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Saeed, Safwan. "Discourse Style in Assyrian Letters during the First Millennium BC." International Journal of Educational Sciences and Arts 3, no. 5 (May 14, 2024): 22–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.59992/ijesa.2024.v3n5p2.
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Since the earliest known historical period in Mesopotamian civilization, messages and correspondence written on clay tablets with special shapes, known in the Akkadian language as šipirtu or egirtu, represented one of the most prominent channels of communication and interaction that were active between individuals in transferring information and exchanging ideas and opinions, crossing over time and space. We are talking about an important and unique historical era in the history of this civilization, which is the Neo-Assyrian period (911-612 BC). It represented the preparation of official letters for the employees of the Assyrian Kingdom, as well as the letters of its kings, which were revealed by the results of the British Museum’s excavations from the late nineteenth century and the twentieth century (1850- 1905 AD) at the hill Quynjaq in Nineveh, within two sites: the first is the southwestern palace of King Sennacherib and the other is the northern palace, which number more than three thousand letters dating back to the late eighth century BC until the middle of the seventh century BC (716-645 BC), in addition to Other letters from the city of Nimrud (Kalhu) are of great importance and an inexhaustible resource in the study of the history of Assyria, not only because they represent a reflection of the system of administrative work and the development of the communications system in his vast kingdom, but they were also a mirror of the economic, political and social reality that this kingdom experienced in a prosperous period. It controlled half of the ancient world at that time, without being tampered with or subject to certain considerations that would affect its credibility. Based on that vision and the importance that these texts embodied and the scope for study and analysis, our goal in this research was to focus on a linguistic and rhetorical aspect represented by the style of discourse and the approach that was followed in organizing these messages by examining the types of these messages and knowing what each type carried. The ideas and meanings of these messages were undoubtedly reflected in the nature of the context and the choice of methods that take into account the situation and the artic.
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Vikas, Kumar. "BANARAS: A PARALLEL SPACE OF THE COSMIC UNIVERSE AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO ARCHITECTURE." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 936–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11920.
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From its prominent position on the river Ganges , Banaras has borne testimony to a flourishing civilization and the many socio-political turmoil associated with a thriving territory from the ancient kingdoms of Aryans with its mention in Ramayana to the combats of medieval rulers of Mauryan and Gupta dynasty and the never ceasing instability during the dominance of Muslim and British regime.[1] The historical unrest has vanished and the city with its inhabitants of “grin-and-bear-it” attitude endured every phase of this turmoil and adapted to it and commemorated every such change in their stories and culture. Every paradigm shift gave Banaras its own unique Art and Culture which it (Banaras) has assimilated and made it its very own signature be it Food, Fabric, Jewellery, Lifestyle, Mode of communication, Weapons, Architecture, Mythology, Tales, Culture, Cult , Art and much more The citys divine image , its elaborate traditional rituals , its prodigious display of the hand-in-hand existence of art and the mundane activities of life. All give it a peculiar feel, though the city has tried to keep pace with time, it has modernized or commercialised but what has stayed with time is what satiates the quench of a mystic or an explorer of Art and Culture . This write up here is an attempt to bring to words the connection between what the oldest civilizations or cults have left to enrich the Art & culture or other-way-round , how by exploring the existing we are able to get a glimpse into the glorious past that has passed and enriched India .This manuscript is a study and construal of Varanasi from the perspective of one who is close enough to the hindu tradition to see its religious significance and also close enough to art , design and academics to know the understanding that Arts and Varanasi might pose. The journey towards the finalization of this script started with mapping the city and searching for the temples mentioned in various texts and my work is based on two primary sources : the city itself with its multitude of temples , its seasons of pilgrimage , the Akharas , voluminous literature on Banaras and its pandas and lay interpreters.
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Dodson, Michael S. "Translating Science, Translating Empire: The Power of Language in Colonial North India." Comparative Studies in Society and History 47, no. 4 (September 8, 2005): 809–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417505000368.
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Translation has often been characterized as a ‘central act' of European colonialism and imperialism. For example, it has been argued that translation had been utilized to make available legal-cultural information for the administration and rule of the non-West, but perhaps more importantly, translation has been identified as important for the resources it provided in the construction of representations of the colonized as Europe's ‘civilizational other.' In the context of British imperialism in South Asia, Bernard Cohn has persuasively demonstrated the first point, namely, that the codification of South Asian languages in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries served to convert ‘indigenous' forms of textualized knowledge into ‘instruments of colonial rule.' Translational technology, in the form of language grammars and dictionaries, Cohn argues, enabled information gathering and the effective communication of commands, as well as the (at least partial) displacement of European dependence upon interlocutors of perceived dubious reliability. Most recent discussions of translation in this context, however, have focused rather more upon the act of translation as a strategic means for representing ‘otherness' to primarily domestic British reading audiences. In this case, the act of linguistic translation is more clearly being enumerated as a practice of cultural translation. English translations of the ‘ancient' Sanskrit texts of India, for example, have been analyzed for the rhetorical work that the text performs in certain contexts. On the one hand, European-produced translations of these texts might serve to reinforce the dominance of a European aesthetic sensibility through a process of ‘naturalization,' in which the culturally-specific is ‘sanitized,' subordinated to a European norm, thereby inherently limiting the ‘artistic achievement' of the colonized. The orientalist William Jones' erasure of the motif of sweat as an indication of sexual interest and arousal in his translation of Kālidāsa's fourth- or fifth-century Sanskrit play Śakuntala is a case in point. On the other hand, literary translations from Sanskrit might also foreground the ‘otherness' of Indian texts and cultural norms through a strategy of ‘foreignization'; that is, by registering for the European reader differences in language and cultural content. For example, European translations from Sanskrit might include anthropological notations which explain the cultural relevance of the text, or might instead adopt an overly literal rendering of prose, thereby foregrounding differences in syntax, vocabulary, symbol, or motif. Both such rhetorical devices, it can be argued, leave the reader tripping over the text, giving him pause to consider the very strangeness of its appearance and contents.
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Pal, Bhaswati. "The saga of women’s status in ancient Indian civilization." Miscellanea Geographica 23, no. 3 (July 31, 2019): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2019-0012.
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Abstract Foundation of human civilization and endorsement of its potency are the consequences of prolonged women endeavor, which through its history of superiority and confinement, convey the picturesque of civilization. Since ages, the Indian societal structure has played an active role in stimulating the trends of change in women’s status, which with time also proved to be hindrance to the progress of this country. In this context, the study has attempted to emphasize the women’s status in ancient Indian civilization based on the ancient scripts and texts. The ancient era has been categorized into four distinct periods viz. the Vedic period, the Epic period, the period of Jainism and Buddhism and the age of Dharmaśāstras, Mánusmṛiti onward. The study has portrayed the relegation of the women’s dignified role and position entirely to a subservient one from Vedic period to the period of Dharmaśāstras, Mánusmṛiti onward.
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Sherkova, T. A. "Predynastic Egypt – the bosom of ancient egyptian civilization." Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/20-4/01.
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This article is the result of many years of work devoted to the problem of the transition of the predynastic era of Egypt to the state. This transition period in the cultural and historical aspect contains both late-primitive phenomena and contents that indicate the development of society in the direction of social differentiation with the identification of aristocratic families headed by a social leader. These processes are reflected in the development of the archaeological culture of Naqada, which has passed through several phases of development, demonstrating the diversity of monuments, artifacts and pictorial texts that are the main sources for the pre-written era of Egypt. They are analyzed in the aspect of fundamental historical and cultural processes. Methodologically, this task is solved by using the developments and conclusions of a number of humanitarian scientific disciplines: semiotics, cultural studies, folklore, depth psychology, etc. This approach makes the research base, which is partly applied, more solid.
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Alvarez, Christelle. "Monumentalizing ritual texts in Ancient Egyptian pyramids." Manuscript and Text Cultures (MTC) 1 (May 1, 2022): 112–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.56004/v1a112.
