Journal articles: 'Ancient raw materials economies'

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Afonso, Filipe, Kirill Jedenov, Pedro Gomes Januário, and Paulo Almeida. "Diversity and Variation in China's Yao Ancient Wood Frame Structures Through Genetic Algorithms." International Journal of Creative Interfaces and Computer Graphics 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcicg.308299.

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This study, focusing on the China's Yao minority community, investigates the feasibility to create a generative computational method to replicate the diversity of the existing Yao traditional wood buildings, addressing the critical issues currently facing computational design methods, in the attempt to adapt genetic-generative algorithms to the study of local ancient architecture. The project develops a computational tool to generate a network of three-dimensional prototypes, or building structures, derived from traditional wood frame village houses. It studies possible housing structures that illustrate some of the key working methods available in digital systems such as ‘generating' and ‘compositing' taking as a starting point computational strategies oriented towards geometry and where a set of local variables play a decisive role: available local technologies, use of raw materials, and the dimensioning of timber components based on data collected from Yao architecture.

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Mulyaman, Darynaufal, Rudi Kogoya, and Mikhail Adam. "THE POST-PANDEMIC ECONOMIC-INTERDEPENDENCE CONUNDRUM OF CPO-BASED INDUSTRY." Sociae Polites 21, no. 3 (December 8, 2020): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/sp.v21i2.2136.

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The COVID-19 pandemic worldwide is halting every economic activity—no exception for the industry that related or originated from crude palm oil (CPO). Planting, harvesting, processing, and even industries that require oil palm as the main or supporting raw material have been delayed or choked up due to this pandemic. Many health problems originate from the destruction of nature due to the excessive extraction of natural resources. This over-extraction causes alarming natural degradation. Many things, from pandemics to global warming, pose challenges due to this ancient economic pattern. Furthermore, environmental degradation gave birth directly or indirectly to COVID-19. Many scholars said the CPO planting and harvesting is affecting the natural environment badly. Hence, a new pandemic could be born out of this. Korea, as one of the rising manufacturing economies in Asia, also needs CPO for some of its industries to some extent, like food and cosmetics. Due to the growing demand for K-Pop byproducts, food and cosmetic industries in Korea need to catch up on the market even during and post the pandemic. Thus, with the growing concern of the natural environment in the post-pandemic world, then how it will impact the Korean food and cosmetic industry, which may need a lot of CPO as one of the sources or raw materials for production? In this paper, we argue that the economic interdependence of the global supply chain remains persistent despite adjustments and shifts due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This research was conducted in a descriptive qualitative manner with the economic interdependence paradigm as the main basis for presenting the arguments for this case's analysis. Keywords: CPO, Korea, Economic Interdependence, Post-Pandemic, COVID-19

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AL-HAMMADI, M., K. EXELL, and S. EL-MENSHAWY. "Camel, blockade and a historical memory perspective: a theme of historical memory portrayed at Qatar National Museum." STUDIA ANTIQUA ET ARCHAEOLOGICA 26, no. 2 (2020): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saa-2020-26-2-4.

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Camels from ancient times as early as 1200 BC were used as military vehicle and have been associated with the Near East and the Arabian Peninsula. In modern times they remain an important element of Bedouin life and culture (animal protein, dairy products and raw materials, an effective desert vehicle of transport and an indication of wealth). As such, camels are an integral component of heritage and society, essential to the development of Bedouin economies in many regions in the Middle East, North Africa, and Asian regions. Here it is investigated the viability of addressing the topic of the impact on camels by the blockade that has affected Qatar since 5th June 2017 as a theme of historical memory in the Qatari heritage in the National Museum of Qatar (NMoQ). The topic addresses the value and significance of camels in the Qatar peninsula p until the 21st century, and the tragic impact of the blockade on camels and their owners and herders, particularly these which were herding camels across Qatar-Saudi borders. It provides another dimension of history, and archaeology, linked to heritage and society and discusses the way camels have been typically represented in museums in the region due to their cultural significance. Society interviews and media reports are used to support the discussion, which argues for the importance of documenting the historical and culture memory of camels in the new NMoQ.

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Zhang, Hongjun, and Kehui Deng. "Textual Research on the Historical Position of Cotton Textile Industry in Shanghai Area in Yuan Dynasty." Asian Social Science 16, no. 6 (May 31, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v16n6p27.

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The Yuan Dynasty was the real beginning of Shanghai, which was also one of the important hub areas of cotton planting and cotton textile spreading from the frontier to the inland in ancient China, but its specific situation and historical position were rarely studied. On the basis of carding the cotton textile technology, cotton output and the development of cotton commodity economy in this period, this paper reveals that the cotton textile industry in Shanghai played an important role in improving people's clothing and raw materials, improving local people's material living standards and promoting the economic development of Jiangnan areas and even the whole country in the Yuan Dynasty. It also laid a good foundation for the later development of Shanghai China's great historical development process, especially in economic development, has an indelible and non-negligible historical position.

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Tairov, Alexandr D., and Natalia A. Berseneva. "Хозяйственные обязанности мужчин и женщин в кочевых обществах Центральной Евразии XVIII – начала XX вв." Oriental Studies 14, no. 6 (December 30, 2021): 1267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-58-6-1267-1280.

