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Louhiala, Pekka. "Preventing intellectual disability : ethical issues." Thesis, Swansea University, 2002. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42806.
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The thesis opens with four cases that demonstrate various aspects of the prevention of intellectual disability (ID). The following four chapters introduce ID and many related issues (Chapter 2), the concept of geneticisation (Chapter 3), the epidemiology of ID (Chapter 4) and the concept of prevention (Chapter 5). In Chapter 6 prenatal diagnosis and screening are examined thoroughly. The two major models, the reproductive autonomy model and the public health model, are described and scrutinised. For example, the questions of informed consent, screening as a request of the women involved, reassurance, concept of risk, locus of control and eugenics are critically discussed. Chapter 7 deals with genetic counselling in general and directive versus non-directive counselling in particular. Chapter 8 asks the question 'Why should ID be prevented?' Five arguments are presented and critically examined: the eugenic argument, the foetal- wastage argument, the societal burden argument, the family burden argument and the quality of life argument. In Chapter 9 Mary Ann Warren's multi-criterial theory of moral status is presented and applied to potential or actual individuals with or without intellectual disability. More practical issues are raised again in Chapter 10, which deals with the prevention of ID with respect to three syndromes. The conclusive chapter (II) returns to the cases described in the beginning.
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Heavey, Patrick Joseph. "Ethical issues in synthetic biology." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/ethical-issues-in-synthetic-biology(68346a12-ba77-4ed7-be11-36fb8b65b03f).html.
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Synthetic biology has been defined as: “the design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems, and the re-design of existing, natural biological systems for useful purposes” (syntheticbiology.org). The convergence of scientific fields such as molecular biology, computer science and others have rendered it a natural progression, based on existing knowledge.The fact that humanity has reached a stage of development where it seems feasible to “create” life, or design it to a high degree of specificity, is a significant milestone in its history. It generates important ethical questions: Is synthetic biology something good, a natural use of humanity’s talents, or is it a step towards megalomania, playing God, a usurpation of his role? Is it really a natural progression, nature advancing to a state where its products can, in turn, improve nature itself; or does it challenge the dignity of nature by virtue of its “unnaturalness”? Is it an expression of the creative talent of humanity, thus enhancing human dignity, and perhaps that of all life, or does it challenge the dignity of life itself? Regarding its potential consequences, it may, if it succeeds, lead humanity to a new level of development, a paradigm shift comparable with the scientific or industrial revolutions, through a vast increase in scientific knowledge, and subsequent technological developments in all relevant areas, including medicine, food production and fuel development. However, there is potential for serious accidents if synthetic organisms interact with naturally occurring ones, possibly affecting the future course of evolution. Synthetic biology also offers the possibility of creating ever more powerful weapons, more easily than ever before; the technology is reaching a stage where any interested members of the public may be able to create weapons of mass destruction. Synbio is a dual use technology, offering potential for both good and evil. Its potential for either appears to be greater than any other technology that has existed.In this thesis I evaluate the ethics of synthetic biology from the following ethical perspectives – deontology, consequentialism and theology. I am approaching it from several viewpoints so as to give as wide an analysis of the issues as possible. I also evaluate the effectiveness of these standard ethical tools for evaluating synbio ethics. In addition, I examine whether ethics should be more deeply integrated into the day-to-day scientific research in synbio. As a secondary study, I discuss regulation, the main legal issue that synthetic biology generates.
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Moranski, Wojciech. "Cyberspace: Ethical Issues and Catholic Perspectives." Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107473.
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Thesis advisor: Andrea ViciniThesis advisor: Richard Spinello
In this thesis, I try to make a small contribution to this search for an Order in cyberspace. In the first chapter I study some new dimensions of freedom, which arose together with the development of the internet. I present the technology and the culture of hackers as two sources of a new understanding of liberty in cyberspace. I also highlight two moral issues, which are present in cyberspace, and that, in my opinion, were caused by this redefinition of freedom. In the second chapter, I try to apply Christian moral theology to address, interpret, and suggest some possible solutions for some ethical issues in cyberspace. In order to build a theological foundation to address further considerations, I study the relation between God’s plan of creation and the rise of the internet. In the second section of this chapter, studying the issue of hate speech online and the phenomenon of Wikipedia, I present cyberspace simultaneously as a structure of sin and a structure of grace. The theology of the Trinity, and of Jesus as the Word of God, help me to give some Christian interpretation of this discrepancy. In the last section of this chapter, I study the phenomenon of video games, particularly online multiplayer games. I identify a deep relation between the video game culture and transhumanism, and I address its implications for morality. However, I also find some ethical virtues particularly present in the community of gamers. Finally, I identify some occurrences of the three theological virtues, faith, hope, and charity, in the virtual world of video games. This helps me to give some Christian moral interpretation of the virtual world of video games
Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2017
Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry
Discipline: Sacred Theology
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Olivier, Stephen Chris. "Ethical issues in human movement research." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015402.