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The aim of this paper is to contribute to the discussion of the relationship between manuscript and epigraphic traditions in premodern cultures by addressing aspects of the monumentality of writing in the context of Ancient Egyptian tombs near the end of the third millennium BC (the late Old Kingdom). Ritual texts inscribed on the walls of subterranean chambers of kings' and queens' pyramids at Saqqara are known as 'The Pyramid Texts', the earliest known mortuary corpus of any civilization. The texts, which are inscribed in hieroglyphs, are carved, decorated, and painted in green. They are laid out in columns and cover surfaces up to three metres high in the main chambers and in the passages leading to the entrances of the pyramids. While the texts were performed during rituals and recorded in writing in contexts that are now lost, the carved hieroglyphic forms in the pyramids make it possible to glimpse the extent of manuscript culture and scribal practices of this period. The process of inscription involved not only reconfiguration from manuscript to wall, but also reinterpretation of the texts in terms of the spatial, architectural, and symbolical context of the tomb. This paper investigates the idea of monumentality in relation to the way these texts were reconfigured in the pyramids.
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Sow, Mahamadou Imrane. "L’apport de la religion égypto-africaine aux religions révélées. Le cas du monothéisme." Afrosciences Antiquity Sunu-Xalaat 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 44–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.61585/pud-asasx-v1n33.
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The Egyptian civilization is known to have been one of the oldest civilizations the world. Today, it is attested that this civilization has a direct relationship with contemporary black Africa and, it also played an important role in the rise of Eastern civilization. I the field of religion, the contribution of Africa, particularly ancient Egypt, in the development of monotheism in the revealed religions is so highly probable. It is this contribution that this present study attempts to show through written sources, epigraphy and certain data provided by biblical and koranic texts.
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Rifai, Elkhayati. "Observational Instruments in the Arab Scientific Heritage Perspective Ismail ibn Heba Allah al-Hamawi | Al Alät Al Rosydiyyah fi At Thurost Al ‘Ilm Al ‘Aroby ‘Indä Ismäil ibn Hebä Allah al-Hämäwi." Mantiqu Tayr: Journal of Arabic Language 1, no. 2 (July 31, 2021): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25217/mantiqutayr.v1i2.1580.
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The article is an edited and critical study of an unpublished astronomical text entitled "The Astronomical Instrument Known as The Two-Pronged Machine" of a Damascene astronomer from the thirteenth century AD, Ismail ibn Heba Allah al-Hamawi. ancient scientific texts on this instrument are written by al-Kindi then Ibn Abbad and al-Nayrizi. Al-Kindi's text is the only text published from ancient texts, and today we present to researchers in the development of astronomical instruments a new text to contribute to enriching our knowledge of the scientific tradition of astronomical instruments in Islamic civilization.
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Zhang, Zeqing, Zuodong Gao, Xiaofan Li, Cuihua Lee, and Weiwei Lin. "Information Separation Network for Domain Adaptation Learning." Electronics 11, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11081254.
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The Bai People have left behind a wealth of ancient texts that record their splendid civilization, unfortunately fewer and fewer people can read these texts in the present time. Therefore, it is of great practical value to design a model that can automatically recognize the Bai ancient (offset) texts. However, due to the expert knowledge involved in the annotation of ancient (offset) texts, and its limited scale, we consider that using handwritten Bai texts to help identify ancient (offset) Bai texts for handwritten Bai texts can be easily obtained and annotated. Essentially, this is a problem of domain adaptation, and some of the domain adaptation methods were transplanted to handle ancient (offset) Bai text recognition. Unfortunately, none of them succeeded in obtaining a high performance due to the fact that they do not solve the problem of how to separate the style and content information of an image. To address this, an information separation network (ISN) that can effectively separate content and style information and eventually classify with content features only, is proposed. Specifically, our network first divides the visual features into a style feature and a content feature by a separator, and ensures that the style feature contains only style and the content feature contains only content by cross-domain cross-reconstruction; thus, achieving the separation of style and content, and finally using only the content feature for classification. This greatly reduces the impact brought by cross-domain. The proposed method achieves leading results on five public datasets and a private one.
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Montero Fenollós, Juan-Luis. "De Mari a Babilonia: ciudades fortificadas en la antigua Mesopotamia." Vínculos de Historia Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 11 (June 22, 2022): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2022.11.01.
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Las ciudades mesopotámicas estaban amuralladas desde sus orígenes. Muralla y ciudad, símbolo de civilización, eran dos conceptos inseparables. Por mandato de los dioses, el rey era el responsable de la fundación de las ciudades y de la construcción de sus sistemas de defensa, que fueron evolucionando como respuesta a los cambios producidos en el arte de la guerra en el Próximo Oriente antiguo. En este artículo se analiza, en particular, la documentación arqueológica y textual de dos modelos de ciudad fortificada: Mari (III-II milenio a. C.), en el norte, y Babilonia (II-I milenio a. C.), en el sur. Se realiza una nueva propuesta de interpretación del recinto defensivo interior de Babilonia. Palabras clave: Ciudades mesopotámicas, fortificacionesTopónimos: Habuba Kabira, Mari, BabiloniaPeríodo: IV-I milenio a. C. ABSTRACTMesopotamian cities were walled from their origins. Wall and city, a symbol of civilisation, were two inseparable concepts. By mandate of the gods, the king was responsible for the foundation of the cities and the construction of their defence systems, which evolved in response to changes in the art of warfare in the ancient Near East. This article analyses, in particular, the archaeological and textual documentation of two models of fortified cities: Mari (3rd-2nd millennium B.C.), in the north, and Babylon (2nd-1st millennium B.C.), in the south. A new approach to the interpretation of the inner wall of Babylon is proposed. Keywords: Mesopotamian cities, fortificationsPlace names: Habuba Kabira, Mari, BabylonPeriod: IVth-Ist millennium B. C. REFERENCIASAbrahami, Ph. (1997), L’armée à Mari, tesis doctoral, Université de Paris I (inédita).al-Rawi, F.N.H. (1985), “Nabopolassar’s Restoration Work on the Wall Imgur-Enlil at Babylon”, Iraq, 47, pp. 1-9.Aurenche, O. (dir.) (1977), Dictionnaire illustré multilingue de l’architecture du Proche Orient Ancien, Lyon, MOM.Azara, P. (dir.) (2000), La fundación de la ciudad. Mesopotamia, Grecia y Roma, Barcelona, CCCB.Battini, L. (1996), “Un exemple de propagande néoassyrienne: les défenses de Dur-Sharrukin”, CMAO, 6, pp. 215-234.— (1997), “Les sytèmes défensifs à Babylone”, Akkadica, 104-105, pp. 24-55.Becker, H., van Ess, M., Fassbinder, J. (2019), “Uruk: Urban Structures in Magnetic and Satellite Images”, en Uruk. First City of the Ancient World, Los Angeles, Getty Museum.Burke, A. A. (2008), “Walled up to Heaven”. The Evolution of Middle Bronze Age Fortifications Strategies in the Levant, Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns.Butterlin, P. (2016), “Villes de Mésopotamie, D’Uruk à Babylone”, en L’histoire commence en Mésopotamie, París, Louvre, pp. 166-171.— (2020), “Mari, une ville circulaire ordinaire?”, en Circular Cities of Early Bronze Age Syria, Turnhout, Breplos, pp. 265-273.Chavalas, M. (ed.) (2006), Historical Sources in Translation. The Ancient Near East, Malden, Blackwell.Childe, V. G. (1992), Los orígenes de la civilización, México DF, FCE (1ª edición de 1936).Collon, D. (2008), “Le développement de l’arc en Mésopotamie”, en Les armées du Proche-Orient ancien (IIIe et Ier mil. av. J.-C.), Oxford, BAR.Durand, J. M. (1997), Les documents épistolaires du palais de Mari, tome I, Paris, Éditions du Cerf.