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Introduction. In early nomadic societies of Central Asia, gender was the major factor in the division of labor. However, the written sources and archaeological evidence in the field do not provide enough detail to describe this division, hence the solution to the problem may be sought in the ethnographical data of the peoples, nomadic in their recent past. The article aims to analyze the household responsibilities of men and women in the nomadic societies in Central Eurasia in the 18th – early 20th centuries to use this data for a reconstruction of the gender labor division of the early nomadic societies in the region. Materials and methods. The study makes use of published sources on the recent nomads. Notably, the present authors proceed from the fact that, granted the largely conservative character of nomadic economy and the regional environment that remained unchanged in the period in question, the forms of regional nomadic economies were largely of a similar type. Hence, it may be possible to use the data on recently nomadic peoples for the reconstruction of the economy, culture, and socio-economic structures of the ancient nomads of the Eurasian steppes. Results. The undertaken analysis of the sources indicates a clear gender division of economic activities in the Eurasian nomadic societies in the 18th – early 20th cc. Tradition prescribed the division of household duties into strictly male and female, and any violation of the gender roles was discouraged. Conclusions. The range of economic responsibilities of men and women was clearly circumscribed in the nomadic societies of Central Eurasia, their ethnic affiliation and religion playing no part in the existent labor division structures. Men took care of the herds, keeping them safe and enlarging their number; crafts were also largely men’s field; men’s duties included maintenance and protection of caravans, as well as protection of the family and aul, property and livestock from enemy raids and baranta. Women were involved in childcare and domestic chores, including processing of animal raw materials, looking after livestock in the aul, cooking food, and collecting fuel for winter seasons. Thus, the data on labor division between men and women characteristic of the recent nomads makes it possible to reconstruct the gender labor division in the societies of the early nomads in the Eurasian steppe.

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Faridi, Mohammad Rishad, Arun Patni, Ryhan Ebad, and Neelima Patni. "Wax and wane: a case study of Flying Colours." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 12, no. 2 (April 5, 2022): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-01-2021-0015.

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Learning outcomes At the end of the case study discussion, students will able to state the importance of outsourcing with comparing pros and cons in business decision-making; review the value bestowed to the community in using sustainable raw material while at the same time conserving the ancient style of artwork particular to the area; discuss the utility of the products manufactured by “Flying Colours,” especially for the lockdown period which was because of the pandemic; and demonstrate and interpret the use of shark and mosquito bite matrix. Case overview/synopsis Arun Kumar Patni, 47, and his wife Neelima Patni, 43, are co-founders of Flying Colours, a start-up company based in Jaipur, in the state of Rajasthan, India. Their enterprise was engaged in the manufacturing and marketing of bird products and accessories, including bird feeders, bird houses, earthen water bowls, etc. In July 2020, post-lockdown, they were desperate to hire carpenters to restart their factory. However, COVID-19 posed a serious challenge, making it very difficult to replace their skilled carpenters, who had returned to their native places and had not come back. This disrupted production and order fulfilment. Keeping this situation in perspective in anticipation of the continuing pandemic crisis, Neelima was in favour of outsourcing basic production and designing the birdfeed decoration and artwork in-house. Meanwhile, Arun instead favoured continuing full in-house production as before, by hiring replacement carpenters. Yet for an in-house full-scale production, procuring raw material was a difficult task because of the lockdown. The situation had earlier taken a turn for the worse when Arun had advertised an exchange marketing policy to let customers return their old bird feeders for a 20% discount on a new one. This campaign was a huge success and resulted in a sales spike but unfortunately it caused a huge stock of returned products in their warehouse. Arun initially planned to repair and resell them as refurbished products. It now seemed impossible, because local carpenters demanded higher labour charges than the regular carpenters did. Flying Colours had provided skills workshops and hired external trainers to train unskilled carpenters prior to lockdown, so now all the training investment was in vain. Cash liquidity, sales, marketing, etc. were almost at a standstill. Complexity academic level This case particularly focuses on undergraduate-level students pursuing business or commerce programs, especially those studying core course: Entrepreneurial Strategic Management. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.

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N., Kulik, Kozlikin M., and Shunkov M. "RAW MATERIALS AS AN ECOLOGICAL FACTOR IN THE ALTAI PALEOLITHIC." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 35, no. 2 (June 2023): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2023)35(2).-10.

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The article summarizes the results of many years geological and petrographic studies of lithic artifacts and raw materials sources for its production in the main Paleolithic complexes in the Altai Mountains. The work is based on the representative archaeological collections of the multi-layer sites of Karama, Ust-Karakol, Kara-Bom and caves Denisova, Kaminnaya, Okladnikova, Chagyrskaya, Strashnaya, as well as other Paleolithic sites. The geological characteristics of the study area are given, the factors that influenced the quality of raw materials are considered. Particular attention is paid to the criteria that could guide the ancient human in the selection of raw materials from pebble sources. The problem of the relationship between the petrophysical properties of one or another type of raw material and the technical and typological appearance of lithic industries is discussed. We concluded that the ancient population of Altai, starting from the Early Paleolithic, manufactured the tools using good knowledge of the raw materials specifc features and the skills of its selection.

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Kiushina, V. V. "Specifics of National Resource-Oriented Economies Development." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law 11, no. 2 (2011): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2011-11-2-3-7.

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The article deals with the imbalances and contradictions emerging in the context of the export of raw materials specifics of the national economy. A relationship between a high proportion of resource exports and negativities of socio-economic impacts for its development is detected. The article deals with the imbalances and contradictions emerging in the context of the export of raw materials specifics of the national economy. A relationship between a high proportion of resource exports and negativities of socio-economic impacts for its development is detected.

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Ivashchuk, Iryna, Vitalii Zapukhliak, and Oleksandr Ksenzhuk. "THE ROLE OF RESOURCES IN THE BEHAVIOUR OF COMMODITY ECONOMIES IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL INTEGRATION." INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, no. 7-8 (2021): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2021.7-8.1.

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Purpose. The aim of the article is generalization of theoretical concepts of research of raw materials economies, which explain the interdependence of countries’ resource ownership and economic growth, and substantiation of the role of resources for commodity economies in the process of global integration. Methodology of research. The theoretical and methodological basis of the article is the fundamental provisions of modern economics. In the process of research the following methods were used: theoretical generalization and scientific abstraction – in substantiating the categorical and conceptual apparatus of research; method of system analysis – in the formation of the theoretical and methodological basis of the study and the structural structure of the study; method of comparative analysis – in identifying patterns and spatial differences of raw material economies in the context of global integration; methods of descriptive statistics and visual analysis – to visualize the main provisions of the study; methods of econometric modelling – to test hypotheses, identify relationships between key characteristics and formulate appropriate conclusions of the study. Findings. It is established that in modern conditions of strengthening the processes of integration of countries the role of resources in raw material economies is growing. The impact of the “Dutch disease” and the “resource curse” on the behaviour of countries with raw material economies and their participation in the process of global integration is considered. The distribution of countries by the share of land rent of natural resources in GDP is analysed. It is proved that the ownership of resources and the high share of the total rent of natural resources in GDP are not the cause of high competitiveness of countries. Originality. Conceptual bases of understanding the role of resources in the behaviour of countries with raw material economies are deepened. Scientific and methodological approaches to understanding the behaviour of countries with raw material economies and their participation in the process of global integration have been improved. Practical value. The results of the conducted study can be used to determine the potential opportunities for the export potential of the country, taking into account the specifics of the functioning of commodity economies in the process of global integration. Key words: global integration; raw material economies; resources; “Dutch disease”; “resource curse”; competitiveness; national economies; economic growth.

