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Journal articles on the topic 'Ancient coins'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Boboyorov, G'aybulla. "Coins of Ancient Tokharistan." Uzbekistan: language and culture 1, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 74–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/tsuull.uzlc.2019.2/ftjy9615.

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The tamga signs images and titles engraved on coins represent symbols of ruling dynasties and the states they had founded and were as-sociated both with the territory in which they ruled and with their origin (ethnicity). In this regard, a particular interest is the caused by Old Tur-kic tamgas and titles (“Qaghan”, “Yabghu”, “Tegin”, “Tarkhan”) available on the Pre-Islamic Turkic coins of Tokharistan region (Southern Uzbekistan – Southern Tadjikistan – Northern Afghanistan) with Sogdian scripts. On the early medieval coins of Chach related to the Western Turkic Qaghan-ate (568–740), there are four types of tamgas – a lyre-shaped one with its varieties, a tamga in the form of two crossed swords, an anchor-form tamga and the diamond-form one, and the fact comes under notice that similar tamgas were engraved on the coins of the Northern Tokharistan of the same epoch. Appearance of these tamgas and titles on the territory of Chach and Tokharistan in the Early Middle Ages is directly related to poli- tical activities of the Western Turkic Qaghanate and ethno-cultural proces- ses which were taking place in Central Asia.

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2

McKinney, Lawrence E. "Coins and the New Testament: From Ancient Palestine to the Modern Pulpit." Review & Expositor 106, no. 3 (August 2009): 467–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003463730910600310.

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Ancient coins are ubiquitous items used by archaeologists, along with several types of artifacts, for purposes of relative dating when excavating at ancient sites. Furthermore, coins play an important role in gaining a better understanding the cultural milieu of the first centuries of the Common Era, the period into which events and writing of the New Testament fit. Some archaeologists are also numismatists, that is, specialists in ancient coins. In writing this article the author has drawn upon his own years of work as a field archaeologist and numismatist in Israel. This survey introduces the reader to the subject of ancient Roman Imperial coins, Roman Provincial coins and coins minted in ancient Palestine specifically for use by the Jewish populace. Examples of the importance of the coins as both official, and unofficial, propaganda (as is the case with Jewish coins of the First Revolt of the Jews against Rome, 66–70 CE) are discussed. There is an analysis of the coins that circulated in Palestine and the eastern Roman provinces into which early Christianity spread. Special attention is given to those coins specifically mentioned in the New Testament. Ethical issues concerning the removal of coins from ancient sites and the collecting of them by individuals are also introduced. Finally, possibilities for presenting numismatic information via the pulpit and religious education are addressed. To this end the reader will find some resources for starting out in the field of ancient and Biblical numismatics, and creatively applying that information for the edification of others.

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Sitanggang, Nicky Johanes, Dewi Ningsih Br Manalu, Lamsar Latinus Sihombing, and Ichwan Azhari. "Identifikasi Koin Kuno Dinasti Song Koleksi Museum Situs Kotta Cina." MUKADIMAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sejarah, dan Ilmu-ilmu Sosial 6, no. 2 (August 28, 2022): 454–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/mkd.v6i2.5479.

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The Kotta Cina Site Museum is a museum where the archaeological findings of The Kotta Cina are stored in Medan city precisely near the Siombak lake, Medan Marelan District. The ancient coins of Chinese character are a proof that the Chinese people had carried out trading activities in the Kotta Cina we know today. Some of the coins collected by the Kotta Cina Site Museum are ancient coins dating back to the Song Dynasty. This study aims to identify ancient coins of the Song Dynasty to find out the identity of the coins, the size of each coin, and the type of material used in making coins. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method to describe, describe, explain, explain, and answer in more detail the problem under study. From the results of the research, of the many coins collected by the Kotta Cina Site Museum, there are 34 Song Dynasty coins consisting of 31 Northern Song Dynasty coins and 3 Southern Song Dynasty coins. The entire coin identified was made of the main material iron which had a size of ≤23.99 mm including small coins and a ≥ size of 24.00 mm including large coins.

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Flament, Christophe, and Patrick Marchetti. "Analysis of ancient silver coins." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 226, no. 1-2 (November 2004): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.03.078.

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Fallah, Milad, Babak Mohammadhosseini, Ali Khatibi, Farzaneh Ostovarpour, Mohammad Sadegh Abbassi Shanbehbazari, Mohammad Reza Khani, and Babak Shokri. "(Digital Presentation) Application of Plasma Cleaning in the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 20 (August 28, 2023): 1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01201520mtgabs.

