Journal articles: 'Anchorages'

1

Wei, Xing, and Jun Li. "Theoretical and Experimental Study on Cable-to-Irder Anchorages in Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridges with Steel Box Girder." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 1315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.1315.

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Cable anchorages are among the most important elements in a cable-stayed bridge, which are complex in structure and bear heavy load. There are three main forms in anchorage zone between girder and cable in modern long-span cable-stayed bridge with steel box girder, which are ear-plate form, anchor-box form and anchor-plate form. Combining theoretical analysis with the static test, static behavior and stress transfer pathway of three typical cable-to-girder anchorages were analyzed, and the differences of stress distribution and stress concentration among anchorage zones were pointed out. Based on the Von.Mises strength criterion, bearing safety of three typical cable-to-girder anchorages was evaluated. Finally, the measures to reform stress distribution and reduce stress concentration are discussed. Some useful conclusions were obtained, which would benefit the design of cable-to-girder anchorages.

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Huang, Fei Xin, Hai Bo Jiang, Chun Gen Wei, Shi Wu Ouyang, and Xiang Long. "The Finite Element Analysis of the End Anchorage under Larger Prestressing Load in Rehabilitation Engineering." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 4395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.4395.

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Anchorages are the most important structure in the bridge’s rehabilitation engineering under external prestressing load, whose stress distribution is complex, it is necessary to carry out a detailed and careful structure analysis of anchorages. The inspection and strengthening design of an extra-large Bridge in Dongpu of Guangzhou City was taken for the background in the paper, the longitudinal stress, transverse stress and vertical stress of the end anchorage were given before and after adding concrete block, through finite element analysis of the end anchorage under larger prestressing load and the results of calculation of the anchorage were analyzed, it was showed that the strengthened effect of the end anchorage had been very obvious after concrete block was added. At the same time it was found that there were still some deficiencies on the end anchorage after concrete was added and the suggestions of the local strengthening of the end anchorage were proposed. It is helpful and referenced for the design of similar anchorage.

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Wang, Wen Yuan, Guo Lei Tang, Zi Jian Guo, Xiang Qun Song, and Peng Cheng Du. "Study on the Impact of Inner Anchorage on Waterway Traffic Capacity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (October 2013): 2013–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.2013.

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As the number of calling ships in container terminals rises, waterways in some harbors have become the major constraint to the overall performance of the ports service. By constructing anchorages, the congestion that happens frequently in harbor can be effectively eased, thus the traffic capacity is greatly enhanced. The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of anchorage number on waterway traffic capacity and provide theoretical foundation when deciding the anchorage scale. A simulation method with consideration of anchorages is adopted to analyze the vessels entering and departing process in coastal container terminal. Results show that waterway traffic capacity and anchorage number are polynomial correlated, waterway traffic capacity increases with the growth of anchorage number and ceases when beyond a certain level. It will be of great help to serve the planning and constructing ports and terminals.

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Bujňáková, Petra. "Anchorage System in Old Post-Tensioned Precast Bridges." Civil and Environmental Engineering 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2020-0038.

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AbstractThe first precast post-tensioned bridges in Slovakia are approaching 60 years of their service life. Facing an aging infrastructure, it is necessary to assess their present structural condition and residual life expectancy. Different types and methods of anchorage system were developed and available for first post-tensioned bridges around the world. The reliability and functionality of anchorages contribute to the proper behaviour of post-tensioning system. The considerable effect of aggressive environment (frost, chloride salts, humidity) and environmental load (CO2) leads to corrosion of anchorages and prestressing steel with the risk of a sudden unexpected damage to bridge. The research work deals into finding more details of this structural part. During the demolition of damaged post-tensioned bridges built in 1960s several anchorages were removed and analysed. The material properties, size parameters and performed tensile tests of a wedge anchorage system are summarised in this paper. The findings from this study can be used as input parameters for numerical simulation and durability assessment of similar aged existing post-tensioned bridges.

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Ryu, Ji-In, Seoung-Won Cho, So-Hee Oh, In-Young Park, Ju-Won Kim, Soo-Hwan Byun, and Byoung-Eun Yang. "A Novel Approach Using Customized Miniplates as Skeletal Anchorage Devices in Growing Class III Patients: A Case Report." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 4067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124067.

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Facemasks using tooth-borne anchorages have been used primarily for the treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary undergrowth. However, when using a tooth as an anchorage, if the stability of the tooth used as an anchor is weak, the anchoring function may fail as the tooth tilts. Meanwhile, the use of skeletal anchorages such as implants, mini-implants, and mini-plates has been claimed to minimize the side effects of using dental anchorage. This case report describes the treatment of a six-year-old male patient with Class III malocclusion, presenting maxillary undergrowth and mandibular prognathism. Due to the mobility of the anchoring primary teeth, a device using dental anchorage was replaced with that using customized skeletal anchorage for the treatment. Customized guides and miniplates for the surgery were fabricated in advance through a computer-assisted system, in order to avoid possible damage to the adjacent tooth buds. The customized plates were accurately and passively placed on the intended part, showing the desired outcome.

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Kryvko, Andriy, Erick Juán Bautista González, and Didier Samayoa Ochoa. "Failure analysis of anchorage of cable-stayed bridge with internal defects." Science Progress 104, no. 3 (July 2021): 003685042110414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504211041481.

