Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ancestry'
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Parrado, Tony. "Improved Individual Ancestry Estimates for Proper Adjustment of Ancestral Confounding in Association Analysis." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1216340419.
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Dertien, Kim S. "Irrevocable ties and forgotten ancestry : the legacy of colonial intermarriage for descendents of mixed ancestry." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2466.
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The identities of mixed Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal descendents in British Columbia is as varied as it is complex. In this paper I examine what caused some people of mixed Native and non-Native ancestry not to identify as Aboriginal while others did. The point of fracture for those who identify with their Aboriginal origins and those who do not can be traced to a specific time in our history. More importantly, specific variables were instrumental in causing that divergence of identity, spurred by a pervasive social stigma in colonial society. For many of mixed ancestry, the disassociation from their Aboriginal identity led to generations of silence and denial and eventually to a 'complete disappearance of race'. It was a deliberate breeding out of cultural identity through assimilative ideology and actions in order to conform to European norms.
Determining what factors caused this divergence of identity for mixed-descendents entails considering why many Aboriginal women married non-Native partners in B.C. during the mid-19th century, how intermarriage affected identity formation for offspring, and what the multi-generational effects have been on the identities of mixed descendents. Today, this leaves a dilemma for those in-between who are eligible for status, and for those who are not but who choose to reconnect with, acknowledge and learn more of their ancestry. Both assertions of First Nations identity and choices to reconnect with a First Nations heritage while maintaining a non-Native identity, challenge the assumed inevitability of assimilation, and the federal government's continuing reluctance to understand the cultural significance of identification as 'Indian'.
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Okrutny, Elizabeth Carol Joann. "Postcranial Osteometric Assessment of Korean Ancestry." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5359.
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The determination of ancestry is an important part of an individual's identification when creating a biological profile. This thesis scrutinizes postcranial variation using over 65 osteometric sorting measurements in an attempt to identify those measurements that display the most significant differences among Koreans, Africans, and Europeans. Data was collected from four American skeletal collections and one South Korean skeletal collection for a total sample population of 306 individuals: 24 of Korean ancestry, 66 of African ancestry, and 216 of European ancestry. In an effort to minimize the number of measurements needed for ancestral assessment, stepwise discriminant analysis was performed for measurements of each skeletal region and region combinations. Initial findings highly misclassified Africans, so the results of this study were separated into two parts: Koreans from Africans/Europeans and Africans from Europeans. A majority of the functions developed in the first part of the analysis resulted in cross-validated classifications of 80% and greater for Koreans and 77% or greater for Africans/Europeans with the highest classifying function for both ancestral groups being composed of upper limb measurements. Most of the discriminant functions from the second part of the analysis correctly differentiated Africans with 70% or greater accuracy and Europeans with 72% or greater accuracy with the highest classifying function for both groups consisting of pelvis, lower limb, and foot measurements. These functions indicate that ancestry can be determined successfully from postcranial elements; that certain skeletal regions are better indicators of ancestry than others; and that osteological remains do not need to be complete to develop an informative biological profile.ID: 031001568; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: Tosha Dupras.; Title from PDF title page (viewed August 26, 2013).; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 110-115).
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Burgos, Paz William Orlando. "Ancestry and diversity of American village pigs." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284859.
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Los avances en las tecnologías de genotipado masivo están revolucionando la comprensión de los genomas de animales domésticos, incluyendo su historia y cómo los eventos demográficos y selectivos han dado forma a la variación de los genomas de los individuos. En este trabajo analizamos por primera vez una amplia muestra de poblaciones de cerdos criollos de América y se estimó su relación genética con las poblaciones de cerdos en todo el mundo. Adicionalmente, se analizó el genoma de un cerdo que vivió en el siglo XVI a fin de proporcionar nuevas evidencias sobre eventos históricos y genéticos importantes como la domesticación y cruzamientos. Estos estudios mostraron una alta diferenciación entre las poblaciones de cerdos de Europa y Asia, siendo especialmente pronunciada para la región no pseudoautosómica del cromosoma X. A pesar del origen ibérico de los primeros cerdos introducidos en América, se observó una reducción sustancial de éste origen genético en el casi todas las poblaciones Americanas de cerdos estudiadas. El origen genético observado en las actuales poblaciones de cerdos en América se debió primero al los cerdos Ibéricos en el siglo XV y la reciente introgresión de las razas porcinas comerciales. Además se detectó origen genético proveniente de Asia, probablemente por causa de la introgresión de las razas comerciales que llevan haplotipos asiáticos, aunque no se puede descartar el cruzamiento con razas Chinas. Debido a la gran diversidad de condiciones del medio ambiente en América, se compararon las frecuencias alélicas observadas entre las poblaciones para estimar huellas de selección en el genoma, detectándose algunos genes relacionados con el sistema cardiovascular y la conformación de las extremidades. El ADN antiguo proporciona una valiosa información a cerca de los acontecimientos históricos que han modelado el genoma de los individuos modernos. En el capítulo 5 se analizó una parte del genoma de un cerdo que vivió en el siglo XVI en el noreste de España, junto a tres nuevos genomas de individuos modernos, un cerdo Ibérico, un jabalí de España y un cerdo criollo de Guatemala. Los genomas fueron obtenidos por métodos de secuenciación masiva. Los datos arqueológicos y genómicos sugirieron que el cerdo antiguo era domestico y estrechamente relacionado con los cerdos Ibéricos actuales y el jabalí Europeo, y con señales genéticas de cruzamiento entre ellos. Sorprendentemente, la comparación del cerdo antiguo y el cerdo Ibérico moderno con el genoma del cerdo criollo de Guatemala, mostró que ellos son igualmente cercanos a los cerdos criollos de América, y podría apoyar la hipótesis de la reducción de origen ibérico en cerdos Americanos causado por la introgresión de otras razas. Por último, entre los genes altamente diferenciadas se encontraron aquellos que participan en el color de la capa y el aumento del rendimiento reproductivo, ambas funciones asociadas con el primeros procesos de domesticación. Una de las estrategias de análisis para describir las relaciones de la población de cerdos utilizados en esta tesis, y ampliamente utilizado en estudios similares, es el análisis de componentes principales (PCA). Sin embargo, las proyecciones de PCA son sensibles a tamaño de muestra desbalanceado. En el capítulo 6 se evaluó una corrección en el PCA que tenga en cuenta el tamaño de la muestra de las poblaciones evaluadas ó su FST para corregir el sesgo en las proyecciones de los individuos. Las simulaciones sugieren que el método propuesto mejora las proyecciones de los individuos en dos dimensiones y en algunos caso, recupera los patrones de relaciones de la población, incluso cuando el tamaño de muestra es tan bajo como n = 1. El método ponderado de PCA puede recuperar una estructura más realista de los datos que la inferida con el PCA tradicional en poblaciones genéticamente diferenciadas.Advances in high throughput genetic technologies are revolutionizing the understanding of domestic animal genomes, including their history and how demography and selective processes have shaped the variation of individuals’ genomes. Here we studied for the first time a large survey of village pig populations from America and estimate their relatedness with worldwide pig populations. In complement, we also analysed an ancient pig genome of 16th century to provide new evidence on important historical and genetic events like domestication and admixture. These studies showed the high differentiation between European and Asian pig populations, being particularly pronounced for the non-pseudoautosomal region of chromosome X. Despite the Iberian origin of pigs firstly introduced to America, a substantial reduction of this ancestry was observed in almost all American village pig populations. The actual ancestry observed in America is likely the result of admixing Iberian pigs in 15th century and recent introgression of commercial pig breeds. Additionally, some Asian ancestry also was observed probably due to introgression of commercial breeds carrying Asian haplotype, although direct admixture with Chinese breeds cannot be ruled out. Because the large diversity of environmental condition in the American continent, we compared the allele frequencies observed between populations to estimate signatures of selection in the genome, detecting some genes related with cardiovascular system and limbs conformation. Ancient DNA provides valuable information about the historical events that have modelled the genome of modern individuals. In chapter 5 we performed the analysis of the partial genome of a pig that lived in 16th century at North eastern Spain together three new modern genomes from Iberian pig, Spanish wild boar and a Guatemalan Creole pig obtained by whole genome shotgun sequencing. Archaeological and genomic data suggested that ancient pig was domestic, closely related to extant Iberian pigs and to European wild boar with some genetic signals of admixture with wild boar. Surprisingly, the comparison of ancient pig and modern Iberian pig to American sample from Guatemala, showed that they are equally close to American Creole pigs, and could support the hypothesis of reduction of Iberian origin in American village pigs driven by introgression of other breeds. Finally, among the highly differentiated genes we found those involved in coat colour and an increase the reproductive performance, both known functions associated with early domestication process. One of the analytical strategies to describe the population relationships of pigs used in this thesis, and widely used in similar studies is the principal component analysis (PCA). Nonetheless, PCA projections are sensitive to unequal sample size. In Chapter 6 we evaluated a correction in PCA that consider either sample size of evaluated populations or their FST estimates to correct bias in individual projections. Simulations suggest that the proposed method improves the two-dimensional projections of PCA data and, in some cases, entirely recovers population relationships patterns, even when sample size is as low as n=1. The weighted PCA can recover a more realistic structure than inferred with traditional PCA in well-structured populations.
