and role during the communication process of the ad-hoc networks, with its different types. In this paper, we are going to analyze and sheds the light on the performance of ad-hoc routing protocols, for both Flying ad-hoc network (FANET) and vehicle ad-hoc network (VANET) when applying three different ad-hoc routing protocols, respectively Reactive routing protocol, Proactive routing protocol, and Hybrid routing protocol, in order to shed light on the ambiguous misunderstanding of ad-hoc routing protocols functionality and to choose the best routing protocol to be used and adapted for UAVs.
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Sultan, Mohamad T., Khaled N. Yasen, and Ali Q. Saeed. "Simulation-based Evaluation of Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols: Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector, Fisheye State Routing, and Zone Routing Protocol." Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal 3, no. 2 (August 20, 2019): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cuesj.v3n2y2019.pp64-69.
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Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less and decentralized network without any physical connections. Nodes are mobile, free to move, and independent of each other which makes routing a difficult task. Hence, a dynamic routing protocol is needed to make MANET reliable and function properly. Several routing protocols have been proposed with different working mechanisms and performance levels. Therefore, the performance study of those protocols is needed. This paper evaluates the performance of MANET routing protocols using simulation based experiments to observe the behavior of the network as the density of the nodes increases. The paper evaluates the performance of proactive (fisheye state routing), reactive (ad hoc on-demand distance vector), and hybrid (zone routing protocol) routing protocols in terms of the packet delivery fraction, average throughput, and average end-to-end delay. The simulations of protocols to analyze their performance in different conditions were performed using the network simulator 2 (NS 2).
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Jeyaprakash, Thangakumar, and Rajeswari Mukesh. "An Optimized Node Selection Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks – A Hybrid Model." Journal of Communications Software and Systems 11, no. 2 (June 23, 2015): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v11i2.106.
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Vehicular Ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are a subset of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks made by vehicles communicating among themselves on roadways. The Routing protocols implemented for MANETs such as Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Destination Sequence Distance Vector Routing Protocol (DSDV) are not suitable for VANET due to high Mobility. Trusted routing in VANET is a challenging task due to highly dynamic network topology and openness of wireless architecture. To avoid a frequent communication link failure, to reduce the communication overhead and to provide a trusted routing among the vehicular nodes for achieving high packet transmission, we implemented an Optimized Node Selection Routing protocol (ONSRP) of VANET based on Trust. In our proposed work, we implemented an enhanced routing protocol which prevents the network from communication link failure frequently. The testing results stated that the ONSRP routing have a high performance measures than the above mentioned existing routing protocols.
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Singh, Amar, Shakti Kumar, and Sukhbir Singh Walia. "Routing Protocols for WMNs: A Survey." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 7, no. 7 (September 27, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v7i7.87.
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Routing is one of the most challenging issues encountered in the Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) due to the dynamic nature of WMNs. The survey observes that literature is rich with wide range of routing protocols. Each protocol has its own features which we have briefly discussed. The routing protocols could be divided into three categories i.e. reactive, proactive and hybrid. In this paper we have reviewed wide range of existing routing protocols which are being applied for wireless mesh networks. The literature survey also points to the rising popularity of soft computing based approaches to the optimal cost path evaluation as compared to the classical or hard computing based approaches.
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Narula, Mr Rajneesh, and Mr Kaushal Gandhi. "Performance Analysis and Evaluation of Hybrid Network using different Integrated Routing Protocols." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 11, no. 10 (December 5, 2013): 3090–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v11i10.2978.
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The increasing demand of computer communication networks are growing rapidly day by day. With the growing need to distribute applications across multiple networks and the availability of high capacity, high-performance intermediate switching nodes, and networks, an efficient routing mechanism has become the core requirement. This research primarily focuses on the design and performance of Hybrid Network incorporating different intra-domain routing algorithms. The performance evaluation of different routing algorithms for the transmission of video- and voice-data streams over Hybrid network is demonstrated in this work.. This allows multiple Ethernet point-to-point links to be bundled into one logical full-duplex channel for Fast Ethernet (10BaseT, 100BaseT, or 1000BaseX). These applications require some QoS support such as guaranteed bandwidth, less delay, less jittering effect and low error rate. The QoS relies on a number of factors along with a suite of robust routing protocols that help to accomplish the task of moving datagram from source to destination with high bandwidth and low delay rate. An effective intra-domain network routing protocol may make distributed applications more efficient across multiple networks with the availability of high capacity and high-performance. A variety of intra-domain routing protocols such as Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Open Shortest First Protocol (OSPF), Interior Gateway Protocol (IGRP) and Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol (EIGRP) are available and widely used in designing such high capacity and high performance networks with optimum QoS. We evaluate the performance of these intra-domain routing protocols with IS-IS to recommend the optimum routing protocol to use to provide optimum QoS by means of OPNET Simulator TM. In this thesis work, the following objectives are considered and demonstrated.