— (1998), Les documents épistolaires du palais de Mari, tome II, Paris, Éditions du Cerf.George, A. R. (1992), Babylonian Topographical Texts, Leuven, Peeters.Herzog, Z. (1997), “Fortifications”, en The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, New York-Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 319-326.Hnaihen, K. H. (2020), The Defensive Brick Architecture in Mesopotamia from the end of Early Bronze Age to th end of Early Iron Age, tesis doctoral, Universidad de Almería (inédita).Houben, H. y Guillaud, H. (2006), Traité de construction en terre, Marseille, Éditions Parenthèses.Kenyon, K. M. (1963), Arqueología en Tierra Santa, Barcelona, Ediciones Garriga.Lackenbacher, S. (2001), “Fondations assyriennes”, en Mites de fundació de ciutats al món antic (Mesopotàmia, Grècia i Roma), Barcelona, MAC, pp. 69-74.Liverani, M. (2006), Uruk. La primera ciudad, Barcelona, Edicions Bellaterra.— (2014), Imaginar Babel. Dos siglos de estudios sobre la ciudad oriental antigua, Barcelona, Edicions Bellaterra.Ludwig (1980), “Mass, Sitte und Technik des Bauens in Habuba-Kabira Süd”, en Le Moyen Euphrate, zone de contactes et d’échanges, Leyden, Brill, pp. 63-74.Margueron, J. C. (2000), “Nacimiento y fundación de ciudades en Mesopotamia”, en La fundación de la ciudad. Mesopotamia, Grecia y Roma, Barcelona, CCCB, pp. 33-48.— (2004), Mari. Métropole de l’Euphrate au IIIe et au Début du IIe millénaire av. J.-C., Paris, Picard-ERC.— (2009), “La fondation de Mari. Première aproche d’une technologie de fondation”, Estudos Orientais, 10, pp. 13-33.— (2011), “Aux origines de l’architecture militaire en Mésopotamie”, en Stratégies de défense, de conquête ou de victoire en Méditerranée des textes aux architectures et à l’aménagement, Tlemcen, pp. 11-45.— (2012), “Du village à la ville: continuité ou rupture?”, en Du village néolithique à la ville syro-mésopotamienne, Ferrol, PAMES-UDC, pp. 67-97.— (2013), Cités invisibles. La naissance de l’urbanisme au Proche-Orient ancien, París, Paul Geuthner— (2014), Mari. Capital of Northern Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium, Oxford-Philadelphia, Oxbow Books.Mazar, A. (1995), “The Fortification of Cities in the Ancient Near East”, en Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, volumes III-IV, Peabody, Hendrickson Publishers, pp. 1523-1537.Mielke, D. P. (2012), “Fortifications and Fortification Strategies of Mega-Cities in the Ancient Near East”, en Mega-cities Mega-sites, the Archaeology of Consumption Disposal, Landscape, Transport Communication, 7th ICAANE vol. 1, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 74-91.Montero Fenollós, J. L. (2004), “Revisando a Gordon Childe, el concepto de Revolución Metalúrgica en los albores de la historia de Mesopotamia”, en Miscelánea en homenaje a Emiliano Aguirre, Alcalá de Henares, Museo Arqueológico Regional, pp. 312-319.— (2017), “Bronze Metallurgy in the Times of Earliest Cities. New Data on the City I of Mari”, Ash-Sharq, 1, pp. 48-54.— (2019), “La frontera noroccidental del reino de Mari a comienzos del II milenio a. C. a la luz de los textos y la arqueología. Reflexiones sobre la localización de Dur-Yahdun-Lim”, Claroscuro, 18, pp. 1-21.Nadali, D. (2007), “Ashurbanipal against Elam. Figurative Patterns and Architectural Location of Elamite Wars”, Historiae, 4, pp. 57-91Nigro, L. (2015), “Tell es-Sultan 2015. A Pilot Project for Archaeology in Palestine”, Near Eastern Archaeology, 79, pp. 4-17.Pedersén, O. (2011), “Excavated and Unexcavated Libraries un Babylon”, en Babylon. Wissenskultur in Orient und Okzident, Berlin-Boston, De Gruyter, pp. 47-67.— (2021), Babylon. The Great City, Münster, Zaphon.Reade J. E. (2008), “Early Travellers on the Wonders: Suggested Sites”, en Babylon: Myth and Reality, London, British Museum, pp, 112-118.Rey, S. (2012), Poliorcétique au Proche-Orient à l’âge du Bronze. Fortifications urbaines, procédés de siège et systèmes défensifs, Beyrouth, IFPO.Sanmartín, J. (2018), Gilgamesh, rey de Uruk, Madrid, Trotta.Sasson, J.M. (1969), The Military Establishments at Mari, Roma, Pontifical Biblical Institute.Sollberger, E., Kupper, J. R. (1971), Inscriptions royales sumériennes et akkadiennes, Paris, Éditions du Cerf.Thomas, A. (dir.) (2016), L’histoire commence en Mésopotamie, París, Louvre.Van Ess, M. (2008), “Koldewey, Pionier systematicher Ausgrabungen im Orient”, en Auf dem weg nach Babylon. Robert Koldewey. Ein Archäologenleben, Mainz, Verlag Philipp von Zabern, pp. 91-103.Vidal, J. (2012), “La guerra de asedio en el período paleobabilónico según los textos de Mari”, en Fortificaciones y guerra de asedio en el mundo antiguo, Zaragoza, Libros Pórtico, pp. 21-35.Wetzel, F. (1969), Stadtmauer von Babylon, Osnabrück, Otto Zellen.Yadin, Y. (1963), The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands, 2 vols., New York-Toronto-Londres, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
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Yashi Bajpai. "Enunciating Transition in Indian Civilization: An Analysis of Disability in Ancient Indian Texts." Creative Saplings 2, no. 04 (July 25, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.56062/gtrs.2023.2.04.337.
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This paper attempts to re-evaluate and reconsider the portrayal of disability by analysing the philosophy of inclusivity in ancient Indian culture through a close reading of the Ancient Indian Texts. Although it is preordained that disability has been regarded as a sin or an outlaw in Indian society, from a vigilant standpoint, it appears to be incomprehensible. This is more of a socio-temporal change that resulted from colonialism. The epics like the Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Rig Veda have given space and strength to various disabled personalities, demonstrating the specifics that represent a narrative change in the contemporary era. The themes of unity in diversity, cooperation, friendship, harmony, and power show that disabled characters have played a critical role in their unrivalled capability. The attitude of cooperation during hard times has been inbuilt in Indians, which is depicted through multiculturism. Ultimately, the positive behaviour of society can be accentuated by a proper understanding of the epics and Vedas, which will help curb the stigma around disability.
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Nuri, Janan, and Khayal Hamad. "Resurrection after death between religious myths and the Old Testament." Islamic Sciences Journal 11, no. 5 (March 17, 2023): 137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jis.20.11.5.6.
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Religious myths are an essential part of the formation of human thought and civilization,Thus, a group of ancient religions and beliefs arose, which were rituals, legends, magic and sorcery, and an attempt to control hidden forces and draw closer to them using certain rites, such as offering sacrifices and offerings. Then, human religions such as, religion appeared in Mesopotamia civilization, Hammurabi canons, Greek and Zoroastrian divine philosophies in Persia, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in the Far East, Hinduism in India, Ammonia and Akhenatene in the Pharaohs and others, until the revelation of monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam .
The books of the Torah contained a lot of important historical information of ancient civilizations. The Hebrews of that civilization took a lot in the field of myths, stories, and acquaintances and included them in their Torah through translation. The impact of the Jews on the etiquette of the Mesopotamian civilization was reflected in the development of their basic religious beliefs through what They quoted and translated from that civilization. This was clearly beyond doubt, through what came in the biblical texts that carried many books and religious poems among its Asfar of the Torah.
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Chew, Carissa. "The ant as metaphor: Orientalism, imperialism and myrmecology [W. T. Stearn Student Essay]." Archives of Natural History 46, no. 2 (October 2019): 347–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2019.0595.
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Myrmecological texts that circulated in Britain in the nineteenth and early twentieth century can be interpreted, from the perspective of the post-colonial theory of Orientalism, as belonging to a wider body of colonial-era European literature that has historically portrayed New World peoples and animals as the “Other”. In implicit ways, colonial-era literature on ant behaviour reproduces the Orientalist dichotomy of civilization and savagery. At different times, the ant colony has been portrayed, somewhat paradoxically, as both a civilized society in miniature and a foreign savage order. On the one hand, some British myrmecological texts rendered the ant as a symbol of Britishness and civilization: the elevated image of the ant reflected the imperialist trope that non-white people were inferior, savage Others. On the other hand, the ant colony was portrayed elsewhere in British myrmecological literature – and in other European texts that were translated into English and circulated in Britain – as a dangerous, merciless and aggressive Otherness itself. Accordingly, in these texts, the ant and the “native” are depicted as accomplices who share an antagonism toward the colonial project. Both these positive and negative representations of the ant reflect and reproduce Orientalist tropes, which have historically been used to emphasize the perceived inferior status of non-white colonial subjects.