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In acknowledging past abuses of humans in research contexts, and recognising the potential for malpractices in Human Movement Studies (HMS), this study evaluated the extent to which ethical issues are addressed in the discipline. The primary method consisted of the standard techniques of philosophic analysis, with empirical data complementing the conclusions. In general, the study contends that insufficient attention is paid to ethical issues in HMS research. In response to a set of specifically constructed, ethically problematic research proposals, only 1.8% of comments from senior researchers advocated rejection of the proposals on ethical grounds. Also, a journal search indicated that consideration of ethical issues in published research may largely be absent. Questionnaire responses revealed that South African HMS departments may be deficient in terms of accountability towards ethical guidelines. Whilst noting the existence of utilitarian ethics in HMS research, it is advocated that deontologic principles should take precedence. Further, only a sound educative effort will produce improvements. In conclusion, this study advocates a deontology-based approach to research ethics. This is consistent with the contention that the use of humans in research is a privilege, and that the rights of participants ought to outweigh the desire of researchers to conduct research.
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Mulkhan, Unang. "Exploring ethical issues in the Indonesian mining industry." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25929.
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The aim of this research study is to explore what ethical issues emerge in the Indonesian mining industry? What shapes the emergence of these issues and how do organisations engage with them? Many research studies (e.g. Dierksmeier, 2013; Bowie, 2002; Cragg, 2002; and Moberg, 1997) emphasise the relevance of ethical theories in understanding ethical issues in business organisations. However, there remains a significant gap in the business ethics literature in understanding ethical issues in a context-sensitive manner. There is little awareness in most of these studies of the influence of the social structure of a multi-ethnic and multicultural society like Indonesia or of the specific industrial and organisational contexts which are being explored. There is therefore a challenge for researchers to provide a conceptual framework to study ethical issues which will fit the Indonesian mining companies’ situation. This research employed Critical Realism (CR) and a qualitative approach. Data was collected from forty-eight participant interviews with managers and employees of four mining companies in Indonesia. This made it possible to understand what ethical issues emerge in the mining industry and to examine what shapes their emergence, as well as how mining companies engage with the ethical issues. The findings revealed that the companies’ ethical concerns result from the particular characteristics of the industry and the Indonesian national culture. However, their ethical concerns typically reside in risk management and regulatory compliance. The findings showed that cultural mechanisms shape the emergence of ethical issues in the industry: family perspective and paternalism, religiosity, and multi-ethnicity. The study findings suggest that the mechanisms shaping the emergence of ethical issues at the organisations presented at times conflicting cases of instrumental or possibly unethical behaviour but also evidence of set rules and regulations as well as moral awareness, practices aimed at considering others and stakeholders’ interests. This research argues that to understand the ethical issues and how business organisations engage with them in a multi-ethnic and multicultural context, it is essential to ground the conceptual framework in both ethical theories and specific cultural sensitivities, as only then can the full story be grasped.
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Remley, Theodore P., and Cassandra G. Pusateri. "Ethical and Legal Issues for Counselor Educators." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5564.
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Working with students requires you to know laws and ethics related to teaching. The content of this chapter orients students with FERPA, ADA, and IDEA. It includes a review of the ACA ethical guidelines and CACREP standards related to the roles and functions of Counselor Educators and Supervisors. Though the use of case study examples, readers have the opportunity to develop applied understanding of the ethical and legal guidelines related to the role of being an instructor and gatekeeper of the profession.
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Byrd, Rebekah J. "Legal and Ethical Issues in School Counseling." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/894.
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Pacholczyk, Anna. "Ethical issues in moral and social enhancement." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/ethical-issues-in-moral-and-social-enhancement(a32f7974-eb67-4e5d-88c6-d6cfe247a8c3).html.
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Recent developments in social neuroscience have stirred up increased interest within the bioethical debate (for a review see: Specker et al. 2014). Moral enhancement is a concept that directly embodies the idea of making brain science work for the social and moral good. In recent ethical discussions about biomedical means of moral enhancement, scholars have focused on so called ‘direct means of moral enhancement,’ discussing the ethical permissibility of modifying the emotional underpinnings of moral behaviour (Douglas, 2008; 2013; Persson and Savulescu, 2008; Savulescu and Persson, 2012). However, critics have argued that such modification only seems like moral enhancement, that behavioural modification is not ‘true’ moral enhancement, for the reason that it changes behaviours without making agents better moral agents. Critics have also noted that it can undermine freedom (e.g. Harris, 2011; see also: Douglas, 2014). This thesis addresses the ethical issues relating to enhancement. In the first part of this work I consider conceptual issues surrounding the concept of moral enhancement and argue that moral enhancement is plausible if we adjust our expectations to match those we have of cognitive enhancement. I examine the difference between pro-sociality and morality, and argue that an increase in empathy and reduction in anger cannot be seen as straightforward moral enhancements. The second part examines the objections related to moral disagreement, medicalization and narrative identity. The third part of this work focuses of the issues related to freedom and agency. I argue that voluntary direct emotion modulation, if embedded in appropriate reflection, is a prima facie desirable way of moral enhancement.
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Saxton, Elizabeth Ann. "Invisible evidence : ethical issues in filmic testimony." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616071.
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Mazaris, Evangelos. "Ethical issues in live donor kidney transplantation." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516548.