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The influence of the internal defects in the anchorages of cable-stayed bridges, generated either during the fabrication process or due to the usage time on their mechanical properties and failure probability is studied. Internal defects were distributed according to the probability density functions of types, sizes, quantities, and locations obtained from the experimental studies. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is applied to simulate the behaviour of the anchorages with and without internal defects under external forces, which affect the bridge, such as wind and traffic. It was shown that the mechanical properties of the anchorage without internal defects are in the range of its application, but in the case of an anchorage with internal defects, approximately 0.1% of the observed maximum stresses approximate the yield stress. The latter could result in permanent material deformation or fracture. The probability of failure of an anchorage is discussed.

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Wolff, Jonas O., and Marie E. Herberstein. "Three-dimensional printing spiders: back-and-forth glue application yields silk anchorages with high pull-off resistance under varying loading situations." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 127 (February 2017): 20160783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0783.

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The anchorage of structures is a crucial element of construction, both for humans and animals. Spiders use adhesive plaques to attach silk threads to substrates. Both biological and artificial adhesive structures usually have an optimal loading angle, and are prone to varying loading situations. Silk anchorages, however, must cope with loading in highly variable directions. Here we show that the detachment forces of thread anchorages of orb-web spiders are highly robust against pulling in different directions. This is gained by a two-step back-and-forth spinning pattern during the rapid production of the adhesive plaque, which shifts the thread insertion point towards the plaque centre and forms a flexible tree root-like network of branching fibres around the loading point. Using a morphometric approach and a tape-and-thread model we show that neither area, nor width of the plaque, but the shift of the loading point towards the plaque centre has the highest effect on pull-off resistance. This is explained by a circular propagation of the delamination crack with a low peeling angle. We further show that silken attachment discs are highly directional and adjusted to provide maximal performance in the upstream dragline. These results show that the way the glue is applied, crucially enhances the toughness of the anchorage without the need of additional material intake. This work is a starting point to study the evolution of tough and universal thread anchorages among spiders, and to develop bioinspired ‘instant’ anchorages of thread- and cable-like structures to a broad bandwidth of substrates.

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Kabantsev, Oleg, and Mikhail Kovalev. "Failure Mechanisms and Parameters of Elastoplastic Deformations of Anchorage in a Damaged Concrete Base under Seismic Loading." Buildings 12, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12010078.

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The article addresses mechanisms of anchorage failure in a concrete base studied within the framework of physical experiments. The authors investigated the most frequently used types of anchors, such as the cast-in-place and post-installed ones. The anchorages were studied under static and dynamic loading, similar to the seismic type. During the experiments, the post-earthquake condition of a concrete base was simulated. Within the framework of the study, the authors modified the values of such parameters, such as the anchor embedment depth, anchor steel strength, base concrete class, and base crack width. As a result of the experimental studies, the authors identified all possible failure mechanisms for versatile types of anchorages, including steel and concrete cone failures, anchor slippage at the interface with the base concrete (two types of failure mechanisms were identified), as well as the failure involving the slippage of the adhesive composition at the interface with the concrete of the anchor embedment area. The data obtained by the authors encompasses total displacements in the elastic and plastic phases of deformation, values of the bearing capacity for each type of anchorage, values of the bearing capacity reduction, and displacements following multi-cyclic loading compared to static loading. As a result of the research, the authors identified two types of patterns that anchorages follow approaching the limit state: elastic-brittle and elastoplastic mechanisms. The findings of the experimental research allowed the authors to determine the plasticity coefficients for the studied types of anchors and different failure mechanisms. The research findings can be used to justify seismic load reduction factors to be further used in the seismic design of anchorages.

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Long, Zhe, Zhi-xin Yan, and Chun-bo Liu. "Shear Effects on the Anchorage Interfaces and Seismic Responses of a Rock Slope Containing a Weak Layer under Seismic Action." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (April 30, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1424167.

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The shear effects on the anchorage interfaces under seismic action is a key problem requiring urgent investigation in the field of rock and soil anchorages. In this paper, the model of rock slope with a weak layer was constructed by pouring, and the large-scale shaking table model test was completed. The shear strain on the anchorage interfaces and the acceleration of the slope were collected using built measurement systems. The shear effects on the two anchorage interfaces (a bolt-grout interface and a grout-rock interface) and seismic responses of the slope under seismic action were investigated. The distribution laws of the shear stress on the two anchorage interfaces along the axial direction of the bolt under seismic action were gained. The variations of the peak acceleration amplification coefficient on the slope surface, the magnitude, and the growth rate of peak shear stress on the anchorage interfaces under seismic action with different excitation directions and intensities were obtained. Furthermore, the positive relationship between the shear effect on the anchorage interfaces and the seismic response of slope was revealed. This study provides support for theoretical research, numerical simulation analysis, and aseismic design of rock and soil anchorages under dynamic conditions.

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10

Manea, A. M., M. D. Iozsa, C. Stan, and A. Ioniţă. "Finite element analysis for testing safety-belt anchorages." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1235, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1235/1/012048.

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Abstract The passive safety of the vehicle is ensured by designing optimized restraint systems to protect the occupants during the accident. The safety-belts have the role of restraining the occupants of the car on the seat during an impact or in the event of a rollover. Their retention prevents or minimizes the impact between the occupants and the interior components of the passenger compartment. Two simplified models of seat structures are proposed to determine the strength of the safety-belts anchorages. The test of the anchorage for safety-belts of the two seat models is performed in accordance with Regulation no. 14 UNECE. For the two seat models, a three-dimensional resistance structure was made. The 3D models of the seats were inserted in the FEA software. The analysis of the models is done by the finite element method with the Static Structural module of the FEA software. A tensile force is applied during the test on the safety-belts anchorages. The traction force shall be applied in the direction corresponding to the seating position, at an angle of 10°±5° above the horizontal, in a plane parallel to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle. During the tests the safety-belt anchorages shall withstand the entire period of application of the traction force and the upper safety-belt anchorage shall not be displaced during the test forward of a transverse plane passing through the R point of the seat.