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Kumari, Madhu, and Shubhangi Rathore Rathore. "Project Udbhav: Integrating Ancient Wisdom with Modern Indian Military Pedagogy." Electronic Journal of Social and Strategic Studies 05, no. 05 (2024): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.47362/ejsss.2024.5505.
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Throughout history, humanity has seen many destructive wars, especially in India. Early wars in India were fought by the people of the Indus Valley civilization, who were skilled in building forts for defense. Hindu civilization had a rich knowledge of warfare, military strategies, and martial arts. Ancient political thinkers considered War as an extension of politics, a fallout of interstate relations. Strategies were both offensive and defensive. The ancient Indian thinkers instated war as a means of increasing royal glory and outright conquest. The battles depicted in the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata provide valuable information about the warfare mechanism of the ancient period. 'Project UDBHAV,' a collaborative effort between the Indian Army and the United Services Institution of India (USI), and the government of India, emphasized the project's significance, aiming to revisit India's ancient military thoughts. The initiative seeks to synthesize ancient knowledge, particularly from texts like Chanakya's Arthashastra and Thirukkural, with modern military practices. Examining historical campaigns, leaders, and examples like the Naval Battle of Saraighat, the paper highlights the enduring relevance of ancient Indian military strategies. The paper will also focus on contemporary military practices addressing modern challenges and the importance of Indian historical strategies in tackling diplomatic complexities.
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Curran, John E. "The History Never Written: Bards, Druids, and the Problem of Antiquarianism in Poly Olbion." Renaissance Quarterly 51, no. 2 (1998): 498–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2901575.
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AbstractThe rise of antiquarianism in late Elizabethan/early Jacobean England posed a threat to the common and traditional notion of continuity through time of British institutions and culture, including the transmission of historical texts. This threat was a major preoccupation for the poet Michael Drayton, and his response to it can be examined in his depictions of bards and druids in Poly Olbion. Conservatives in the historiographical debate put forth these ancient British poet/priests as an explanation for how ancient British history could have been transmitted through the centuries. But while Drayton in the Poly Olbion certainly uses bards and druids in a concerted attempt to imagine continuity, he reveals some latent suspicions of the truth - that ancient British culture was irretrievably lost.
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Satpathy, Chinmayee. "RELIGIOUS PRACTICES OF THE TEMPLES IN ANCIENT EGYPT AND PURI SHRI JAGANNATH TEMPLE IN INDIA: COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW." MAN, ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY 3, no. 1 (2022): 211–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/mes.2022.v03i01.15.
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Since ancient times, two ancient civilizations of the world such as the Indus Valley Civilization and the Egyptian Civilization though geographically fall apart from one another; they were well connected through the sea routes for maritime trading and cultural exchange as described in the ancient texts and archival records. The maritime trading also resulted in the social and cultural exchange between the two civilizations as well. The article focuses primarily on the striking resemblances observed between the Puri Shri Jagannath temple in India with that of the temples of ancient Egypt in terms of the religious worship of the deities, ritual practices in the temples, arts and architecture, celebration of temple festivals, religious record keeping, the role of king as the first servitor, humanisation of God and daily offering rituals, the concept of the state deity and God-King relationship etc. Though it is very difficult to trace the origin and evolution of the religio-cultural system and ritual practices in the temples of both the regions Odisha in India and ancient Egypt, however this similar system and arrangements might have been originated and evolved at one place at some point in time, might have gradually spread over to the other places in course of time.
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Ali Abdul Malik, Munther, and Israa Saad Salih. "Metal Tools in Unpublished Cuneiform Texts from Early Dynastic Period." Al-Adab Journal 2, no. 135 (December 15, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v2i135.1217.
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The people in ancient Mesopotamia know many minerals (Metal Tools) , and they also know how to manufacture it and used them . Minerals have entered in many of their businesses and industries , even in the field of producing artworks (artifacts) . Pots and agricultural tools as well as weapons they used in everyday life .
The most important of these metals are : gold , silver , copper , and tin , which some of them entered in the work of bronze bullion (Al-Jader , 1991 , p.225) .
The ancient Mesopotamians struggled to get the materials , they were carrying the tired journeys in order to bring the raw materials from far away counties , among them were Dilmun , Magan , Meluhha , Eygpt and Anatolia (Levy , 1986 , p.19) .
So we did not care about the all kinds of minerals , but we define our works about one type of this metals , which is a copper metal . So the copper regarded the first mineral which known to the people of ancient Mesopotamia , they used it very much in their lives , this had been a major turning point in the history of their civilization (Louis , 2008 , p.112) .
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Sahay, Vijoy S. "An Anthropologist Looks at History: An Enquiry into the Anomalies of Ancient Indian History and Culture." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 15, no. 1 (January 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x1501500101.
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There are altogether nine ancient civilizations in the world, viz. the Babylonian or Mesopotamian, the Indian and the Chinese (in Asia), the Egyptian (in Africa), the Greek, the Roman, and the Cretan (in Europe), the Mayan (in Mexico, North America), and the Inca (In Peru, South America). Of all the above, it's only the Indian and the Chinese civilizations are such that the elements of their ancient cultures and traditions could be found still perpetuating among the contemporary populations. And among the rest; it could to be found in their ruins only. The dimensions of ancient Indian civilization have been interpreted mostly by the historians; and primarily by the British ones. Such interpretations are found necessarily loaded with all sorts of biases. In the present paper, the author has attempted to point out some of the anomalies of ancient Indian history and culture generated by the biased interpretation of some eminent historians and Indologists. Such interpretations have done great injustice with the pre-eminence of Indian civilization on the one hand; and on the other, they have also given rise to the divisive forces in the society that still plagues the country.
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Danišová, Nikola. "Notes on the trickster as a literary character in archnarratives. A brief initial analysis." Ars Aeterna 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aa-2022-0003.
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Abstract The so-called “trickster” is a special and important archfigure in the mythological and fairy-tale images of each civilization and cultural circle. The trickster is a controversial and often (seemingly) contradictory character that belongs to the “culture of popular laughter” (Bakhtin) or picaresque mythology (Kerényi). The aim of this paper is to present a brief initial analysis of the selected characters on a trans-genre and trans-cultural sample of ancient texts.
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Melnichuk, Olga A., and Hongwei Qi. "Ancient Chinese precedent texts in contemporary Chinese political discourse (based on congratulatory speeches of president Xi Jinping)." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 3 (May 2022): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.3-22.058.
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Since its inception, modern Chinese political discourse has been heavily influenced by traditional cultural thought, Confucianism’s idea of a people-oriented and benevolent government; the Taoist idea of atheism and the Taoist law of nature; the legist idea of governance by law, etc. These concepts have a very profound influence on the language of political discourse in the new period. The political discourses of various periods and dynasties in antiquity had an equally important influence on the political language of the new period leader Xi Jinping. Ancient Chinese precedent texts are an important object of study in Chinese modern linguistics, because they are related to the system of Chinese civilization and reflect the specifics of the interaction of language, thought and traditional culture. The presence of ancient Chinese precedent texts characterizes Chinese traditional linguocultures, representing different perceptions of existing values and ways of perceiving the picture of the world. The presence of ancient Chinese precedent texts is a prerequisite for successful speech in Chinese political discourse. The semantic and contextual analysis of congratulatory speeches in the structure of Xi Jinping’s discourse shows the role of precedent texts from 礼记 (“Book of Rituals”), 周易 (“Zhou Yi”), 道德经 (“Dao De Jing”), which not only function as tools of persuasion and motivation for the recipients to rally, but also development of traditional Chinese culture.
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Berthelot, Katell. "A Classical Ethical Problem in Ancient Philosophy and Rabbinic Thought: The Case of the Shipwrecked." Harvard Theological Review 106, no. 2 (April 2013): 171–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816013000072.