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Pilstl, Michaela. "Lifestyle market segmentation - efficiency and ethical issues." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-73795.
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Lifestyle market segmentation can be very supportive for a successful marketing strategy of a company. However it is not clear whether lifestyle market segmentation is efficient and ethical or not. Several market segmentation concepts such as Cross-Cultural Consumer Characterization, VALS, PRIZM NE, Mosaic, ConneXions NE and GfK Roper Consumer Styles are analyzed in order to give an extensive overview of the offered concepts. The observation of efficiency issues in regards to market segmentation comes to the result that there is a significant lack of empirical data and a shortage of determined factors which can improve market segmentation efficiency. Moreover, lifestyle market segmentation cannot be exclusively identified as ethically right or wrong, but depends on the individual ethical decision-making of a marketer.
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Shaw, Deirdre. "Consumed by ethics? : a model building approach to ethical consumer decision-making." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311798.
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Brown, Walter. "Patents, pills, poverty and pandemic : the ethical issues /." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/142/.
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Hermansson, Hélène. "Rights at Risk : Ethical Issues in Risk Management." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Filosofi och teknikhistoria, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4570.
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he subject of this thesis is ethical aspects of decision-making concerning social risks. It is argued that a model for risk management must acknowledge several ethical aspects and, most crucial among these, the individual’s right not to be unfairly exposed to risks. Article I takes as its starting point the demand frequently expressed in the risk literature for consistent risk management. It is maintained that a model focusing on cost-benefit analysis does not respect the rights of the individual. Two alternative models are outlined. They evolve around the separateness of individuals, rights, and fair risk taking. It is claimed that a model that focuses on a fair procedure for risk decisions seems most fruitful to develop. Article II discusses the NIMBY (Not In My Backyard) conflict. The ethical premises behind the negative characterization of the NIMBY concept are investigated. It is argued that a collective weighing of risks and benefits ignores individuals’ rights not to be unfairly exposed to risks in siting scenarios. Article III presents a three-party model tool for ethical risk analysis. The focus in such analysis is a discussion of three parties that are involved in risk decisions: the risk-exposed, the beneficiary, and the decision-maker. Seven crucial ethical questions are discerned by combining these parties pairwise. Article IV discusses a model for procedural justice for risk decisions. Two theories of deliberative democracy are explored. The first focuses on a hypothetical contract, the second argues for the actual inclusion of affected parties. It is maintained that hypothetical reasoning should mainly serve as a guide concerning risk issues that affect people who cannot be included in the decision-making process. Otherwise an interactive dialogical reasoning is to be preferred. Article V explores the claim that there are no real, objective risks – only subjective descriptions of them. It is argued that even though every risk can be described in different ways, involve value judgements and emotions, the ideal of objectivity should not be abandoned.QC 20100714
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Hermansson, Hélène. "Rights at risk : ethical issues in risk management /." Stockholm : Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4570.
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Wilkinson, Anna. "Issues in ethical naturalism : motivation, explanation and semantics." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505344.
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This thesis addresses themes in Ethical Naturalism. I present the distinctive position occupied by contemporary Ethical Naturalist moral realism and raise three problems that are taken to raise problems for that view. Chapters 1 and 2 address the difficulty for ethical naturalism that is created for ethical naturalism by moral motivation. I present an influential argument that aims to show that the motivational account the ethical naturalist endorses is implausible. In chapter 2 I address some possible responses to that argument, for the ethical naturalist. In chapter 3, I tum to moral explanation. In that chapter I describe an important argument that aims to establish that moral facts as postulated by ethical naturalism are explanatorily irrelevant. Chapter 4 evaluates the attempts made by ethical naturalism to show that it can meet the explanatory challenge. In chapter 5 I recount an argument that aims to undermine ethical naturalism by showing that it cannot produce naturalistic moral definitions. I describe the strategy that the ethical naturalist typically takes to meet this charge and present an important objection to that strategy. In chapter 6 I assess possible responses to this argument, for the ethical naturalist. Finally, I draw some conclusions on how these issues impact on the wider plausibility of ethical naturalism.
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Battistuzzi, Linda <1969>. "Ethical and regulatory issues surrounding cancer genetic testing." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3998/.
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Duquenoy, Penny. "The internet : a framework for understanding ethical issues." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2001. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6689/.
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The impact and influence of the Internet as a communications medium cannot be overstated. It has had a profound effect on economic, political, and other social infrastructures, and has introduced ways of communicating which have transformed social relationships. The Internet has opened up information exchange on a global scale, offering enormous opportunities and advantages to an hitherto unknown degree. The Internet has also raised a number of serious, and urgent, ethical challenges. The discussions and debate surrounding ethical issues such as trust, security and privacy, amongst others, conducted at all levels (international, government, academia and the popular press) in themselves are evidence of the complexity of the problem of Internet ethics. The research unravels some of the complexity and muddle of Internet ethics, with the objective of providing a foundation for further research. This thesis offers four perspectives on the problems of Internet ethics: technical, conceptual, regulatory and ethical. These different viewpoints are not only useful in drawing out insights concerning the ethical framework of the Internet, they also provide leverage for the analysis of pertinent issues. The work in this thesis thus offers a framework for understanding, and analysis, which can be developed and used in continuing investigations. The research is a combination of theory and practice - both informing each other. The approach taken arose from the author's direct involvement in many of the expert discussions and debates which (together with the literature), identified a need for foundational work. In-depth work with a number of specialised groups has provided the practical backdrop, and grounding to this research - published results appear as Appendices.