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Jain, Neha, Ashish Payal, and Aarti Jain. "Effect of data packet size on the performance of RIP and OSPF routing protocols in hybrid networks." International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications 17, no. 4 (September 10, 2021): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpcc-02-2021-0036.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to calculate the effect of different packet sizes 256, 512, 1,024 and 2,048 bytes on a large-scale hybrid network and analysis and identifies which routing protocol is best for application throughput, application delay and network link parameters for different packet sizes. As the routing protocol is used to select the optimal path to transfer data packets from source to destination. It is always important to consider the performance of the routing protocol before the final network configuration. From the literature, it has been observed that RIP (Routing Information Protocol) and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) are the most popular routing protocols, and it has always been a challenge to select between these routing protocols, especially for hybrid networks. The efficiency of routing protocol mainly depends on resulting throughput and delay. Also, it has been observed that data packet size also plays an essential role in determining the efficiency of routing protocol. Design/methodology/approach To analyse the effect of different packet sizes using two routing protocols, routing information protocol (RIP) and open shortest path first (OSPF) on the hybrid network, require detailed planning. Designing the network for simulate and then finally analysing the results requires proper study. Each stage needs to be understood well for work accomplishment. Thus, the network’s simulation and evaluation require implementing the proposed work step by step, saving time and cost. Here, the proposed work methodology is defined in six steps or stages. Findings The simulation results show that both routing protocols – RIP and OSPF are equally good in terms of network throughput for all different packet sizes. However, OSPF performs better in terms of network delay than RIP routing protocol in different packet size scenarios. Research limitations/implications In this paper, a fixed network of 125 objects and only RIP and OSPF routing protocol have been used for analysis. Therefore, in the future, a comparison of different network sizes can be considered by increasing or decreasing the number of objects in the proposed network. Furthermore, the other routing protocols can be used for performance evaluation on the same proposed network. Originality/value The analysis can be conducted by simulation of the network, enabling us to develop a network environment without restricting the selection of parameters as it minimizes cost, network deployment overhead, human resources, etc. The results are analysed, calculated and compared for each packet size on different routing protocol networks individually and the conclusion is made.
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Han, Guangzhi, Haifeng Jiang, Liansheng Lu, Shanshan Ma, and Shuo Xiao. "Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol for coal mine hybrid wireless mesh networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 2 (February 2018): 155014771875921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718759217.
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Hybrid wireless mesh networks are suitable for complex environment communication in coal mine. Mesh clients with application service and routing function in hybrid wireless mesh networks can form a highly robust hybrid network with mesh routers. The processes of nutrient flux transfer and path choice in Physarum network are similar to data transmission and routing selection in hybrid wireless mesh networks. In this article, we use Physarum-inspired autonomic optimization model to design a Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol to improve the service quality of coal mine hybrid wireless mesh networks. Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol has achieved distributed routing decision by drawing the hybrid wireless mesh network parameters into Poisson’s equation of Physarum-inspired autonomic optimization model to measure the quality of link and implements two adjustment strategies to make the protocol more adaptive. The resource-dependent adjustment, which considers the irreversible energy consumption and recoverable buffer occupation, makes the energy consumption problem prominent when there is a lack of energy. The position-dependent adjustment makes routing decision efficient according to the load of different positions, which is caused by many-to-one data transmission model in coal mine. Based on NS2, simulation experiments are performed to evaluate the performance of Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol, and the results are compared with those of ad hoc on-demand distance vector, HOPNET, ANT-DSR, and Physarum-inspired routing protocols. The experimental results show that the route path selected by Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol is better than those selected by the other four protocols in the performance of average end-to-end delay and delivery ratio. The balance of energy consumption and network load is achieved and the network lifetime is effectively prolonged when using Physarum-inspired multi-parameter adaptive routing protocol.
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Tahir, Sabeen, Ghadah Abdullah Aldabbagh, Sheikh Tahir Bakhsh, and Abass Md Said. "Hybrid Congestion Sharing and Route Repairing Protocol for Bluetooth Networks." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS 20 (April 27, 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23205.2021.20.6.
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Bluetooth is a widespread wireless technology standard for limited wireless networks that permits Bluetooth devices to create a one-hop (piconet) or multi-hop (scatternet) network. During data transmission, a large number of links passing through a single master or bridge device may create congestion problems in a Bluetooth network. Therefore, routing in a multi-hop dynamic Bluetooth network, where a number of routing masters and routing bridges exist, sometimes create technical problems in a scatternet. Mobility and failure of routing devices disconnects the routing links and link reconstruction process consumes more resources that eventually decrease the performance. In this paper, Hybrid Congestion Sharing and Route Repairing protocol for Bluetooth networks” (HCSRR) is proposed. The objective of this paper is to provide an efficient technique for scatternet congestion avoidance and route maintenance. The proposed protocol is implemented and compared with most relevant protocols. From simulation results, it is observed that the HCSRR outperforms the existing protocols.
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Husam Mahdi, Miaad, and Ibrahim Adel Ibrahim. "Routing protocols for hybrid wireless networks: a brief review." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i2.pp842-848.
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Hybrid <span>wireless networks (HWNs) are resulted from the integration of a mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET) and an infrastructure wireless networks. These networks have received increasing interest from researchers for their superior performance and reliability. Packet routing protocols in hybrid wireless networks are important to increase the capacity and scalability of these networks, therefore, several routing protocols have been proposed. Routing protocols in HWNs are designed and implemented from combining <span>the cellular transmission mode with the Ad hoc transmission mode. To route a message to the intended recipient of the sender, hybrid wireless networks use multi-hop technology. However, the source node needs relay nodes, which may be either adjacent nodes or base stations depending on set of parameters like bandwidth, load balancing, or the nearest node. This paper explores routing protocols for hybrid wireless networks and the techniques to enhance the security, performance, and capacity of these routing protocols.</span></span>
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Gaba, Seema. "Analysis on Performance Matrices of Routing protocols of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 1526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44092.
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Abstract: An ad-hoc network is a local area network which has been constructed to connect the one or more devices accordingly. It is a cluster of cellular mobile nodes that are collected with one-another, which form a transitory network, which means to form a temporary structure and there is no need of any permanent support. However, it will attach all nodes with the use of cellular network structure. At compile time, if there is any problem occur that will harm the network, than it can modify the channel from one node to another node. Therefore, because of greatly effective conditions to make networks in very difficult. To avoid these conditions that will harm the network, some protocols are introduced which includes the reactive routing protocols, pro-active routing protocols, cluster- based routing protocol, a hybrid-based routing protocol, Ad- hoc on demand distance routing protocol, optimized link state routing. This review paper gives the performance analysis of routing protocols based on their properties, characteristics, functions, and their shortcomings.
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Zain, Alaa, Heba El-khobby, Hatem M. Abd Elkader, and Mostafa Abdelnaby. "MANETs performance analysis with dos attack at different routing protocols." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 4, no. 2 (May 17, 2015): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v4i2.4609.