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Degryse, Patrick, Rebecca B. Scott, and Dieter Brems. "The archaeometry of ancient glassmaking: reconstructing ancient technology and the trade of raw materials." Perspective, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 224–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/perspective.5617.

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Locke, H. B., S. N. R. Choudhury, and D. C. D. Lecamwasam. "Integrated Rural Energy Centres for Agriculture-Based Economies." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering 200, no. 4 (November 1986): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1986_200_036_02.

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After supplying (a) food materials (rice, cassava, coconut oil etc.) and (b) industrial products (coconut fibre, rubber, timber etc.) there are left (c) energy raw materials, which are often burnt inefficiently and wrongly thought of as wastes (coir dust, wood chips, bagasse pith etc.) Energy raw materials may be incinerated, or hydrolysed, or digested etc. for industrial purposes. They may also be used as fuels for combustion—in domestic cookers, or for steam raising in industry. Energy efficiency may be improved by briquetting energy raw materials to make them more satisfactory as fuels. In addition, modern methods of gasification of some of the briquettes can make producer gas to fuel small, ordinary internal combustion engines. The power may be mechanical as shaft power, or as electricity for lighting, operating machinery etc. Integrated rural energy centres (IRECs) involve this sequence of drying, briquetting, gasifying some of the briquettes to make power, and using the rest of the briquettes for industry for steam raising instead of the wood or oil that is so often the normal fuel. An alternative possibility, particularly for higher ranges of power generation (about 300–500 kW) is to burn the energy raw material at high efficiency in a fluidized bed combustor (FBC), and make use of the hot gases produced to generate power through steam or externally-fired gas turbines, Briquetting techniques are simple and capable of much further development. Gasification techniques are also simple (with proper design) and also capable of further development. Heat recovery for product drying, for example, can be a useful feature of a combined electrical and heat energy generation system, adopting the gasification or efficient direct burning in an FBC route.

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Barbour, Terry E., Kenneth E. Sassaman, Angelica Maria Almeyda Zambrano, Eben North Broadbent, Ben Wilkinson, and Richard Kanaski. "Rare pre-Columbian settlement on the Florida Gulf Coast revealed through high-resolution drone LiDAR." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 47 (November 4, 2019): 23493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911285116.

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Drone-mounted, high-resolution light detection and ranging reveals the architectural details of an ancient settlement on the Gulf Coast of Florida without parallel in the Southeastern United States. The Raleigh Island shell-ring complex (8LV293) of ca. 900 to 1200 CE consists of at least 37 residential spaces enclosed by ridges of oyster shell up to 4 m tall. Test excavations in 10 of these residential spaces yielded abundant evidence for the production of beads from the shells of marine gastropods. Beads and other objects made from gulf coastal shell were integral to the political economies of second-millennium CE chiefdoms across eastern North America. At places as distant from the coast as the lower Midwest, marine gastropods were imported in raw form and converted into beads and other objects by craftspeople at the behest of chiefs. Bead making at Raleigh Island is exceptional not only for its level of production at the supply end of regional demand but also for being outside the purview of chiefly control. Here we introduce the newly discovered above-ground architecture of Raleigh Island and outline its analytical value for investigating the organization of shell bead production in the context of ancient political economies. The details of shell-ring architecture achieved with drone-mounted LiDAR make it possible to compare the bead making of persons distributed across residential spaces with unprecedented resolution.

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Kondrat’ev, V., V. Popov, and G. Kedrova. "Critical Materials’ Supply Chains and US National Security." World Economy and International Relations 67, no. 2 (2023): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-2-5-16.

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The COVID‑19 crisis and the Special Military Operation in Ukraine have showed how quickly and deeply global supply chains can be disrupted. This is especially true for critical and strategic materials. Many of these raw materials are critical to the European and US economies. They form a strong industrial base, participating in the production of a wide range of goods used in everyday life and modern technologies. Reliable and unfettered access to certain raw materials is a growing concern in the United States and around the world. Success in transforming and modernizing economies depends on the sustainable supply of primary and secondary raw materials needed to scale up clean and digital technologies in all industrial ecosystems. One of the lessons of the COVID‑19 crisis is the need to reduce dependency and strengthen the diversity and security of supply of critical raw materials. The expansion of strategic self-sufficiency is a priority of the long-term policy of the US and the EU. This article highlights the challenges and priorities for the United States to strengthen its strategic approach to building more sustainable commodity value chains. Strategic self-sufficiency, therefore, should, in the opinion of American and European experts, be based on diversified access to world commodity markets. At the same time, in order to reduce external dependence, the problem of rapidly growing global demand for resources is proposed to be solved by reducing and reusing materials. Achieving resource security requires action to diversify supply from primary and secondary sources, reduce dependency, and improve resource efficiency. This applies to all types of raw materials, including base metals, industrial minerals, and biotic materials.

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Montana, Giuseppe, Miguel Ángel Cau Ontiveros, Anna Maria Polito, and Ettore Azzaro. "Characterisation of clayey raw materials for ceramic manufacture in ancient Sicily." Applied Clay Science 53, no. 3 (September 2011): 476–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.09.005.