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The chemical reactivity of metals at inappropriate climate conditions can be a threat to metallic cultural heritage. It is known that oxygen plays an important role in the corrosion and decay of metallic objects. Oxide formation is among the most prevalent destructive phenomena in this field. The metallic archaeological objects lose their original shape due to the oxide layer that develops on their surface. Among physical-mechanical and chemical techniques used in the past to remove the oxide layer from these antiques, Cold plasma technology has been proposed as a novel safe method to successfully achieve this goal. In a plasma medium, which can be formed by an electrical discharge, chemically reactive species exhibit a unique behavior in response to the injected gas type, electrical and chemical parameters, etc. This special behavior aids in achieving the user's goal through physicochemical phenomena. In this study, Hydrogen gas, with its reductive character, in the plasma phase provides free radicals of Hydrogen reacting to the copper oxide layer on ancient coins. As a result of this plasma reduction reaction, separation of the oxide layer from the copper surface is achievable. This phenomenon which is called Plasma cleaning, is a type of etching. Plasma cleaning does not destroy surface structure and information contained within metallic heritage artifacts. The feasibility of this non-destructive cleaning method has been investigated for the preservation and restoration of ancient copper coins dating back roughly 300 years ago. These ancient copper coins were exposed to a cold hydrogen plasma for 120 minutes. Results show that Tenorite and Spertiniite formed on the surface of coins have been successfully removed. The black color of Tenorite, a type of copper oxide, gives a dark appearance to copper coins' surface, and Spertitnite, as a copper hydroxide, exhibits a blue-green color on copper coins. According to the results, after 2 hours of hydrogen plasma treatment, not only these green spots have been removed, but also the dark appearance of the entire surface of the coin has been reduced. This amount of clearance is a good result considering the untreated area. Moreover, Figure 1 illustrates the coin's surface using SEM (A) before and (B) after Hydrogen plasma treatment. These images were obtained at a 200x magnification from the surface. In contrast to Figure 1(A), which had heavily polluted surfaces, case B's dark pollution has been removed, reducing the amount of darkness on the coin's surface. This study shows the efficacy of Plasma cleaning for the preservation and restoration of ancient copper coins. Figure 1

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6

Ma, Yuanyuan, and Ognjen Arandjelović. "Classification of Ancient Roman Coins by Denomination Using Colour, a Forgotten Feature in Automatic Ancient Coin Analysis." Sci 2, no. 1 (March 24, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci2010018.

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Ancient numismatics, that is, the study of ancient currencies (predominantly coins), is an interesting domain for the application of computer vision and machine learning, and has been receiving an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Notwithstanding the number of articles published on the topic, the variety of different methodological approaches described, and the mounting realisation that the relevant problems in the field are most challenging indeed, all research to date has entirely ignored one specific, readily accessible modality: colour. Invariably, colour is discarded and images of coins treated as being greyscale. The present article is the first one to question this decision (and indeed, it is a decision). We discuss the reasons behind the said choice, present a case why it ought to be reexamined, and in turn investigate the issue for the first time in the published literature. Specifically, we propose two new colour-based representations specifically designed with the aim of being applied to ancient coin analysis, and argue why it is sensible to employ them in the first stages of the classification process as a means of drastically reducing the initially enormous number of classes involved in type matching ancient coins (tens of thousands, just for Ancient Roman Imperial coins). Furthermore, we introduce a new data set collected with the specific aim of denomination-based categorisation of ancient coins, where we hypothesised colour could be of potential use, and evaluate the proposed representations. Lastly, we report surprisingly successful performances which goes further than confirming our hypothesis—rather, they convincingly demonstrate a much higher relevant information content carried by colour than even we expected. Thus we trust that our findings will be noted by others in the field and that more attention and further research will be devoted to the use of colour in automatic ancient coin analysis.

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Ma, Yuanyuan, and Ognjen Arandjelović. "Classification of Ancient Roman Coins by Denomination Using Colour, a Forgotten Feature in Automatic Ancient Coin Analysis." Sci 2, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci2020037.

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Ancient numismatics, that is, the study of ancient currencies (predominantly coins), is an interesting domain for the application of computer vision and machine learning, and has been receiving an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Notwithstanding the number of articles published on the topic, the variety of different methodological approaches described, and the mounting realisation that the relevant problems in the field are most challenging indeed, all research to date has entirely ignored one specific, readily accessible modality: colour. Invariably, colour is discarded and images of coins treated as being greyscale. The present article is the first one to question this decision (and indeed, it is a decision). We discuss the reasons behind the said choice, present a case why it ought to be reexamined, and in turn investigate the issue for the first time in the published literature. Specifically, we propose two new colour-based representations specifically designed with the aim of being applied to ancient coin analysis, and argue why it is sensible to employ them in the first stages of the classification process as a means of drastically reducing the initially enormous number of classes involved in type matching ancient coins (tens of thousands, just for Ancient Roman Imperial coins). Furthermore, we introduce a new data set collected with the specific aim of denomination-based categorisation of ancient coins, where we hypothesised colour could be of potential use, and evaluate the proposed representations. Lastly, we report surprisingly successful performances which goes further than confirming our hypothesis—rather, they convincingly demonstrate a much higher relevant information content carried by colour than even we expected. Thus we trust that our findings will be noted by others in the field and that more attention and further research will be devoted to the use of colour in automatic ancient coin analysis.

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8

OLIAIY, P., F. SHOKOUHI, M. LAMEHI-RACHTI, J. RAHIGHI, P. ANDAMI, J. DILMAGHANI, and M. ETEZADI. "APPLICATION OF PIXE TO STUDY ANCIENT IRANIAN SILVER COINS." International Journal of PIXE 09, no. 03n04 (January 1999): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083599000619.

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Ancient Iranian silver coins minted in various parts of the ancient Iran from Transoxiana to Mesopotamia over a time span of 460 years (247BC-208AD) during Parthians dynasty were analysed by PIXE with a 2.2 MeV proton beam. Forty seven silver coins owned by Tamashagah-e-Pool (museum of money) in Tehran were examined in this study. The possible correlation between the composition of coins and the minting time or the minting location of coins has been the prime objective of the present study. Elemental analysis of ancient coins could also reveal the direct relation with the political and economical situation and also with the metallurgy of the minting time. Results on the contents of principal component elements ( Fe , Ni , Cu , As , Br , Ag , Sn , Sb , Ba , Au and Pb ) are presented and discussed.

