Academic literature on the topic 'Ancient Lower Northern Bengal'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ancient Lower Northern Bengal"
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Kazarova, S. Y., and G. A. Novitskaya. "Ancient parks and gardens of Northern and Eastern India." Journal of Native and Alien Plant Studies, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37555/2707-3114.1.2021.247560.
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The 30 ancient gardens of Northern India were studied: 9 palace gardens, 13 memorial gardens (at tombs), 8 gardens of “royal rest”, and 2 ancient botanical gardens of West Bengal (East India) for 11 years (from 2008 to 2019). Brief information is given for each object: the year of the garden' s foundation, the size, historical objects on the territory of the park (garden), the presence of old-age trees and some tree species is noted; inaccessible and / or rarely visited ancient gardens are described in more detail (Mughal Gardens in Delhi, Yadavindra Gardens in Pinjor and others). A full description of the ancient gardens (parks) of India is given in the publications of the authors, a list of which is given.
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SINGH, O. P. "Thermodynamical characteristics of monsoon troposphere over the Bay of Bengal." MAUSAM 50, no. 3 (December 17, 2021): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v50i3.1855.
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Thermodynamical characteristics of monsoon troposphere, especially the lower troposphere, over different regions of Bay of Bengal has been studied utilising the radiosonde data collected by Ocean Research Vessel (ORV) Sagar Kanya during the period 8 July-5 August, 1991. The results reveal the existence of low level inversions over the central and adjoining parts of southern Bay of Bengal between 13.4°-17.2°N and 84.5°- 90.0°E during July-August The lower troposphere upto 850 hPa appears to be absolutely stable over this region of Bay of Bengal. In total contrast, none of the ascents taken over the region north of 17.7°N showed any low level inversion. The lower troposphere over the northern Bay of Bengal where convection develops under favourable synoptic situations in monsoon, was found to be unstable.
In July the low level inversion appears to extend far south (upto about 10.3°N) but gets disintegrated over the southern parts of Bay of Bengal with the advance of season. Many ascents over the northern and central Bay of Bengal have shown the occurrence of stable layers near 0° level. In the equatorial Bay of Bengal between 5°-10°N stable layers appear to exist near 400 hPa level and near 850-800 hPa level. The results seem to provide an insight into the pattern of convection over the Bay of Bengal during monsoon.
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Chakravarti, Ranabir. "Early Medieval Bengal and the Trade In Horses: a Note." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 42, no. 2 (1999): 194–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520991446839.
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AbstractThis essay brings into focus a relatively neglected aspect of economic life in early medieval Bengal. Like many other parts of India, Bengal during ancient and early medieval times did not have any indigenous, good quality war horses. The emergence of Bengal as a regional political entity to reckon with during the early medieval times (c. AD 600 - 1300) must have increased the demand for war horses. The paper analyses the epigraphic accounts of the procurement of these indispensable war animals from northern and northwestern India by the rulers of early medieval Bengal. The Tabaqat-i-Nasiri of the thirteenth century gives an indication of the availablity of northeastern horses - probably Tibetan ones - in Bengal. Chinese accounts of the fifteenth century and some Arabic accounts of the invasions of the Deccan by the Delhi Sultante have been utilised here to suggest that early medieval Bengal not only received regular supplies of imported horses, but also witnessed the transportation of some of these war machines to the Deccan and China.
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Dey, Nayan, and Payel Das. "Coastal Vulnerability Assessment of Kanthi Coast, India by the Geospatial Technology." Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI) 4, no. 3 (December 30, 2023): 221–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47540/ijsei.v4i3.910.