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Manuel Navarrete, Juan, and Gustavo Leonardo Martínez. "Consolidation of Ancient Raw Materials Using a Reversible, Elastic, Soft Polymer." Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry 02, no. 01 (2012): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ampc.2012.21006.

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Sutakova, E., D. Gavriliev, and A. Mestnikov. "STUDY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS OF ANCIENT CERAMICS AND CLAY RAW MATERIALS FROM THE DEPOSITS OF CENTRAL YAKUTIA." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 8, no. 9 (August 15, 2023): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2023-8-9-93-102.

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The paper considers the results of chemical and mineralogical analysis of ceramics of different times and deposits of clay raw materials of Central Yakutia. 7 ceramic fragments were examined, and a chemical and mineralogical analysis of three deposits of clay raw materials of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) was performed. The clay raw materials of Yakutia have a different chemical and mineralogical composition, depending on the deposit of raw materials. The studied clay raw materials can be used to recreate the ancient technology of ceramics. There is also a prospect for use in the ceramic industry. For a more detailed study, Kangalas clay raw materials were studied, this raw material is characterized by a high content of kaolinite, and it can be further used to create high-temperature ceramics. As a result of the conducted studies of samples of ceramic fragments, it was possible to find out the microstructure, chemical and mineralogical composition and temperature regime of firing of ceramic fragments. The ceramic samples have a common chemical and mineralogical composition. The conducted research allowed us to obtain detailed information on the manufacture of ceramic fragments from different eras. These results can be used for a deeper understanding of the ancient technology of ceramics production and will allow a broader disclosure of general and particular issues of the historical development of pottery in different regions of Yakutia

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Xie, Jiadong, Yixun Li, Bochen Huang, Yiyi Chen, and Yimeng He. "Glass Classification and Composition Study based on systematic clustering." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 69 (November 6, 2023): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v69i.12527.

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To obtain the influence of the production of raw materials and buried environment changes on their composition, this study analyzes a batch of ancient glass products in China. In the history of the Silk Road, glass was an important trade item. The main raw material of ancient glass is quartz sand, with a high melting point, so it is necessary to add solvents and stabilizers for refining. Different solvents contain different main components. The results show that the burial environment change of ancient glass products can affect their color, ornamentation, and composition ratio. The addition of different cosolvents to the production process can lead to different compositions of ancient glass products. The analysis of ancient glass products plays an important role in providing a better understanding of the Silk Road trade and technology exchange.

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Molera, Judit, Verònica Martínez Ferreras, Agnese Fusaro, Josep M. Gurt Esparraguera, Mainardo Gaudenzi, Shakir R. Pidaev, and Trinitat Pradell. "Islamic glazed wares from ancient Termez (southern Uzbekistan). Raw materials and techniques." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 29 (February 2020): 102169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102169.

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KARALIS, Petros, Elissavet DOTSIKA, Alexandros MAZARAKIS-AINIAN, Evaggelia KOLOFOTIA, Foteini RIZOU, Anastasia Electra POUTOUKI, Panagiotis Leandros POUTOUKIS, Anastasios DROSOU, and Dimitrios TZOVARAS. "Origin of Raw Materials of Ancient Glass (B.C.) from Kythnos Island, Greece." Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics 24 (December 25, 2023): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/epstem.1406231.

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Sutakova, Elza, and Alexei Mestnikov. "Basics of recreation of ancient ceramics production technology." MATEC Web of Conferences 143 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814302001.

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The paper investigates possibility of ancient ceramics technology recreation based on materials of archaeological excavations and experimental simulation and describes results of the research. The structure and properties of ceramic samples found during archaeological excavations of the neolithic age and clay raw materials from different deposits were studied. The fragments under study were shown to consist mainly of light-melting clays, possessing polimineral composition with additives of fire clay, sand, loose sedimentary rock, and in some cases wool and vegetation. Clays under study are characterized by variability of chemical and mineral composition, by their combining it is possible to obtain optimal moulding compositions to produce ceramic products of artistic and architectural-structural purpose. Overview of scientific and technical information in archaeology and the obtained experimental results enable to reveal compositions and peculiarities of ancient technology of ceramics production and technical decoration application. Peculiar features of experimental simulation of the ancient ceramics technology considering chemical and mineral composition of clay raw materials are described.

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Kondratiev, V. B. "The role of critical raw materials in conditions of economic uncertainty: the EU experience." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 4/2022 (August 25, 2022): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2022-4-94-102.

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The demand for minerals is set to increase in the future due to the global competition, industrialization in the developing countries, digitalization of the developed economies as well as the social and economic shocks in the course of a deep transformation of the international economic order. Dependence on the critical raw materials may soon replace the dependence on oil and gas. A reliable and sustainable supply of both primary and secondary raw materials, especially of the critical raw materials for the key technologies and strategic sectors such as the renewable energy, electric mobility, digital technologies, space and defense, is a prerequisite for achieving national security and independence. The new EU Industrial Strategy addresses security and sustainable development and calls for active action on critical raw materials and creation of sector-specific raw material alliances. This EU policy pursues a strategy of diversification in providing non-energy raw materials for EU value chains and ensuring the social welfare. Diversification of supply is related to reducing the dependencies in all areas by supplying primary raw materials from the EU, by increasing the supply of secondary raw materials through efficient use of resources, and by finding alternatives to scarce raw materials. One of the priority actions was to create a list of critical raw materials at the EU level.

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Moon, Dong-Hyeok, Na-Ra Lee, and Eun-Woo Lee. "Ancient Pigments in Afrasiab Murals: Characterization by XRD, SEM, and Raman Spectroscopy." Minerals 11, no. 9 (August 29, 2021): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11090939.