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Brennan, Patrick J. "An Investigation of Personal Ancestry Using Haplotypes." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1501705310326744.
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Helgason, Agnar. "The ancestry and genetic history of the Icelanders." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409944.
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Zaumsegel, Daniel [Verfasser]. "Binary polymorphisms as ancestry informative markers / Daniel Zaumsegel." Köln : Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Medizin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1046231766/34.
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Taylor, Catherine. "Scar maturation in the African Continental Ancestry Group." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/scar-maturation-in-the-african-continental-ancestry-group(eae22ea5-647c-4115-8b26-bd683c99b981).html.
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The natural history of scar maturation in humans has been described by Bond et al. (2008b) in a male European Continental Ancestry Group (ECAG). It is important that the natural history of scar maturation in humans is established for all skin types. This study therefore aims to describe clinically and histologically the maturation of scars in male volunteers from the African Continental Ancestry Group (ACAG).This study was performed as a single centre, methodology trial. Three incisions and a punch biopsy were carried out on each arm. Monthly assessments of the resultant scars included: investigator scar assessments; scar photography; VAS scoring by an Independent External Scar Assessment Panel; and objective measures of colour and scar mechanics. At various time points scars were excised for histology. Sixty male subjects of African Continental Ancestry between the ages of 18-56 years were recruited to take part in the study. The clinical appearance of a scar in the ACAG improves with time. Scar colour mismatch decreases and the mechanical properties of scars improve with time. Scar width increased over the 12 months. With the exception of scar contour and scar redness, a steady state was not achieved. Volunteer skin type was shown to influence the resulting scar appearance and not age. The histology of scar maturation in the ACAG over 12 months was described and scars classified into three groups each displaying a different rate of longitudinal progression of scar maturation. The process of collagen maturation is still ongoing at month 12; many scars demonstrated a prolonged high turnover state of collagen synthesis and degradation, rete ridge restoration and angiogenesis were still ongoing with persistent inflammation identified in scars up to Month 12. There is a strong correlation shown between the Clinical VAS scores and the Histology VAS scores for the papillary dermis which is of better quality than the reticular dermis. There is some evidence that young people (ACAG) and volunteers with darker skin have poorer scar histology. The spectrophotometry data indicated that the Fitzpatrick Skin Type Classification is a useful method of classifying the varying skin colours of this group of volunteers. In conclusion, scar maturation in the ACAG occurs as a series of defined macroscopic and microscopic stages over the course of 1 year. The process of scar maturation is not complete at 12 months. All scars showed evidence of improvement over the course of the study influenced in part by volunteer skin type and age. Results suggest that scar maturation in this study group occurs at a different rate and is of a different quality, compared to current knowledge of scar maturation in the ECAG.
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Birkmann-Little, Callan. "Estimation of Ancestry from the Human Postcranial Skeleton." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27191.
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The identification of ancestry from the human skeleton is one of the more difficult assessments in forensic anthropology. Most ancestry research has focused on the skull, however this is sometimes missing or unusable. Research on the postcranial skeleton has focussed on the pelvis and lower limb. The main aim of this study was to investigate the nature and extent of metric variation in the human postcranial skeleton of five ancestral groups with a focus on the Australasian region. A secondary aim was to investigate differences between two geographically separated populations of the same ancestral group.
Thirty-four measurements from the clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia and fibula were collected. Data were collected from male and female from the following: Australians of European descent, Australian Aboriginal, Thai, Americans of European descent and African Americans. Data were collected from physical bones as well as from CT scans.
All variables showed statistically significant differences except for the sagittal breadth at the nutrient foramen of the tibia in males. Post-hoc tests showed that there were a high number of differences between the groups including the two groups of European descent.
Principal Components Analyses were conducted to help visualise the differences between the five groups. The differences found were characterised by two main components, the breadth/circumference and the length of the postcranial skeleton.
Discriminant Function and Random Forest analyses were conducted to determine if it was possible to correctly classify individuals into ancestral groups. Single and multiple bone analyses were conducted with separated and pooled sexes. Correct classification rates of 90-99.2% were achieved with the upper limb bones, 75-98% with the lower limb bones and 84.3-100% when all bones were used.
The findings of this study expand our knowledge of postcranial variation between ancestral groups found within the Australasian region and beyond. It also highlights the differences found between two geographically separate groups from the same ancestral group.
This study may also provide new tools for forensic anthropologists and may assist in the identification of unknown remains in cases of missing persons and in the repatriation of indigenous remains.
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Hefner, Joseph T. "The statistical determination of ancestry using cranial nonmetric traits." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0021200.
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Kreitzer, Jesse Lockwood. "Black canaries: a story of ancestry, land and labor." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1667.
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This written thesis serves as a public record for the production of Jesse Kreitzer's MFA thesis film Black Canaries, a 1900s coal mining folktale inspired by his Iowan heritage. The thesis includes Mr. Kreitzer's genealogical and historical research as it pertains to his maternal ancestry and coal mining in south-central Iowa. The thesis also accounts for the conceptual, personal, and practical considerations for the production of Black Canaries. Additional materials include the film's production packet, reference guide, production storyboards, and screenplay.
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Thomas, Philip. "Place, person and ancestry among the Temanambondro of southeast Madagascar." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2455/.