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Since ancient times, most of the world’s civilization flourished along the banks of rivers and the coastal region. So the coastal region plays a vital role for human economic activities as well as their livelihood. The Kanthi coast, the northernmost part of the North Circus coast of India stretches in West Bengal and northern Odisha. The 45 km stretched coast land is associated with a dense population and faces the tropical cyclone emerging from the Bay of Bengal. The prime objective of the paper is to assess the coastal vulnerability of the study area. With the help of several indicators, viz. shoreline change rate, rate of sea level change, slope of the beach, wave height, tidal range, regional elevation, geomorphic features, sediment properties, coastal regulation zone (CRZ) violation ratio, the research work assess the Coastal Vulnerability Zone (CVZ) of the Kanthi Coastal region. The weightage sum method and Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) are being used. From this research work, it has been revealed that the western segment especially, Digha and Shankarpur are experiencing a high vulnerability situation.
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Raj, Harsh, Ravi Bhushan, M. Muruganantham, Romi Nambiar, and Ankur J. Dabhi. "MARINE RESERVOIR AGE CORRECTION FOR THE ANDAMAN BASIN." Radiocarbon 62, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 1339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.91.
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ABSTRACTMarine reservoir age is an important component for correction in radiocarbon (14C) dating of marine and coastal samples. 14C concentration in pre-bomb marine samples of known age are used to derive marine reservoir age of a region. Annually banded coral from Landfall island in the northern Andaman has been analyzed for its 14C concentration during the pre-bomb period 1948–1951. 14C age and reservoir effect (∆R) are reported for these pre-bomb coral samples from the northern Andaman region. The mean 14C age of 331 ± 61 yr BP was obtained for the period 1948–1951 with an average reservoir age correction of –138 ± 61 yr. This reservoir age correction is lowest reported from the northern Indian Ocean. ∆R value of the northern Andaman and the Bay of Bengal appears lower than that of southern Andaman. The ∆R values obtained using mollusk shells and coral from the Andaman region shows large variability. The lower reservoir age correction for the Landfall Island situated in the northern part of the Andaman archipelago, could result due to freshwater flux and reduced upwelling in the region.
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Shith, Arijit, Srikanta Padhan, Avilash Mohapatra, and Sanjana Agrawal. "Eastern India's response to the pandemic: a comparative assessment of West Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2023): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20234133.
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Background: The three eastern states of India (Odisha, Bihar, and West Bengal) share common borders with similar cultural and socio-demographic characteristics due to historical ties. In the recent past, these states witnessed large-scale return migration of workers, leading to increasing numbers of COVID-19 cases. Despite the increasing number of cases, the testing capacity in Odisha, Bihar, and West Bengal is significantly lower compared to the testing capacities in the western, southern, and northern regions. Methods: This study utilized a nine-month retrospective longitudinal design, focusing on the COVID-19 situation and healthcare facilities in Odisha, West Bengal, and Bihar from May 2020 to January 2021. Data were extracted from various Government and research institution websites, and descriptive analyses employed bar and line diagrams. Results: Odisha and Bihar show declining COVID-19 cases, deaths, and test positivity rates, while West Bengal is on the rise. Testing rates are consistently increasing in all three states. West Bengal has the highest doctors per million, Odisha has the most nurses per million, and more pharmacists are registered in West Bengal. In health infrastructure, Odisha has COVID-19 special hospital testing centers, while West Bengal leads in hospital beds and ICU beds. Conclusions: The burden of COVID-19 infection in India was heterogeneous, with evidence of high transmission in the eastern, northeast, western, and southern regions. The study findings will be helpful in making informed decisions about the current state-wise health status in eastern India.
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Sahu, RajeshKumar, Bhishma Tyagi, NareshKrishna Vissa, and Mrutyunjay Mohapatra. "Pre-monsoon Thunderstorm Season Climatology of Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) and Convective Inhibition (CIN) over Eastern India." MAUSAM 73, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 565–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v73i3.1247.