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The Afrasiab murals discovered in the northeast of Samarkand, Uzbekistan—the center of the ancient Silk Road—are presumed to date to the mid-seventh century during the Sogdian era. Although previous studies have examined the primary materials of the pigments used in these murals using chemical and microscopic analyses, in-depth investigations of the pigment raw material composition have not been conducted to verify the results of these studies. We applied X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for the first time to identify the raw materials of ancient pigments in fragments obtained from the Afrasiab murals. The results show that lazurite, cinnabar, and amorphous carbon were used as blue, red, and black pigments, respectively. Moreover, we identified that pigments were not directly painted on the wall surface; instead, they were painted on a white undercoat of gypsum plaster, similar to other ancient Silk Road wall paintings. The results of this study can benefit the provision of more accurate information with regard to the composition of raw materials and further support the selection of appropriate substances for the purposes of conservation and restoration of Afrasiab murals.

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PUSTOVOIT, Oleh. "GLOBAL MULTIPOLARITY: NEW OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN EXPORTS." Economy of Ukraine 2023, no. 12 (December 18, 2023): 68–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2023.12.068.

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One of the topical areas of modern economics is predicting the implications of global multipolarity. Their analysis in the fields of international politics and international trade law gave grounds for suggesting that global multipolarity creates both new opportunities and additional threats for the development of smaller developing economies. To test the hypothesis on data collected in the field of economy, it is proposed to analyze these opportunities and threats as strong and weak trade incentives formed by countries which are new actual and potential global growth poles when purchasing raw materials and products of increased technological complexity in smaller developing economies. To implement this scientific method, a set of methodological and methodical approaches has been developed to correct the list and rank actual and potential global growth poles, to evaluate their shares in the purchase of products of increased technological complexity. Approbation of the proposed scientific approaches on the example of Ukraine revealed that on international markets, the additional demand from China and potential global growth poles from among countries with emerging markets creates strong trade incentives for revitalizing economic activity in domestic export industries producing raw materials and products of their shallow processing, and the weak ones – in industries producing products of increased technological complexity. Therefore, further rapid inertial expansion of Ukraine's trade with these countries will certainly increase the risks of slowdown in qualitative (structural) changes in domestic foreign trade in favor of products of increased technological complexity. The obtained empirical data confirm the assumption of Western scientists that global multipolarity creates additional threats to the development of smaller developing economies, as it encourages them to retain the role of raw materials supplier to world markets in the future.

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Zinina, Oksana. "Assessment of the Quality and Safety of Fermented Foods." Fermentation 9, no. 3 (March 13, 2023): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9030283.

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Paramithiotis, Spiros, Maria K. Syrokou, Anastasia Papadia-Nikolaidou, Georgios Papoutsis, and Eleftherios H. Drosinos. "Towards Recreation of Food Commodities Based on Ancient Texts; The Case of Avyrtake." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (February 7, 2022): 1697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031697.

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The aim of the present study was to attempt the recreation of a highly appreciated food commodity of antiquity, called avyrtake, using information derived from ancient texts. The available information included the raw materials, the texture and the taste of the raw materials. On the contrary, the relative proportion of the raw materials as well as the production procedure had to be inferred on the basis of their modern-day use. For that purpose, and based on the above, a mixture of shredded cabbage and leek, salt, pomegranate seeds, raisins, and shredded garlic, as well as ground green cardamon and mustard seeds were pressed into a fermentation jar in order to form a brine and left at 18 °C for fermentation to take place. The latter was driven by lactic acid bacteria, mostly by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. The final product had a sour character, which matched the organoleptic description available from the ancient texts, and it received high ranks.

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Kulkova, Marianna Altkseevna. "PETROGRAPHY FOR ASSESSMENT OF MOULDING COMPOUND OF ANCIENT POTTERY." Samara Journal of Science 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20153208.

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Ancient ceramics are the valuable artifacts which saves the information about ancient people and their traditions. The process of making pottery is begun with the choosing and preparation of raw clay and temper material and further applying of different techniques (moulding of vessel, decoration etc.) and finally firing. Petrographical analysis of ancient pottery allows to determine the mineralogical composition of ceramic matrix, the features of their technology and to identify the raw mineral sources (Feliu et al. 2004, Papadopoulou et al. 2006, Bastie et al. 2006). Such kind investigations expand the frames of our knowledge about ancient technological traditions in pottery making. The following characteristics could be determined in thin-sections of ceramic shards: nature and features of plastic and aplastic inclusions; textural and optical characteristics of clay matrix; shape, amount and orientation of pores; features of surface treatment, decoration. This information is animportant for understanding of principles of ancient technologies. The different temper materials inside clay matrix such as sand, crushed rocks, organic materials, shells, grog can be identified accurately using petrography. The ceramic structure and characteristics of mineral changes during the firing are indicators of firing temperatures and atmosphere. A distribution of clay particles and porous inside of ceramic matrix is useful for reconstruction of moulding methods. The study of ceramic collection of the same cultural tradition and from the same region using petrography gives the possibility for differentiation of the natural and cultural factors influenced on the choose of raw materials, variations in the ceramic composition and techniques. This method is one the most precise for identification of an import pottery.

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Mass, Jennifer L., Mark T. Wypyski, and Richard E. Stone. "Evidence for the Metallurgical Origins of Glass at Two Ancient Egyptian Glass Factories." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 1 (January 2001): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.17.

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Studying the raw materials used by ancient glassmakers provides information about ancient glassmaking practices, the relationship between glassmaking and other craft technologies (silicate-based or non-silicate-based), and the trading patterns of specific cultures. Colored opaque glasses are of particular interest because they were among the first mass-produced and mass-distributed glasses.

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Rybalko, A. G., and N. A. Kulik. "Raw Material Base for Stone Industries of the Early Paleolithic in Southeastern Dagestan." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0233-0237.

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This article presents the results of petrographic studies into collections of artifacts from the Acheulean complexes located in the Darvagchai Geoarchaeological District in Southeastern Dagestan. Throughout the entire Stone Age, raw stone was a crucial resource for subsistence of ancient humans. The lack of high-quality flint raw materials had been previously considered to be the main factor for concluding that this area was rarely visited by ancient humans. Archaeological research over the past decade has shown the opposite. During the exploration works, over ten Paleolithic sites were discovered and studied. Analysis of raw material sources has revealed that there are several main types of rocks in the area of the sites. The petrographic composition of the collections indicates that the overwhelming majority of artifacts were made of flint, while sporadic artifacts were made of limestone and sandstone. Flint raw materials which were used at the sites are distinguished by large number of internal defects, primarily, fracturing. The raw material factor played a very important role in the area. All large, carefully shaped macro-tools were made of sandstone and limestone, while mostly poorly shaped small artifacts were made of flint. Thus, sizes, methods, and intensity of processing stone tools demonstrate direct dependence on the type of raw material.