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This thesis is a study of the Temanambondro of southeast Madagascar and focuses on issues of place, personhood and ancestry. In particular it emphasizes the importance of space and place in Temanambondro concepts of relatedness, as well as arguing that the Temanambondro imagine themselves as a people different from others by emphasizing the importance of place in their conceptualization of self-identity. The thesis begins by outlining a "spatial history" of the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial periods. It then goes on to discuss the theoretical issues addressed in the remainder of the thesis: "kinship", space, and aesthetics. It is suggested that the Temanambondro possess an aesthetics of personhood, an issue explored through an analysis of gender, ideas about "nurture", and how a person's identity is constituted in terms of a "moral self' that is the basis by which people evaluate the actions of others. These aspects of the person and personal performance are supplemented by an account of how a person's identity is constituted in terms of Temanambondro concepts of relatedness, an issue explored through indigenous categories which differentiate between relations traced through men and those traced through women. Relatedness through men is central to the constitution of named Ancestries, and an analysis of local concepts also reveals how Ancestries (and the house-groups of which they are composed) are conceptualized in terms of houses, tombs, and space. The difference that gender makes in terms of relatedness is also central to the discussion of marriage, which is explored through images of the house, notions of fecundity emphasized in the marriage rites, and through ideas about space. Here discussion focuses on what Temanambondro refer to as "close" and "distant" marriages, a difference which is gendered in certain contexts, and this issue forms the basis of a discussion of the significance of gender in the tracing of relatedness among the Temanambondro and other peoples of Madagascar. Finally it is suggested that Temanambondro notions of relatedness make use of a number of concepts - gender, the house, space, images of "roots" - none of which is reducible to the other; and that images of "roots" are not only an idiom by which Temanambondro conceptualize social relations, but also one of the ways in which they conceptualize their "attachment to place".
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Menezes, Luís Pedro Leitão. "Fragment reconstruction and ancestry estimation of skulls using 3D models." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23461.
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Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e TelemáticaIn archaeological sites, it is common to find fragmented human osteological remains, namely skulls. The main goal of this dissertation is to investigate processes to create reconstructions using three dimensional models(3D) in order to allow the study of fragmented skulls. This work also aims to improve the application CraMs, Craniometric Measurements, by adding new functionality to reassemble skull fragments and expanding the ancestry classification using statistical analysis. This application was initially developed in the context of a Master dissertation with the goal of assisting the anthropologist’s work in performing craniometric measurements and by using 3D models of the individuals reduce the variability in the measurements obtained by the different specialists while at the same time contributing to the preservation of the specimens. The work developed in this dissertation is focused on the reconstruction of specimens that are in a fragmented state to be later analyzed with CraMs, something which was not previously possible. Methods were also developed to allow for a centralized storage of previous analysis by anthropologists and use them to estimate the ancestry of an individual using statistical analysis.
Em escavações arqueológicas é comum recuperarem-se restos osteológicos humanos fragmentados, nomeadamente os crânios. É o principal objetivo desta dissertação estudar métodos para criar uma reconstrução usando modelos tridimensionais (3D) que permita o estudo antropológico de crânios fragmentados. Este trabalho pretende também melhorar a aplicação CraMs, Craniometric Measurements, integrando funcionalidades para reconstrução de crânios fragmentados e novos métodos de classificação da ancestralidade baseados em análise estatística. Esta aplicação foi inicialmente desenvolvida com o objetivo de auxiliar o trabalho dos antropólogos na realização de medidas craniométricas e, com base em modelos 3D dos espécimes, permite reduzir a variabilidade nas medidas obtidas pelos diferentes especialistas ajudando simultaneamente na preservação dos espécimes. O trabalho desenvolvido nesta dissertação está focado na reconstrução de espécimes que estão num estado fragmentado para serem posteriormente analisados na aplicação CraMs, o que era previamente não era possível. Foram também desenvolvidos métodos que permitem o armazenamento centralizado de análises feitas pelos antropólogos e a sua utilização para estimar a ancestralidade de um indivíduo usando análise estatística.
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Ng, Maggie C. Y., Mariaelisa Graff, Yingchang Lu, Anne E. Justice, Poorva Mudgal, Ching-Ti Liu, Kristin Young, et al. "Discovery and fine-mapping of adiposity loci using high density imputation of genome-wide association studies in individuals of African ancestry: African Ancestry Anthropometry Genetics Consortium." PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624640.
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Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >300 loci associated with measures of adiposity including body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (adjusted for BMI, WHRadjBMI), but few have been identified through screening of the African ancestry genomes. We performed large scale meta-analyses and replications in up to 52,895 individuals for BMI and up to 23,095 individuals for WHRadjBMI from the African Ancestry Anthropometry Genetics Consortium (AAAGC) using 1000 Genomes phase 1 imputed GWAS to improve coverage of both common and low frequency variants in the low linkage disequilibrium African ancestry genomes. In the sex-combined analyses, we identified one novel locus (TCF7L2/HABP2) for WHRadjBMI and eight previously established loci at P < 5x10(-8) : seven for BMI, and one for WHRadjBMI in African ancestry individuals. An additional novel locus (SPRYD7/DLEU2) was identified for WHRadjBMI when combined with European GWAS. In the sex-stratified analyses, we identified three novel loci for BMI (INTS10/LPL and MLC1 in men, IRX4/IRX2 in women) and four for WHRadjBMI (SSX2IP, CASC8, PDE3B and ZDHHC1/HSD11B2 in women) in individuals of African ancestry or both African and European ancestry. For four of the novel variants, the minor allele frequency was low (<5%). In the trans-ethnic fine mapping of 47 BMI loci and 27 WHRadjBMI loci that were locus-wide significant (P < 0.05 adjusted for effective number of variants per locus) from the African ancestry sex-combined and sex-stratified analyses, 26 BMI loci and 17 WHRadjBMI loci contained <= 20 variants in the credible sets that jointly account for 99% posterior probability of driving the associations. The lead variants in 13 of these loci had a high probability of being causal. As compared to our previous HapMap imputed GWAS for BMI and WHRadjBMI including up to 71,412 and 27,350 African ancestry individuals, respectively, our results suggest that 1000 Genomes imputation showed modest improvement in identifying GWAS loci including low frequency variants. Trans-ethnic meta-analyses further improved fine mapping of putative causal variants in loci shared between the African and European ancestry populations.
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Hefner, Joseph T. "Assessing nonmetric cranial traits currently used in forensic determination of ancestry." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0002858.
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Rosén, Annie. "Development of pharmacogenetic tests and improvement of autosomal ancestry DNA test." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57977.
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This master thesis was performed at the personal genomics company DNA-Guide Europa AB. The goal was to create DNA tests for drug response and to update the already existing DNA test for autosomal ancestry. The DNA tests for drug response: The objective of this part of the master thesis was to create individual DNA test for response to each drug within different groups of medicines. The tests were meant to interest private customers. DNA-Guide uses a microarray technique for the DNA-analysis and this delimited the choice of SNPs. Inserts, deletions, repeats and copies of a whole gene can be difficult to implement on the microarray chip. The SNPs and studies used as a base for the tests had to fulfil several criteria. The studies must be large enough to prove that the association between the genotype and the response to the drug is valid among Europeans, since it’s the clientele of the company. The found association must also be strong enough to be of interest for a DNA test at DNA-Guide. If the SNPs could be implemented on the microarray chip a customer report was created about the possible results. The report had the same structure and design as those for the existing DNA tests at DNA-Guide. The work resulted in DNA tests and reports for medicines within the seven groups of medicines; anticoagulants, medicine against high cholesterol, blood pressure lowering medicine, asthma inhalers, antidepressants, birth-control pills and antiretroviral drugs. The DNA test for autosomal ancestry: The purpose of the update was to enhance to customers understanding of their results and the construction of the test. The update resulted in a description of how the used algorithm processes the results (from the DNA analysis) and a guide to interpret the results of the test. Conclusions: Both the DNA tests for drug response and the updated DNA test for autosomal ancestry can add value for the customers at DNA-Guide. The DNA tests for drug response can offer an explanation to why a medicine does not have an effect or reveal if the customer has higher risk of adverse effects. Even though recommendations for dosage or treatment could not be provided in almost all of the created DNA tests, being aware of the higher risk can be the first step to avoid adverse effects. The update of the DNA test report for autosomal ancestry resulted in a better description of the algorithm and limitations of the test, which can enhance the customers’ understanding of their results.