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The present work analyses climatological variations of Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) and Convective Inhibition (CIN) over the eastern India (Odisha, West Bengal and Jharkhand) during the pre-monsoon season, where thunderstorms are frequent and disastrous. The work utilises European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) reanalysis data: ERA-5 for 1987-2016, supplemented with information about thunderstorm occurrences over the region from India Meteorological Department (IMD). The CAPE and CIN values can differentiate thunderstorm days (TD) from non-thunderstorm days (NTD), with favourable conditions of convective weather on days of thunderstorms over the region, evident by CAPE and CIN. The coastal areas of Odisha and West Bengal, along with the Jharkhand bordering the northern West Bengal region, have higher CAPE and lower CIN values. The trend analysis of CAPE and CIN has been performed using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test, which shows an apparent transformation of indices over time for different regions of states for TD and NTD. CAPE shows an increasing trend over the coastal districts of Odisha and West Bengal during TD and for the whole of West Bengal during 12 UTC NTD. The NTD cases show a decreasing trend over Odisha (both 00 and 12 UTC) and 00 UTC over West Bengal. CIN shows an increasing trend for TD and decreasing trend for NTD over whole Odisha, whereas, for West Bengal, trends are positive for coastal regions during TD and negative on the entire state during NTD. For Jharkhand, both the CAPE and CIN values show an increasing trend over the state during NTD, whereas for TD, both increasing/decreasing trends are visible. The analysis complements the observations of thunderstorm occurrence over the region to understand areas with higher potential of thunderstorm occurrence during pre-monsoon season.
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Boltryk, Yu V., and O. V. Kariaka. "THE OLDEST TRANSPORT ARTERY OF SCYTHIA (Lower Hypanis — middle course of Borysthenes Track)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 47, no. 2 (June 15, 2023): 202–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2023.02.14.
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The article examines the connection between the archaeological sites of the pre-Scythian and Scythian times and the key watersheds of Right Bank Ukraine, as routes of potential overland communications that used to move goods in ancient times. One of the impetuses for turning to this topic was the discovery of four archaic amphorae (one whole from Klazomenai, others from Lesbos) at the recently discovered Khotynets hillfort in Poland, which is located in the extreme west of the country of the Early Iron Age hillforts of southern Eastern Europe. These finds of amphora containers in the area of Vyshnia and San valleys convincingly testify that trade caravans could reach this distant region from the Black Sea coast using only the land route. For its time, land communications were optimal, as they provided relatively reliable movement with a heavy load, along a path practically devoid of sharp descents and ascents.
Key attention in the article is given to one of the most ancient routes that connected the northern coast of the Black Sea with settlement structures in the Middle Dnieper region. The extreme points in this transport system were pre-Scythian hillforts — Dykii Sad located at the confluence of the Ingul and Southern Bug rivers and its potential northern partner Subotivske in the Tiasmin basin. During the Scythian rule in the Black Sea steppes, this route continued to be actively used. However, over time, the final trade terminals changed, and the route of trade caravans remained. Merchants from Olbia and the harbors of the northern coast of the Black Sea used the eastern edge of the Southern Bug basin as a reliable route to the fortified settlement structures of the forest-steppe Right Bank, among them Matronynske and the Trakhtemyrivske hillforts.
Given the shallow depths near the coast of Olbia, the authors consider the harbour of the little-explored ancient hillfort of Hlyboka Prystan as a likely place for unloading sea vessels with a deep draft. From this harbour opened a convenient way to the hillforts of the Forest Steppe, just using the oldest transport artery of Scythia.
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Lim, Dongmin. "Exploring a New Methodology for Studying Korean Ancient History Using Network Analysis: Focusing on negotiation data from the Eastern Jin and Sixteen Kingdoms to the Song and Northern Wei period." International Journal of Korean History 28, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 219–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22372/ijkh.2023.28.2.219.