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A Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET) is widely used in many industrial and people's life applications, such as earth monitoring, natural disaster prevention, agriculture biomedical related applications, and many other areas. Security threat is one of the major aspects of MANET, as it is one of the basic requirements of wireless sensor network, yet this problem has not been sufficiently explored. The main purpose of this paper is to study different MANETs routing protocols with three scenarios of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks on network layer using proactive routing protocol i.e. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Reactive routing protocols like Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Hybrid routing protocols like Geographic Routing Protocol (GRP). Moreover, a comparative analysis of DoS attacks for throughput, Data loss, delay and network load is taken into account. The performance of MANET under the attack is studied to find out which protocol is more vulnerable to the attack and how much is the impact of the attack on both protocols. The simulation is done using OPNET 17.
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Emilselvan, G. s. r., N. Gayathri, Ankush Rai, and Jagadish Kannan R. "ENERGY AWARE ZONE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANET." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 13 (April 1, 2017): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10s1.19985.
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Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic network consisting of a collection of wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without the need of centralized authority. Each node can send and receive data, and it should also forward routing information unrelated to its own use. Routing protocols in MANET establish path between source and destination based on number of hops. Establishment of shortest path alone is not sufficient to prolong the network lifetime. Energy consumption reduction methods are necessary as the nodes in MANET are restricted by battery supply. Energy is drained when the MANET nodes transmit and receive the data. For itself, energy management techniques are necessary in order to improve the performance of the routing protocol. Both proactive and reactive protocols have trade-off in them. ZRP is a hybrid protocol which overcomes the shortcomings of proactive and reactive routing protocols. ZRP divides the entire network into zones of variable size where routing inside the zone is performed using proactive routing approach and exterior to zone is performed using reactive routing approach. The performance characteristics of the ZRP protocol are established through simulations by comparing it to well-known routing protocol namely AODV.
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Wheeb, Ali Hussein. "Flying Ad hoc Networks (FANET): Performance Evaluation of Topology Based Routing Protocols." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 16, no. 04 (February 28, 2022): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i04.28235.
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Flying Ad hoc Networks (FANETs) has developed as an innovative technology for access places without permanent infrastructure. This emerging form of networking is construct of flying nodes known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that fly at a fast rate of speed, causing frequent changes in the network topology and connection failures. As a result, there is no dedicated FANET routing protocol that enables effective communication between these devices. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the category of topology-based routing protocols in the FANET. In a surveillance system involving video traffic, four routing protocols with varying routing mechanisms were examined. Additionally, simulation experiments conducted to determine the influence of flying altitude. The results indicate that hybrid routing protocols outperform other types of protocols in terms of average throughput. Proactive protocols, on the other hand, have the least jitter.
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M. Haglan, Hussein, Salman Yussof, Khalid W. Al-Ani, Hothefa Shaker Jassim, and Dhamea A. Jasm. "The effect of network size and density to the choice of zone radius in ZRP." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 20, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v20.i1.pp206-213.
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<span>Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a network that consists of several nodes that connect without using a permanent infrastructure. Each node in MANET moves inside and outside of the network freely and randomly. The free and random movements of nodes may cause the topology of the network to change constantly. Therefore, the task of finding routes between nodes is a big challenge. Routing protocols in MANET can be divided into three categories, namely, proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols. Hybrid routing protocols such as the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) combines the advantages of both proactive and reactive routing protocols by dividing the network area into many overlapping zones. Data transmission to nodes within the zone is done using a proactive routing mechanism, while data transmission to nodes outside the zone is done using a reactive routing mechanism. The zone radius in ZRP determines how much proactive and reactive routing is used, and therefore plays a key role in determining the performance of the network. In this paper, the performance of the ZRP routing protocol is evaluated using the NS2.33 network simulator. The focus of the research is to evaluate the ZRP performance concerning the network size and density to identify an optimum ZRP zone size that will provide good performance. The performance is evaluated by using four performance metrics which are normalized routing load, average end-to-end delay, throughput, and packet delivery fraction. The results show that ZRP produces the best performance when the zone radius size is equal to two hops.</span>
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Kaliszan, Adam, Mariusz Glabowski, Sławomir Hanczewski, Dario Gallucci, and Salvatore Vanini. "A Hybrid method for testing routing protocols in mesh networks." Image Processing & Communications 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10248-012-0091-2.
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Abstract This article presents a hybrid method for testing routing protocols specifically dedicated to mesh networks. The architecture of software routers is described and a graphic environment that would ensure effective configuration of test networks is proposed. The platform for tests of routing protocols presented in the article combines an implementation of routing protocols (the real control plane) with a router data plane simulator. The proposed solution provides an opportunity to test real implementations of routing protocols for any parameters of data plane, not limited by the physical implementation of a test network. The presented platform is based on an open source code
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W. Al-Ani, Khalid, Salman Yussof, Hussein M. Haglan, Hothefa Shaker, and Linda Mahdi Alani. "Determining an optimum zone radius for zone routing protocol (ZRP) based on node mobility." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 21, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i2.pp1230-1237.
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Mobility is one of the important issues in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET). By definition, MANET nodes are free to move around and this may cause difficulty in routing. MANET routing protocols must consider this factor when making routing decision. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is a hybrid routing protocol, which utilizes the proactive and reactive routing protocols advantages. ZRP proactively maintains routing information within a routing zone, while reactively discovering routes to destinations beyond the routing zone. Since ZRP is based on the concept of routing zone, determining an optimum routing zone radius has the major impact on the performance of that protocol. In this research, we studied the effect of zone radius on the performance of ZRP with different levels of node mobility. Node mobility is defined using two different parameters: node speed and pause time. Based on the simulation results, ZRP protocol using zone radius of two provides the best packet delivery fraction, throughput and normalized routing load. However, a larger zone radius will provide a lower delay.