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Holden, William B. "An investigation of neurofeedback training with alcoholics of Canadian Aboriginal ancestry." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22994.pdf.
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Allocco, Dominic. "Use of machine learning techniques for SNP based prediction of ancestry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35550.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 29-30).
Some have argued that the genetic differences between continentally defined groups are relatively small and unlikely to have biomedical significance. In this study, the extent of variation between continentally defined groups was evaluated. Small numbers of randomly selected single nucleotide polymorphisms from the International HapMap Project were used to train classifiers for prediction of ancestral continent of origin. Predictive accuracy was then tested on independent data sets. A high degree of genetic similarity implies that groups will be difficult to distinguish, especially when only a limited amount of genetic information is used. It is shown that the genetic differences between continentally defined groups are sufficiently large that one can accurately predict ancestral continent of origin using only a minute, randomly selected fraction of the genetic variation present in the human genome. Genotype data from only 50 random single nucleotide polymorphisms can be used to predict ancestral continent of origin in the primary test data set with an average accuracy of 95%.
(cont.) Single nucleotide polymorphisms were also characterized as being in introns, coding exons, regulatory regions and regions coding for untranslated mRNA and classifiers constructed using only single nucleotide polymorphisms from a specific category. Predictive accuracy was similar across all of the classifiers created in this manner. Single nucleotide polymorphisms useful for prediction of ancestral continent of origin are common and distributed relatively evenly throughout the genome. These findings demonstrate the extent of variation between continentally defined groups and argue strongly against the contention that genetic differences between groups are too small to have biomedical significance.
by Dominic J. Allocco.
S.M.
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Churchhouse, Claire. "Bayesian methods for estimating human ancestry using whole genome SNP data." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0cae8a4a-6989-485b-a7cb-0a03fb86096d.
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The past five years has seen the discovery of a wealth of genetics variants associated with an incredible range of diseases and traits that have been identified in genome- wide association studies (GWAS). These GWAS have typically been performed in in- dividuals of European descent, prompting a call for such studies to be conducted over a more diverse range of populations. These include groups such as African Ameri- cans and Latinos as they are recognised as bearing a disproportionately large burden of disease in the U.S. population. The variation in ancestry among such groups must be correctly accounted for in association studies to avoid spurious hits arising due to differences in ancestry between cases and controls. Such ancestral variation is not all problematic as it may also be exploited to uncover loci associated with disease in an approach known as admixture mapping, or to estimate recombination rates in admixed individuals. Many models have been proposed to infer genetic ancestry and they differ in their accuracy, the type of data they employ, their computational efficiency, and whether or not they can handle multi-way admixture. Despite the number of existing models, there is an unfulfilled requirement for a model that performs well even when the ancestral populations are closely related, is extendible to multi-way admixture scenarios, and can handle whole- genome data while remaining computationally efficient. In this thesis we present a novel method of ancestry estimation named MULTIMIX that satisfies these criteria. The underlying model we propose uses a multivariate nor- mal to approximate the distribution of a haplotype at a window of contiguous SNPs given the ancestral origin of that part of the genome. The observed allele types and the ancestry states that we aim to infer are incorporated in to a hidden Markov model to capture the correlations in ancestry that we expect to exist between neighbouring sites. We show via simulation studies that its performance on two-way and three-way admixture is competitive with state-of-the-art methods, and apply it to several real admixed samples of the International HapMap Project and the 1000 Genomes Project.
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Ferrando-Bernal, Manuel 1990. "Analysis of co-ancestry links in modern and ancient human populations." Doctoral thesis, TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672475.
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The aim of this thesis is to apply Identity by Descent (IBD) methodology to identify ancestry connections among individuals from genetically similar populations. Recombination events diminish the likelihood to detect IBDs. As most of the aDNA samples date from 2,000 years ago or more, this methodology has rarely been applied to these studies. In this thesis we detect IBD among modern individuals from similar Bantu populations and among modern Europeans with an historical individual (700 years ago) from the Iberian peninsula, which was sequenced to a high coverage. Our results show that IBDs can be used to detect the genomic structure in genetically close populations. For example, they can be used to show high degrees of endogamy caused by isolation or to identify ancestral connections among individuals belonging to different populations that otherwise would be difficult to see with other more commonly used methods.
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Van, der Walt Stephany Yvonne. "Stress disease and ancestry of Mafikeng Second Anglo-Boer War skeletons." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65864.
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Records exist of several Second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) cemeteries around Mafikeng, North-West Province, South Africa. This study involves the Magogwe cemetery, situated roughly 1 km south of the Mafikeng concentration camp and the larger camp cemetery at the Lotlamoreng Nature Reserve. The Magogwe cemetery contains 236 marked graves but records of the origin of the cemetery are unclear. The Forensic Anthropology Research Centre at the University of Pretoria, under the mandate of the Heritage Foundation was asked to relocate the Magogwe cemetery. This would include exhumation, analyses and reburial of all individuals. Only 21 non-adults were exhumed and analysed before the project was cut short due to tensions surrounding the true ancestral origins of the individuals buried at this cemetery. The initial aim of this study was to assess the health status of all the individuals who had been buried in the Magogwe cemetery. It was attempted to determine whether pre-war malnourishment and poverty contributed to the high fatalities during the war, especially in children. A supporting study was done, using dental casts of deciduous dentition to metrically estimate ancestry using multiple discriminant function analysis of the mesiodistal and buccolingual measurements of deciduous dentition. All 21 graves contained evidence of coffins. The buried children were fully dressed or wrapped in cloth, some wearing nappies. All individuals were non-adults including 12 infants (0-1 years), 5 children (3-7 years), 3 juveniles (7-10/12 years) and 1 adolescent (10/12-18 years). Signs of nonspecific stress such as dental caries and enamel hypoplasia were identified. Though the results are preliminary and the sample small there is evidence that the stress experienced by these individuals was acute around the time of death. The discriminant functions were not suitable for use on the Magogwe sample. Therefore, the ancestry of the individuals buried at Anglo-Boer War cemetery in Magogwe, Mafikeng remains unclear.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Anatomy
MSc
Unrestricted
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Nazarova, Angelina <1991>. ""Ancestry, gender and language - The role of culture in economic development"." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/10138/1/PhD_thesis_nazarova.pdf.