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Network analysis is a methodology that helps understand complex phenomena by visualizing member interactions. In the context of Eastern Jin, Sixteen Kingdoms, Song, Northern Wei period, network analysis can shed light on the position of Paekche and Koguryŏ by analyzing negotiation networks. While existing studies have focused on negotiations between these states and China, few have visualized the entire negotiation network or compared the positions of Paekche and Koguryŏ within the broader East Asian network. This paper explores the network analysis methodology for ancient East Asian negotiation data and conducts a pilot analysis of specific periods.</br>The methodology for applying network analysis to ancient history involves several steps, including evaluating its suitability, quantifying the data, verifying data reliability, and analyzing and visualizing the data. Limitations of using network analysis to study ancient history include obtaining sufficient data and verifying data reliability. Ancient East Asian negotiation data is relatively more abundant than other records, making it a good candidate for network analysis. However, because negotiation data is recorded from the perspective of various actors, it is essential to verify the reliability of the data by ancient history researchers.</br>This paper theoretically analyzes the negotiation data of the Eastern Jin, Sixteen Kingdoms, Song, and Northern Wei periods. The negotiation network analysis reveals that Eastern Jin is the most centralized country, with Koguryŏ actively engaging in negotiations and Paekche focusing on diplomacy with Eastern Jin. The centrality analysis on the negotiation frequency data during Song and Northern Wei period shows that the Song and Northern Wei had the highest centrality in negotiation frequency among 28 countries, with Koguryŏ, Tuyuhun, and Paekche also prominent. The negotiation route analysis reveals the flow of information, with the Song having the highest betweenness centrality, Koguryŏ serving as a conduit to Shilla, and Paekche controlling the route to Mahan, Kaya, and Wa. Paekche plays a crucial role as a conduit between various regions, despite having lower centrality than Koguryŏ.</br>In conclusion, this paper explored the methodology of applying network analysis to ancient East Asian negotiation data and attempted to understand the structural structure of ancient East Asian negotiation networks by analyzing negotiation data from a specific time period.
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Yasmin, Dilruba, Md Kawser Ahmed, Md Moniruzzaman Khondkar, Seema Rani, Abdullah Al Mamun Siddiqui, Ahmad Al Karim, and Makidul Islam Khan. "Species Composition, Abundance and Diversity of Phytoplankton Inhabiting around the Swatch-of-No-Ground of Northern Bay of Bengal." Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 10, no. 1 (October 31, 2021): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujees.v10i1.56276.
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This study aimed to estimate the abundance and diversity of phytoplankton at different depth of water columns in Northern Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Samples were collected from 24 stations using Niskin water sampler from 0 to 250 m depths in four different cruises from January, 2017 to January, 2018 with the collaboration of Bangladesh Navy. Before sample identification, the samples were subjected to preservation using Lugol’s solution. A total of 70 phytoplankton species were identified of which Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae and Chlorophyceae covered 74.28%, 21.42% and 4.28% of species, respectively. The average phytoplankton density was 12,238±7,281 cells/L. Results showed phytoplankton abundance and distribution was comparatively lower in higher water depth than surface water. The highest phytoplankton abundance (39,342 cells/L) was recorded at surface water and the lowest abundance (16 cells/L) was observed in 200 m depth. Phytoplankton abundances significantly reduced at higher water depths (p < 0.05) which might be associated with higher light and nutrients availability at surface water and mixed layer depth. However, there was weak negative correlation since r = - 0.33. Phytoplankton abundance was also varied from station to station at similar water depth. Species richness was the highest in surface water. In this study, estimated Shannon-Wiener index was 0.58 that represented phytoplankton was moderately distributed at surface water than higher depth. The findings of the present study might be used as a baseline study to understand the phytoplankton community of the Northern Bay of Bengal which directly and/or indirectly help to manage existing ecosystem and sustainable fisheries of the Bay of Bengal. The Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 10(1), 2021, P 11-21
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ancient Lower Northern Bengal"
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Adhikary, Sanat Kumar. "Study on the archaeological sites of Malda, Dakshindinajpur and Uttar Dinajpur: linking archaeology with geography, society, economy and polity in the changing prespective (C.3rd century B. C. to 12th century AD)." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2019. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4032.
Full textBooks on the topic "Ancient Lower Northern Bengal"
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Götz, Christopher M., and Kitty F. Emery, eds. Archaeology of Mesoamerican Animals. Lockwood Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/2013055.