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McKay, K. S., and M. A. Erki. "Grouted anchorages for aramid fibre reinforced plastic prestressing tendons." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 1065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-137.

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Nonmetallic prestressing tendons, made of fibre-reinforced composite materials, are being proposed as alternatives to steel prestressing tendons for bridges and parking garage structures, where corrosion is the leading cause of structural deterioration. One type of commercially available nonmetallic tendons is made of pultruded aramid fibres. One of the main problems for these tendons, which is common to all nonmetallic tendons, is that the high ratio of the axial to lateral strength of fibre-reinforced materials requires special attention to the type of anchorage used. For the aramid tendon, the simplest grouted anchorage consists of a steel tube filled with nonshrink grout, into which the end of the tendon is embedded. This note presents the test results of a parametric study on grouted anchorages for pultruded aramid tendons. Key words: prestressed concrete, nonmetallic tendons, aramid fibre, grouted anchorage.

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12

Piątek, Bartosz, Tomasz Siwowski, Jerzy Michałowski, and Stanisław Błażewicz. "Development of Bonded/Riveted Steel Anchorages of Prestressed CFRP Strips for Concrete Strengthening." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2020): 2217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102217.

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CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) strips are currently often used to strengthen reinforced concrete structures in flexure. In order to ensure effective strengthening, proper connection between FRP material and concrete structure is needed. CFRP strips can be applied passively (only by bonding to the concrete surface) or actively (by prestressing before bonding). In the case of passive strengthening, CFRP strips connecting by bonding to the surface along the strengthened element are usually sufficient. However, active (prestressing) CFRP strips should be additionally anchored at their ends. Anchoring of unidirectional CFRP strips to the reinforced concrete is difficult because of their weak properties in transverse directions. The paper presents a development of mechanical steel anchorages used in an active CFRP flexural strengthening system for reinforced concrete structures. The anchorages were made of steel plates connected to CFRP strips with steel rivets and epoxy adhesive. They were developed within series of tests on specimens from small-scale to full-scale tested in an axial tensile scheme. The paper describes successive modifications of the anchorages as well as the results of full-scale tests. The final version of the anchorage developed during the research had a tensile failure force of 185 kN, which is sufficient value for CFRP strengthening purposes.

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13

Keum, Moon Seoung, Jae Yoon Kang, Jong Sup Park, and Woo Tai Jung. "Performance Test of Swage Anchorage According to the Insert of CFRP Tendon." Key Engineering Materials 730 (February 2017): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.730.452.

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Despite of the numerous advantages offered by the CFRP tendon, there are still problems to be solved. Among them, finding an effective anchoring method considering the material properties of CFRP constitutes a typically pending problem. Being an orthotropic material, the CFRP tendon presents risk of breakage under forces acting perpendicularly to the direction of the fibers. This implies that a new type of anchor should be developed for the CFRP tendon since the anchorages used for conventional steel strands cannot be readily applied. Moreover, following the growing interest given to the CFRP tendon, research is being relentlessly conducted to develop dedicated anchorages with improved performance. Accordingly, this paper presents an experimental study on the anchor performance of the swage anchorage known to be the most compact among the various types of anchor. The tests revealed that the swage anchor without insert developed about 92% of the tensile strength of the CFRP tendon whereas the swage anchor with metallic winding insert developed 100% of the tensile strength. From these results, it appears that the anchorage with outer diameter of 24 mm develops anchor performance higher than 95% of the tensile performance of the CFRP tendon and can potentially be exploited for post-tensioning.

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Siwadamrongpong, Somsak, Supakit Rooppakhun, Natchaya Murachai, and Pakorn Burakorn. "Strength Analysis of the Seat Anchorages for Large Passenger Vehicles Using Finite Element Method." Advanced Materials Research 658 (January 2013): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.658.340.

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Since the vehicle accident is one of the major causes of dead and injury in Thailand, especially the large passenger vehicle. The seat anchorage was often damaged and lead to high number and critical of patient. To improve the safety of large passenger vehicle, seat anchorage should be investigated. The aim of this research was to analyze strength of seat anchorages for the bus according to European standard ECE Regulation 80 using finite element method and DOE(Design of Experimental) approach. In this study, the boundary conditions on finite element model of seat structure were defined according to the regulation. It is expected that the simulation techniques could be advantaged for seat anchorage analysis. This result will be used for further improvement of the bus seat anchorage design for safety and cost reduction in design processes.

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Claro, Cristiane Aparecida de Assis, Rosana Villela Chagas, Ana Christina Elias Claro Neves, and Laís Regiane da Silva-Concílio. "Comparative photoelastic study of dental and skeletal anchorages in the canine retraction." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 19, no. 1 (January 2014): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2176-9451.19.1.100-105.oar.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare dental and skeletal anchorages in mandibular canine retraction by means of a stress distribution analysis. METHODS: A photoelastic model was produced from second molar to canine, without the first premolar, and mandibular canine retraction was simulated by a rubber band tied to two types of anchorage: dental anchorage, in the first molar attached to adjacent teeth, and skeletal anchorage with a hook simulating the mini-implant. The forces were applied 10 times and observed in a circular polariscope. The stresses located in the mandibular canine were recorded in 7 regions. The Mann-Whitney test was employed to compare the stress in each region and between both anchorage systems. The stresses in the mandibular canine periradicular regions were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: Stresses were similar in the cervical region and the middle third. In the apical third, the stresses associated with skeletal anchorage were higher than the stresses associated with dental anchorage. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the highest stresses were identified in the cervical-distal, apical-distal, and apex regions with the use of dental anchorage, and in the apical-distal, apical-mesial, cervical-distal, and apex regions with the use of skeletal anchorage. CONCLUSIONS: The use of skeletal anchorage in canine retraction caused greater stress in the apical third than the use of dental anchorage, which indicates an intrusive component resulting from the direction of the force due to the position of the mini-implant and the bracket hook of the canine.