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This thesis is a combination of research questions in development economics and economics of culture, with an emphasis on the role of ancestry, gender and language policies in shaping inequality of opportunities and socio-economic outcomes across different segments of a society. The first chapter shows both theoretically and empirically that heterogeneity in risk attitudes can be traced to the ethnic origins and ancestral way of living. In particular, I construct a measure of historical nomadism at the ethnicity level and link it to contemporary individual-level data on various proxies of risk attitudes. I exploit exogenous variation in biodiversity to build a novel instrument for nomadism: distance to domestication points. I find that descendants of ethnic groups that historically practiced nomadism (i) are more willing to take risks, (ii) value security less, and (iii) have riskier health behavior. The second chapter evaluates the nature of a trade-off between the advantages of female labor participation and the positive effects of female education. This work exploits a triple difference identification strategy relying on exogenous spike in cotton price and spatial variation in suitability for cotton, and split sample analyses based on the exogenous allocation of land contracts. Results show that gender differences in parental investments in patriarchal societies can be reinforced by the type of agricultural activity, while positive economic shocks may further exacerbate this bias, additionally crowding out higher possibilities to invest in female education. The third chapter brings novel evidence of the role of the language policy in building national sentiments, affecting educational and occupational choices. Here I focus on the case of Uzbekistan and estimate the effects of exposure to the Latin alphabet on informational literacy, education and career choices. I show that alphabet change affects people's informational literacy and the formation of certain educational and labour market trends.
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Gettings, Katherine Butler. "Forensic Ancestry and Phenotype SNP Analysis and Integration with Established Forensic Markers." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3590467.
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When an evidential DNA profile does not match identified suspects or profiles from available databases, further DNA analyses targeted at inferring the possible ancestral origin and phenotypic characteristics of the perpetrator could yield valuable information. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), the most common form of genetic polymorphisms, have alleles associated with specific populations and/or correlated to physical characteristics. With this research, single base primer extension (SBE) technology was used to develop a 50 SNP assay designed to predict ancestry among the primary U.S. populations (African American, East Asian, European, and Hispanic/Native American), as well as pigmentation phenotype. The assay has been optimized to a sensitivity level comparable to current forensic DNA analyses, and has shown robust performance on forensic-type samples. In addition, three prediction models were developed and evaluated for ancestry in the U.S. population, and two models were compared for eye color prediction, with the best models and interpretation guidelines yielding correct information for 98% and 100% of samples, respectively. Also, because data from additional DNA markers (STR, mitochondrial and/or Y chromosome DNA) may be available for a forensic evidence sample, the possibility of including this data in the ancestry prediction was evaluated, resulting in an improved prediction with the inclusion of STR data and decreased performance when including mitochondrial or Y chromosome data. Lastly, the possibility of using next-generation sequencing (NGS) to genotype forensic STRs (and thus, the possibility of a multimarker multiplex incorporating all forensic markers) was evaluated on a new platform, with results showing the technology incapable of meeting the needs of the forensic community at this time.
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Sharif, Maarya. "Statistical issues in modelling the ancestry from Y-chromosome and surname data." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3407/.
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A considerable industry has grown-up around genealogical inference from genetic testing, supplementing more traditional genealogical techniques but with very limited quantification of uncertainty. In many societies Y-chromosomes are co-inherited with surnames and as such passed down from father to son. This thesis seeks to explore what the correlation can say about ancestry. In particular it is concerned with estimation of the time to the most recent common paternal ancestor (TMRCA) for pairs of males who are not known to be directly related but share the same surname, based on the repeat number at short tandem repeat (STR) markers on their Y-chromosomes. We develop a model of TMRCA estimation based on the difference in repeat numbers in pairs of male haplotypes using a Bayesian framework and Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo techniques, such as adaptive Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. The model incorporates the process of STR discovery and the calibration of mutation rates, which can differ across STRs. In simulation studies, we find that the estimates of TMRCA are rather robust to the ascertainment process and the way in which it is modelled. However, they are affected by the site-specific mutation rates at the typed STRs. Indeed sequencing the fastest mutating STRs yields a lower error in the estimated TMRCA than random STRs. In the British context, we extend our model to include additional information such as the haplogroup status (as determined from single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) of the pair of males, as well as the frequency and origin of the surname. In general, the effect of this is to reduce estimates of the TMRCA for pairs of males with an older TMRCA, typically outwith the period of surname establishment (about 500-700 years ago). In the genealogical context, incorporating surname frequency (within the prior distribution) results in lower estimates of TMRCA for pairs of males who appear to have diverged from a common male ancestor since the period of surname establishment. In addition, we include uncertainty in the years per generation conversion factor in our model.
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King, Richard W. "The threespine stickleback adaptive radiation| Salinity, plasticity, and the importance of ancestry." Thesis, Clark University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10075068.
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Adaptive radiations offer unique insight into how diversification is initiated in novel or changing environments but the value of such studies is often limited by incomplete or lacking information on the ancestral species. The threespine stickleback species complex is proving to be particularly valuable in enhancing our understanding of evolutionary processes because there is reason to believe a surrogate for the ancestral group is extant and representative of the oceanic form that gave rise to most post-glacial freshwater populations during the last ~12,000 years. If we are to maximize the value of this radiation a thorough understanding of the putative ancestor group is needed. This dissertation explores the degree of phenotypic variation in oceanic stickleback in Cook Inlet, AK as well as the relative contributions of genetic and plastic aspects shaping the phenotypic variation revealed.
Geometric morphometrics were used to describe shape differences in two oceanic forms of stickleback, anadromous and fully marine. These groups differ in shape along the same benthic-limnetic axis described within the freshwater derived populations in the same region. A common-garden rearing study revealed high levels of body shape plasticity in both groups as well as likely genetic influences maintaining important aspects of shape differences between their stocks of origin. Interestingly, plasticity related to the salinity of early rearing environment differed across types suggesting that there may be a flexible dual stem in the threespine stickleback radiation, a surprising result that has not been considered to date in any system to my knowledge.
Additionally, because life-history traits are intimately linked to reproductive success and thus fitness, differences in life-history strategies between these two oceanic types should reflect meaningful adaptive variation, whether plastic or strictly genetic based. Established methodologies in stickleback life-history studies were employed to assess phenotypic variation across populations, types, and years in many important traits (e.g., egg and clutch size, reproductive effort, allometric relationships between reproductive effort and female body size). Life-history strategies differed significantly across type and year. Generally, marine females exhibit greater reproductive investment and have larger and more numerous eggs per clutch. Anadromous populations experience an apparent reproductive cost to the migration to freshwater relative to their fully-marine counterpart. It’s unclear from these studies then where the fitness advantage to anadromy lies in the primitively oceanic species complex. However, important differences in mortality on the breeding grounds for adults and young as well as a possibly faster clutch production frequency in the anadromous lifestyle explains the apparent paradox in these data.
The finding of differences in genetic and plastic contributions to oceanic stickleback phenotypes body shape and life histories across two types in close geographic proximity which correlates with salinity regime suggest a flexible dual stem in the oceanic group(s). This could then influence evolution within the freshwater radiation. Thus, depending upon the freshwater populations (or watersheds) studied, the choice of representative oceanic type would need to be carefully considered. These data suggest that any near shore or inland sea areas within the stickleback oceanic distribution which experience a wide range of salinities is likely to show associated clinal variation in stickleback population reaction norms for (at least) body shape, life history strategies, and likely many other traits which are sensitive to salinity, such as genes involved in osmoregulation. Recent studies of Baltic and Sea of Japan oceanic stickleback further support this conclusion.
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Cappetta, Mónica, María Berdasco, Jimena Hochmann, Carolina Bonilla, Mónica Sans, Pedro C. Hidalgo, Nora Artagaveytia, et al. "Effect of genetic ancestry on leukocyte global DNA methylation in cancer patients." BioMed Central Ltd, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610271.