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Goncharov, E. Yu, and S. E. Malykh. "ISLAMIC COINS FROM EASTERN GIZA (EGYPT)." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (13) (2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-57-62.

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The article focuses on the attribution of one gold and two copper coins discovered by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS in the ancient Egyptian necropolis of Giza. Coins come from mixed fillings of the burial shafts of the Ancient Egyptian rock-cut tombs of the second half of the 3rd millennium B.C. According to the archaeological context, the coins belong to the stages of the destruction of ancient burials that took place during the Middle Ages and Modern times. One of the coins is a Mamluk fals dating back to the first half of the 14th century A.D., the other two belong to the 1830s — the Ottoman period in Egypt, and are attributed as gold a buchuk hayriye and its copper imitation. Coins are rare for the ancient necropolis and are mainly limited to specimens of the 19th–20th centuries. In general, taking into account the numerous finds of other objects — fragments of ceramic, porcelain and glass utensils, metal ware, glass and copper decorations, we can talk about the dynamic nature of human activity in the ancient Egyptian cemetery in the 2nd millennium A.D. Egyptians and European travelers used the ancient rock-cut tombs as permanent habitats or temporary sites, leaving material traces of their stay.

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10

PURI, N. K., M. HAJIVALIEI, S. C. BEDI, N. SINGH, I. M. GOVIL, M. L. GARG, D. K. HANDA, K. L. GOVIL, B. ROUT, and V. VIJAYAN. "THE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT INDIAN COINS OF KUSANAS AND EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIOD USING PROTON INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION (PIXE) TECHNIQUE." International Journal of PIXE 13, no. 03n04 (January 2003): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083503000208.

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As part of the study of trace elemental analysis of ancient Indian coins, twenty-five coins belonging to medieval period (11th-14th century A.D) and fifty-nine coins belonging to Kusanas (78-250 A.D) from India have been analysed using Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) technique. The elements S , Ca , Fe , Cu , Ag , Sn , Pb were detected in 11th-14th century A.D. coins while elements namely S , Cl , K , Ca , Ti , Cr , Mn , Fe , Ni , Cu , As and Zn were detected in most of the Kusanas coins. Based on the elemental analysis different hypotheses put forward in the earlier literature were examined. The presence of Pb determined in medieval period coins does not rule out the utilization of local source of silver extracted from argentiferous galena instead of the Faranjal mines of Afghanistan as normally accepted. From the consistent concentration of Ag in these coins despite the change of Kingdoms it is confirmed that beside the rulers the commercial communities had a great influence in the currency of medieval period. This is the first attempt where reasonable number of ancient coins belonging to different periods were analysed by modern non destructive multi-elemental technique such as PIXE and has put the importance of the elemental analysis of ancient Indian coins in the proper perspective.

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MELNYKOV, Oleksandr, and Andrei KAPELESHCHUK. "A CNN-ASSISTED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR ANCIENT WORLD COIN CLASSIFICATION." Computer systems and information technologies, no. 1 (March 28, 2024): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/csit-2024-1-12.

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The work is devoted to solving the problem of automating the classification of coins from the ancient world. The purpose of the work is to create a neural network model and a system for the classification of ancient coins. The object of research is photographs of coins from ancient cities in the polis of the northern Black Sea region. The subject of research is the process of coin classification. A system architecture, a neural network architecture, and an application for the classification of ancient coins are proposed. The results of the system's operation are demonstrated, and the quality of network training is evaluated. The models were trained using self-generated data samples consisting of sets of color images of coins (200 by 200 resolution) of several types and images of coins that play the role of all other coins and should be classified as not belonging to a given class. The relationship between the ratio of class coins to other coins was also found. For obverse sample 783-7831, 100% accuracy in ten epochs was achieved when the ratio between samples was 1:1, with ratios of 1:4 and 1:7, 30 epochs were required to achieve 100% accuracy. The following technologies were used to implement the Web system: a framework for Python – Django for writing the server part; a JavaScript programming language for writing the user part of the system; and a jQuery library to improve the interaction of the user part with the user. For interaction between the user and the server part of the applications, the AJAX request technology was used, which allows data to be transferred to the server part imperceptibly for the user without reloading the page. Sqlite3 was used as the main application database.

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Chekhovych, O. H. "ANCIENT SCALE WEIGHTS MADE OF COINS." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.01.08.

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The study of scale weights of the ancient centers of the Northern Pontic region is of greater importance both for the study of metrology, monetary and weight systems of this region, and for understanding the general picture of trade and economic processes in ancient times. This paper presents small-sized weights made of bronze coins that are kept in the Scientific Repository of the Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine. All of them are the chance finds from the territory of ancient sites of the Northern Pontic region. These findings were donated by V. A. Anokhin along with other finds of lead weights and bronze ingots. The collection contains weights in the shape of sub-square and sub-rectangular tiles of lead and bronze, round lead weights, weights made of bronze coins which are the chance finds from the territory of Olbia and its settlements, and other sites. During the processing this collection a small group of weights made of coins was distinguished. Among seven published weights six ones are made of Olbia coins and one of Panticapaeum. Each scale weight was studied in detail, basing of which the weight of each item was correlated with the existing monetary systems. Thus, it was possible to determine the metrological standards to which each particular instance belongs. The study of these findings showed that weights made of Olbian bronze coins belong to the Olbian metrological system as well as, in particular, the control scale weight which corresponds to 30 Olbian tetartemories, and the item made of bronze Panticapaeum coin refers to the Panticapaeum monetary system.