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Harmanci, Yunus Emre, Julien Michels, Christoph Czaderski, Roman Loser, and Eleni Chatzi. "Long-term residual anchorage resistance of gradient anchorages for prestressed CFRP strips." Composites Part B: Engineering 139 (April 2018): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.11.062.

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LITTLEJOHN, GS. "GROUND ANCHORAGES: CORROSION PERFORMANCE." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 82, no. 3 (June 1987): 645–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1987.328.

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Mazhari, Marzieh, Mehrnaz Moradinejad, Mohsen Mazhary, Atefe Rekabi, and Vahid Rakhshan. "Effects of Rigid and Nonrigid Connections between the Miniscrew and Anchorage Tooth on Dynamics, Efficacy, and Adverse Effects of Maxillary Second Molar Protraction: A Finite Element Analysis." BioMed Research International 2022 (October 14, 2022): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4714347.

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Introduction. Direct, rigid indirect, and nonrigid indirect absolute anchorages using temporary anchorage devices (TADs, mini-implants/miniscrews) can provide promising opportunities for challenging, yet common, orthodontic tooth movements such as molar protraction. Rigid rectangular wire and ligature wire are the most common methods of attaching a tooth to a miniscrew in indirect anchorages. We aimed to provide a comparison of the rigidity of the connecting wire in terms of stress on the miniscrew, the anchorage loss, and the risk of root resorption using finite element analysis (FEA). Methods. The maxillary right second molar was protracted into the proximal space at a 150 g load (1) using direct absolute anchorage with a tapered miniscrew implanted between the premolar roots and using indirect absolute anchorage with the second premolar reinforced by the miniscrew through (2) a rigid stainless steel (SS) wire or (3) a nonrigid SS ligature wire (4) at different elastic moduli. Stresses and displacements of 4 models’ elements were measured. The risk of external root resorption was evaluated. Results. Connecting the tooth to the miniscrew using rigid full-size wire (model 2) compared to ligature (model 3) can give better control of the anchorage (using the ligature wire, the anchorage loss is 1.5 times larger than the rectangular wire) and may reduce the risk of root resorption of the anchorage unit. However, the risk of miniscrew failure increases with a rigid connection, although it is still lower than with direct anchorage. The miniscrew stress when using a ligature is approximately 30% of the rigid model using the rectangular wire. The miniscrew stress using the rectangular wire is approximately 82.4% of the miniscrew stress in the direct model. Parametric analysis shows that the higher the elastic modulus of the miniscrew-tooth connecting wire in the indirect anchorage, the less the anchorage loss/palatal rotation of the premolars/and the risk of root resorption of the anchorage teeth and instead the stress on the miniscrew increases. Conclusions. Direct anchorage (followed by rigid indirect anchorage but not nonrigid) might be recommended when the premolars should not be moved or premolar root resorption is a concern. Miniscrew loosening risk might be the highest in direct anchorage and lowest in nonrigid indirect anchorage (which might be recommended for poor bone densities).

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Usui, Hideo. "Navigating Between Anchored Ships and Manoeuvering Difficulty." Journal of Navigation 55, no. 2 (May 2002): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463302001777.

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When anchorages are arranged in a harbour, the manoeuvering difficulty of a ship navigating between anchored ships should be considered. However, until now, nobody has researched how to design the arrangement of anchorages from the viewpoint of manoeuvering difficulty. In this paper, the relationship between the arrangement of anchorages and manoeuvering difficulty is systematically analysed by applying the Environmental Stress Model to the problems of a ship navigating between anchored ships. Based on this analysis, a method of designing the arrangement of anchorages is considered that ensures manoeuvering difficulty is at an acceptable level for mariners. The distance needed between the anchored ships has been proposed to accord with the length of the navigating ship and the mean length of anchored ships.

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Estes, K. "The Whittier Narrows, California Earthquake of October 1, 1987—Ticor Title Insurance Building Damage." Earthquake Spectra 4, no. 2 (May 1988): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585475.

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The Ticor Title Insurance Building was a recently designed building that was significantly damaged by the recent October 1, 1987 Whittier Narrows Earthquake. The building experienced shear wall failures, floor and roof diaphragm failures, as well as failures of spandrel panel anchorages. The damage is chronicled by photographs in this article. This building, which is constructed chiefly of precast elements, shows the importance of tying together adequately different parts of a building. Special attention to building configuration, building deflection, connection and anchorage details is recommended.

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Oliveira, Hiskell Fernandes Fernandes e., Cleidiel Araujo Lemos, Ronaldo Silva Cruz, Victor Eduardo de Souza Batista, Rodrigo Capalbo da Silva, and Fellippo Ramos Verri. "Different bone anchorages for Morse taper implants with different lengths in maxilla anterior: An in silico analysis." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 9 (August 3, 2021): e57010917729. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.17729.