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BACKGROUND: The study of genetic variants alone is not enough to explain a complex disease like cancer. Alterations in DNA methylation patterns have been associated with different types of tumor. In order to detect markers of susceptibility for the development of cutaneous melanoma and breast cancer in the Uruguayan population, we integrated genetic and epigenetic information of patients and controls. METHODS: We performed two case-control studies that included 49 individuals with sporadic cutaneous melanoma and 73 unaffected controls, and 179 women with sporadic breast cancer and 209 women controls. We determined the level of global leukocyte DNA methylation using relative quantification of 5mdC by HPLC, and we compared methylation levels between cases and controls with nonparametric statistical tests. Since the Uruguayan population is admixed and both melanoma and breast cancer have very high incidences in Uruguay compared to other populations, we examined whether individual ancestry influences global leucocyte DNA methylation status. We carried out a correlation analysis between the percentage of African, European and Native American individual ancestries, determined using 59 ancestry informative markers, and global DNA methylation in all participants. RESULTS: We detected global DNA hypomethylation in leukocytes of melanoma and breast cancer patients compared with healthy controls (p < 0.001). Additionally, we found a negative correlation between African ancestry and global DNA methylation in cancer patients (p <0.005). CONCLUSIONS: These results support the potential use of global DNA methylation as a biomarker for cancer risk. In addition, our findings suggest that the ancestral genome structure generated by the admixture process influences DNA methylation patterns, and underscore the importance of considering genetic ancestry as a modifying factor in epigenetic association studies in admixed populations such as Latino ones.
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Bonilla, Carolina, Bernardo Bertoni, Pedro C. Hidalgo, Nora Artagaveytia, Elizabeth Ackermann, Isabel Barreto, Paula Cancela, et al. "Breast cancer risk and genetic ancestry: a case-control study in Uruguay." BioMed Central Ltd, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610306.
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BACKGROUND: Uruguay exhibits one of the highest rates of breast cancer in Latin America, similar to those of developed nations, the reasons for which are not completely understood. In this study we investigated the effect that ancestral background has on breast cancer susceptibility among Uruguayan women. METHODS: We carried out a case-control study of 328 (164 cases, 164 controls) women enrolled in public hospitals and private clinics across the country. We estimated ancestral proportions using a panel of nuclear and mitochondrial ancestry informative markers (AIMs) and tested their association with breast cancer risk. RESULTS: Nuclear individual ancestry in cases was (mean ± SD) 9.8 ± 7.6% African, 13.2 ± 10.2% Native American and 77.1 ± 13.1% European, and in controls 9.1 ± 7.5% African, 14.7 ± 11.2% Native American and 76.2 ± 14.2% European. There was no evidence of a difference in nuclear or mitochondrial ancestry between cases and controls. However, European mitochondrial haplogroup H was associated with breast cancer (OR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.1, 3.5). CONCLUSIONS: We have not found evidence that overall genetic ancestry differs between breast cancer patients and controls in Uruguay but we detected an association of the disease with a European mitochondrial lineage, which warrants further investigation.
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Josey, Michelle. "Molecular-Genetic Methods for Predicting Bio-Geographical Ancestry From Bone Specimens to Aid in Forensic Identification." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1036.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Sciences
Forensic Science
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Hsiao, Yun-hua. "The Chinese Atlantic : contemporary women writers of Chinese Ancestry in Britain and America." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437859.
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Abrahams-Salaam, Fatima. "A molecular investigation of a mixed ancestry family displaying dementia and movement disorders." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2432.
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Thesis (MScMedSc (Biomedical Sciences. Molecular Biology and Human Genetics))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.A South African family of Mixed Ancestry presented with a rapidly progressive dementia and a movement disorder which affected a number of individuals across three generations. The initial symptoms included personality changes and tremors that escalated to severe dementia and eventually a completely bedridden state. It was determined that the mean age at onset was in the third decade of life and affected individuals died within 10-15 years after the onset of symptoms. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the genetic cause of the disorder in this family and to further investigate the patho-biology of the disease. Mutations that could possibly cause the observed phenotype in this family were screened for. These included loci implicated in Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Dentatorubral-Pallidoluysian Atrophy, Spinocerebellar ataxias (types 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7), Huntington’s disease-like 2 (HDL2) and several mitochondrial disorders. Single-strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct sequencing were used to detect possible mutations while genotyping on an ABI genetic analyser was used to detect disorders caused by repeat expansions. Haplogroup and Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) analyses of the Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA of one affected family member was used to determine the family’s genetic ancestry. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) and complementary DNA (cDNA) analyses of the Junctophlin-3 (JPH3) gene was performed to provide information on the expression profile of this gene. After the exclusion of several genetic loci it was shown that this family had HDL2. This is a rare disease caused by a CAG/CTG repeat expansion in an alternatively spliced version of the JPH3 gene. HDL2 occurs almost exclusively in individuals of Black African ancestry. The genetic ancestry data suggested that the family member was most likely of South African Mixed Ancestry making this the first reported family of South African Mixed Ancestry with HDL2. A pilot study investigated the repeat distribution amongst three South African sub-populations in order to determine whether there was a bias in the repeat distribution that possibly predisposes Black Africans to develop the disease. The results showed a statistically significant difference (P= 0.0014) in the distribution of the repeats between the Black African and Caucasian cohorts. However, no conclusions could be drawn as to whether Black Africans harboured larger repeats that predisposes them to developing HDL2. The expanded repeat is located in an alternatively spliced version of the JPH3 mRNA. Interestingly, this repeat is not present in the mouse homologue of the gene although the rest of the genomic sequence is highly conserved across the human, mouse and chimpanzee genomes. Using foetal brain cDNA and PCR primers designed to be specific for different JPH3 isoforms, independent confirmation of the presence of two JPH3 mRNA transcripts (the full length and a shorter alternatively spliced version) was provided. In the absence of brain tissue from an HDL2-affected individual, it was investigated whether both JPH3 mRNA transcripts could be detected in lymphocytes. Using RNA isolated from the transformed lymphocytes of two HDL2-affected family members, real-time PCR was attempted. These experiments produced inconclusive results and required further optimisation. Further RT-PCR experiments for JHP3 expression in different tissues (brain and other) obtained from HDL2-affected individuals would be of interest. The present study identified the first Mixed Ancestry family with HDL2. This family will now be able to request genetic counselling and pre-symptomatic testing for all at-risk family members. Aspects of this study provided independent confirmation of characteristics of the mutated gene. More research on HDL2 will be crucial in understanding the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Michelle, Burrows Adria. "A comparative ancestry analysis of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups using high resolution melting." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6489.
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Magister Scientiae - MSc (Biotechnology)The objective of this study is to deduce paternal ancestry using ancestry informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by means of High Resolution Melting (HRM). This was completed by producing a multiplex system that was designed in a hierarchical manner according to the YSNP tree. This project mainly focused on African ancestry and was used to infer paternal ancestral lineages on the Johannesburg Coloured population. South Africa has a diverse population that has ancestral history from across the globe. The South African Coloured population is the most admixed population as it is derived from at least five different population groups: these being Khoisan, Bantu, Europeans, Indians and Southeast Asians. There have been studies done on the Western Cape/ Cape Town Coloured populations before but this study focused on the Johannesburg Coloured population. The first step was to design the multiplex system. This was done by using inhouse SNPs. A total of seven multiplexes were designed and optimised, each consisting of two, three or four different SNPs respectively. A total of 143 saliva and buccal samples were collected from male Johannesburg Coloureds. DNA was extracted from the saliva samples using an optimised organic method. DNA was extracted from the buccal samples using an optimised salting out method. DNA was successfully extracted from 77 of the male samples. A total of 69 samples were screened using Multiplex 1; of the 69 samples 56 samples were successfully screened to infer the paternal lineage of the samples. The results show that the most frequent haplogroup of the Johannesburg male samples was haplogroup CF (39%). The second most frequent haplogroup was haplogroup DE (38%). Under further analysis of haplogroup DE it was seen that 37% of those samples were derived for the haplogroup E1b1b.