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Sargsyan, Alex. "Male Neonatal Circumcision: Current Practices and Ethical Issues." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8474.
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In 2012 the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) revised its recommendations regarding neonatal male circumcision, transitioning from a recommendation against it to endorsing the practice. The current recommendations are based on the findings of three studies performed in Sub-Saharan Africa. In those studies, the researchers suggested that circumcision may result is reduced rates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission via heterosexual intercourse. In addition to the above studies there are several studies suggesting that circumcision can have benefits in reducing the rates of penile cancer, human papilloma virus transmission, and urinary tract infections. Based on the AAP recommendations some third-party payers have revised their policies regarding reimbursement procedures. While circumcision practices are a topic of debate in the United States, non-therapeutic circumcision is not recommended by the European Academy of Paediatrics and is not reimbursed by third-party payers. For instance, the National Health Service in Great Britain discontinued the practice of routine non-therapeutic circumcision in the mid twentieth century.
This presentation will give a thorough review of the existing body of knowledge regarding the practices of non-therapeutic male infant circumcision. Existing studies regarding HIV risk reduction will be discussed in detail. At the same time, the generalizability and transferability of the above studies to the US health care system will be discussed. Finally, third-party reimbursement practices, costs associated with circumcision, and ethical issues related to this issue will be discussed.
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Mohd, Yusof Aimi Nadia. "Ethical issues in research ethics governance and their application to the Malaysian context." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4ab08e77-1305-4cec-9145-85cccbdbce28.
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Evidence available shows that the ethics review process in Malaysia suffers from a range of problems (Kaur, 2011). These problems may be the result of a lack of training given for REC members and relatedly, it may stem from a lack of understanding of the role of RECs. Since Malaysia is striving to promote the country as a research hub for international collaboration, it is important that the ethics review system that is in place is well set up to ensure only ethical research are being approved. The aim of this thesis is to develop three important key elements of a framework that can be used to provide practical guidance for RECs and their governance in Malaysia. These three important elements of the ethics review process are: - the role of RECs, the criteria of REC membership and the acceptability of variation in decisions made between different RECs. These analysis is then applied to the Malaysian context. My initial recommendation is for RECs to adopt the Daniels and Sabin (1997) accountability for reasonableness model to assist with the decision-making process. The adoption of the model helps to clarify the role of RECs and can be used as a basis to develop the criteria for REC membership as well as to provide a better understanding of the acceptability of variation in decisions between different RECs.
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Paquin, Leo Joseph. "Ethical issues raised by the SARS outbreak in Toronto." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98568.
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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) was first recognized in Guangdong Province, China, in November 2002. Subsequent to its introduction to Hong Kong in mid-February 2003, the virus spread to more than 30 countries infecting over 8,000 individuals across five continents. Toronto was particularly affected and SARS's outbreak there resulted in the emergence of five ethical issues in the following areas: isolation and quarantine, privacy and personal information, professional duty of care, collateral damage and the WHO's SARS-related Travel Advisory for Toronto. In what follows each of these issues will be explored in depth.
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Wikman-Svahn, Per. "Ethical Aspects of Radiation Risk Management." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Filosofi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-100730.
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This thesis is based on the assumption that the intersection of moral philosophy and practical risk management is a rewarding area to study. In particular, the thesis assumes that concepts, ideas, and methods that are used in moral philosophy can be of great benefit for risk analysis, but also that practices in risk regulation provide a useful testing ground for moral philosophical theories. The thesis consists of an introduction and five articles. Article I is a review article on social and ethical aspects of radiation protection related to nuclear power generation. The paper concludes that four areas of social and ethical issues stand out as central: The first is uncertainty and the influence of value judgments in scientific risk assessments. The second is the distributions of risks and benefits between different individuals, in both space and time. The third is the problem of setting limits when there is no known level of exposure associated with a zero risk. The fourth is related to stakeholder influence and risk communication. Article II discusses ethical issues related to the proposal that doses (or risks) below a certain level should be excluded from the system of radiation protection, without any regard for the number of people exposed. Different arguments for excluding small radiation doses from regulation are examined and a possible solution to the problem of regulating small risks is proposed in the article: Any exclusion of small doses (or risks) from radiation protection ought to be based on a case-by-case basis, with the condition that the expected value of harm remains small. Article III examines what makes one distribution of individual doses better than another distribution. The article introduces a mathematical framework based on preference logic, in which such assessments can be made precisely in terms of comparisons between alternative distributions of individual doses. Principles of radiation protection and from parallel discussions in moral philosophy and welfare economics are defined using this framework and their formal properties analyzed. Article IV argues that the ethical theory of “responsibility-catering prioritarianism” is well positioned to deal with the reasonable requirements in an ethical theory of risk. The article shows how responsibility-catering prioritarianism can be operationalized using a prioritarian social welfare function based on hypothetical utilities. For this purpose, a hypothetical utility measure called ‘responsibility-adjusted utility’ is proposed, which is based on the utility that would normally be expected given circumstances outside of the control of the individual. Article V was written as a response to the Fukushima disaster. Several authors have called the Fukushima disaster a ‘black swan.’ However, the article argues that the hazards of large earthquakes and tsunamis were known before the accident, and introduces and defines the concept of a ‘black elephant,’ as (i) a high-impact event that (ii) lies beyond the realm of regular expectations, but (iii) is ignored despite existing evidence.QC 20120816
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Bell, Sue Ellen. "Ethical issues for nurses in performance of utilization review /." Diss., ON-CAMPUS Access For University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Click on "Connect to Digital Dissertations", 1998. http://www.lib.umn.edu/articles/proquest.phtml.