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Recognition of the role of animals in ancient diet, economy, politics, and ritual is vital to understanding ancient cultures fully, while following the clues available from animal remains in reconstructing environments is vital to understanding the ancient relationship between humans and the world around them. In response to the growing interest in the field of zooarchaeology, this volume presents current research from across the many cultures and regions of Mesoamerica, dealing specifically with the most current issues in zooarchaeological literature. Geographically, the essays collected here index the different aspects of animal use by the indigenous populations of the entire area between the northern borders of Mexico and the southern borders of lower Central America. This includes such diverse cultures as the north Mexican hunter-gatherers, the Olmec, Maya, Mixtec, Zapotec, and Central American Indians. The time frame of the volume extends from the earliest human occupation, the Preclassic, Classic, Postclassic, and Colonial manifestations, to recent times. The book's chapters, written by experts in the field of Mesoamerican zooarchaeology, provide important general background on the domestic and ritual use of animals in early and classic Mesoamerica and Central America, but deal also with special aspects of human-animal relationships such as early domestication and symbolism of animals, and important yet otherwise poorly represented aspects of taphonomy and zooarchaeological methodology.
Book chapters on the topic "Ancient Lower Northern Bengal"
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Aung-Thwin, Michael A. "The Origins of Pegu and Its Founding Fathers." In Myanmar in the Fifteenth Century. University of Hawai'i Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824867836.003.0012.
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The origins of the First Pegu Dynasty began at Muttama (Martaban) in the second half of the thirteenth-century. It was shaped by several “push” and “pull” factors then current in the region, particularly several long-term patterns between the eleventh and sixteenth-centuries, some of which came together only during the second half of the thirteenth, creating a “conjuncture” in Fernand Braudel’s sense, with a direct and indirect impact on the making of the First Kingdom of Pegu. On the north was Pagan, whose decline allowed Lower Myanmar to assert its independence. To the west lay the maritime region of Arakan with its gaze towards both the Bay of Bengal and the interior of Upper Myanmar. Although it had not yet fully integrated the various components that came together subsequently in the sixteenth-century as the Kingdom of Mrauk-U, its underpinning maritime and commercial foundations were already there and operating, which were to affect the history of Pegu. On the other side of the Gulf of Muttama lay Ayuthaya, dominated by Thai speakers who had moved from their earlier centers in northern and central Thailand (the agrarian interior) to the increasingly blossoming commerce of the coasts, a process that was to have an impact on the rise and development of Pegu subsequently. Towards the south lay many port cities such as Htaway (Tavoy) and Myeik (Mergui), which acted as windows to Pegu’s external world and maritime Southeast Asia.
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POULTER, A. G. "The Transition to Late Antiquity." In The Transition to Late Antiquity, on the Danube and Beyond. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264027.003.0001.
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In recent years, there has been a revival of interest in Late Antiquity and especially in observing — and trying to account for — the changes and evolutions which separate the Roman world from the early medieval successor states in the West, and the Byzantine Empire in the East. Most historians, once mistrustful of archaeology's potential role, now accept that this relatively new discipline can contribute substantially to the study of the ancient past. However, archaeology, like history, is constrained by its own limitations: excavation can provide no answers to questions not rooted in the data it extracts from the ground. This chapter, and the chapters which follow, cover a wide spectrum of issues, going beyond the problem of continuity or collapse on the lower Danube. Modern research programmes operating within the region and further afield, both in the northern Balkans and in Asia Minor, are analyzed. Cities and urbanism in the Roman Empire are discussed.
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Downing, R. A., M. Price, and G. P. Jones. "The making of an aquifer." In The Hydrogeology of the Chalk of North-West Europe, 1–13. Oxford University PressOxford, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198542858.003.0001.