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This study aimed to evaluate the stress distribution in bone tissue, in Morse tapper implants and components supporting a single crown in the maxillary anterior area, under different bone anchorages (conventional, bicortical and bicortical with nasal floor elevation) and implant lengths (8.5 mm, 10 mm and 11.5 mm) using 3D finite element analyses. Three 3D models including element #11 were simulated using software InVesalius, Rhinoceros 3D and SolidWorks. Bone block models were reconstructed from computed tomography and simulated the placement of one implant of 4 mm of diameter and lengths above mentioned, supporting cemented zirconia crown. The 3D models were processed by the finite element FEMAP and NeiNastran software, using a load of 178N were applied at 0º, 30º and 60º, considering the implant long axis. Results were visualized as the von Mises stress, maximum principal stress and microstrain maps. Bicortical bone anchorages showed lower stress and microstrain bone tissue when compared to conventional bone anchorage. However, no differences were observed between bicortical and nasal floor elevation. Regarding implants and components, the stress distribution was similar between models with little stress relief in the apical region of the implants for implants with conventional anchorage. The conclusion drawn from this study is that non-axial loading showed worse biomechanical behavior for bone tissue and implants/components. The bicortical techniques (bicortical and nasal floor elevation) should be preferred during the implant placement to reduce the stress and microstrain in the bone tissue.

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Cheng, Yong Gang. "Slope Anchoring Technology in China: State of the Art Report and its Prospect." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.26.

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Anchoring technology is an engineering research focus for its successful application in practice and huge economic benefits in slope stabilizing. To construct an anchorage, all steps are in the same importance and any mistake may cause an entire failure. In order to promote the combination of the applications and the theoretical studies of slope anchoring, the theoretical results, practical utilities and quality-control methods on slope anchoring in recent 20 years were discussed in this paper. The load transfer mechanism of anchorage body and the active mechanism of ground anchorages were detailed mentioned. As to practical utilities, the construction standardization, anchorage type, grouting, corrosion prevention, and other techniques were presented. When it comes to quality controlling, some discussions on anchorage field experiments, long-term monitoring, and non-destructive examination were carried out. Finally, some suggestions are proposed on open questions about theoretical study, practical utility, quality controlling.

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Choi, Kyu-Hyung, and Byeong-Cheol Lho. "Study on Bursting Stress in Anchorage Zone of Prestressed Concrete Using Circular Anchorages." Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection 19, no. 1 (January 30, 2015): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11112/jksmi.2015.19.1.003.

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Manea, A. M., D. Iozsa, C. Stan, and A. Ioniță. "Experimental test to determine the strength of the seat belt anchorages." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1220, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1220/1/012050.

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Abstract Experimental tests on the type-approval of motor vehicles with regard to safety belt anchorages, ISOFIX anchorages and ISOFIX top anchorages have been carried out in accordance with Regulation No. 14 UNECE [1]. From the design stage, the safety belt anchorages must comply with the requirements for the installation of a safety belt and reduce slipping and damage to the belt while wearing it. These can be components of the seat structure or of the body’s resistance structure, which have the role of fastening the seat belts. The position of the anchor points is determined by the R point. The R point is defined as the seat reference point on the seat. This point is set by the vehicle manufacturer for each seat in the vehicle. In this paper, two models of chairs were tested. Both seat models are equipped with seat belts anchored at three anchor points. Seat belt anchorages were tested simultaneously using parallel force devices. These traction devices are placed on the seat cushion and are pressed into the seat back. The pulling device has a vertical pulling arm, which has the role of anchoring the steel wire cables. Two test forces are applied simultaneously to the anchor points during the test.

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Debnath, Ashim Kumar, and Hoong Chor Chin. "Modelling Collision Potentials in Port Anchorages: Application of the Navigational Traffic Conflict Technique (NTCT)." Journal of Navigation 69, no. 1 (July 10, 2015): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463315000521.

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Despite the extent of works done on modelling port water collisions, not much research effort has been devoted to modelling collisions at port anchorages. This paper aims to fill this important gap in the literature by applying the Navigation Traffic Conflict Technique (NTCT) to measuring the collision potentials in anchorages and for examining the factors contributing to collisions. Building on the principles of the NTCT, a collision potential measurement model and a collision potential prediction model were developed. These models were illustrated by using vessel movement data of the anchorages in Singapore port waters. Results showed that the measured collision potentials are in close agreement with those perceived by harbour pilots. Higher collision potentials were found in anchorages attached to the shoreline and international fairways, but not at those attached to confined water. Higher operating speeds, larger numbers of isolated danger marks and day conditions were associated with reduction in the collision potentials.

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MITCHELL, JM. "GROUND ANCHORAGES: SAFETY FACTOR SELECTION." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 82, no. 3 (June 1987): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1987.323.

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Geddes, James D., and E. J. Murray. "Passive Inclined Anchorages in Sand." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 117, no. 5 (May 1991): 810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1991)117:5(810).

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Barley, A. D. "Ten thousand anchorages in rock." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 26, no. 2 (March 1989): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(89)90235-0.

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Wirth, Marina, Jonas O. Wolff, Esther Appel, and Stanislav N. Gorb. "Ultrastructure of spider thread anchorages." Journal of Morphology 280, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 534–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20962.

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Paine, Michael. "Child restraints for cars in low and middle-income countries." Journal of Road Safety 31, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33492/jrs-d-19-00258.

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When used correctly, modern child restraints provide exceptional protection for children in car crashes. Most vehicles sold in high-income countries (HIC) have top tether anchorages and/or ISOFIX lower anchorages that are intended to reduce the incidence of misuse, in addition to improving occupant protection. Most vehicles in LMIC do not have these features and many do not have seat belts in rear seats or have inferior lap-only seat belts in these seats. Children in these vehicles are at much greater risk of severe injury in the event of a crash. This paper examines ways to safely restrain children in these ill-equipped vehicles, mainly through retrofitting child restraint anchorages and seat belts.