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Meagher, Brendan University of Ballarat. "Clinical placement reports and professional and ethical issues reports." University of Ballarat, 2006. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/12760.
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"The first report describes a case of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in a pregnant women living in regional Australia. It begins with a discussion of issues of relevance to the treatment of a pregnant woman with MDD. It also describes the evidence based treatment provided and the results achieved for this client. The second report follows the same format to describe a case of PTSD in a married mother living in regional Australia following a suicide attempt. The third report describes a case of Bipolar I disorder in a separated mother living in regional Australia. Finally, fourth report explores the professional and ethical issues associated with the practice of clinical psychology [...]. This report explores professional issues which include self-care requirements and strategies, initial client contact, communication with colleagues and professional development and client records. Ethical issues covered include professional competency, termination of relationships and confidentiality."Doctor of Psychology (Clinical)
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Meagher, Brendan. "Clinical placement reports and professional and ethical issues reports." University of Ballarat, 2006. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/14595.
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"The first report describes a case of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in a pregnant women living in regional Australia. It begins with a discussion of issues of relevance to the treatment of a pregnant woman with MDD. It also describes the evidence based treatment provided and the results achieved for this client. The second report follows the same format to describe a case of PTSD in a married mother living in regional Australia following a suicide attempt. The third report describes a case of Bipolar I disorder in a separated mother living in regional Australia. Finally, fourth report explores the professional and ethical issues associated with the practice of clinical psychology [...]. This report explores professional issues which include self-care requirements and strategies, initial client contact, communication with colleagues and professional development and client records. Ethical issues covered include professional competency, termination of relationships and confidentiality."Doctor of Psychology (Clinical)
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Catherwood, John Frederick. "Ethical and conceptual issues on the definition of death." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337648.
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Baum, Matthew L. "Ethical issues in the bioprediction of brain-based disorder." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9978211b-5b61-4dba-bbba-157239664b2c.
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The development of predictive biomarkers in neuroscience is increasingly enabling bioprediction of adverse behavioural events, from psychosis to impulsive violent reaction. Because many brain-based disorders can be thought of as end-states of a long development, bioprediction carries immense therapeutic potential. In this thesis, I analyse issues raised by the development of bioprediction of brain-based disorder. I argue that ethical analysis of probabilities and risk information bioprediction provides is confounded by philosophical and social structures that have, until recently, functioned nominally well by assuming categorical (binary) concepts of disorder, especially regarding brain-disorder. Through an analysis of the philosophical concept of disorder, I argue that we can and ought to reorient disorder around probability of future harm and stratify disorder based on the magnitude of risk. Rejection of binary concepts in favour of this non-binary (probability-based) one enables synergy with bioprediction and circumnavigation of ethical concerns raised about proposed disorders of risk in psychiatry and neurology; I specifically consider psychosis and dementia risk. I then show how probabilistic thinking enables consideration of the implications of bioprediction for two areas salient in mental health: moral responsibility and justice. Using the example of epilepsy and driving as a model of obligations to protect others against risk of harm, I discuss how the development of bioprediction is poised to enhance moral responsibility. I then engage with legal cases and science surrounding a predictive biomarker of impulsive violent reaction to propose that bioprediction can sometimes rightly diminish responsibility. Finally, I show the relevance of bioprediction to theories of distributive justice that assign priority to the worse off. Because bioprediction enables the identification of those who are worse off in a way of which we have previously been ignorant, a commitment to assign priority to the worse off requires development of and equal access to biopredictive technologies.
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Bond, Tim. "HIV counselling : ethical issues in an emerging professional role." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/985/.