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Burrows, Adria Michelle. "A comparative ancestry analysis of Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups using high resolution melting." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6536.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScThe objective of this study is to deduce paternal ancestry using ancestry informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by means of High Resolution Melting (HRM). This was completed by producing a multiplex system that was designed in a hierarchical manner according to the YSNP tree. This project mainly focused on African ancestry and was used to infer paternal ancestral lineages on the Johannesburg Coloured population. South Africa has a diverse population that has ancestral history from across the globe. The South African Coloured population is the most admixed population as it is derived from at least five different population groups: these being Khoisan, Bantu, Europeans, Indians and Southeast Asians. There have been studies done on the Western Cape/ Cape Town Coloured populations before but this study focused on the Johannesburg Coloured population.
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Graham, Jinko. "Disequilibrium fine-mapping of a rare allele via coalescent models of gene ancestry /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9568.
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Yanez, Jonathan Xavier Andrade. "O nativo-experimental: música experimental e seus contatos com a cosmologia nativo-ancestral da América do Sul." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27158/tde-22092016-134017/.
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A dissertação procura compreender os acontecimentos musicais derivados do contato da denominada Música Experimental com realidades musicais Nativo Ancestrais Indígenas do continente sul-americano. Para isso, realiza uma contextualização histórica da evolução do experimentalismo musical desde 1950, seguindo um percurso linear até a atualidade, onde se destacam trabalhos e pesquisas de compositores ativos, que têm abordado especificamente as relações entre música, cosmovisão indígena e o xamanismo dentro do processo de experimentação sonoro/musical. Nesse contexto, se evidencia a criação de relações transculturais, produzidas entre duas realidades heterogêneas que, na contemporaneidade, se complementam. Para finalizar a presente pesquisa apresenta o trabalho prático, decorrente da criação de partituras gráficas e instruções verbais, desenvolvidas com o grupo de pesquisa em improvisação e experimentação musical Orquestra Errante (ECA-USP), onde foram utilizados elementos conceituais e sonoro/musicais nativo-indígenas e eco-escuta em práticas regulares de improvisação livre, evidenciando as dificuldades e possíveis estratégias para a conjunção entre o nativo-natural e o experimental.The thesis seeks to understand musical events derivate from the contact of the so called Experimental Music with musical realities of Indigenous Native-Ancestry of the South American continent. To do so, it performs a historical context of the evolution of musical experimentation since 1950, following a linear path to the present, which features work and research of active composers who have specifically addressed the relationship between music, indigenous worldview and shamanism within the process of sound/musical experimentation. In this context, it highlights the creation of cross-cultural relations, produced between two heterogeneous realities that, in contemporary times, complement each other. Finally this research presents the practical work, arising from the creation of graphic scores and verbal instructions, developed with the research group in improvisation and musical experimentation Orchestra Errante (ECA-USP), where are used conceptual and sound/musical elements forma indigenous native-ancestry of South America and eco-listening in regular practices of free improvisation, highlighting the difficulties and possible strategies for the conjunction between two antagonistic elements, native-experimental.
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Phromjuang, Kornwika. "The relationship between personal demographic components, health status, discharge status, and mortality among Asian Pacific Islanders elders." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=case1207269544.
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Ayala, Rene Oswald. "It Is in My DNA: Narratives of Race, Ethnicity, and Community in DNA Ancestry Testing Advertisements." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu162704403298498.
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Hines, Robert B. "Comorbidity and body mass index (BMI) as predictors of survival for African Americans and Caucasians following surgery for adenocarcinoma of the colon." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009p/hines.pdf.
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Kindschuh, Sarah. "DETERMINING SEX AND ANCESTRY OF THE HYOID FROM THE ROBERT J. TERRY ANATOMICAL COLLECTION." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2859.
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One of the basic goals of the physical anthropologist is to create a biological profile, consisting of sex, ancestry, age, and stature, from the skeletal material that they are presented with. This thesis seeks to explore size and shape differences related to sex and ancestry from the hyoid bones of the Robert J. Terry Anatomical Collection in order to gauge its usefulness in the process of developing a biological profile. A series of measurements were taken from 398 hyoids and analysis was conducted using a number of statistical methods. Independent samples t-tests were used to examine size differences between sexes and ancestries, while linear regression analysis and principle component analysis were used to examine shape differences. Discriminant function analysis was employed to test the ability of the hyoids to be classified by sex or ancestry. The ultimate goal of the thesis is to provide physical anthropologists with a series of discriminant function equations that can be used to estimate the sex and ancestry of a hyoid. Five equations ranging in accuracy from 83-88% were developed to determine sex of a hyoid, while four equations ranging in accuracy from 70-89% can be used to determine ancestry. In addition, the t-tests, regression analyses, and principle component analysis have identified several variations in size and shape between sexes and ancestries. These analyses have provided further knowledge as to the morphological form of the hyoid, as well as a method that can be easily used by physical anthropologists to assess sex and ancestry.M.A.
Department of Anthropology
Sciences
Anthropology MA
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Teló, Enio Paulo. "Estimativa de mistura étnica avaliada por Mercadores Informativos de Ancestralidade (AIMs) e Microssatélites (STRs)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2010. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/4171.