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Ravilla, Dilli. "Hybrid Routing Protocols for Ad hoc Wireless Networks." International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing 2, no. 4 (December 31, 2011): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijasuc.2011.2407.
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Gao, Xiang, Zhongyuan Li, and Min Wang. "Declarative hybrid routing protocols in Ad hoc NETworks." Journal of Electronics (China) 30, no. 4 (July 18, 2013): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11767-013-3037-y.
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Masoud, Mohammad Z., Yousef Jaradat, Ismael Jannoud, and Mustafa A. Al Sibahee. "A hybrid clustering routing protocol based on machine learning and graph theory for energy conservation and hole detection in wireless sensor network." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 6 (June 2019): 155014771985823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719858231.
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In this work, a new hybrid clustering routing protocol is proposed to prolong network life time through detecting holes and edges nodes. The detection process attempts to generate a connected graph without any isolated nodes or clusters that have no connection with the sink node. To this end, soft clustering/estimation maximization with graph metrics, PageRank, node degree, and local cluster coefficient, has been utilized. Holes and edges detection process is performed by the sink node to reduce energy consumption of wireless sensor network nodes. The clustering process is dynamic among sensor nodes. Hybrid clustering routing protocol–hole detection converts the network into a number of rings to overcome transmission distances. We compared hybrid clustering routing protocol–hole detection with four different protocols. The accuracy of detection reached 98%. Moreover, network life time has prolonged 10%. Finally, hybrid clustering routing protocol–hole detection has eliminated the disconnectivity in the network for more than 80% of network life time.
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Kaur, Jaspreet, and Amit Kumar Bindal. "Resource Aware Hybrid Energy Harvesting for Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 4117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8490.
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Sensors consume the resources to perform different operations, and energy of the nodes may be depleted due to excessive computational load; thus, may reduce the overall network lifespan as well as coverage area. Traditional energy harvesting schemes provides energy to the nodes in linear way but these schemes depend over a single source as well as these do not interact with the routing protocol. In this paper, a Hybrid Energy Harvester scheme for wireless sensor network is introduced which can utilize multiple energy sources for harvesting and also interact with the routing protocols to fulfill their energy requirements. Simulation based analysis using various protocols are performed under the QoS constraints.
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Kang, Min Wook, and Yun Won Chung. "An Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol Combining MANET and DTN." Electronics 9, no. 3 (March 5, 2020): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030439.
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Hybrid protocols combining a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) and a delay tolerant network (DTN) have recently been proposed. In these works, a whole network is fragmented, and MANET is generally used for intra-fragment communication, while DTN is used for inter-fragment communication. In this paper, an improved hybrid routing protocol was proposed, wherein virtual source nodes are selected based on the delivery predictability to the destination node if routing path to the destination node is not successfully established using MANET protocol. Then, messages are delivered to the destination node from the original source node and selected virtual source nodes. Performance evaluation results show that the proposed protocol with appropriate selection of delivery predictability threshold values has a better delivery ratio than conventional protocol, at the expense of overhead ratio in the considered parameter setting.
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Mahboub, Aziz, El Mokhtar En-Naimi, Mounir Arioua, Hamid Barkouk, Younes El Assari, and Ahmed El Oualkadi. "An energy-efficient clustering protocol using fuzzy logic and network segmentation for heterogeneous WSN." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 4192. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i5.pp4192-4203.
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Wireless sensor networks have become an emerging research area due to their importance in the present industrial application. The enlargement of network lifetime is the major limitation in WSN. Several routing protocols study the extension of lifespan in WSN. Routing protocols significantly influence on the global of energy consumption for sensors in WSN. It is essential to correct the energy efficiency performance of routing protocol in order to improve the lifetime. The protocols based on clustering are the most routing protocols in WSN to reduce energy consumption. The protocols dedicate to WSN have demonstrated their limitation in expanding the lifetime of the network. In this paper, we present Hybrid SEP protocol : Multi-zonal Fuzzy logic heterogeneous Clustering based on Stable Election Protocol (FMZ-SEP). The FMZ-SEP characterizes by four parameters: WSN segmentation (splitting the WSN into the triangle zones ), the Subtractive Clustering Method to determine a correct number of clusters, the FCM and the SEP protocol. The FMZ-SEP prolong the stability period and extend the lifetime. The simulation results point out that the stability period of FMZ-SEP. FMZ-SEP protocol outperforms of MZ-SEP, FSEP and SEP protocol by improving the network lifetime and the stability period.
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Hadi, Ahmed Adnan, and Seyed Vahab AL-Din Makki. "Improved MANET Routing Protocols Performance by Using Hybrid Cat and Particle Swarm Optimization (CPSO)." Webology 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 2182–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19148.
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The technology that used in communicating data and voice among certain mobile network nodes using wireless medium and radio spectrum transmission is called Mobile networking. Generally, Mobile refers to the intent, portable and lightweight devices that may be carried by their movie users. In this paper, we proposed a hybrid version of the swarm optimization model to improve the MANET routing protocols. The proposed optimization sets optimal parameters for the MANET networks. The proposed model combines between Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO). The methodology which will be developed in this research can be used for revealing the MANT networks or mobile sensor networks the study involve enhance mechanism(s) that can be used to avoid degraded routing issues to increase the performance. The result the obtain by proposed model satisfy best result compared with both PSO and CSO.
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Shi, Wenxiao, Yuan Chai, and Danni Liu. "Regional energy- and mobility-aware routing protocol for hybrid wireless mesh network." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 13, no. 1 (January 2017): 155014771668203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147716682039.
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Existing routing protocols for hybrid wireless mesh network neglect the negative impact on network lifetime and route stability caused by energy constraints and mobility of mesh clients. To solve this issue, a regional energy- and mobility-aware routing protocol is proposed in this article. Both energy and mobility features in hybrid wireless mesh network are considered in this routing protocol. On one hand, within the communication transmission range, the intensity and degree of dispersion in energy consumption can be perceived. The node whose neighbor area has sufficient energy can be selected for network services, which can balance energy and extend the network lifetime. On the other hand, the mobility of clients is considered to enhance the stability and reduce network overhead. Therefore, regional energy- and mobility-aware routing protocol can balance network energy consumption, prolong network lifetime, and improve route stability. Simulation results via NS2 show that regional energy- and mobility-aware routing protocol can achieve better performance significantly.