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The development of HIV counselling has been one of the major public policy innovations in response to the challenges posed by HIV and AIDS in Britain. This research, using a participative and qualitative methodology, examines how HIV counsellors have conceptualised their approach to the ethical issues associated with their innovatory role. The research takes an overview of two separate phases of fieldwork conducted in 1990 and 1994. The first phase concentrated on establishing the background of self-identified HIV counsellors and how they related to the wider counselling movement which had already developed a distinctive ethic founded on respect for individual autonomy. Their general identification with the wider counselling movement raised issues how this ethic could govern their work with clients affected by HIV. The second phase concentrated on the management of confidentiality within multidisciplinary teams. The results of the research are set within the wider ethical and socio-historical context of AIDS policy development in Britain and explore changes in how HIV counsellors conceptualise ethical issues in the local context of their work. The methodology is that of `descriptive ethical inquiry' accompanied by examination of how this type of inquiry relates to moral philosophy and social sciences. The method of participative research adopted is consultative and careful consideration is given to how this type of research relates to comparable procedures used in the production of professional codes of ethics.
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Soto, Gomez Liliana. "Regulation of biobanks in Mexico : ethical and legal issues." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16849/.
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This thesis investigates the governance of biobanks in Mexico, exploring elements of legislative reform for the improvement of current legal and ethical guidance. It argues that the great benefits to be obtained from research using biobanks (e.g. personalised or stratified medicine) are at risk of being undermined by the absence of clear legal pathways. A number of legal and ethical issues have emerged from the different aspects of biobanks. Diverse theoretical approaches are reflected in academic literature and heterogeneous legislation of biobanks around the world. Specific binding rules have worked for some, whereas self-regulation has proven suitable for others. Social solidarity has played a key role in innovative biobanking law and decision making, in which traditional governance approaches have become more reflexive, involving not only law and policymakers, but also the public. A detailed legal analysis revealed significant gaps within the complex Mexican laws governing biobanks; this has caused confusion. Areas of concern were identified in relation to the ethical management of research samples and the protection of donors’ rights. This is concerning in Mexico where economic interests influence legal reform, giving way to opportunistic actions by the international pharmaceutical industry and leaving vulnerable populations unprotected. The greatest challenges for Mexican legislators are finding ways to respond to legal gaps with new laws and improving the effectiveness of existing rules. Due to the scarcity of literature on the topic, interviews were conducted with representative actors in strategic areas. Participation in the European Union research network BTCure enabled the inclusion of a study investigating how European experiences can be valuable examples for Mexico to follow. The results of this research indicate ways forward for Mexican governance, which are expected to influence further legislative reforms of biobanks.
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Rehbein, Malte. "It’s our department: On Ethical Issues of Digital Humanities." Allitera Verlag, 2016. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23352.
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Menezes, Glen Gerard William. "Ethical issues for psychological practice in a large organisation." Swinburne Research Bank, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/20811.
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Thesis (MA) -- Swinburne University of Technology, 2007.[Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Research) Swinburne University of Technology], 2007. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 124-135).
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Schepers, Donald Herbert 1951. "Issues, spheres, and roles: Cues for ethical decision-making." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288898.
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Previous models of ethical decision making in business have placed little emphasis on the role of awareness of ethical dilemmas in determining the ethical outcome of business decision making. After a review of previous models, a contingency model is proposed that explicitly includes the issue of ethical awareness and its role in ethical decision making in business. The resulting contingency model of ethical decision making in business is based on both psychological and sociological theories. Problem content is hypothesized to interact with social expectations to create a state of ethical awareness. This ethical awareness is hypothesized to be affected by the presence or absence of codes of conduct, as well as the presence or absence of risk, as the decision maker moves from awareness of problem dimensions to intention formation. It is thought that risk further affects the decision maker as he/she progresses from intention formation to action. Outcomes are hypothesized to feed back into the awareness and intention formation stages. The model is fully described, and a number of research propositions are offered. The model is partially tested in this dissertation. An issue raising high ethical awareness and an issue raising low ethical awareness are tested for their impact on decision making. Further, the impact of business and professional codes are examined, as well as the role of risk in ethical decision making. It is found that different variables impact the decision process, depending on high or low states of ethical awareness. High ethical awareness results in a high frequency of ethical decisions, but low ethical awareness has no impact on frequency of ethical decisions. It is found that codes do not have impact in the laboratory setting, but risk does, under conditions of low ethical awareness. Under a condition of high ethical awareness, ethical awareness positively impacted ethical decision making. Under a condition of low ethical awareness, ethical awareness did not impact ethical decision making, but age negatively impacted ethical decision making, and work experience positively impacted ethical decision making. The study may be limited due to sample (MBA students) and technique (in-basket exercise). Suggestions for future research were to: (1) investigate the cause of high or low ethical awareness, using the problem content and social expectation interaction as one hypothesis; (2) verify the use of differential information in the decision process, dependent on condition of high or low ethical awareness; and (3) find more productive ways of identifying the action of codes in the ethical decision making process.
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Huang, Caroline. "Ethical issues surrounding access to care for BRCA mutations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9fd8748e-6c58-4a2c-812c-77a27c09625d.