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Lajevardi, S. H., L. Briançon, and D. Dias. "Experimental studies of the geosynthetic anchorage – Effect of geometric parameters and efficiency of anchorages." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 42, no. 5 (October 2014): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2014.07.010.

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Pham, Quang-Quang, Ngoc-Loi Dang, and Jeong-Tae Kim. "Smart PZT-Embedded Sensors for Impedance Monitoring in Prestressed Concrete Anchorage." Sensors 21, no. 23 (November 27, 2021): 7918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21237918.

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This study investigates the feasibility evaluation of smart PZT-embedded sensors for impedance-based damage monitoring in prestressed concrete (PSC) anchorages. Firstly, the concept of impedance-based damage monitoring for the concrete anchorage is concisely introduced. Secondly, a prototype design of PZT-embedded rebar and aggregate (so-called smart rebar–aggregate) is chosen to sensitively acquire impedance responses-induced local structural damage in anchorage members. Thirdly, an axially loaded concrete cylinder embedded with the smart rebar–aggregate is numerically and experimentally analyzed to investigate their performances of impedance monitoring. Additionally, empirical equations are formulated to represent the relationships between measured impedance signatures and applied compressive stresses. Lastly, an experimental test on a full-scale concrete anchorage embedded with smart rebar–aggregates at various locations is performed to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed method. For a sequence of loading cases, the variation in impedance responses is quantified to evaluate the accuracy of smart rebar–aggregate sensors. The empirical equations formulated based on the axially loaded concrete cylinder are implemented to predict compressive stresses at sensor locations in the PSC anchorage.

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Gora, Abdurra’uf Mukhtar, Jayaprakash Jaganathan, Mohammed Parvez Anwar, and Hau Y. Leung. "Flexural capacity of bi-directional GFRP strengthened RC beams with end anchorages." International Journal of Structural Integrity 10, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 188–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-04-2018-0021.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the results of experimental and theoretical studies on the flexural capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened using externally bonded bi-directional glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites and different end anchorage systems. Design/methodology/approach A series of nine RC beams with a length of 1,600 mm and a cross-section of 200 mm depth and 100 mm width were prepared and externally strengthened in flexure with bi-directional GFRP composites. These strengthened beams were anchored with three different end anchorage systems namely closed GFRP wraps, GFRP U-wraps and mechanical anchors. All these beams were tested with four-point bending system up to failure. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical results obtained using the relevant design guidelines. Findings The experimental results demonstrate a significant increase in the flexural performance of the GFRP strengthened beams with regard to the ultimate load carrying capacity and stiffness. The results also show that GFRP strengthened beams without end anchorages experienced intermediate concrete debonding failure at the GFRP plate end, whereas all the GFRP strengthened beams with different end anchorage systems failed in rupture of GFRP with concrete crushing. The theoretical results revealed no significant difference among the relevant design guidelines with regard to the predicted ultimate moment capacities of the bi-directional GFRP strengthened RC beams. However, the results show that ACI Committee 440 Report (2008) design recommendation provides reasonably acceptable predictions for the ultimate moment capacities of the tested beams strengthened externally with bi-directional GFRP reinforcement followed by FIB Bulletin 14 (2001) and eventually by JSCE (1997). Originality/value The research work presented in this manuscript is authentic and could contribute to the understanding of the overall behaviour of RC beams strengthened with FRP and different end anchorage systems under flexural loading.

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Gálvez, Jaime C., Manuel Elices Calafat, and Miguel A. Olivares. "Damage Tolerance in Civil Engineering Components: Implementation to an Anchorage." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.73.

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The use of the damage tolerance concept is growing in the design of civil engineering structures. The aim of this paper is to provide some guides to help designing anchorages according to the damage tolerance concept. The paper shows the importance of the small defects, idealized like small cracks, in the structural integrity of these elements. The Stress Intensity Factors (SIFs) induced by small cracks in an anchor head of post-tensioned strand anchorage system are calculated. The study includes the evaluation of the influence of the shape of the anchor head on the SIF. The numerical predictions are compared with experimental results of ½ scaled specimens of Poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA).

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Wolff, Jonas O., Arie van der Meijden, and Marie E. Herberstein. "Distinct spinning patterns gain differentiated loading tolerance of silk thread anchorages in spiders with different ecology." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1859 (July 19, 2017): 20171124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1124.

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Building behaviour in animals extends biological functions beyond bodies. Many studies have emphasized the role of behavioural programmes, physiology and extrinsic factors for the structure and function of buildings. Structure attachments associated with animal constructions offer yet unrealized research opportunities. Spiders build a variety of one- to three-dimensional structures from silk fibres. The evolution of economic web shapes as a key for ecological success in spiders has been related to the emergence of high performance silks and thread coating glues. However, the role of thread anchorages has been widely neglected in those models. Here, we show that orb-web (Araneidae) and hunting spiders (Sparassidae) use different silk application patterns that determine the structure and robustness of the joint in silk thread anchorages. Silk anchorages of orb-web spiders show a greater robustness against different loading situations, whereas the silk anchorages of hunting spiders have their highest pull-off resistance when loaded parallel to the substrate along the direction of dragline spinning. This suggests that the behavioural ‘printing' of silk into attachment discs along with spinneret morphology was a prerequisite for the evolution of extended silk use in a three-dimensional space. This highlights the ecological role of attachments in the evolution of animal architectures.

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Littlejohn, S., and D. Mothersille. "Maintenance and monitoring of anchorages: guidelines." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 161, no. 2 (April 2008): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.2008.161.2.93.