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A., Rybalko. "Features of the Raw Material Base of the Paleolithic Industries of South- Eastern Dagestan." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 33, no. 4 (December 2021): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2021)33(4).-06.

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The article presents the results of petrographic studies of collections of artifacts, Acheulean and Middle Paleolithic complexes located on the territory of the Darvagchay geoarchaeological region. Throughout the Stone Age, raw stone was a very important resource for the existence of ancient man. The lack of high-quality flint raw materials was the main factor for the conclusion that this territory was rarely visited by ancient people. Archaeological research over the past decade has shown the opposite trend. During the work, more than ten Paleolithic sites were discovered and studied. Analysis of raw material sources showed that there are several main types of rocks in the area of the sites. The petrographic composition of the collections indicates that the overwhelming majority of artifacts are made of flint, limestone and sandstone are isolated items. The flint raw materials used at the sites are distinguished by many internal defects, first of all, by fracturing. The raw material factor played a very important role here. All large, carefully designed macro-tools are made of sandstone and limestone. Mostly poorly designed small items are made of flint. Thus, the size, methods and intensity of stone tools processing demonstrates a direct dependence on the type of raw material.

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Dergachev, A. L. "Role and importance of mineral resource complex in national economies: solid minerals." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 3 (June 28, 2020): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2020-3-3-11.

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As the economy growth it gets unfeasible for emerging economies to maintain high and stable rates of economic growth predominantly owing to increase of mining production, expansion of mineral export and recovery of mineral rents. However, while direct contribution of mining and processing of mineral materials to national economy is reduced, mineral resource complex acquires a new function — supplying related industries with mineral raw materials, remains important factor of further accelerated industrial development, contributes to state budget, helps to solve employment problem and secures important multiplicative effects in national economies.

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De la Vega, S., M. Jiménez-Reyes, D. Tenorio, A. Castañeda-Gómez-del-Campo, A. Nieto-Téllez, and A. Ábrego. "Microchemical characterization of ancient ceramics and raw materials using nuclear and conventional techniques." Microchemical Journal 114 (May 2014): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2013.12.005.

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Antonets, E. "On the Necessity of Microelectronics Production Priority Development in Russia." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 9 (September 20, 2005): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-9-117-128.

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The analysis of microelectronics significance in national economies and its role in the production of modern consumer goods and machinery, information maintenance of economies' functioning is presented in the article. The necessity and possible ways of Russian electronics industry recovering are considered. It is shown that changing the raw materials orientation of the Russian economy is possible only by way of microelectronics industry priority development that will constitute a technological base and the source of funds for modern consumer goods mass production.

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BUBLYK, Ievgen. "The impact of some external factors on financial instability in Ukraine." Fìnansi Ukraïni 2023, no. 5 (August 5, 2023): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/finukr2023.05.090.

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Introduction. The nature of Ukraine's economic development over the past thirty years reflects its dependence on global financial and economic cycles. The nature of this dependence lies in the stable interrelationship of the global commodity markets with factors of internal financial stability. One of the important ways to overcome such dependence is a nationally-rooted monetary policy aimed at supporting domestic economic activity and weakening the influence of the external environment on financial stability. Problem Statement. Increasing the internal financial stability of the national economy and the regulatory potential of monetary policy by limiting their dependence on global economic cycles. Purpose: Formalization of the relationship between the financial stability of the national economy and changes in the global commodity markets and the identification of prospective monetary policy measures to mitigate them. Methods. General scientific and special methods are used : theoretical generalization, systematic, abstract-logical and comparative analysis, synthesis, grouping. Results. The article summarizes the regularities that determine the cyclical repetition of financial and economic crises in Ukraine. In particular, it was noted that the stability of small open economies, a significant share of whose income is formed by the export of raw materials, largely depends on the situation on the global raw materials markets. Cyclical downturns in these markets cause financial crises, which lead to the decapitalization of small open economies and thus make their structural innovative development impossible. Conclusions. In order to ensure the sustainable development of small open raw material economies, it is necessary to carry out an appropriate institutional policy of the state aimed at ensuring the development of a more complex economic base with a departure from raw material dependence. This requires a corresponding modernization of monetary policy in terms of expanding control over the movement of capital flows, limiting the volatility of the exchange rate.

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Drusche, Olaf, Stefanie Krause, Jürgen Kretschmann, Helmut Mischo, and Anna Luiza M. Ayres da Silva. "Business Models for Sustainability." Ökologisches Wirtschaften - Fachzeitschrift 36, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/oew360443.

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Mining is known to cause high ecological and social impacts. Thus, it has a paramount role in terms of supporting sustainable development, especially in developing or emerging economies. How can sustainability-oriented business model innovations redefine the raw materials sector and improve the sustainability performance?

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Pushkareva, Lyudmila, and Mikhail Pushkarev. "Sustainable Development of the Labor Market in the European North of the Russian Federation." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 11058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124411058.

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The economy of the European North of the Russian Federation is predominantly based on the use of natural resources. The mining complex remains the leading one in its structure. Its specialization focused on the production of raw materials and the export of products with low added value increases the dependence of the socio-economic situation on the conditions in world commodity and raw materials markets. The economies of the regions under consideration have some common features: the economies are export-oriented. Consequently, the economy depends on world prices for relevant products, conditions in world markets, and a number of political factors. The work revealed a change in the amount of labor force in recent years, assessed structural changes in the economy that affect the dynamics of employment and the level of qualifications. The quality of life of the population in the regions of the European North of Russia is also assessed in this paper.