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Harmful BRCA (breast cancer susceptibility genes 1 and 2) mutations greatly increase women's risks of breast and/or ovarian cancer but are found in less than 1 per cent of the general population. Thus, care is targeted at women with strong family histories of breast and/or ovarian cancer. Genetic testing can determine if these high-risk women carry harmful mutations; if so, they may pursue care that facilitates cancer prevention, detection, and/or treatment. In this thesis, I examine in which cases it is problematic that some British and American women do not access this potentially life-saving care. In recognition of the difficulty in measuring access, a view informed by preliminary interviews and a literature review, I use three complementary approaches to illustrate different aspects of access. First, a critical review surveys how British and American clinical guidelines, laws, policies, and legal rulings govern service availability. Second, a scoping study describes the US and UK literature on barriers and facilitators to access. Third, an empirical study involving focus groups with UK and US genetics professionals and support group members details how women provide and pursue care. Using Beauchamp and Childress's 'four principles' framework, I analyse how these approaches inform four elements of access: availability of services, barriers to care, relevance and effectiveness of services, and equity of access. I distinguish between cases in which women do not want and/or need care and cases in which women are denied care they want and need, and I propose strategies to redress current inequities in access. I further suggest that offering Ashkenazi Jewish population screening alongside family history-based screening may be appropriate. I conclude that whilst most problematic cases are country-neutral, only US women are problematically constrained by insurance and legal loopholes, and only UK women are problematically constrained by regional variations in health authority funding.
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Eramo, Beverly Edith, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Confidentiality and disclosure : assessment and intervention issues." Deakin University. School of Psychology, 2002. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20060706.141546.
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This portfolio addresses the moral, ethical and legal issues that impact upon decisions to maintain or disclose confidential communications. The tensions and moral dilemmas that are created when a conflict between these aspects arises are considered. Risk assessment procedures that inform decisions to maintain or disclose confidential information are discussed, as are issues related to the practical implementation of planned interventions.
The topic is addressed by firstly reviewing professional codes of conduct and legal requirements to maintain confidentiality. The limits of confidentiality and privileged communication are then reviewed together with legal requirements of “duty to warn” or “duty of care”. These requirements are then related to risk assessment procedures and relevant interventions.
Four case studies that illustrate the practical application of assessment techniques in the decision process and planned interventions are presented. They cover such diverse topics as disclosure and suicidal intent, threat of harm to a third party, risk of transmission of the AIDS virus and “duty to warn” and maintenance of a minors confidential communications. The ways in which these issues were addressed and the outcome is presented.
NOTE: All names and details that have the potential to identify the people whose cases are presented here have been changed to protect their anonymity.
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Conner, Lindsey Norma 1957. "Learning about social and ethical issues in a biology class." Monash University, Faculty of Education, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8187.
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Popara, Roberta A. "Pastoral care and ethical issues in an age of AIDS." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1989. http://www.tren.com.
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何國桓 and Kwok-wun Dennis Ho. "Selection and rejection: ethical issues in immigration in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41013414.
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Nyarambi, Arnold. "Ethical Issues in Behavioral Interventions: Practical Lessons From the Classrooms." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8236.
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Ho, Kwok-wun Dennis. "Selection and rejection ethical issues in immigration in Hong Kong /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41013414.
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Pell, Patty. "An Old Testament ethical approach to the issues of immigration." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2008. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p090-0358.
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Mishra, Ruchika. "Sex selection: ethical issues for the individual, family and society." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/699/.
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This thesis examines the ethical issues raised by sex selection for the individual, family and society. Techniques like sperm sorting and preimplantation genetic diagnosis have made it possible for parents to select the gender of their offspring even before they are born. These new reproductive technologies do raise some important ethical questions for us. This thesis briefly considers the morality of the technology being used to achieve sex selection before going on to discuss if there is anything morally objectionable about sex selection, in and of itself. In this thesis I argue that parents ought not to place value on gender when it comes to their children since gender is a morally irrelevant factor in the parent-child relationship and parental love should not be conditioned by characteristics like gender. Hence, this preference of theirs regarding sex cannot be justified. I discuss the right to reproduction, how it applies to sex selection and the limits on procreative liberty. I argue that a right to reproduction, reproductive freedom or reproductive autonomy does not entail a right to sex selection. I also discuss how sex selection could impact children, children's right to an open future and make a case for sex selection as a harm to the child. I analyse Kant's `Means and Ends' formula and apply it to sex selection, thus concluding that the choice of a particular trait, like gender by a parent undermines the principle of respect for individuals and thus instrumentalises the value of children for their parents. The thesis also looks at discrimination and the impact of sex selection on women and society. With reference to the current situation in India and China where sex selection has led to horrific consequences I discuss the implications of the current situation for society today.
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Chan, Stephen Yeong S. "Theological and ethical issues concerning teen sex in a changing society." Chicago, Ill. : McCormick Theological Seminary, 2002. http://www.tren.com.
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Sidarous, Mona. "When professional rights conflict with human rights : legal and ethical issues." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26220.
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My aim is to demonstrate that professionals perceive they have a right to refuse to provide their services and are currently acting accordingly. This thesis explores whether a professional right to refuse services exists; if so, the limits of this right; and whether a professional 'right' to refuse services ought to exist and in what circumstances. This requires analysis of whether refusals to provide professional services might be considered unethical conduct according to existing codes of ethics and moral theories, unprofessional conduct within the norms of professional regulatory and disciplinary bodies, or illegal conduct according to Canadian law, in particular, human rights law. The issues are examined primarily with reference to physicians who treat patients and some comparisons are made with physician clinical researchers and lawyers. The shift from a duty-based system of professional service to a rights-based system of professional privileges has led to conflicting goals of professional self-regulation, and some possible resolutions to this conflict are explored.