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Kaur, Navneet, and Amandeep Verma. "Efficient Path Establishment Algorithm in MANETs using Bio-Inspired Techniques." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 7, no. 8 (August 30, 2017): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v7i8.56.
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The network in which the nodes can enter or leave the network as per their need is known as mobile ad-hoc network. This is a self-configuring type of network and so the routing in this type of network is very difficult. Numerous routing protocols are involved here which are classified on the basis of their properties into reactive, proactive and hybrid protocols. There are several important parameters such as delay, packet loss and throughput. These parameters are utilized for checking the performance of three routing protocols namely AODV, DSR and DSDV within this research. In comparison to the other protocols, the AODV routing protocol provides better results. In order to provide efficient path establishment from source to destination, enhancement has been proposed here within the AODV protocol which includes the utilization of cuckoo search and bee colony named bio-inspired techniques in it. The nodes that are found to be common in the selected paths are chosen to be the best nodes for the path. The NS2 tool is used for performing the simulations. As per the results achieved it can be seen that the AODV protocol provides better results in terms of the above mentioned parameters.
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Durgaprasad, P., and K. Kranthi Kumar. "Hybrid Flow Architecture for Stable and Scalable Routing in Named Data Networks." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v5.i4.pp176-182.
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<p>The named data network is a new technology in routing were its forwarding plane helps us to recover the data on its own when the network failures occur.in this NDN the major issue are when the data is sent from one network to the other the data flow is not stable. By major survey we came to know that routing protocols plays a major role for the stable and scalable data flow. This routing protocols and be classified by forwarding process and also network topologies were the protocols have the data that can be retrieved back whenever the network faults occur. In this paper we proposed that hybrid flow architecture, network topologies and routing protocols are improved to get the stable and scalable routing when the data flow is interrupted.</p>
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DJENOURI, DJAMEL, OTHMANE MAHMOUDI, and MOHAMED BOUAMAMA. "TOWARDS IMMUNIZING MANET'S SOURCE ROUTING PROTOCOLS AGAINST PACKET DROPPERS." Journal of Interconnection Networks 10, no. 01n02 (March 2009): 59–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265909002443.
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This paper deals with security of routing protocols of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), and proposes a solution to immunize such protocols against packet dropping misbehavior. Most of the current secure protocols are vulnerable to packet dropping misbehavior, which can be exploited by selfish nodes and malicious ones as well. For example, simply by dropping RREQ (Route Request) packets a selfish node can exclude itself from routes and thereby avoid receiving data packets to forward. On the other hand, a malicious node can drop RERR (Route Error) packets to keep the use of failed routes, possibly resulting in a denial of service. To mitigate this vulnerability we propose a hybrid solution that secures routing protocols against the dropping of both directed and broadcast control packets, in which a different approach is adapted for each kind of packets. Dealing with control packets represents the main contribution in this manuscript, as all the current proposals in the context of selfish nodes only consider data packets. Our solution can be integrated with any source routing protocol. In this work it was implemented with one of the most secure protocols, namely ENDAIR. The resulting new extended secure protocol was assessed and analyzed through an extensive simulation study.
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Souidi, Mohammed, Ahmed Habbani, and Halim Berradi. "Hybrid Zoning Algorithm to Optimize Overhead in Smart Mobile Communication." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 8, no. 4 (October 24, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan8040053.
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With the increase of mobile terminals, routing protocols in wireless communications must provide better quality of service to meet bandwidth and reliability requirements. In networks without infrastructure, such as ad hoc and sensor networks, where a device performs as both a terminal and a router to forward data of other nodes, maintaining the network topology consumes considerable resources in terms of energy and bandwidth. These parameters need to be considered when designing routing protocols for wireless networks. To reduce the cost of the protocol overhead, some algorithms act on the forwarders, while others act on the transmission of messages. Finally, the hybrid ones are a combination of both. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm with two zoning strategies to enhance the performance of mobile network. The first strategy helps to select dispersive forwarders in order to reduce the collision in radio channel. The second strategy aims to reduce the transmission of redundant messages. Both strategies are based on the location information of nodes. We implemented our algorithm in the optimized link state routing protocol, the most used protocol in mobile ad hoc networks. We showed by simulations that our solution reduces drastically the cost of the overhead with no hindrance to the network topology.
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Husam Mahdi, Miaad, and Ibrahim Adel Ibrahim. "Enhancing the security of quality of service-oriented distributed routing protocol for hybrid wireless network." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v30.i1.pp121-128.
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Merging the wireless infrastructure network with the wireless mobile ad-hoc networks constitutes hybrid wireless networks (HWNs). Quality of service (QoS) demands are available with the help of HWNs. However, these networks are subjected to many types of attacks because of their open wireless medium. To enhance the security of HWNs, it is necessary to provide secure routing protocols. Several routing protocols have been proposed for HWNs, one of them is the quality of service-oriented distributed (QOD) routing protocol. In this paper, two security mechanisms have been proposed for the QOD protocol. The first mechanism is used to protect transmitted data in the network using asymmetric and symmetric cryptography. The second mechanism has been proposed to enhance the security of the QOD routing protocol using keyed hash message authentication code (HMAC). The second security mechanism assumed that there is a secret key shared between each pair of neighbor nodes. Also, asymmetric cryptography is used to exchange the secret key. The secret key is used to include the message authentication code (MAC) for each message exchanged between the neighbor nodes. A network simulator NS2 is used to simulate our proposed schemes.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Dynamic Routing Method over Hybrid SDN for Flying Ad Hoc Networks." Baghdad Science Journal 15, no. 3 (September 13, 2018): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.15.3.361-368.