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The story found in Sifra Behar 5.3 and in the Babylonian Talmud, Baba Meṣi'a 62a, about two persons traveling in a desert and having a quantity of water that allows only one of them to reach civilization and survive, is well known and frequently referred to in books and articles dealing with Jewish ethics. The rabbinic texts raise the question: Should the travelers share the water and die together, or should the person who owns the water drink it in order to survive? This story reminds one of the case of the two shipwrecked men who grasp a plank that can bear the weight of only one person and therefore enables only one of them to reach the coast, a case referred to in philosophical texts from the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The similarities between the issues dealt with in the rabbinic texts and the Greco-Roman ones have indeed been noticed by several scholars working on rabbinic literature (whereas specialists of ancient philosophy generally ignore them). However, a systematic comparative analysis of the rabbinic tradition and the philosophical texts has not been undertaken so far, nor have previous studies paid much attention to the issues at stake within the Greco-Roman texts themselves, to their inner logic and relationships with one another.
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Fischer, Benjamin. "CIVILIZED DEPRAVITY: EVANGELICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF EARLY-NINETEENTH-CENTURY CHINA AND THE REDEFINITION OF “TRUE CIVILIZATION”." Victorian Literature and Culture 43, no. 2 (February 25, 2015): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106015031400062x.
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In the first few decadesof the nineteenth century, the experience of missionaries among peoples as diverse as the ancient civilizations of India, the highly organized Zulu kingdoms, and the cannibal tribes of the South Seas had sparked a national debate concerning whether or not the “civilization of the heathen” was necessary before they could be converted, or whether Christianity would be the best means of civilizing them. Unresolved as far as public policy was concerned, this question entered discussions of the 1835 Select Committee on Aboriginal Tribes (British Settlements), a committee convened to address problems arising between British settlers and indigenous communities, including important trade sites in Australia, New Zealand, and the islands of the Pacific. As with several other areas where significant British imperial pressure never took the form of direct colonial rule, the trade ports in China fell outside the committee's explicit considerations. Along with forbidding foreign settlements, Chinese culture did not fit the terms or assumptions of the committee's conversation. Since the first Jesuit mission to China in the late sixteenth century, there had been little doubt in Europe that Chinese civilization was far advanced. As a tightly controlled bureaucratic state confident of its own position as the Middle Kingdom of the world, China simply did not work within the discourse of civilization. This essay explores one attempt to adjust the terms of that British discourse in order to accommodate a civilized China.
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De Zorzi, Nicla. "Ancient Mesopotamian Divinatory Series from the British Museum: New Texts and Joins." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 73 (January 1, 2021): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/714660.
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Авдюнин, В. А. "Ancient philosophers’ appeal to architecture as a way of argumentation." All-Russian Scientific and Practical Journal of Social and Humanitarian Research, no. 4(11) (December 29, 2023): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/sgjournal.2023.11.4.008.
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В статье на основе философских художественных текстов, посвященных архитектуре, анализируется связь архитектуры и философии в античную эпоху. Отмечается, что роль архитектуры для философии различна: она может рассматриваться как необходимое условие цивилизации, выступать средством обоснования воззрений того или иного автора, источником исследования форм мышления и логики социально-политического устройства. The article analyzes the connection between architecture and philosophy in the ancient era on the basis of philosophical literary texts devoted to architecture. It is noted that the role of architecture for philosophy is different: it can be considered as a necessary condition for civilization, act as a means of substantiating the views of one or another author, a source of research into forms of thinking and logic of socio-political structure.
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Maduraiveeran, A. "Thirukkural Virtues and the Fruits of the Spirit of the Bible." Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research 6, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/tamil.v6i2.4420.
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Charity literatures are essential in the literature that traces the history of ancient Tamil civilization. Virtues work to make human beings better or to make them live in accordance with the norms of the socio-cultural system. Thirukkural is found in Tamil charitable texts to have the reputation of being the world’s public secret. In society, human beings establish various moral values within themselves. They enlighten people naturally and in a state of mind. Virtues began to emerge from the time when humans began to process and eat food.
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Bristol-Alagbariya, Edward T. "Ancient Niger Delta Trading States, 1884/85 Negative Sovereignty Treaties, Positive International Law, British Colonization & Good Governance towards the Advancement of Civilization in Nigeria." International Journal of Developing and Emerging Economies 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 34–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijdee.13/vol10n23461.
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This socio-legal study examines the 1884/85 imperialistic vis-à-vis negative sovereignty treaties of friendship, commerce and protection, simply called treaties of protection, which were entered into by Great Britain and the Ancient Niger Delta Trading States, so as to maintain and strengthen the cordial relations that were existing between the parties. However, positive international law altered the hitherto proto natural law-based equal and cordial relations between the Ancient Niger Delta Trading States and the Western European nations, from the 15th Century AD, when the Portuguese explorers and merchants were dominant in the Niger Delta region, before the arrival of Great Britain and France in the region about the 18th Century AD. Positive international law, enhanced by British gunboat diplomacy associated with it, promoted Western imperialism and thereby enabled Great Britain to achieve her imperialist ambition of transforming the erstwhile naturally sovereign Ancient Niger Delta Trading States and their mainland and hinterland ethnic nationality areas into the 1885 British Protectorate of the Niger Districts. Based on British imperialist protectionism over the Niger Districts and the rest of pre-colonial Nigeria, the entire ethnic nationality areas of pre-colonial Nigeria became a single British colonial possession called the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, otherwise called modern Nigeria, in 1914. The British colonial government eventually granted political independence to modern Nigeria in October 1960. From the background of the aforementioned 1884/85 negative sovereignty treaties and continuing agitation of separatist groups in post-colonial Nigeria for improvement of their lots, the study makes a case for good governance, boosted by ethos of natural law and the social contract of governance, towards the advancement of civilization in the country.
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K, Boomari. "Social Structure in Asara Kovai." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-8 (July 20, 2022): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s824.
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The main purpose of moral literature is to state the virtues that are considered essential to human life. The general nature of the scriptures is to dictate to do these things and to forbid them to do these things. Through such texts one can not only know the concepts, but also the social, cultural and civilization that was in the case at the time the texts arose. In this way one can know the morals necessary for daily life and understand the social structure that was in vogue in the context of that time through Asarakovai, one of the eleven books. The status of social elites, including the aristocracy of society, the so-called lower castes, kings, and women. The relevant structures are recorded in the Asarakovai. It is also possible to realize that such social conditions were the case before the time of Asarakova. Knowing the social structures in the ancient tamil literature will help us to know the way of life of the ancient tamilians and to realize that they continue in today's life
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Mukherjee, Sayan. "“Persistence of Horror”: An Overview of Texts on Post apocalyptic World Order." New Literaria 03, no. 02 (2022): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.48189/nl.2022.v03i2.014.
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In simplest terms, an apocalypse is the massive destruction of the world, which leads to the end of life in it. It is the concept of ultimate devastation that has been borrowed from various religious, ancient scriptures. This paper portrays the images of war, famine, or plague that have become the face of apocalypse in human civilization. It looks towards the dystopian texts as an event that could plausibly lead to a revolution and the subsequent birth of a hero who will redeem humankind. The idea is to project apocalypse on two paradigms – one is large-scale destruction leading to the end of the world and joyous anticipation of a new beginning. There is an array of apocalyptic texts in literature and cinema which are graphic and terrorizing
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Chase, Diane Z., and Arlen F. Chase. "ANCIENT MAYA MARKETS AND THE ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF CARACOL, BELIZE." Ancient Mesoamerica 25, no. 1 (2014): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536114000145.
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AbstractModeling Classic period social and economic systems of the ancient Maya has proven difficult for a number of reasons, including sampling, preservation, and interpretational biases. As more archaeological research has been undertaken, views about the Classic period Maya (a.d.250–900) have become progressively more complex. Because neither Maya art nor hieroglyphic texts contain substantial information on ancient economic systems, some archaeologists have tended to deemphasize the impact of ancient economies in reconstructions of the Classic period Maya civilization. Archaeological research at Caracol, Belize, however, has recovered evidence of the road systems, marketplaces, and production areas that served as the backbone of the site's economic infrastructure. When combined with artifact distributions, these data demonstrate the existence of an economy based on surplus household production with distribution in elite-administered markets. The archaeological data from Caracol not only elucidate how marketplaces were embedded in the Maya landscape, but also how they were used to integrate the site.
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Sinha, Tanusri. "REFLECTION OF MUSIC & DANCE IN ANCIENT INDIAN INSCRIPTION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 4 (May 6, 2021): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i4.2021.3875.