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Marjo, Christopher E., Gillan Davis, Bin Gong, and Damian B. Gore. "Spatial variability of elements in ancient Greek (ca. 600–250 BC) silver coins using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)." Powder Diffraction 32, S2 (December 2017): S95—S100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715617001002.

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Archaeometrists use a variety of analytical methods to determine trace elements in ancient Greek silver coins, for provenance studies, understanding social and technological change, and authentication. One analytical problem which is little documented is understanding the horizontal spatial heterogeneity of coin elemental composition in micro-sampled areas, which are usually assumed to be uniform. This study analysed ten ancient Greek coins representative of silver circulating in the Aegean region in the sixth to third centuries BC. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry was used to map the spatial distribution of elements on coins that were abraded to remove the patina. Time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry was then conducted on selected coins, mapping an area ~100 × 100 µm and depth profiling from 0 to 10 µm. These data revealed the three-dimensional elemental complexity of the coins, in particular, the heterogeneity both in the patina and beneath it. These data will guide future authentication and provenance studies of larger sample sets of ancient Greek coins including the use of line scanning for laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry data collection rather than spot analyses, and non-destructive analytical techniques such as X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.

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Sidher, Ashum. "Symbols on ancient Indian coins uncyphered." International Journal of Sanskrit Research 7, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/23947519.2021.v7.i3b.1402.

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Hajivaliei, M., M. L. Garg, D. K. Handa, K. L. Govil, T. Kakavand, V. Vijayan, K. P. Singh, and I. M. Govil. "PIXE analysis of ancient Indian coins." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 150, no. 1-4 (April 1999): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(98)01066-0.

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Hansman, John. "Coins and Mints of Ancient Elymais." Iran 28 (1990): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4299830.

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17

Penna, Vasso. "Ancient Greek Coins on Greek Banknotes." Abgadiyat 5, no. 1 (November 24, 2010): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138609-00501009.

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Lyashko, Yu Yu. "ANCIENT COIN FROM TARASOVA HORA SETTLEMENT NEAR ZHABOTIN." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 42, no. 1 (April 6, 2022): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.08.

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Тhe paper is devoted to the first find of ancient coin on the territory of the Tarasova Hora settlement near Zhabotin village of the Cherkasy district. It is the coin of Olbia city — the obol «borisphen». It was minted in 300—280 BC. Such coin was already found in a complex of things from the Early Iron Age of the 5th—4th centuries BC. That is the evidence of existence here of some sight of this period. The Finding of such coins proves the presence of cultural and trade-economic relations of the local indigenous population with the cities of North-Western Pontic region and Olbia in particular. On the reverse of the coin the inscription of OLBIO is visible as well as the images of gorytos and axe. On Avers you can disassemble the fuzzy image of the hair curl. The coin is rectangulare, with dimensions of 1.8 × 1.4 cm. Mass 2.36 gr. The surface is covered with green oxide and has traces of scales from staying in the fire. Thus, since the coin has no difference it can be dated to the 300—280 BC. Such coins are not rare, and their findings are known in the large territory from the Crimea to the Middle Dnieper. Also two similar coins were accidentally found in this region on the banks of Tyasmin River near the Raygorod village of Cherkasy district. These are the bronze coins minted by Olbia in 300—280 BC, however, according to numismatics opinion, were in circulation until 230 BC, during the first half of the 3rd century BC. These coins, called by the researchers «Borisphens», depicting on the avers of the bearded Scythian deity of the Dnieper River (Borisphenes), were the only bronze coins produced in the Northern Pontic region and have got a wide spread outside Olbia, practically impossible for coins of non-cost metals.

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Bakirov, Bulat, Irina Saprykina, Sergey Kichanov, Roman Mimokhod, Nikolay Sudarev, and Denis Kozlenko. "Phase Composition and Its Spatial Distribution in Antique Copper Coins: Neutron Tomography and Diffraction Studies." Journal of Imaging 7, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7080129.

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The chemical and elementary composition, internal arrangement, and spatial distribution of the components of ancient Greek copper coins were studied using XRF analysis, neutron diffraction and neutron tomography methods. The studied coins are interesting from a historical and cultural point of view, as they are “Charon’s obol’s”. These coins were discovered at the location of an ancient Greek settlement during archaeological excavations on the “Volna-1” necropolis in Krasnodar Region, Russian Federation. It was determined that the coins are mainly made of a bronze alloy, a tin content that falls in the range of 1.1(2)–7.9(3) wt.%. All coins are highly degraded; corrosion and patina areas occupy volumes from ~27 % to ~62 % of the original coin volumes. The neutron tomography method not only provided 3D data of the spatial distribution of the bronze alloy and the patina with corrosion contamination inside coin volumes, but also restored the minting pattern of several studied coins. Taking into account the obtained results, the origin and use of these coins in the light of historical and economic processes of the Bosporan Kingdom are discussed.