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Staszczak, Dariusz Eligiusz. "CHANGES OF EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES POSITIONS IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF RAW MATERIALS IN 2016, 2019 AND 2021. IMPORTANCE FOR AGRICULTURE." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXIV, no. 4 (December 13, 2022): 184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1489.

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The purpose of this paper is an explanation of a strategic independency or dependency of particular countries of the European Union on raw materials imports. A strategic importance of raw materials for the EU and world economy is connected with the necessity of these materials for the production, including agricultural production and industrial production for agriculture. The design is finding the threats for the further development of most EU economies which results from their dependency on raw materials imports. There were fifteen net importers of raw materials in 2016. Most important of them were: Germany, Italy, Belgium and Spain. These first four countries did not change their positions in 2019 and 2021. The quantity of EU net importers decreased to fourteen member-states in 2019 and to thirteen countries in 2021. However, many EU net importers deepened their trade deficits of raw materials in 2021. The Dutch paradox explains the Netherlands position of the first EU net exporter in spite of this country dependency on imports of raw materials. Practical implications of the results can be considered to elaborate the short-term and long-term EU economic and trade policy.

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Nikolsky, Alexey, Leonid Bezrukov, and Alexander Shupletsov. "«New Angarstroy» as a Project of Non-Raw Materials Integration of Economies of Russia and China." Известия Байкальского государственного университета 28, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 470–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2018.28(3).470-480.

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The article is dedicated to the project «New Angarstroy» (Baikal-Amur Superindustrial Complex) which is being developed, first of all, to meet the needs of the development of the Russian economy, as well as in the context of non-raw material cooperation of Russia, China, Mongolia and other countries. The authors explain the expediency of the transition from a raw-material model of economic integration of Russia and China to a non-raw material one. They outline the «New Angarstroy» project, a key part of which is the organization of the largest metallurgical production of national scale, including a high-quality full-cycle ferrous metallurgy (with iron direct reduction and electrometallurgy) and titanium-magnesium industry. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the transport component of the project as the railway transport plays an important role of in the functioning of the technological flow-stage scheme of the superindustrial complex, the enormous scale of the planned production and, accordingly, the transported cargoes, certain limited capacity of the main Siberian railways. It is planned to organize the transportation of products in the internal production cycle of the Baikal-Amur Superindustrial Complex according to the pendulum principle; the authors identified the need to implement large-scale programs for the radical modernization of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Baikal-Amur Mainline and the entire Siberian railway system. They describe the benefits of constructing the railway connection of the Transsib and BAM by the Mogzon - Novy Uoyan line with the goal of ensuring effective transition of products of «New Angarstroy» across the external international pendulum - Central Russia - Northeast China.

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Warburton, David. "BEFORE THE IMF: THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF UNINTENTIONAL STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT IN ANCIENT EGYPT." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 43, no. 2 (2000): 65–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852000511240.

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AbstractDebate about states and markets in the Bronze Age world has directed attention away from their roles and thus away from the way these economies functioned. The ancient Egyptian state assigned fields to its dependents and stimulated demand by spending and taxation. Markets and market forces were responsible for the allocation and distribution of materials in the ancient Near East from the end of the third millennium. Growth did not result from technological improvement or market competition so much as from demand stimulus, as in the modern world, suggesting that demand is more important than supply.

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Ciccantell, Paul S. "Globalisation and Raw Materials-Based Development: The Case of the Aluminum Industry." Competition & Change 4, no. 3 (September 2000): 273–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102452940000400302.

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Current analyses of globalisation often assume that this is a new phenomenon and that it operates in the same manner across all sectors of the economy. This paper argues that precisely the opposite is true: globalisation is a longstanding process that exhibits distinct characteristics in different industries and different time periods. The analytic strategy to examine this process is historically grounded in the aluminum industry, one of the pioneers of the process of globalisation. This paper analyses the changing nature of the process of globalisation in the aluminum industry, focusing attention on the articulation of the competitive strategies of globalising firms and the economic development strategies of national governments over four distinct phases of globalisation in the past century. The paper also analyses the consequences of the evolution of globalisation for firms, states and economies involved in the aluminum industry.

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Dahlin, Bruce H., Christopher T. Jensen, Richard E. Terry, David R. Wright, and Timothy Beach. "In Search of an Ancient Maya Market." Latin American Antiquity 18, no. 4 (December 2007): 363–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25478193.

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Market economies are notoriously difficult to identify in the archeological record. This is particularly true in the subtropical Maya lowlands of Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize because most utilitarian items and consumables were made of highly perishable materials. We explore the hypothesis that ancient marketplaces can be identified through analysis of chemical residues in soils from open and easily accessible spaces in and about ancient Maya cities. We compared soil chemical signatures from a credible ancient marketplace location in the specialized trade center of Chunchucmil, Yucatan, Mexico to those from a modern marketplace at Antigua, Guatemala. We found extraordinarily high concentrations of phosphorus and zinc in the soil of Chunchucmil's proposed marketplace and the same high concentrations correlate well with food preparation and vegetable sales areas at the modern marketplace. These methods hold promise in resolving the vexing question of how large ancient Maya urban populations were sustained.

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Stepanova, N. F., and D. Yu Rybakov. "Raw Materials and Clay in Ancient Pottery from the Tomsk and Narym Ob Regions." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 25 (2019): 607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2019.25.607-613.

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Qin, Ying, Yinghong Wang, Xi Chen, Haomiao Li, Yingyuan Xu, and Xiaoli Li. "The research of burning ancient Chinese lead-barium glass by using mineral raw materials." Journal of Cultural Heritage 21 (September 2016): 796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2016.04.003.

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Abd Halim, Mohd Hasfarisham, and Mokhtar Saidin. "X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) And Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis Of Potsherds, Sungai Batu Complex, Bujang Valley, Kedah Sungai Batu Complex, Bujang Valley, Kedah." Warta Geologi 46, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/wg463202006.