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LITTLEJOHN, GS, DA GREENWOOD, TH HANNA, JM MITCHELL, and AR DAWSON. "INFORMAL DISCUSSION. GROUND ANCHORAGES - CASE HISTORIES." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 78, no. 6 (December 1985): 1500–1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1985.1073.

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Wang, Wei, Li Huang, Ji Ma, Qu Wei, and Zhaoxia Guo. "Optimizing the Number of Anchorages Based on Simulation Model of Port-channel-anchorage Composite System." Journal of Coastal Research 85 (May 2018): 1366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si85-274.1.

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MASUO, Kiyoshi, Masato ADACHI, and Hiroyuki TAGAWA. "ANCHORAGE STRENGTH AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF REINFORCEMENT IN R/C SUB-BEAM USING MECHANICAL ANCHORAGES." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 73, no. 631 (2008): 1625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.73.1625.

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Li, Shao Jun, Xia Ting Feng, and Bing Rui Chen. "Stress Testing of Individual Steel Strands in a Multiple-Cable Single Borehole Anchorage for Geotechnical Engineering." Key Engineering Materials 340-341 (June 2007): 1351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.340-341.1351.

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Multiple-cable single borehole anchorages are widely used in China, accepted and regarded as a very effective method for slope protection, landslide remediation and foundation ditch support. This paper presents a new method for testing tensional stresses of individual steel strands within anchor cables in single boreholes. A rig has been designed to permit testing of cables within a single borehole, including two special features: a metal plate that distributes tension between strands of a cable and a sensing device that measures the stress in each individual strand. The feasibility of the method has been demonstrated by an in situ tensional stress test on anchor cables at a landslide remediation site that successfully measured the forces on individual steel strands fastened to different anchorage segments within a borehole. The steel cable strands displayed nonlinear extension characteristics; and the length of anchorage segments and grout strength met design criteria. The results confirm that this design of anchorage is satisfactory and can provide valuable data for future design and construction.

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Sayed-Ahmed, Ezzeldin Y., and Nigel G. Shrive. "A new steel anchorage system for post-tensioning applications using carbon fibre reinforced plastic tendons." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-054.

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During the past half century, the use of prestressing in different structures has increased tremendously. One of the most important techniques of prestressing is post-tensioning. The main problem associated with post-tensioning in different structures is the corrosion of the prestressing steel tendons even with well-protected steel. New materials, fibre reinforced plastics or polymers (FRP), which are more durable than steel, can be used for these tendons/strands and thus overcome the corrosion problem. However, different shortcomings appear when FRP tendons are introduced to post-tensioning prestressing applications. For carbon fibre plastic tendons (CFRP), there is no suitable anchorage system for post-tensioning applications. Some of the anchorages developed by others for use with FRPs are therefore described and assessed. A new anchorage system developed by the authors, which can be used with bonded or unbonded CFRP tendons in post-tensioning applications, is described. The results of direct tension and fatigue tests on CFRPs anchored with the new system are presented.Key words: anchorage system, cyclic loading, fatigue, fibre reinforced plastics, finite element analysis, post-tension, prestressed concrete, prestressed masonry, strands, tendons.

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Urbańska, Dorota, Tomasz Trapko, Michał Musiał, and Tomasz Kowalik. "Influence of the Anchorage of PBO-FRCM Composites on the Effectiveness of Behaviour of Shearing Beams." Materials Science Forum 866 (August 2016): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.866.129.

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The shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with cement based composite materials (FRCM system) was investigated in this paper. The analysis refers to PBO-FRCM system made by PBO fibres (p-Phenylene Benzobis Oxazole) and cement based mortar. The use of cement mortar is connected with the slip phenomenon that occurs between the matrix layer and the fibres. This phenomenon leads to premature debonding of the ends of the composite and the loss of the shear capacity. To prevent this, designed end-anchorage systems is needed. Therefore, the laboratory tests on reinforced concrete beams strengthened in a shear with PBO-FRCM system were conducted. At this aim tests on three strengthened RC beams with different end-anchorages systems have been preformed and obtained results discussed. The experimental results revealed that the use of FRCM composites increased the shear capacity and construction of end-anchorage of composite had an impact on shear capacity.

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Baryłka, A., and D. Tomaszewicz. "Relationship of the interaction load capacity of anchors on their number and anchoring system." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 112, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6286.

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Purpose: The article presents the possibilities of using anchoring systems in the walls of three-layer large slab panel buildings. The use of diagonal anchors allows to increase the effective anchorage depth, which significantly increases the durability of the façade textured layer. Design/methodology/approach: Pilot tests have confirmed the necessity to use an anchor system in various configurations. Findings: The documents used included the conclusions of the pilot tests on the real object and the main experimental tests carried out on concrete samples. Research limitations/implications: The design of new anchorage systems and the proposed theoretical models for estimating their theoretical load capacity are based on the Guidelines contained in the European Technical Approvals. Practical implications: Single bonded anchorages used in engineering practice require evaluation in order to increase the durability of larger areas of the façade textured layer. Originality/value: The possibility of differentiating system anchors makes it possible to use them in very thin structural layers (diagonal anchors).

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Benmokrane, Brahim, Pierre-Claude Aïtcin, and Gérard Ballivy. "Injection d'ancrages à base de ciment Portland dans l'arctique." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 5 (October 1, 1987): 690–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-099.