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Due to the high mobility and dynamic topology of the FANET network, maintaining communication links between UAVs is a challenging task. The topology of these networks is more dynamic than traditional mobile networks, which raises challenges for the routing protocol. The existing routing protocols for these networks partly fail to detect network topology changes. Few methods have recently been proposed to overcome this problem due to the rapid changes of network topology. We try to solve this problem by designing a new dynamic routing method for a group of UAVs using Hybrid SDN technology (SDN and a distributed routing protocol) with a highly dynamic topology. Comparison of the proposed method performance and two other algorithms is simulated. The simulation results show that the proposed method has better results than traditional algorithms in the package delivery ratio, average end to end delay, packet loss, throughput and normalized routing Load.
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Kumar, Dilip, and Tarunpreet Kaur. "Hybrid Intelligence Based Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey." International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control 9, no. 1 (July 15, 2019): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210327908666181001105319.
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Over the decades, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have reached its greatest heights and started to emerge into various applications, ranging from health care to multimedia transmission. In these application domains, smart autonomous low power tiny devices known as sensor nodes form a wireless network to transmit their sensed data to the base station (BS) via multi-hop routing or directly. Implementation of routing techniques in WSNs is significantly challenging due to the resourceconstrained nature of the sensor nodes. Therefore, WSN researchers have turned to different Computational intelligence (CI) techniques in an attempt to design efficient routing protocols in WSN. However, the conventional routing protocols based on computational intelligence techniques have some drawbacks viz., slow convergence rate, large memory constraints, highly sensitive to initial value, large communication overheads, and high learning period. These issues have received considerable research attention at the network layer, which leads to the development of hybrid intelligence techniques to address the routing problems. Therefore, this paper presents a systematic survey on hybrid intelligence techniques based routing protocols in WSNs. Moreover, a comparative analysis of reviewed protocols with their strengths and limitations is also included in the survey.
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Sharma, Bhawana, and Deepika Saxena. "C-QoS-AOMDV: A cluster based QoS aware multipath routing protocol for MANET using hybrid soft computing techniques." Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences & Cryptography 26, no. 3 (2023): 815–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47974/jdmsc-1757.
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Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) favour flexible routing protocols because a single route exceeds certain limits. It has many advantages over one-way routing approaches, including high productivity, low end latency, high energy efficiency, and long network life expectancy. As MANET terminals are powered by batteries, energy efficiency is a crucial requirement for many applications. C-QoS-AOMDV is a cluster-based QoS-aware multipath routing protocol for MANET that uses hybrid soft computing techniques to further improve QoS. The main contributions of proposed C-QoS-AOMDV routing protocol are given as follows. In C-QoS-AOMDV routing protocol, we present a modified bird mating optimization (MBMO) clustering technique which reduces the total energy consumption of the network. We compute cluster head (CH) based on the multiple constrains for data transmission between cluster members to corresponding CH node. Then, the mine blast optimization (MBO) algorithm is used to optimize multiple constrains to compute trust degree and maximum trust degree to select CH. Third, we illustrate hierarchical decision tree based deep neural network (HDT-DNN) which is used to compute the next intermediate node for further data transfer between one CH to another CH. Finally, the proposed C-QoS-AOMDV routing protocol is implemented in Network Simulator (NS-3) and the results are compared to the cutting-edge technology protocols AOMDV, AOMDV-QoS, and GE-QoS-AOMDV.
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Rana, Sandeep Singh, and Sunita Malik. "Comparison between the Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols." IARJSET 4, no. 7 (July 20, 2017): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/iarjset.2017.4719.
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MOHAMMADANI, K. H., S. ABBASI, N. A. MEMON, Z. A. BHUTTO, and I. R. MEMON. "Simulation Analysis of Routing Protocols in Hybrid wireless network." SINDH UNIVERSITY RESEARCH JOURNAL -SCIENCE SERIES 50, no. 001 (March 9, 2018): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26692/surj/2018.01.0029.
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S. Rathod, Neha, and Poonam Gupta. "Comparative analysis of Routing Protocols in Hybrid Wireless Network." International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology 41, no. 2 (November 25, 2016): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22312803/ijctt-v41p116.
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Jurnal, Redaksi Tim. "KAJIAN PERBANDINGAN PERFORMANSI ROUTING PROTOCOL RIPNG, OSPFV3 DAN EIGRPV6 PADA JARINGAN IPV6." KILAT 7, no. 1 (December 3, 2018): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33322/kilat.v7i1.105.
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The main purpose of IP next generation version 6 or called IPv6 is to meet the needs of IP addresses for the long term. With the presence of IPv6 it is also necessary routing protocol that supports IPv6 network. Routing protocols work to connect between networks, and choose paths or routes to reach other networks. There are three types of routing protocols that already support IPv6 services. Among other types of distance vector (RIPng), link-state (OSPFv3) and hybrid (EIGRPv6). This final project is designed to know the performance of the three types of routing protocols on IPv6 network. Testing is done by analyzing routing update process, ICMPv6 packet analysis and testing by sending Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) packet in the form of audio video stream sent via server and accessed through client. In the simulation and analysis results using GNS3 (Graphic Network Simulator 3) and wireshark found that the OSPFv3 performance testing is better than EIGRPv6 and RIPng when performing routing updates or when link down occurs. Then the data analysis of test results with the delivery of Real-time Transport Protocol package so that it can be concluded that OSPFv3 algorithm better than EIGRPv6 and RIPng in terms of delay, packet loss, throughput and jitter.
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Shani, Varsha, Manju Bala, Manoj Kumar, and Neeraj Kumar. "Energy Efficient TABU Optimization Routing Protocol for WSN." Ingeniería Solidaria 16, no. 3 (September 2, 2020): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/2357-6014.2020.03.07.