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Archaeological excavations at the Sungai Batu Archeological Complex have unearthed potsherds with monument structures. The discovery of the potsherds enables scientific studies of X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis to be conducted and resolve related issues such as where the raw materials were obtained by the manufacturers. To solve the issue, potsherds were taken from around the ancient river, and scientific analyses was conducted for comparison purposes. Before the clay sample was subjected to the scientific analyses, the samples were cleaned and measured (for weight, thickness and width). Color sampling was also performed. Based on results of the analyses, it clearly shows that the potsherds was produced using raw materials from the ancient river in the Sungai Batu Complex itself and baked at a temperature between 550°C and 650°C.

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Pamuk, Şevket. "Economic History, Institutions, and Institutional Change." International Journal of Middle East Studies 44, no. 3 (July 26, 2012): 532–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812000475.

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Until recently the discipline of economic history was concerned mostly with the Industrial Revolution and the period since. A large majority of the research and writing focused on Great Britain, western Europe, and the United States. There has been a striking change in the last three decades. Economic historians today are much more interested in the earlier periods: the early modern and medieval eras and even the ancient economies of the Old World. They have been gathering empirical materials and employing various theories to make sense of the evolution of these economies. Equally important, there has been a resurgence in the studies of developing regions of the world. Global economic history, focusing on all regions of the world and their interconnectedness since ancient times, is on its way to becoming a major field of study. Even the Industrial Revolution, the most central event of economic history, is being studied and reinterpreted today not as a British or even western European event but as a breakthrough resulting from many centuries of interaction between Europe and the rest of the world.

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Creasman, Pearce Paul. "Ship Timber and the Reuse of Wood in Ancient Egypt." Journal of Egyptian History 6, no. 2 (2013): 152–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18741665-12340007.

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AbstractReuse of materials in ancient Egypt is neither a new nor novel concept. The ancient Egyptians reused a variety of materials and certainly any resource that had spiritual, ideological, or economic value that was available to them. Yet, reuse of certain raw materials has not been thoroughly examined, notably timber. This manuscript explores the modes, preferences and implications of wood use, specifically reuse, in Egypt’s Pharaonic Period, using ship timber as the illustrative example. This synthesis suggests specific preferences for commodity consumption and conservation existed, revealing cultural and behavioral trends.

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Li, Rong Wu, Jian Bao Wang, Guo Xia Li, Zhi Zhong Zhang, Juan Wu, and Mao Lin Zhang. "The Discovery and Preliminary Analysis of an Ancient Kiln Site near Cao Village in Linzhang Town of Hebei Province." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 1190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.1190.

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In order to find out the kiln of some articles unearthed at Fancui tomb of Northern Dynasty, we use the article samples to track to a kiln site near Cao village, Linzhang town, Hebei province. By compare and contrast of Cao village kiln samples with Northern Dynasty tomb articles, we conclude that Cao village kiln are of Northern Dynasty. We measure the physical properties and the chemical composition of the samples using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), and identify the samples are of lead glaze pottery, Fuzzy cluster analysis of the samples shows that Cao village kiln body samples raw materials come from 3~4 batches, while the glaze samples raw material come from 3 batches. It also shows that the body raw materials and the glaze raw materials of the sample supporting pins are the same as those of Cao Village kiln.

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Pentedeka, Areti, Petros Koutsovitis, Andreas Magganas, and Annie Rassios. "NEOLITHIC POTTERY PRODUCTION IN SOUTHEAST THESSALY THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF PETROGRAPHY AND MINERALOGY." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 54, no. 1 (March 26, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.19351.

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The present paper focuses on the raw materials used for the local manufacture of pottery at two Neolithic settlements (Magoula Visviki, Magoula Agrokipiou) in the Velestino region, SE Thessaly, an area characterized by a distinctive ophiolithic sequence and its sedimentary weathering products. The mineralogical composition and rock fragment constituents of pottery fabrics are compared with that of rock and sediment samples from the adjacent area, thus locating the ancient raw material sources that were exploited.

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Mancini, Lucia, and Philip Nuss. "Responsible Materials Management for a Resource-Efficient and Low-Carbon Society." Resources 9, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9060068.

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Our societies rely on the quality and availability of natural resources. Driven by population growth, economic development, and innovation, future demand for natural resources is expected to further increase in coming decades. Raw materials will be an important part of society’s future material mix as countries increasingly transition towards resource-efficient and greenhouse-gas neutral economies. Raw materials are also fundamental to meet ecological and socio-economic targets within the UN Sustainable Development Agenda. For instance, they have a fundamental role in renewable energy technologies, new building materials and infrastructure, communication systems, and low-carbon transportation. However, some materials are largely supplied from countries with poor governance. The future availability of these materials and associated impacts are of increasing concern going forward. Recent raw material criticality studies have explored economic, geo-political, and technological factors that affect materials’ supply. However, environmental and social pressures also play a role in their security of supply. For instance, conflicts can prevent access to mineral deposits; accidents and environmental damage compromise public acceptance and can hinder future extraction operations. This article will introduce this Special Issue with a focus on material requirements and responsible sourcing of materials for a low-carbon society, and provides an overview of the subsequent research papers.

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Yang, Grant G. L. "Regional Investigation for Economies of Development Status on Changes in Export Structure of Deterioration Terms of Trade." Business Prospects 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52288/bp.27089851.2021.06.01.

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The theory of Deterioration Terms of Trade states that the terms of trade between primary commodities and manufactures have a negative deterministic trend. However, the terms of trade for primary commodities have improved significantly because of higher prices of raw materials and natural resources due to the rapid development of some emerging developing countries. Literatures argued that the deterioration in terms of trade is the type of country in which the goods are exported rather than the types of goods exported by such countries are primary or manufactured goods. This paper employs regression models of alternative economies to analyze the correlation between terms of trade and manufactured goods export ratio. Results demonstrated that the Prebisch-Singer Hypothesis holds for all the economies except the developed ones, and the ITTs are worsened by increases in the proportion of manufactured goods for all the economies.

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Bogdanov, S. V. "Ore sources of raw materials of the ancient metallurgy in the steppe Cis-Urals region." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 817, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/817/1/012017.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ancient raw materials economies'

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