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Pfisterer, Matthias. "Ethnic Identity, Coin Circulation, and Selective Interest." Journal of Ancient Judaism 1, no. 2 (May 6, 2010): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/21967954-00102008.

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Carnuntum, a capital of Roman Pannonia, is one of the richest find spots of ancient coins north of the Alps – among the approximately 40,000 coins in the Museum Carnuntinum several Judaean coins can be found. The article discusses the questions of money circulation during Roman times and the relevance of Judaean coins in identifying a Jewish presence in the Roman Danube area.

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Nygren, Christopher J. "Titian’sChrist with the Coin: Recovering the Spiritual Currency of Numismatics in Renaissance Ferrara." Renaissance Quarterly 69, no. 2 (2016): 449–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/687607.

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AbstractTitian paintedChrist with the Coinfor Alfonso d’Este around 1516. The painting served as the cover piece for a collection of ancient coins and has been read as a commentary on politics and taxation. Instead, this article reveals how the painting reconfigured Alfonso’s interaction with ancient coins, transforming the everyday activity of the collector into an occasion of spiritual reformation. Reading numismatic antiquarianism against the exegetical tradition that accrued around the Gospel pericope (Matthew 22:21) reveals the painting as the nexus of two regimes of virtue — one Christian, one classical — both of which turn upon coins as manifold objects.

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Ion, Rodica-Mariana, Mădălina Elena David, and Anca Irina Gheboianu. "Surface, Elemental and Electrochemical Characterizations of Ancient Coins By Non – Destructive Techniques." Scientific Bulletin of Valahia University - Materials and Mechanics 18, no. 18 (April 1, 2022): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsmm-2022-0002.

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Abstract The cultural heritage field represents a witness to artifacts values in a continuous evolution, it strongly influences our sense of identity and our behavior as people. To protect these archaeological treasures, different conservation and restoration methods are required. Considering the field of priceless artifacts, our research direction led us to preliminary studies of metallic coins from 20th century through non–destructive techniques. Copper–based coins were subjected to the surface characterization through optical microscopy (OM) in transmitted light, elemental composition analysis using Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WDXRF) and electrochemical corrosion using Tafel extrapolarization technique. The microscopic investigations showed that the patina layer is due to presence of copper content in coins composition confirmed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy technique. Also, the electrochemical tests disclosed different corrosion rate according to each chemical composition of coins. This study provide a broad overview of ancient coins to preserve their value in the future.

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McIntyre, Gwynaeth, Charlotte Dunn, and William P. Richardson. "Coins in the Classroom – Teaching Group Work with Roman Coins." Journal of Classics Teaching 21, no. 42 (2020): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2058631020000410.

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It can be challenging to bring material culture to life in the classroom when the cultures that produced those materials are separated from the students by time and space. Students learning about Roman history and culture often find it difficult to work with and critically analyse non-literary sources as they rarely have the opportunity to engage with the material objects themselves. Depending on the size of the class, or materials available, it may be impossible to introduce such sources for the ancient world into classroom teaching.

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Jones, W. LaBier. "GEMME NUMMARIE." Sculpture Review 49, no. 2 (June 2000): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2632-3494.2000.tb00132.x.

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The use of coins as personal adornments began at the end of the first century in ancient Rome when the imperial coinage was mounted as jewels. These were worn in rings, pendants, and brooches, conveying class and cultural distinction. In modern times Bulgari, one of the world's most highly regarded jewelry firms, continues this tradition of using ancient Greek and Roman coins in its designs. Bulgari refers to these as gemme nummarie, or coin gems.

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Calliari, Irene, Marco Breda, and Caterina Canovaro. "Metallurgy and Ancient Coins: A Multidisciplinary Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 792 (September 2015): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.792.645.

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Coins are widely studied in archaeometry because they provide a lot of information on social, economic and technological history of people and territories which they are related to. A lot of chemical analyses have been performed by different methods, but only a few of metallographic data are known. The combination of chemical analysis with metallurgical investigation results in a complete description of the coin and its production steps. This paper reports a summary of the results on the Cu base coinage in Italy (Roman and Byzantine Empires) with the aim to develop a protocol of investigation based on microstructural and chemical analysis in order to reinforce the numismatic classification.

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Ashton, Richard H. J., Chris Lightfoot, and Adil Özme. "Ancient and Mediaeval Coins in Bolvadin (Turkey)." Anatolia Antiqua 8, no. 1 (2000): 171–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/anata.2000.945.

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Von Reden, S. "Review. Ancient history from coins. C Howgego." Classical Review 47, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/47.1.170.

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GOULPEAU, L. P., P. LANOS, and L. LANGOUET. "THE REMANENT MAGNETIZATION OF ANCIENT STRUCK COINS." Archaeometry 29, no. 2 (August 1987): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1987.tb00410.x.

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29

Carrizo, Patricia Silvana, and Peter Northover. "Archaeometallurgical Study of Two Ancient Copper Coins." AM&P Technical Articles 180, no. 3 (April 1, 2022): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2022-03.p014.

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30

CONSTANTINESCU, B., V. JOHN KENNEDY, and G. DEMORTIER. "ON RELEVANT PIXE INFORMATION FOR DETERMINING THE COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT SILVER AND BRONZE COINS." International Journal of PIXE 09, no. 03n04 (January 1999): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083599000607.