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Introduction: This article is the result of the research “Energy efficient routing protocols in wireless sensor network: Examine the impact of M-SEEC routing protocols on the lifetime of WSN with an energy efficient TABU optimization routing protocol”developed in the IKG, Punjab Technical University, India in 2019.Problem: The task of finding and maintaining routes in WSNs is non-trivialsince energy restrictions and sudden changes in node status cause frequent and unpredictable changes.Objective: The objective of this paper is to propose an energy efficient heterogeneous protocolwith the help of a hybrid meta-heuristic technique.Methodology: In the hybrid meta-heuristic technique, the shortest route has been selected and the data forwarded to the sink in a minimal time span,savingenergy and making the network more stable. To evaluate the technique, a new hybrid technique has been created where the data transmission is implemented from the beginning under MATLAB 2013a.Results: The proposed technique is better than the existing ones since the remaining energy in the network is increased by 62% compared to normal nodes in MSEEC, 65% compared to advanced nodes in MSEEC and 70% compared to super nodes in MSEEC. The network lifetime was also enhanced by 70.8% compared to MSEEC.Conclusion: The proposed protocol was found to be superior based on the average residual energy.This paper proposes an efficient routing mechanism towards the energy efficient network.Originality: Through this research, a novel version of MSEEC protocol is carried out using the TABU search mechanism to generate the functions of two neighbourhoods to detect the optimum path with the aim of maximizing the network lifetime in an area of 200×200m2.Limitations: The lack of other routing techniques falls under swarm intelligence.
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Song, Yu, Zhigui Liu, and Xiaoli He. "Hybrid PSO and Evolutionary Game Theory Protocol for Clustering and Routing in Wireless Sensor Network." Journal of Sensors 2020 (October 30, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8817815.
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Compared with traditional networks, WSNs have more limited resources such as energy, communication, computing, and storage. The problem of how to achieve energy saving, extend network life cycle, and improve network performance under these limited resources has always been an issue of great interest in WSN research. However, existing protocols do not consider that sensor nodes within the BS threshold may not be clustered. These nodes can directly transmit data to the BS. This simplifies the cluster routing process of the entire WSN and saves more energy. This paper introduces an efficient, and energy-efficient, clustering and equalization routing protocol called the PSOLB-EGT protocol. This protocol introduces a new approach by combining improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) and evolutionary game theory (EGT) algorithms to address the problem of maximizing the network lifetime. The operation of the wireless sensor network is divided into an initialization phase and a data transmission phase. In the initialization phase of the wireless sensor network, the improved PSO algorithm is used to establish clusters and select CHs in areas other than the BS threshold. Entering the data transmission phase, we analyze this problem from the perspective of game theory. We use improved noncooperative evolutionary game theory to build models to solve the problem of the energy waste caused by routing congestion. The proposed PSOLB-EGT protocol is intensively experimented with a number of topologies in various network scenarios, and the results are compared with the well-known cluster-based routing protocols that include the swarm intelligence-based protocols. The obtained results prove that the proposed protocol has increased 9%, 8%, and 5% compared with the ABC-SD protocol in terms of network life, network coverage, and amount of data transmitted, respectively.
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Arya, Hemlata, and Atul Chauhan. "Effect of change of Antenna Model with the Variation of Pause Time for Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks." International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 13, no. 07 (July 25, 2022): 505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2022.07.02.
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The collection of the many mobile nodes forming a short lived infrastructure with the help of any centralized administration. Since there's a random and dynamic modification in topology due to the quality of host, so the requirement for a study dynamic routing protocol is needed. Mobile ad-hoc network have the attributes like wireless affiliation, continuously dynamic topology, distributed operation and simple deployment. It establishes a short lived affiliation wherever nodes will be part of or leave the network at any time. Communication takes place by routing protocols in effective and economical manner in wireless network. Economical protocols are accustomed forward information packets while not a lot of packet loss. The target of the present paper is to boost the performance of the reactive and hybrid routing protocols with different directional antenna i.e. Omni and Pattern antenna with variation of pause time. The performance metrics in the research paper is PDR, NRL, Throughput and Routing Overhead.
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Kulkarni, Nandkumar Prabhakar, Neeli Rashmi Prasad, and Ramjee Prasad. "An Evolutionary Mobility Aware Multi-Objective Hybrid Routing Algorithm for Heterogeneous WSNs." International Journal of Rough Sets and Data Analysis 4, no. 3 (July 2017): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrsda.2017070102.
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Researchers have faced numerous challenges while designing WSNs and protocols in numerous applications. Amongst all sustaining connectivity and capitalizing on the network lifetime is a serious deliberation. To tackle these two problems, the authors have considered Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs). In this paper, the authors put forward an Evolutionary Mobility aware multi-objective hybrid Routing Protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (EMRP). EMRP selects the optimal path from source node to sink by means of various metrics such as Average Energy consumption, Control Overhead, Reaction Time, LQI, and HOP Count. The Performance of EMRP when equated with Simple Hybrid Routing Protocol (SHRP) and Dynamic Multi-Objective Routing Algorithm (DyMORA) using parameters such as Average Residual Energy (ARE), Delay and Normalized Routing Load. EMRP improves AES by a factor of 4.93% as related to SHRP and 5.15% as related to DyMORA. EMRP has a 6% lesser delay as compared with DyMORA.
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Sataraddi, Mamata J., and Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasageri. "Hybrid routing protocol for VANETs: Delay and trust based approach." Journal of High Speed Networks 26, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jhs-200644.
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VANET is mainly aimed at providing safety and security related information and traffic management. In future, VANET contributes to smart transportation system. Based on vehicle mobility, different routing protocols and traffic models were developed. In routing, trust between vehicles place an important role to forward safety related information. This paper aims at design of trust and delay based routing for hybrid communication in sparse VANET to avoid network attacks by malicious nodes. The proposed hybrid routing protocol works on the computation of trust in between vehicles and message reachable time (MRT). Route selection is done by considering the highest trust factor and minimum MRT. The performance effectiveness of the proposed scheme is evaluated by comparing with the Delay-aware and Backbone-based Geographic Routing for Urban VANETs (DBGR). The proposed scheme exhibits better performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, bandwidth utilization, end-to-end delay and control overheads.