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The word ‘inscription’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Inscripto’ which means something that is inscribed or engraved. It was engraved on clay (terracotta), stone pillars, copper plates, walls of temples, caves, and on the surface of much other metal and also even palm leaves. Very often we’ve seen it on coins and seals. It consists of important texts or symbols that reveal crucial information and evidence of ancient kings and their empires. Music is the soul of Indian culture. Indian music has an affluent tradition with its root in Vedic time. It is said that Indian music owes its origin to the Sāma Veda. The Vedic hymns were chanted with a particular pitch and accent which are used in religious work. Dance in India also has a rich and vital tradition since the beginning of our civilization. Dances of Indi were to give symbolic expressions which are also enlightened to religious ideas. Ancient Inscriptions, Engraving of Inscription, Music, Dance, Epigraphical Evidence.
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M, Selvakumar. "Cultural Genetics in Ettutthokai (Eight Anthologies)." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-6 (July 30, 2022): 222–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s632.
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The term "Culture" was coined at a later stage. This terminology is found in the Sangam literature in terms such as attributive, worthy men, ill-mannered, etc. It was in Tamil Nadu that the Tamil people, the primitive people, originated. It is the unanimous decision of historians that the human race originated. It was the Tamils who emerged in the early times and attained the maturity of civilization and the knowledge of life that led them to become the greatest in culture. Therefore, it can be realised that the Tamil race was the race that brought civilization and culture to the world and trained them. There are certain unique features and characteristics of such a Tamil race. Tolkappiyam and Sangam's works of literature are considered to be the oldest books available to us today. It is divided into internal and external parts. Also, it can be seen that the concept of cultural genetics refers to the lifestyles of people. Culture can be defined as the absorption of traditional customs and rituals of the people. Through its poetry, the Etthutthokai has captured the cultures of the ancient peoples. Following a good culture, it becomes an ideal platform for people to achieve higher goals in their lives. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the modern cultural genealogy of the ancient peoples is aligned with today's texts and the current status of cultural traditions by befitting the culture of ancient people.
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Han, Jianghua. "Gansang Stone Inscriptions: A New Discovery That May Change the History of the Tai-Kadai Ethnic Groups." Asian Social Science 15, no. 8 (July 23, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v15n8p45.
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The discovery of the Gansang stone inscriptions is the most important ancient character discovery in China since that of the oracle-bone inscriptions. It has had a major impact on research on ancient characters in China, and it will also have serious consequences for the study of human civilization. The discovery makes it possible to rewrite the history of the ancient Tai-Kadai ethnic groups in Southwest China, which were previously thought to have no direct written history. Radiocarbon dating of the stone tablets indicates that the Gansang stone inscriptions have a history of about 3,000 years. Scholars agree that the Gansang stone inscriptions display an ancient ideographic writing system of the ancient Tai-Kadai ethnic groups and that they date to almost the same era as the oracle-bone inscriptions. While the position of stroke movements in the inscriptions has been determined, it is unclear whether the texts are arranged from left to right or right to left. A comparative analysis of the Gansang stone inscriptions, the oracle-bone inscriptions, the Shuishu writing system, and the ancient Yi writing system indicates that the Gansang stone inscriptions recorded people’s apparel, architecture, residence, eating habits, transportation, hunting activities, war, raising livestock, sacrifice, divination, astronomy, and calendar.
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Jiménez, E. "NEW FRAGMENTS OF GILGAMEŠ AND OTHER LITERARY TEXTS FROM KUYUNJIK." Iraq 76 (December 2014): 99–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2014.2.
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The public availability of photographs of the entire British Museum Kuyunjik collection has allowed the identification of many hitherto unplaced fragments. Some of them are particularly relevant for the reconstruction of passages in a number of ancient Mesopotamian literary texts. These are published here for the first time. They include three new fragments of theGilgamešepic, one or two of theTheodicy, several of theDiviner's Manualand of theRituals of the Diviner, several prayers previously only poorly known, and fragments from the seventh tablet of the exorcistic seriesMuššuʾu.
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Surpi, Ni Kadek, and I. Komang Dian Adi Purwadi. "Konsep Dasar Literasi Dalam Teks Upaniṣad Sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan Hindu." Jurnal Penjaminan Mutu 7, no. 1 (March 7, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/jpm.v7i1.2101.
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<p>Literacy is the soul of education In Hindu civilization. The Upanisad is an integral part of Vedic literature. It provides the basic concepts of education and literacy patterns. According to the Upanisad, education is about giving educated degrees to students and building excellent human character. Likewise, literacy is essential in Hindu Education. This article will explain the basic concepts of education and literacy patterns in the Upanisad, which are the basis for human resource development, as stated in ancient texts. This study uses Vedic hermeneutics to explain and construct the superiority of the concepts contained in the Upanishads.</p>
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Brun, Emmanuel, Marine Cotte, Jonathan Wright, Marie Ruat, Pieter Tack, Laszlo Vincze, Claudio Ferrero, Daniel Delattre, and Vito Mocella. "Revealing metallic ink in Herculaneum papyri." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 14 (March 21, 2016): 3751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519958113.
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Writing on paper is essential to civilization, as Pliny the Elder remarks in his Natural History, when he describes the various types of papyri, the method of manufacturing them, and all that concerns writing materials in the mid-first century AD. For this reason, a rigorous scientific study of writing is of fundamental importance for the historical understanding of ancient societies. We show that metallic ink was used several centuries earlier than previously thought. In particular, we found strong evidence that lead was intentionally used in the ink of Herculaneum papyri and discuss the possible existence of ruled lines traced on the papyrus texture. In addition, the metallic concentrations found in these fragments deliver important information in view of optimizing future computed tomography (CT) experiments on still-unrolled Herculaneum scrolls to improve the readability of texts in the only surviving ancient Greco-Roman library.
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K, Sarweshwaran. "Philosophy of Yoga in Ancient Tamil Literature." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, SPL 2 (February 28, 2022): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s216.
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Philosophy also holds a unique place in ancient Tamil literature. Thus, this study is carried out under the title of Yoga Philosophy in Tamil Literatures - Ancient Tamil Literature in Multiple Perspectives. Yoga is intended in a variety of senses. It is generally stated in most literatures that yoga is the union with the Lord. Some philosophers argue that separation from the world is yoga. However, the proper benefits of yoga, which are the common elements of yoga, such as Iyam, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Pratiyakaram, Dharana, Meditation, and Samadhi, can be obtained through proper practice of Avattanga Yogas. Thoughts on these are taken up more and more by the ancient Tamil literatures. Concepts of yoga can be found in many other ancient Tamil literatures such as Purananuru, Paripadal and Thirumurukaaruppadai. This review sets out to make that clear. The purpose of this study is to reveal the existence of ideas about the philosophy of yoga in the ancient Tamil literature in parallel with the Northern language literatures. Sources for this study include the primary texts such as Purananuru, Paripadal, Thirumurukaaruppadi, Tolkappiyam, Thirukkural, Indian Philosophical Repository - III, Hindu Philosophy, Sangam Literary Philosophy, 108 Upanishads, Indus Valley Civilization and Tamil, and Silappathikaram Kunrakkuravai.
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Kurtik, Gennady E. "On the origin of the 12 zodiac constellation system in ancient Mesopotamia." Journal for the History of Astronomy 52, no. 1 (February 2021): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828620980544.
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This article pursues two main goals: (1) to reconstruct the history of the 12 zodiac constellation system in the astronomy of ancient Mesopotamia; (2) to reveal traces of this system directly in cuneiform texts. Among the most important circumstances led to appearance of this system: (1) development of ideas about the band of zodiac constellations, including—according to MUL.APIN—the total of 18 (or 17) constellations; (2) usage of the schematic year, containing 12 months, 30 days each, and (3) development of ideas about mathematical or uniform zodiac, subdivided into 12 equal parts, 30° each. A sequence of the so-called Normal stars singled out in the zodiacal band is an additional important source shedding light on the history of the Mesopotamian zodiac. The designations of Normal stars adopted in Astronomical diaries and other texts indicate that the system of 18 constellations was used in Mesopotamia until the end of cuneiform civilization. This means that in the second half of the first millennium BC the system of 18 constellations, adopted in MUL.APIN, and the system of 12 zodiacal constellations, borrowed from Babylonians by Greek astronomers, were used in parallel. It is also shown in the article that the system of 12 zodiac constellations was used in magical and astrological text BRM 4.20, dated back approximately to the last third of the fourth century BC.