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Abstract Some 100 million years ago, in the period of geological time known as the Late Cretaceous, the area that now surrounds the North Sea lay about 10° further south in the latitude of the present north coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The average temperature was about 20°C and sea level was probably several hundred metres higher than today. Only the highest parts of the ancient massifs remained as land. These had low relief and, as the climate was arid, little erosion was taking place and the limited detritus was deposited close to the shoreline. In the warm waters of this sea, over a period of about 35 million years, a soft white ooze formed from the accumulation of the skeletal plates of microscopic planktonic algae, and this ooze became the limestone known today as chalk, and which makes up the lithostratigraphic unit called the Chalk. Although it formed over much of what is today northern Europe, as well as over parts of North America and Asia, this book is concerned only with the Chalk deposited in and around the present North Sea Basin, during Upper Cretaceous and Lower Palaeocene (Danian) times.
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Speed*, Robert C., and Hai Cheng†. "Marine terrace evolution of windward Barbados." In Emergence and Evolution of Barbados, 1–20. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.2549(01).
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ABSTRACT The geomorphic evolution of southeastern windward Barbados is embodied in the development of a terraced seaward island slope on a tectonically rising scarp. The island slope is wholly erosional and a product of marine and subaerial processes. Modulation of the slope by terraces has occurred fundamentally by marine erosion at eustatic stillstands but includes morphologic additions by limestone deposition. The ongoing phase of morphologic development and island emergence began at or before ca. 700 ka. Emergence has proceeded at an increasing rate northwestward along the island’s southeastern coastline. The terraced island slope is markedly affected by post-terrace denudation. As many as eight marine terraces are preserved on the windward island slope below the planed surface of the Central Highlands, which is counted as terrace 1. Relics of an upper set of terraces are perched on the face of Second High Cliff, the ancient erosional margin of the oldest limestone capping Barbados. Second High Cliff developed by successive marine incisions over a probably long duration preceding oxygen isotope stage 9. A lower terrace set was excised in stages 9 through 5a in the siliciclastic island foundation or (and) in limestone cover of preceding terraces. Marine terrace floors extend seaward from an erosional backcliff and shoreline angle to a younger erosional cutoff. The most broadly preserved terrace floors indicate the following systematic succession of seaward profile elements: narrow upper ramp; broad upper flat; lower ramp; and on one, a lower flat. Carbonate cover is chiefly clastic on the upper ramp and flat, and chiefly reefal on the lower ramp. Most shoal-water reefal facies appear to be in fringe reef blankets. Terrace profile geometries are explained by a simple theory of wave abrasion in proportion to duration of sea level at a shoreline. At stillstands, the wave impact caused large shoreline recession and development of flats, whereas in transgression and regression, rapid sea-level change permitted only minor recession. Corresponding differences in cover facies are explained as functions of duration of breaking waves and seabed stability. Widespread post-terrace denudation is attributed to floods of upland provenance, local overland flow, and marine flooding. Riverine processes have produced channelization and a high degree of terrace preservation on the interfluves in the steeper, foundation-based northern windward region. This differs markedly from the more diffuse, shallow gullying and stripping of the limestone-covered shallow slopes of the southern region. An intensely stormy spell is suggested between stages 5e and 5c.
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Chauhan, Mukesh. "Travel and Tourism Sector in India." In Corporate Social Responsibility in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry, 119–37. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9902-1.ch010.