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Jobaer, Sayed, Yihong Zhang, Muhammad Ather Iqbal Hussain, and Foysal Ahmed. "UAV-Assisted Hybrid Scheme for Urban Road Safety Based on VANETs." Electronics 9, no. 9 (September 12, 2020): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091499.
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Traffic congestion control is becoming a popular field of research due to the rapid development of the automotive market. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have become the core research technology for numerous application possibilities related to road safety. Road congestions have been a serious issue of all time since the nodes have high mobility and transmission range is limited, resulting in an interruption of communication. One of the significant technical challenges faced in implementing VANET is the design of the routing protocol, providing adequate information and a reliable source for the destination. We proposed a novel mechanism unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol (UAVa) for current-time traffic information accumulation and sharing to the entire traffic network and to control congestions before it happens. The UAV-assisted (UAVa) protocol is dedicated to urban environments, and its primary goal is to enhance the performance of routing protocols based on intersections. We compared the overall performance of existing routing protocols, namely ad hoc on-demand distance vector. The simulations were done by using OpenStreetMap (OSM), Network Simulator (NS-2.35), Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO), and VanetMobiSim. Furthermore, we compared the simulation results with AODV, and it shows that UAV-assisted (UAVa) AODV has significantly enhanced the packet delivery ratio, reduced the end-to-end delay, improved the average and instant throughput, and saved more energy. The results show that the UAVa is more robust and effective and we can conclude that UAVa is more suitable for VANETs.
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V. Narayana, M., and Aparnarajesh Atmakuri. "A-ZHLS: adaptive ZHLS routing protocol for heterogeneous mobile adhoc networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.14242.
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The routing protocols in MANET are mainly classified into two type’s i.e. pro-active and reactive based protocol based on its problems in the network. One of the prime and foremost issues, which have gained a lot of scope, is its dynamic nature of the networks i.e. the stability of nodes is not guaranteed in the network. Hence, this leads to loss of data packets that needs for its retransmission. Many advancements and Novel protocols have been devised in recent years for efficiency and effectiveness in the ad hoc networks. However, hybrid routing proto-cols that inculcates the nature of reactive and proactive has gained a lot of importance. ZHLS is one of the Hybrid routing protocol, and is a two tier hierarchal routing that divides the area into zones in which mobile nodes move randomly. The process of promoting ZHLS protocol is purely based on homogeneous scenarios which mean the nodes in the network are statistically identical, but there is lack of studies for heterogeneous set-up where mobile nodes act in a different way in an identical network. In this paper, we try to propose a novel approach known as “Adaptive-ZHLS: AZHLS” that can be suitable for heterogeneous scenarios. Experimental set up and simulated results will show that AZHLS provides higher packet delivery fraction as compared with the traditional one.
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Baryun, Abdussalam Nuri, Khalid Al Begain, and David Villa. "A Hybrid Network Emergency Communication Model." International Journal of Handheld Computing Research 4, no. 2 (April 2013): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jhcr.2013040102.
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To communicate within disaster scenarios, different devices/systems need to cooperate with specific protocols. The key communication protocol needs to provide interoperability among these systems and provide the solution for emergency services. The paper studies the hybrid network disaster recovery (HNDR) systems and classifies its communication scenarios and requirements. The authors propose a new networking protocol for the hybrid network, with ability to forward sessions and messages through different transport protocols, and copes with node mobility and node failure. The paper considers heterogeneous network disaster recovery scenario and proposes a cost effective and easy to deploy hybrid network emergency communication protocol (HNEC). This internetwork protocol is a specific model of the inter-domain messaging (IDM) protocol for emergency communications. The routing protocol procedure is similar to the reactive AODV procedure but is different in maintaining routes from unpredicted link breaks or node failure. A detailed simulation model with the designed network layer model is used to investigate network delivery rate and end-to-end delay performance. The performance results are analyzed using varying node load, mobility speed, and network size.
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Mahapatro, Susrita, Prabhat Kumar sahu, and Pradeep Kumar Dash. "A hybrid active queue management technique for QoS based unicasting protocols in MANETs." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.6 (March 11, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.6.10068.
Full textAbstract:
Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is the interconnection of several self-energy dependent mobile nodes. It is one of the self-configured and infrastructure less network. In MANET the issues are security, Quality Of Services, Congestion etc. The major issue of MANET is to control the congestion. Congestion means the network capacity is larger than the no of packets transmitted across the network. In this paper, an effort has been made to evaluate and analyze the performance of the network by means of comparing two on-demand reactive routing protocols such as AODV [Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector] and DSR [Dynamic Source Routing] with each other along with also by comparing with DSDV [Destination Sequenced Distance Vector], which is a proactive routing protocol. The comparison is also being made under the light of two queue management techniques such as RED (Random Early Detection) and Droptail. A gateway discovery algorithm is being used by both AODV and DSR routing protocols, which uses the mechanism of connecting mobile nodes through gateway, however Bellman-Ford algorithm is being used by DSDV which uses the concept of including freedom from loops in the routing table. By means of simulation through NS-2 network simulator by varying the number of nodes, we observe that the performance differentials of AODV, DSR, and DSDV routing protocols are directed to foremost performance differentials to guarantee QoS for both of these protocols in RED and Droptail queue management techniques. There is a lot of queue management approach to minimize the congestion rate and transfer the data successfully to the destination. Two queue management techniques popularly used to manage queues in MANets are Active queue management and Passive queue management. Active queue management is widely used and RED is the most popular approach which gives low average delay, high throughput and lower packet drop rate. But RED algorithms have some drawback. So here we are using a hybrid approach, named as MRED by means of combining the features of both RED and ECN to overcome the drawbacks of RED.