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Brown, Edmund Arthur. "Secession from failed states : ethical and practical issues with current approaches." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/41076.
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The thesis examines two threats to sovereignty: secession and state failure. It focuses on how the secession from failed states is approached, with particular concern for recognition and the associated ethical and practical issues. Many issues surrounding secession from failed states originated in the decolonisation era. However, the phenomenon began to become more prominent following the end of the Cold War, in part due to the fall of regimes supported by the superpowers. It is important to engage with these phenomena and their interrelationships as they have implications for sovereignty and state recognition, and in turn for the international system of states. Secession borne through state failure usually involves civil war perpetuated by a lack of central government control. This requires an approach from the international community that will settle grievances and ensure legitimate governance (whether in a unified or secessionist state, or both the secessionist and parent state) without leaving groups vulnerable or setting a precedent of secession that could undermine the international states system. The thesis examines attitudes within the international community towards secession and the concepts behind it and the ethical and practical issues involved, it then analyses the nature of state failure and its relationship with secession. It then examines two case studies of secession from failed states: South Sudan, and Somaliland. Generally, maintaining territorial integrity is favoured over allowing self-determination through recognising secession, except in situations where it is expedient, or a government is undermining its people’s rights (including that of self-determination). In cases of failed states, people’s security and basic human rights are neglected or subject to active persecution. The current anti-secessionist paradigm may therefore need to be altered in the context of state failure, since a failed state has less of a claim to sovereignty due to the absence of a legitimate government.
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Gigliotti, Carol A. "Aesthetics of a Virtual World: Ethical Issues in Interactive Technological Design." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1391600444.
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McDonald, Linda. "HIV positive refugees/asylum seekers and clinical trials : some ethical issues." Thesis, Keele University, 2014. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/377/.
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The aim of this thesis was to identify some of the ethical issues of HIV positive asylum seekers and refugees participating in clinical trials in Britain. While all individuals are to some degree vulnerable in clinical trials, I have shown in this thesis that this group is particularly vulnerable in a number of areas. Many will not have English as a first language and while they may be able to understand everyday language, the participant information sheet (PIS) may be difficult to comprehend both in terms of language and content. Cultural aspects may also influence the individuals’ participation in a clinical trial. Many will have come from a hierarchical culture where it would be unthinkable to refuse to participate if requested to do so by someone of a higher social status, such as physicians. Individuals may also be reluctant to decline an invitation to participate in a clinical trial if asked to do so by their own clinician, if they are reliant on him/her to provide letters of support for the immigration authorities.
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Falkofske, James Christian. "A curriculum in legal, ethical, and business issues of internet marketing." Online version, 2000. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2000/2000falkofskej.pdf.
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Pelto-Piri, Veikko. "Ethical considerations in psychiatric inpatient care : The ethical landscape in everyday practice as described by staff." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap och medicin, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-43270.
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This thesis focuses mainly on the general ethical considerations of staff and not pre-defined specific ethical problems or dilemmas. The aims of this thesis were: first, to map ethical considerations as described by staff members in their everyday work in child and adolescent psychiatry as well as in adult psychiatry; second, from a normative ethical perspective, examine encounters between staff and patients; and third, to describe staff justification for decisions on coercive care in child and adolescent psychiatry. The material in the three first studies comprised ethical diaries written by staff in 13 inpatient clinics. The fourth study included all the medical records of patients who were admitted to coercive care during one year in child and adolescent psychiatry in Sweden. In a final analysis, combining all the four studies, three staff ideals were identified: being a good carer, respecting the patient’s autonomy and integrity and having good relations with patients and relatives. Staff often felt that the only reasonable way in many situations was to act in a paternalistic way and take responsibility, but they considered it to be problematic. Four main themes were identified as ethical considerations. These were the borders of coercion, the emphasis on order and clarity rather than a more reciprocal relationship with patients, a strong expectation of loyalty within the team, and feelings of powerlessness, mostly in relation to patients. I have identified four challenges for inpatient psychiatry. First, formal and informal coercion in inpatient care raise ethical concerns that also can be emotionally difficult for staff. Second, the professional role and care needs to be redeveloped from providing routinised care to providing more individualised care. Third, staff often worry about how patients manage their life after discharge, indicating that patients need better support. Fourth, staff also need support; they often experience feelings of being alone with their thoughts about ethical difficulties at work. Future research could contribute in the mapping of ethical considerations, in helping to develop, implement and evaluate methods for managing these issues in psychiatric settings, and to develop the normative ethical language so that it is more relevant to the clinic reality.
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Rhodes, Cheryl Martin Bass. "Teaching local church members how to understand modern, ethical issues from a theological perspective using homosexuality as an example." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2000. http://www.tren.com.
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Robson, Ian. "The social construction of ethical discourse : practitioner accounts of ethical issues in the food industry of the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310037.
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