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The travel and tourism industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing sectors contributing significantly to global economic growth and development. While traditionally Europe and America have remained among the tourism markets, new emerging markets are expected to witness high growth in international tourist visits over the next decade. India has significant potential to become a preferred tourist destination globally. Its rich and diverse cultural heritage, abundant natural resources and biodiversity provides numerous tourist attractions. The total tourist visits in India have been growing at a steady rate of about 16 per cent over the past five years. The travel and tourism sector in India provides significant socio economic benefits. Several industry drivers such as government initiatives, diverse product offerings, growing economy, increasing disposable income levels and marketing initiatives along with key trends such as increasing number of women and senior citizen travellers, multiple short trips and weekend holidays, introduction of innovative tourism concepts and customised tour packages are playing a pivotal role in shaping the Indian tourism sector. Total tourist visits in various states of India over a five year period reveal that while states of Karnataka, Delhi, Punjab, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu and Jammu and Kashmir have improved their positions in 2012 as compared to 2008, those of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala have witnessed decline. Key attributable reason to the success of tourism in states is the increase in state investments towards the tourism sector. While the key commercial and leisure destinations of Delhi and Maharashtra enjoy good quality transport and accommodation infrastructure, states of Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Jharkhand may need significant improvements in their rail, road and airport infrastructure. Abundant natural and cultural resources in the northern states provide ample opportunities for development of diverse tourism products along with a single integrated tourism circuit. While an array of ancient and modern temples may provide an opportunity for developing states in northern India to emerge pilgrimage destinations, presence of palaces, forts and historical monuments help define their multi-cultural heritage. Also, wildlife sanctuaries with a wide variety of flora and fauna, mighty Himalayas, rivers, deserts, climate and diverse landscape provide attractive opportunities for thrill and adventure activities. It is worthwhile to mention here that tourism sector cannot develop without support of travel. Both are closely linked to each other and hence both the sector should be studied together. The research paper is intended to cover the potential, opportunities and framework for sustainable growth of travel and tourism industry in India. The main source of data will be of secondary type collected through various reliable sources.
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YAZAR, Turgay, and Şuayip ÇELEMOĞLU. "NİKSAR KALESİ KAZISI." In CUMHURIYETIN BIRINCI YÜZYILINDA ANADOLU’DA TÜRK DÖNEMI ARKEOLOJI ÇALISMALARI, 647–67. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-8352-61-0.ch30.
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Niksar Castle has an important strategic value with its location in the northern part of the Kelkit Valley, where the main road routes connecting Eastern and Central Anatolia to the Black Sea Region pass through. According to ancient sources, the castle existed in the Pontic Period. The castle, which continued to exist during the Roman and Byzantine periods, was conquered by Danishmend Gazi after the Malazgirt War and became the first center of the Danishmendians. Niksar, which was also used as a military base during the conquest of the Black Sea cities during the Danishmendli and Seljuk periods, has maintained its importance during the Ottoman Period. The first surface survey at Niksar Castle was conducted by Tuncer Baykara in 1983. Systematic excavations in the castle started in 2021 under the chairmanship of Tokat Museum Directorate and the coordination of Turgay Yazar. It was planned to start the excavation works on the third terrace, which constitutes the highest point of the Inner Castle, taking into account such issues as topographical features and the transportation of the earthwork soil, and to expand it to the west in the following years. Within the framework of this plan, the first works started in 2021 on the western side of the city walls that limit the third terrace from the east. Among the findings unearthed during the excavations, ruins of a building that was likely a palace and a cistern were unearthed in this area. The 2022 excavations were carried out in the Fetih Mosque, located west of the eastern walls of the Inner Castle. During the studies in 2022, two vaulted spaces, walls from different periods and the lower floor of the mosque were identified. During the excavations carried out in Niksar Citadel in 2021 and 2022, finds made of different materials such as terracotta, metal, glass and stone, which constitute a wide range from the Hellenistic Period to the end of the Ottoman Period, were unearthed. The excavations carried out at Niksar Castle are important for understanding the rich history of the region, protecting our cultural heritage and transferring it to future generations, and the excavations made offer an important contribution to Medieval archaeological research in Anatolia. For more detailed information, please refer to the Extended Abstract at the end of the text
Conference papers on the topic "Ancient Lower Northern Bengal"
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Senotrusova, P. "EVIDENCE OF BLACKSMITHING AMONG THE POPULATION OF THE LOWER ANGARA REGION IN THE FINAL OF THE EARLY IRON AGE (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF PINCHUGA-6 BURIAL GROUND)." In Ancient cultures of Mongolia, Southern Siberia and Northern China: Transactions of the XIth International Conference (September 8–11, 2021, Abakan). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907298-19-4.137-140.
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Simou, Xeni. "The Old Navarino fortification (Palaiokastro) at Pylos (Greece). Adaptation to early artillery." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11389.