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In this work, external PIXE was applied for the analysis of ancient silver and bronze coins. Turkish and Romanian silver coins, Roman and Byzantine bronze coins were investigated using a 3 MeV proton beam. To evaluate the in-depth distribution of major and minor elements ( Cu , Ag , Au , Pb for silver matrix and Cu , Zn , Ag , Sn , Pb for copper matrix), the coins were polished using silicon carbide abrasives. In order to test the homogeneity of the coins, measurements were carried out at three different impact points. Each position of the samples was carefully controlled in order to avoid differences in geometrical factors from one analysis to another. All the analyses were performed on flat external and bright regions so as to exclude the irradiation of possible inclusions or deposits. The calculations of the elemental concentrations in the coins were made by relative to reference standard alloys ( Ag - Cu , Cu - Sn , Sn - Pb ).

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31

Bruiako, Ihor. "Specifics of Trade-Economic Relations Within the North-Western Black Sea Region in the Antiquity." Archaeology, no. 4 (December 14, 2020): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2020.04.005.

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In the article the specifics of coins circulation and the role of money in the trade-economic relations in the North-Western Black Sea Region in the antiquity are analyzed. Some coins distinctions in the ancient Greek period and Roman time are noted.

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32

Bogucki, Mateusz, Arkadiusz Dymowski, and Grzegorz Śnieżko. "The Common People and Material Relics of Antiquity the Afterlife of Ancient Coins in the Territory of Present-Day Poland in the Medieval and Modern Periods." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 21 (July 30, 2018): 275–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.21.2017.21.12.

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Ancient coinage, almost exclusively Roman denarii from the 1st or 2nd century AD, constitutes a small percentage of hoards and other assemblages dated (with the latest coins present) to either the Middle Ages or to the modern period in the territory of present-day Poland. Such finds can be seen as strongly indicating that ancient coinage did function as means of payment at that time. This hypothesis is further supported by written sources. Moreover, ancient coins have also been recorded at other sites in medieval and modern period contexts e.g. in burial sites, which are less easy to interpret than hoards. Finds often include pierced coins and others showing suspension loops, which suggests they may have been used as amulets, jewellery or devotional medals. Other finds, such as Roman coins placed in alms boxes in modern period churches in Silesia, also point to a religious context. At the same time, written sources attest that at least since the Late Middle Ages, Roman denarii were known to common people as ‘St John’s pennies’. The name is associated with a Christian interpretation of the image of the emperor’s head on the coin, resembling that of John the Baptist on a silver platter.

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Smekalova, Tatiana, and Natalia Demidenko. "Composition of Alloy of Taurian Chersonesos Silver Coins." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 6 (December 30, 2021): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp216107115.

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The paper offers the first complete picture of the changing in the alloy composition of silver coins of the ancient Tauric Chersonesos. Coins from two largest collections were examined: the State Hermitage and the State Historical and Archaeological Museum-Reserve “Tauric Chersonesos”. In total, about 190 Chersonesean silver coins were studied by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The results obtained made it possible to determine the stages of functioning of fool metallic value silver coins and to reveal the time of their transformation into conventional or credit coins. This happened at the end of the autonomous period of Chersonesos, after which silver coins were no longer minted in Chersonesos, with the exception of an episodic and controversial issue during the period of the influence of Mithridates VI.

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34

Muhammad, Jan, and Zakirullah Jan. "Maues Coins: Exploring the Significance of Animals Symbolism and Analysis." Global Social Sciences Review VIII, no. I (March 30, 2023): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2023(viii-i).20.

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The main objective of the current study is to identify and investigate the significance of animals' representation on Maues coins and to assess and analyse the political history of Maues in the Gandhara region. Maues was one of the most notable rulers of the Indo-Scythian dynasty, who ruled over Gandhara and the surrounding regions during the 1st century BCE. This research is based on a qualitative research approach, which involves the analysis and interpretation of secondary sources. The data was derived from scholarly articles, books, and online resources on the Indo-Scythian dynasty. Maues coins are a fascinating aspect of ancient numismatics, and they feature various animals, including elephants, lions, bulls, and horses. The animal motifs on Indo-Scythian coins provide a charming glimpse into the culture and symbolism of this ancient period.

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Kiełczewska, Aleksandra. "Monety z Apamei Kibotos. Najstarsza ikonografia Arki Noego." Vox Patrum 52, no. 1 (June 15, 2008): 455–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.8874.

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Author of the article presents the series of six coins minted in ancient city of Apamea Kibotos in Phrygia during the reign of emperors Septimus Severus (193- 211), Macrinus (217-218), Alexander Severus (222-235), Gordian III (238-244), Philip the Arab (244-249) and Trebonius Gallus (251-253). The coins depict Noah’s Ark and were connected with Jewish community of the city. The article introduces a short history of Apamea and Jewish settlers in this region. The main part of the article presents the description of the scenes on the coins and tries to explain the circumstances of their appearance in ancient Roman city. An attempt to explain the meaning of the Greek nickname for Apamea - Kibotos, is also significant. In the end of the article author makes the comparison with depictions of Noah’s Ark in early Christian art.

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36

Pagano, Sabrina, Giuseppina Balassone, Chiara Germinario, Celestino Grifa, Francesco Izzo, Mariano Mercurio, Priscilla Munzi, et al. "Archaeometric Characterisation and Assessment of Conservation State of Coins: The Case-Study of a Selection of Antoniniani from the Hoard of Cumae (Campania Region, Southern Italy)." Heritage 6, no. 2 (February 16, 2023): 2038–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020110.