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During summer, it is possible to inject Portland cement grout in the Arctic because there is a layer of unfrozen rock surface which is approximately 2 m deep. During the month of August, the temperature of the unfrozen rock layer reaches +5 °C at a depth of 1 m, which allows the Portland cement to harden in good conditions and to acquire its full strength.After 7 days, the mean shear strength to failure at the rod–group contact, determined when the anchorages were pulled out, was 10 MPa. After 1 year, this strength was close to 20 MPa. These results are similar to those recorded in Sherbrooke for the same grout formulas. Key words: anchorage, cement grout, rock, Arctic, tearing off. [Journal translation]

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Tomaszewicz, Dariusz, Agnieszka Jablonska-Krysiewicz, and Jerzy K. Szlendak. "The effect of the stress distribution of anchorage and stress in the textured layer on the durability of new anchorages." Open Engineering 10, no. 1 (July 21, 2020): 705–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0079.

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AbstractThe paper estimated the effect of the distribution of edge and shear stresses occurring in the façade texture layer of three-layer walls of large slab panel buildings, as well as the variability of these stresses depending on the anchorage strength of the anchorage. Bonded anchors with seven different diameters M8 ÷ M30, selected based on catalogues, were analysed. The traction stress was determined based on the destructive force, which is determined by the catalogues of manufacturers of bonded anchors. Depending on the choice of the method of repairing the connections between the textured layer and the structural layer, we give the three-layer walls a new character of work. One of the methods of strengthening the textured layer is the popular COPY-ECO system in Poland. It is a system of two anchors (horizontal and diagonal), reflecting the shape of the work of existing hangers. The article also analyses the variants of oblique anchorages for the M12 anchor with inclination angles of 30∘, 45∘ and 60∘. The extent to which the anchorage inclination angle has been assessed influences the higher parameters of the anchor’s bearing capacity due to the shearing of the textured layer.

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Pamuković, Jelena Kilić, Katarina Rogulj, and Nikša Jajac. "Towards Sustainable Management of Anchoring on Mediterranean Islands—Concession Support Concept." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010015.

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The focus of this paper is to define anchorage management model for concession planning purposes to provide quality support to experts in spatial planning when developing maritime spatial plans. The research aim is to develop an anchorage management model that includes decision and concession support concept. Decision support concept is defined in order to support the processes of identifying potential anchorage locations, their evaluation and comparison, and finally, the priority ranking and selection of locations for their construction. The final step is modelling the concession support concept that includes financial analysis to concession parameters definition. The problem of decision making and concession of the anchorage location selection is complex and ill-structured because of the unsystematic and ad-hoc decisions by all included stakeholders. Additionally, the involvement of several stakeholders’ groups with different preferences and background knowledge, a large amount of conflicting and seemingly incomparable information and data, and numerous conflicting goals and criteria impact final decisions. The proposed concepts overcome the above obstacles in order to enable the construction of anchorages in a way of optimal use of maritime space. The model is tested on the island of Brač, Croatia. The methods used to solve the task are SWARA (The Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis) for defining the criteria weights and ELECTRE (Elimination and Choice Expressing Reality) for ranking anchorage locations.

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Bokor, Boglárka, and Akanshu Sharma. "Numerical Investigations on Non-Rectangular Anchor Groups under Shear Loads Applied Perpendicular or Parallel to an Edge." CivilEng 2, no. 3 (August 28, 2021): 692–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng2030038.

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Anchorages of non-rectangular configuration, though not covered by current design codes, are often used in practice due to functional or architectural needs. Frequently, such anchor groups are placed close to a concrete edge and are subjected to shear loads. The design of such anchorages requires engineering judgement and no clear rules are given in the codes and standards. In this work, numerical investigations using a nonlinear 3D FE analysis code are carried out on anchor groups with triangular and hexagonal anchor patterns to understand their behavior under shear loads. A microplane model with relaxed kinematic constraint is utilized as the constitutive law for concrete. Two different orientations are considered for both triangular and hexagonal anchor groups while no hole clearance is considered in the analysis. Two loading scenarios are investigated: (i) shear loading applied perpendicular and towards the edge; and (ii) shear loading applied parallel to the edge. The results of the analyses are evaluated in terms of the load-displacement behavior and failure modes. A comparison is made between the results of the numerical simulations and the analytical calculations according to the current approaches. It is found that, similar to the rectangular anchorages, and also for such non-rectangular anchorages without hole clearance, it may be reasonable to calculate the concrete edge breakout capacity by assuming a failure crack from the back anchor row. Furthermore, the failure load of the investigated groups loaded in shear parallel to the edge may be considered as twice the failure load of the corresponding groups loaded in shear perpendicular to the edge.

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MERRIFIELD, C. M., and J. M. CAREY. "BEHAVIOUR OF GROUND ANCHORAGES UNDER CYCLIC LOADING." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 131, no. 3 (July 1998): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/igeng.1998.30468.

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Littlejohn, S., and D. Mothersille. "Maintenance and monitoring of anchorages: case studies." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 161, no. 2 (April 2008): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.2008.161.2.107.

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Pawinru, Ardiansyah S., and Dewiayu Dewang. "Some appropriate anchorages for removable orthodontics appliance." Makassar Dental Journal 9, no. 2 (July 25, 2020): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35856/mdj.v9i2.337.

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Orthodontic movement of a tooth or group of teeth occurs due to the application of the force applied by active components and these acting forces always generate reciprocal forces of the same magnitude but opposite in direction which follows Newton’s third law. Basically, anchoring management aims to keep the force used light and increase anchoring resistance, so that the gear that is expected to move while the teeth that are not expected to move can be held or minimized. During treatment, anchorage loss must be detected immediately, the cause searched, and dealt with as soon as possible so that no more severe errors occur so that the treatment results can be as good as possible. The purpose of this paper is to examine how to manage anchoring problems in orthodontic treatment using removable appliance, especially active removable appliance so that treatment results achieve satisfactory results.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Anchorages'

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