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Old Navarino fortification (Palaiokastro) is located on the promontory supervising the naturally endowed Navarino-bay at the south-western foot of Peloponnese peninsula, near the contemporary city of Pylos. The cliff where it is built and where ancient relics lie, was fortified by Frankish in the thirteenth century. The fortification though knows significant alterations firstly by Serenissima Republic of Venice from the fifteenth century that aims to dominate the naval routes of Eastern Mediterranean by establishing a system of coastal fortifications and later by the Ottomans after the conquest of Venice’s possessions at Messenia in 1500. Between fifteenth and seventeenth century, apart from important modifications at the initial enceinte of the northern Upper City, the most notable transformation of Old Navarino is the construction of the new Lower fortification area at the south and the southern outwork ending up to the coastline. Especially the Lower fortification is a sample of multiple and large-scale successive alterations for the adjustment to technological advances of artillery (fortification walls reinforcement, modification of tower-bastions, early casemates, gate complex enforcements). The current essay focuses on the study of these specific elements of the early artillery period and the examination of Old Navarino’s strategic role at the time of transition before the adaptation of “bastion-front” fortification patterns, such as those experimented in the design of the fortified city of New Navarino, constructed at the opposite side of the Navarino gulf by the Ottomans (1573).
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Guiso, Bianca, and Maria Vittoria Tappari. "Il castello dei conti di Biandrate: indagini sulle strutture superstiti." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11542.
Full textAbstract:
Castello dei Conti di Biandrate: surveys on the surviving structureBiandrate is a northern Italian village in the province of Novara that lies in the Po plain between the Sesia and Ticino rivers. Border area disputed between Vercelli and Novara, since the early Middle Ages it represented an important crossing point because there were the fords of the Sesia river nearby, on the road axis joining Novara and Ivrea. Its importance grew in the tenth century, when the Pieve was erected, today disappeared, dedicated to Santa Maria and, in 1029, the Counts of Pombia family settled in the Biandrate castrum. In 1168 the castrum was destroyed by the armies of Milan, allied with Novara and Vercelli, that in 1194 carved up the territory. In the second half of the thirteenth century the village of Biandrate was divided into the Borgo Vecchio, vercellese, to the west, and the Borgo Nuovo, novarese, to the east. They developed around the canonica of S. Colombano, the hospital and the ruins of the Count’s castrum. The castrum, almost totally destroyed, continued to represent an area with particular rights: in fact the Statues established that the Podestà could pronounce sentences only “in castro veteri Blanderati”. Nowadays the collegiata of S. Colombano stands on the Biandrate castrum ruins; the collegiata was mentioned for the first time in 1146, but was altered various times over the centuries. In particular, portions of the ancient wall are visible in the lower part of the west wall of the church of Santa Caterina, incorporated within the complex of the collegiate of S. Colombano. It is noticed that the ancient castrum had very thick walls made primarily with river pebbles, roughly cut stones in a herringbone pattern and binding mortar.
Reports on the topic "Ancient Lower Northern Bengal"
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Dewing, K., and T. Hadlari. Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program activities in the lower Paleozoic Franklinian succession in the Canadian Arctic Islands. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/326085.
Full textAbstract:
The Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program addressed four questions related to the lower Paleozoic succession of the Arctic Islands that were identified as key deficiencies in regional geological knowledge: 1) geochemical and geological data were not fully digital or available; 2) there were gaps in information on petroleum systems; 3) there was no geological map for the northwestern part of Victoria Island; and 4) the geological history of the Pearya composite terrane on northern Ellesmere Island was unclear. These gaps were addressed by 1) the publication of 17 open files that make geological and geochemical data sets publicly available; 2) studies on source rock, thermal maturity, and oil-source correlation; 3) the production of a geological map for northwestern Victoria Island; and 4) a series of geological, geochemical, and geochronological studies that support a geological model in which the southeastern structural slice of Pearya was a fragment of ancient North America that rifted and returned, rather than a far-travelled continental fragment.