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Samsonia, Nino. "Enguri basin toponyms in cuneiform texts." Pro Georgia 33, no. 1 (August 10, 2023): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.61097/12301604/pg33/2023/147-160.
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In studying the semantic and phonetic coincidences of Abzu-Engur, we focused on the Sumerian word Laḫama, which is also related to the Svan toponyms Laḫamula and the river Enguri. 50 Laḫama of Engur, as well as Abzu-Engur is found in many Sumerian and Babylonian texts from the third millennium BC and is usually associated with the Engur, Abzu waters, or the abode of wisdom. The article presents and discusses the Sumerian cuneiform texts from III millenium BC., including the ancient Babylonian period, where the Sumerian word Lahama and the Akkadian equivalent Laḫmu are recorded. Analysis of the cuneiform texts shows that the Laḫama / Laḫmu are the guardians and inseparable beings of Engur. The Sumerian word Engur (Sum. Engur), which in Sumerian means underground river, is the abode of Enki (Akk.Ea), the god of wisdom, in all cuneiform texts, guarded by the Laḫama deities. Laḫama is also found in Sumerian texts to refer to a figure of a guardian statue standing at the gates of large temples. Such as E-KUR in Nippur and E-ninu in Girsu. They are also called “Abzu -Laḫama”. (Ancient Akkadian laḫmu, probably meaning “hairy” shaggy). Laḫmu – the guardian deity associated with Enki (Akk. Ea). The Akkadian tradition was associated with Marduk. Appeared with long hair and a beard, sometimes with 4 or 6 curls. In art he is called a naked hero. Was associated with the human-bull figure. In the Babylonian creation myth, “Enuma Eliš” Laḫmu and Laḫamu are a female and a male couple, and are mentioned among the original creatures together with Anšar-Kišar. They derive from a common root (muddy). In the myth of the Babylonian creation – Enuma Eliš, Tiamat gives birth to 11 monsters. Among them is Laḫamu – a long-haired “hero”. As it is known from Ancient Mesopotamoan iconography, glower bowl with trickling water is an attribute of Enki, the god of wisdom, which is occupied by Enki in Akkadian (XXIV-XXII BC) and New Sumerian (XXI-XX BC). ) In the iconography of the period is, who is sometimes replaced by Laḫmu. Laḫama – deities are associated with Abzu-Engur and the city of Eridu. La-ḫa-ma (Sum.). According to the interpretation of the Sumerian cuneiform signs,he appears as a noble mythical creature – a creature of gratitude, merciful essential water creature. Our paper presents the Sumerian word Laḫama phonetic study, search for different meanings of cuneiform signs, which should be interesting for the study of the Kartvelian, in particular the Svan toponym Laḫamula. The article substantiates the coincidence of the Svan toponym with Laḫamula, which is directly related to the Enguri River, and which is confirmed by the Engur- Laḫama semantic and phonetic coincidences in the cuneiform texts. The root of the Svan toponym Lahamula is based on a basic study of the Sumerian lexical units: Engur and la-ḫa-ma. In the Sumerian language, the Engur is the abode of the god of wisdom, Enki (Akk. Ea). The word Apsu’s root in Georgian is also related to the flow of water (eg the river Supsa, Psou, etc.). The study presented by us is based on a general analysis of Sumerian texts and iconography and combines chronologically with the completely ancient period (IIII mill. BC), which gives us a basis for the etymology of the Svan toponyms – Enguri and Laḫamula as a matter of Mesopotamian civilization. It is also another clear proof of the cultural relations between the Ancient Near East and the Caucasus.
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Eggers, Natascha de Andrade. "DISCOVERING ANCIENT EGYPT IN MODERNITY: THE CONTRIBUTION OF AN ANTIQUARIAN, GIOVANNI BELZONI (1816-1819)." Heródoto: Revista do Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre a Antiguidade Clássica e suas Conexões Afro-asiáticas 1, no. 1 (April 13, 2016): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31669/herodoto.v1i1.28.
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The main objective of this article is to allow a better understanding of the relationship between the British Empire and Ancient Egypt, and show the ways through which European countries – and particularly Great Britain – used the image of the Egyptian civilization to build a national identity and memory. Antiquarians who travelled to search for exotic antiquities had a very important role in this process because they left in their notes a record of their thoughts about the cultures of the places they visited and about the material culture they found there. These memories and reports circulated in Europe and were regarded as a source of knowledge, since they offered a version of the unknown “other” and reported the travelers’ interpretations of the past and present of foreign places. In this article I analyze the journal of one of these antiquarians, Giovanni Belzoni, in order to understand how his discourse may have corroborated the construction of a national identity, since he helped to form a large collection of Egyptian pieces of the British Museum, in England.
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Mirecki, Paul. "The Coptic Wizard's Hoard." Harvard Theological Review 87, no. 4 (October 1994): 435–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816000030224.
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Within the large collection of ancient manuscripts at the University of Michigan there is a group of Coptic papyri which appears to have been a hoard or library of ancient magical texts. Produced by five copyists sometime in the fourth through seventh centuries and originating from a now unknown location in Egypt, the collection was brought to the British Museum by Sir E. A. Wallis Budge in February 1921 for restoration by C. T. Lamacraft; in August of that year, it underwent philological examination by the Coptic lexicographer Walter E. Crum, and was later forwarded to the University of Michigan.
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Ivanova, Elizaveta A. "The confrontation of savageness and civilization in Joe Abercrombie’s fantasy Western Red Country." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philology. Journalism 24, no. 1 (February 20, 2024): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2024-24-1-85-89.
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In the novel Red Country the famous British author Joe Abercrombie carries out a genre experiment combining in one book the features of such distant and incongruous genres as fantasy and Western. He constructs in his imaginary world a territory with all specific characteristics of a Western chronotopos and actively uses typical plot devices of the Western. But on the level of ideas the plot of Red Country comes into a conflict with the basic values of the Western, instilling the clichés borrowed from this genre with a unique author’s meaning. A good example of this is Abercrombie’s unexpected development of the subject of savageness and civilization. A conflict with savage Indians who must give way to the white man and his civilization is an obligatory part of Western ideology. The attitude to savages in Westerns has undergone some changes, but the opposition of savages and the civilized society remains unchanged. In Red Country Abercrombie uses traditional episodes of Indian attacks etc. according to the Western genre conventions, but afterwards he shows the relativity of the ideas of civilization and savageness themselves; since attributing these characteristics to one or the other group of characters depends exclusively on one’s point of view. The problems of the civilization of the Western kind are also highlighted: its coming leads to the destruction of the indigenous ways of life and brings about the reign of unscrupulous greed. Characters, portrayed as traditional savages in the beginning of the novel, are seen later already as bearers of dying ancient cultures. The fact that they are becoming extinct under the pressure of modern civilization does not bring any satisfaction, as a victory over savageness in a Western should do. This is achieved by actualizing the understanding of dying ancient cultures inherent to fantasy. Therefore, the novel Red Country reconsiders the genres of Western and fantasy and supports values of the modern multicultural and post-colonial society.
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Benati, Giacomo, and Camille Lecompte. "From Field Cards to Cuneiform Archives: Two Inscribed Artifacts from Archaic Ur and Their Archaeological Context." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 106, no. 1 (January 28, 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/za-2016-0001.
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Abstract:The two inscribed artifacts discussed in this article were excavated by C. L. Woolley during the seventh field campaign (1928–1929) at Tell al-Muqayyar, ancient Ur, Iraq. The objects were shipped to the British Museum of London in 1930 and 1935 and have never been published in print. These items are presented and analysed here through a review of their textual information, archaeological context, and associated material culture, using unpublished data from the Ur collection kept in the British Museum. This paper is part of a collaborative research project aiming at re-contextualizing the archaic texts from Ur.
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Ghalekhani, Golnar, and Leila Fatemi Bushehri. "The Analysis of Sacrificial Rituals in Iran Based on Avesta and Pahlavi Texts." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 73 (September 2016): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.73.29.