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The paper presents the first archaeometric results on a selection of ancient Roman coins (antoniniani) from a treasure found in the Roman necropolis area of ancient Cumae (Southern Italy) during archaeological campaigns by the Centre Jean Bérard. A multi-analytical approach consisting of non-destructive techniques (stereomicroscopy, FESEM-EDS, pXRF, Raman, μ-CT) was implemented on the better-preserved coins of the treasure in order to investigate the chemical composition of the alloy. Chemical analysis showed that the Roman mint prepared the metal with an argentiferous lead–bronze alloy. A group of coins presents a low content of the precious metal, which is in agreement with the financial crisis of the Roman Empire of the third century. Another group of two coins shows a higher silver content, which is in agreement with their issue or with the Mediolanum mint standards. In addition, the external layers of corroded coins were analysed to explore the state of conservation of the patina and to identify the corrosion products. Some typical corrosion patinas due to post-depositional conditions were identified. The mineralogical characterisation of the corrosion products enables us to implement adequate conservation strategies, and the presence of more aggressive patinas suggests immediate interventions.

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Fabian, Lara. "The Meanings of Coins in the Ancient Caucasus." Historische Anthropologie 27, no. 1 (July 10, 2019): 32–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/hian.2019.27.1.32.

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38

Sidebotham, Steven E., and Franziska E. Schlosser. "Ancient Bronze Coins in the McGill University Collection." Classical World 79, no. 6 (1986): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4349946.

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39

Torrisi, L., F. Caridi, L. Giuffrida, A. Torrisi, G. Mondio, T. Serafino, M. Caltabiano, E. D. Castrizio, E. Paniz, and A. Salici. "LAMQS analysis applied to ancient Egyptian bronze coins." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 268, no. 10 (May 2010): 1657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2010.03.015.

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40

Sommer, D., K. Ohls, and K. H. Koch. "Ancient Arabian silver coins ? surface analysis by SNMS." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 338, no. 2 (1990): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00321873.

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41

Reiff, F., M. Bartels, M. Gastel, and H. Ortner. "Investigation of contemporary gilded forgeries of ancient coins." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 371, no. 8 (November 9, 2001): 1146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160101082.

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42

Kampel, Martin, Reinhold Huber-Mörk, and Maia Zaharieva. "Image-Based Retrieval and Identification of Ancient Coins." IEEE Intelligent Systems 24, no. 2 (March 2009): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mis.2009.29.

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43

Kindler, A., Joyce Raynor, and Yaakov Meshorer. "Raynor and Meshorer, "The Coins of Ancient Meiron"." Jewish Quarterly Review 84, no. 1 (July 1993): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1454708.

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44

Abramzon, Mikhail. "Ancient Gold Coins in the Abkhazian State Museum." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 10, no. 1-2 (2004): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570057041963985.

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45

Kraft, Gunther, Stefan Flege, Fritz Reiff, and Hugo M. Ortner. "Investigation of Contemporary Forgeries of Ancient Silver Coins." Microchimica Acta 145, no. 1-4 (April 1, 2004): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00604-003-0134-x.

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46

Lin, E. K., C. T. Shen, Y. C. Yu, C. W. Wang, C. H. Hsieh, and S. C. Wu. "External-beam PIXE analysis of ancient chinese coins." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 85, no. 1-4 (March 1994): 869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(94)95940-4.

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47

Das, H. A., and J. Zonderhuis. "The non-destructive analysis of ancient silver coins." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 85, no. 8 (September 2, 2010): 837–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19660850812.

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48

Brocchieri, Jessica, Rosa Vitale, and Carlo Sabbarese. "Double-Relief Silver Coins Minted in the Greek Colonies (444–390/340–280/270 BC) of Southern Italy Analysed by XRF." Quantum Beam Science 8, no. 1 (December 25, 2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/qubs8010002.

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A sample of 18 double-relief coins from different poleis of Magna Graecia and ancient Italy has been analysed using a handheld XRF spectrometer directly inside the Museo Provinciale Campano (Capua, Italy). The data analysis shows that (i) the main elements are Ag and Cu, indicating that the coins are of high fineness (average Ag 95.7%), (ii) trace elements can help to characterise the coins, (iii) a superficial chemically altered layer (corrosion) is absent, (iv) the values of ratio Ag Kα/Lα evidence the presence of an enrichment layer on the surface of silver or subaerata in some coins. Multivariate statistical analysis and graph analysis allowed the coins to be assigned to different groups with the highest possible accuracy on the basis of the chemical data obtained and models to be constructed to classify the coins according to their historical periods.

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49

Orlyk, Vasyl. "THE FIND OF ANCIENT COINS IN THE TIASMYN RIVER BASIN FROM THE SIXTH TO THE FIRST CENTURY BC." Ukrainian Numismatic Annual, no. 5 (December 30, 2021): 5–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2616-6275-2021-5-5-44.

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The purpose of the article is to investigate and systematize coin finds from the sixth to the first century BC in the Tiasmyn river basin and surrounding areas and to bring new finds into scientific circulation. Theoretical and methodological background of the investigation consists of the complexity of general scientific and numismatic methods which are, above all, determined by the existence of corpus of sources and its assessment of credibility or unreliability. Scientific novelty. The researchers of the history of the Dnieper Right Bank Forest-steppe of the first millennia BC divide in a separate group southern, border steppe territory, and the basin of the river Tiasmyn with adjacent territories within Kiev-Cherkassy region. The geographical scope of this group includes river Tiasmyn system in the present Cherkassy region and the territory where feeder from the headwaters of Tiasmyn are close to the right bank tributaries of the Southern Bug system (Hirskyi Tikych and Syniukha) and headwaters of Inhul and Inhulets in the northern part of the Kirovograd region. For the recent decades there can be observed a significant increasing in the number of the known coin finds of the state ancient Greek formations on the settlement of the sixth to the first century BC, which were found in the Tiasmyn river basin as well as overall in Dnieper-Right-Bank-Forest-steppe territory and including coins from the antique city-states of the Northern Black Sea region, such as Olbia, Panticapaeum, Chersonesus, Kerkinitis, Tyras and coins from other Ancient Greek city- states. Although generalized complex investigation of the coin finds of the sixth to the first century BC in the Tiasmyn river basin and surrounding areas are not present, which caused appealing of the author to this topic and writing the article. Main results of the research. The Population that had been living on the territory of the Dnieper Right Bank Forest-steppe, including Tiasmyn river basin from sixth to the first century BC had economic relations with Greece antique world including Olbia. This is evidenced by the significant amount of the numismatic sources in the occupation earth of the settlements. In this case it is presented by the coins from the ancient Greek state formations, which were lost by their owners. The author had analysed 167 ancient coins, which were found in the Tiasmyn basin and had compiled a corresponding Сatalogue. Information about the finds of these coins located in diverse sources: museum collections, above mentioned researcher studies, evidence of area studies specialists, and materials on the forums of the treasure hunters. Analysing 167 coins finds from the sixth to the first century BC on the Tiasmyn river basin area it is possible to highlight 23 points of such coin finds concentration. There are 19 settlements where had been found more than 1 coin and 4 settlements were had been found monetary treasures nearby. All this gives grounds for suggestion that these coins were involved in goods-money relations of the local inhabitants with Greeks. It is conceivable that this level of relations was not developed to the degree that Greek colonies of in the Northern Black Sea region had. These finds indicate economic, including trade relations of the population from the Tiasmyn river basin with the ancient world, which had developed monetary circulation. Nearly 75 per cent constitute coins from Olbia. Coins are divided by the types and coinage periods for «Dolphins» (end of the sixth century beginning of the fourth century BC) they are 23 coins, «Reduced Asses» (c. 400-380 BC) are represented by 5 coins, «Chalk» (400-370 BC), «Dichalk» (380-360 BC), «Chalk» (360-350 BC) are represented by 11 coins, «Obol» with Demeter and city emblem (350-330 BC) account for 3 coins, 2 small coin with the head of Demeter (the end of the sixth century BC), «Borysthenes» (end of the sixth century – 20s of the third century BC) number 78 coins. Coins from Chersonesus constitute 4,19 per cent (4 coins of the fourth century BC, 2 coins of the beginning of the third century BC and 1 coin of the middle of the first century BC). Panticapaeum coins accounted for 2.99 per cent, all these coins are dated by the end of the sixth century BC. An insignificant number of Panticapaeum coins which were found in the Tiasmyn river basin in comparison with Olbian coins, call into thesis of some researchers that Olbia had lost its lead role in trade with barbarians in sixth century BC and it was being replaced with Bosporus. Even the coins from the Makedonia, that was located far from Dnieper-Right-Bank-Forest-steppe amount 3,59 per cent (all the coins of the sixth century BC). The electrum staters from the Cyzicus city of Asia Minor constitute a rather significant per cent of finds. They are estimated at 8.38 per cent and played a major role in Mediterranean and Black Sea trade. If to talk about the coins minted in the second century BC, it is known only find of coin by the ruler Bithynia Prusias I Cholus, that was found in the Tiasmyn river basin, it is consistent with the coins minted circa 228-182 BC, so the end of the third century- the beginning of the second century BC. However, the near absence among finds coins dated second century BCE can demonstrate the leading role of Olbia in trade with the barbarian population of the Dnieper Right-Bank Forest-Steppe, including, in particular, trade with the population from the Tiasmyn river basin in the previous chronological period. In fact, Olbia got through the Skyro-Galatic Invasion in the end of the third century BC, and the second century BC was rather difficult period in political and economic life of this Greece colony in northern-west Black Sea region. Numismatical sources, specifically coin finds confirm thesis that relationships of Olbia with Barbarian tribes of Northern Black Sea region decreased to the minimum. Recovery of economic relations of ancient Greeks with population of the Tiasmyn river basin happened after the entry of Olbia and other Greek colonies of the Northern Black Sea region to Kingdom of Pontus of Mithridates Eupator, that was confirmed by coin finds. The perspective of further research. The problem has been raised by us is complex and multifaceted, it requires further research, and above all, to reveal information about other finds of antique coins in this and other regions of the Dnieper Right-Bank Forest-Steppe in the period from the sixth to the first century BC.

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Van Loon, Lisa L., Neil R. Banerjee, Michael W. Hinds, Robert Gordon, George Bevan, and R. W. Burgess. "Rapid, quantitative, and non-destructive SR-WD-XRF mapping of trace platinum in Byzantine Roman Empire gold coins." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 33, no. 10 (2018): 1763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ja00227d.

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