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Sacrifice is a ritual with an antiquity as long as history in all the areas of human civilization and it is a guide for understanding the ancient ideology of all millennia. This study is an attempt to illustrate a general scheme of sacrifice and its generative thoughts throughout old cultural eras of Iran. This paper tries to identify sacrifice in Iran by considering every details mentioned in religious texts. Due to the fact that Iran has been a land of coexistence of different tribes and cultures in history, and that the Iranian religion is a combination of native Iranian tribes, Elamite, Indo-European, Magus and Mazdeism beliefs it seems impracticable to segregate rituals to specific nations and epochs. Nevertheless, single Gnosticism finds a very unique and distinct position in Iranian religion. This research aims not only to collect the viewpoints, examples and Iranian religion documents about sacrifice but to be a manifestation of the dynamics of Iranian thought.
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Hussain, Chaman. ""The Riches of Ancient Pakistan: A Magnet for Invaders throughout History"." Global Sociological Review VIII, no. I (March 30, 2023): 306–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2023(viii-i).31.
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This research article delves into the historical narrative of ancient Pakistan, a region consistently sought after by invaders due to its abundant resources. Encompassing present-day Pakistan and parts of northern India, it has been a focal point for invasions and migrations over millennia. Its allure can be attributed to fertile lands, rivers, and mineral wealth supporting flourishing civilizations like the Indus Valley and Mauryan empires. Early invasions by Aryan tribes, Alexander's conquest, and Ashoka's Mauryan Empire marked significant chapters in the region's history. Islamic conquests in the 7th and 8th centuries introduced a new era, leading to the establishment of Islamic empires. The Mughals, drawn by the region's potential, brought cultural fusion. In the 19th century, British colonization further underlined its significance. This article highlights ancient Pakistan's enduring appeal, as a land of abundant resources and cultural diversity that has continuously attracted invaders, shaping the region's history and its role in human civilization.
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Pathania, Ashok Kumar, Dr Anshu Raj Purohit, and Dr Subhash Verma. "Rewriting the Early Indigenous Struggle: Oscar and Lucinda and Remembering Babylon." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Configuration 2, no. 4 (October 28, 2022): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52984/ijomrc2403.
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Remembering Babylon and Oscar and Lucinda, are the result of the Aboriginals’ movements, resistance and literature that appear after 1950s. Peter Carey’s Oscar and Lucinda and David Malouf’s Remembering Babylon, reflect the historically left issues of the early Aboriginals’ struggle when they came into contact with the European civilization. Both the texts, transcribe the images of early European’s settlement in Australia and their colonial blue print of dealing with native geography, nature and humans. The analysis of the texts concludes that among British’s well planned reasons of the colonization of Australia the economic factors were most dominating. The other dominating factors were the transplantation of the European settlers to the continent so that Australian land could be dominated by the white race which again had economic basis for the British. All these factors appear devastating for the Aboriginals’ centuries’ old existence in the continent. Keywords: History, aboriginals, settlement, colonial acts, policies
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Akbar, Reza. "SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN ILMU FALAK DALAM PERADABAN INDIA DAN KETERKAITANNYA DENGAN ISLAM." Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura 17, no. 1 (August 1, 2017): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v17i1.1511.
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Although it is acknowledged that Islamic astronomy developed very rapidly during the Abbasid period (750-1258 AD), it should be noted that before the advancement of astronomy of the Islamic world, Muslim scholars of the time were very incentive to translate astronomical books from other nations, one of them was from India. There were at least two factors that led to the emergence and development of astronomical science in pre-Islamic Indian civilization. The first, the teachings of Hinduism that made the sun as the ruler and source of life. The second, the influence of civilization from other nations such as Egypt, Persia, and Greece. In pre-Islamic times, there were a number of names of historical figures of Indian astronomy namely Lagadha, Yajnavalkya (800-900 BC), Aitareya Brahmana (about 900-800 BC), Aryabhata (476-550 AD), Varahamihira (499-587 AD) Brahmagupta (598-668 AD), Bhaskara II (1114-1185 AD), and Nilakantha Somayaji (1444-1544 AD). While in Islam, there was a number of names namely Mulla Farid, Mulla Chand, Mulla Tayyib, Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri (1606-1651 AD), Ghulam Hussain Jaunpuri (1790-1862 AD) and others. The results of civilization of Indian astronomy is clearly visible with the ancient astronomical texts, the concept of the universe, the Hindu calendar, observatory, zij (astronomical tables), and astronomical tools such as gnomon, Yasti Yantra, Ghati Yantra, astrolabe, and others.
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Pedersen, Olaf. "Greek Astronomers and Their Neighbours." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 91 (1987): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100105871.
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In Europe it has been customary to regard the ancient Greeks as our intellectual ancestors. Greek science was seen as the fountainhead from which modern European science ultimately derived both its existence and its characteristic features. This was not a completely empty idea. Each time a modern astronomer mentions a planet, the perigee and apogee of its orbit, its periods and their various anomalies, he is using so many Greek words. Moreover, until about a hundred years ago the extant works of the Greeks were the earliest scientific texts known to European scholars so that Greek science acquired a unique position in the European mind,and that ancient Greek culture in general became ‘classical’ and thus an ideal model or pattern for civilization as such. In consequence, the traditional European History of Science became an account of how science arose among the Greeks, how it penetrated into other cultural areas, and how it was sometimes eclipsed and again reborn in one of the so-called ‘renaissances’ of which European historians are so fond to speak.
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Medjiten, Abdelhak. "" المصادر التاريخية للنصوص المقدسة "كتاب التوراة نموذجا." Traduction et Langues 16, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/translang.v16i2.842.
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The Historical Resources of Sacred Texts The case of Torah
The Bible is the most controversial sacred text, it is the material support of an important and ancient part of the religious and cultural heritage of all humanity. This is the text that has been transmitted by successive generations for more than three thousand years. It is historical record of human culture and civilization since the dawn of history, it brings a balance between religious and archeological and literary reveals many secrets of the cultural and social life of the human being in an era past, and reveals a milestone in the history of the spiritual life of the human being, is the scene of heavenly religions. It is the link between two distinct and interdependent stages of the spiritual life of man: the stage of pagan religions and the stage of celestial religions. It is simply the most sacred and most dominant book of its followers and detractors since the dawn of history. It has been and continues to be the subject of ongoing debates whose texts raise innumerable cognitive problems.
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Gojković, Ranko. "The State Vocation of Russian Literature." Two centuries of Russian classics 5, no. 4 (2023): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2686-7494-2023-5-4-6-15.
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In the article, the author turns to the Orthodox origins of Russian iterature and its connections with the patriotic traditions of Russian statehood. Using the example of classical works of Russian writers, the author explores the key issues of Russian civilization, the confrontation between the Orthodox Slavic world and the West, the religious meaning and vocation of art. The work notes the importance of the classics’ understanding of the process of Christianization of Russian life, their understanding of a possible crisis of faith and life in the event of the loss of real spiritual and moral guidelines by the overwhelming majority of citizens. The article notes the connection between Russian classics and the patristic heritage, emphasizes individual evangelical motifs in the texts of famous writers, and emphasizes the focus of classical works of Russian literature not on escaping the world, but on active service to humanity. The author of the article shares his observations on the texts of ancient Russian literature, which he is currently translating into Serbian.
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Qu, Feng. "Anthropology and Historiography: A Deconstructive Analysis of K. C. Chang’s Shamanic Approach in Chinese Archaeology." Numen 64, no. 5-6 (September 28, 2017): 497–544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341478.
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Abstract The hypothesis of ancient Chinese shamanism popularized by K. C. Chang in the 1980s has long been one of the central problems in the study of Chinese archaeology. By examining the structures that constitute Chang’s shamanic framework, this article argues that the problem centers around two major issues. The first is that Chang follows a tradition in Chinese academic historiography of using late historical texts to interpret Neolithic and Bronze Age materials. The second is that, in order to explore the dynamics of the formation of Chinese civilization, he employs Western theories in his construction of the history of shamanism. This article discusses the problems associated with using textual materials for interpretations of archaeological finds. It also discusses “substratum theory,” the way in which it influenced Chang’s understanding of shamanic civilization, and the manner in which Western anthropological theory was incorporated into Chang’s historiographical model. Accordingly, the author concludes that this shamanism problem in Chinese archaeology actually stems from a mixture of the Chinese historiographical tradition and Western anthropological theories, which together make Chang’s writing develop a meta-narrative that leads directly to two characteristics: generalization and polymorphism.