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Enio Paulo Estimativa de mistura étnica avaliada por Marcadores Informativos de.pdf: 352598 bytes, checksum: 7d448dc54afe1ec271f59fc912275f41 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-16T21:36:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Enio Paulo Estimativa de mistura étnica avaliada por Marcadores Informativos de.pdf: 352598 bytes, checksum: 7d448dc54afe1ec271f59fc912275f41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
A miscigenação entre os três principais grupos étnicos (ameríndios, europeus e africanos) originou a alta diversidade genética da população brasileira. Na Bahia a proporção de afrodescendentes é de 77,5%, sendo que em Salvador 79,8% se auto-denominam negros ou pardos. Poucos estudos descrevem a diversidade genética da população baiana e a contribuição de cada grupo étnico na sua formação. Diversos marcadores de DNA são atualmente utilizados para estimar mistura étnica em populações miscigenadas. Estes marcadores são denominados alelos específicos de população (PSAs) ou marcadores informativos de ancestralidade (AIMs) e apresentam alelos com grandes diferenciais de freqüência, superiores a 30%, entre populações geográfica ou etnicamente definidas. Os microssatélites (STRs) são variantes genéticos úteis no mapeamento genético de espécies, na identificação de pessoas, mapeamento genético e análise de populações. Alguns STRs apresentam alelos com freqüências marcantes em determinados grupos populacionais. Com objetivo de comparar a ancestralidade genomica avaliada com dois tipos de marcadores, foram estudados 8 microssatélites STRs autossômicos (TH01, vWA31, D18S51, FGA, TPOX, D7S820, D3S1358, D8S1179) e 9 AIMs (FY-Null, LPL, AT3-I/D, Sb19.3, APO, PV92, CYP3A4, CKMM, GC-1F e GC-1S), em 203 indivíduos miscigenados da Bahia. A genotipagem foi realizada por PCR (Polimerase Chain Reaction), para deleções, inserções e para os microssatélites e PCR quantitativo em tempo real para mutações pontuais. As contribuições africana, européia e ameríndia observadas foram respectivamente 33,5%, 58,6% e 7,9% para os STRs e 45,08%, 45,16% e 9,75% para os AIMs, comprovando a miscigenação da população. O Índice Kappa, mostrou que a concordância entre as estimativas de ancestralidade utilizando os dois tipos de marcadores (AIMs e STRs), foi muito baixa (kappa = 0,12). Foi observada associação entre sobrenome de conotação religiosa e ancestralidade africana
The mixing between the three main ethnic groups (Amerindians, Europeans and Africans) produced a high genetic diversity of the braziliam population. In Bahia, the proportion of African descent that call themselves black or brown is 77.5% and 79.8% in Salvador. Few studies describe the genetic diversity of the population of Bahia and the contribution of each ethnic group in its formation. Several DNA markers are currently used to estimate ethnic mix in admixed populations. These markers are called alleles specific population (PSAs) or ancestry informative markers (AIMs) and carry alleles with large differences in frequency above 30% between populations geographically or ethnically defined. Microsatellites (STRs) are useful genetic variants in the genetic mapping of species, identification of persons, genetic mapping and analysis of populations. Some STRs have alleles with frequencies marked in certain population groups. To compare the ancestry genomica evaluated with two types of markers were studied 8 microsatellite autosomal STRs (TH01, vWA31, D18S51, FGA, TPOX, D7S820, D3S1358, D8S1179) and 9 AIMs (FY-Null, LPL, AT3-I /D, Sb19.3, APO, PV92, CYP3A4, CK-MM, GC and GC-1F-1S) in 203 subjects with mixed Bahia. Genotyping was performed by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), for deletions, insertions and for microsatellite and quantitative PCR in real time for mutations. The contributions of African, European and Amerindian observed were respectively 33.5%, 58.6% and 7.9% for the STRs and 45.08%, 45.16% and 9.75% for the AIMs, proving the mixing of population. The Kappa index showed that the correlation between the estimates of ancestry using both types of markers (AIMs and STRs), was very low (kappa = 0.12). Association was found between devotional surnames and African ancestry.
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Planting, Mollaoglu Mina. "Dom är vi : En etnologisk studie av släktforskning som idé och praktik." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kulturantropologi och etnologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-432513.
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This essay examines the incentives and notions behind the practice of genealogy, in terms of how discourses and notions of kinship, identity and history is expressed against the setting of genealogy as a cultural and social phenomenon that is gaining a growing interest amongst the general public. Through qualitative interviews with six amateur genealogists, the study explores how notions of kinship and history shape the way in which genealogists come to understand themselves and their place in the world. Furthermore, the study explores how genealogists make use of the specific knowledge that they have acquired through their engagement with genealogy. Through analysis of discourse and the logics approach, the essay shows that lack of specific knowledge about one’s ancestry is seen as an inherent reason for seeking knowledge through genealogy. The essay indicates that the notion of understanding oneself can be seen as a significant incentive and driving force in the practice of genealogy, where kinship is made meaningful through identity formation. The essay also shows that genealogy is made meaningful through notions and desires of belonging and affinity, and that genealogy can be seen as a way for genealogists to either create or maintain links between generations, to places, or with the past in general. Furthermore, the essay shows examples of how genealogy can be seen as a way to explore alternative aspects of history, and that the knowledge that is acquired through genealogy can be employed to challenge understandings of “real” and “authentic” history. Lastly, the essay shows that genealogy offers a backdrop of historic knowledge that can be used by genealogists to contrast notions of the past with notions of the present, in order to express criticism towards society, convey moral messages, and to make sense of the present time.
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Hirji, Shemina. "The roles of teachers of Punjabi Sikh ancestry in the British Columbia education system." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0022/MQ51359.pdf.
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He, Ding. "Inferring Ancestry : Mitochondrial Origins and Other Deep Branches in the Eukaryote Tree of Life." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Systematisk biologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-231670.
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There are ~12 supergroups of complex-celled organisms (eukaryotes), but relationships among them (including the root) remain elusive. For Paper I, I developed a dataset of 37 eukaryotic proteins of bacterial origin (euBac), representing the conservative protein core of the proto-mitochondrion. This gives a relatively short distance between ingroup (eukaryotes) and outgroup (mitochondrial progenitor), which is important for accurate rooting. The resulting phylogeny reconstructs three eukaryote megagroups and places one, Discoba (Excavata), as sister group to the other two (neozoa). This rejects the reigning “Unikont-Bikont” root and highlights the evolutionary importance of Excavata. For Paper II, I developed a 150-gene dataset to test relationships in supergroup SAR (Stramenopila, Alveolata, Rhizaria). Analyses of all 150-genes give different trees with different methods, but also reveal artifactual signal due to extremely long rhizarian branches and illegitimate sequences due to horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or contamination. Removing these artifacts leads to strong consistent support for Rhizaria+Alveolata. This breaks up the core of the chromalveolate hypothesis (Stramenopila+Alveolata), adding support to theories of multiple secondary endosymbiosis of chloroplasts. For Paper III, I studied the evolution of cox15, which encodes the essential mitochondrial protein Heme A synthase (HAS). HAS is nuclear encoded (nc-cox15) in all aerobic eukaryotes except Andalucia godoyi (Jakobida, Excavata), which encodes it in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (mt-cox15). Thus the jakobid gene was postulated to represent the ancestral gene, which gave rise to nc-cox15 by endosymbiotic gene transfer. However, our phylogenetic and structure analyses demonstrate an independent origin of mt-cox15, providing the first strong evidence of bacteria to mtDNA HGT. Rickettsiales or SAR11 often appear as sister group to modern mitochondria. However these bacteria and mitochondria also have independently evolved AT-rich genomes. For Paper IV, I assembled a dataset of 55 mitochondrial proteins of clear α-proteobacterial origin (including 30 euBacs). Phylogenies from these data support mitochondria+Rickettsiales but disagree on the placement of SAR11. Reducing amino-acid compositional heterogeneity (resulting from AT-bias) stabilizes SAR11 but moves mitochondria to the base of α-proteobacteria. Signal heterogeneity supporting other alternative hypotheses is also detected using real and simulated data. This suggests a complex scenario for the origin of mitochondria.
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Gilmartin, Sophie. "Ancestry and narrative in nineteenth-century British literature : blood relations from Edgeworth to Hardy /." Cambridge [GB] : Cambridge university press, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb371179257.
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Mbu, Desiree Lem. "Expression of circulating Microrna’s (Mirnas) in blood of mixed ancestry subjects with glucose intolerance." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2816.
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Thesis (MSc (Biomedical Sciences))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.Background: Early detection of individuals who are at risk of developing Glucose Intolerance would decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. MicroRNA is one of the most widely studied biomolecules involved in epigenetic mechanisms, hence it offers unique opportunities in this regard. Circulating microRNAs are associated with disease pathogenesis during the asymptomatic stage of disease. This has therefore attracted a lot of attention as a potential biomarker for identifying individuals who have an increased risk of developing Glucose Intolerance. The identification of high risk biomarkers for Glucose Intolerance will go a long way to eliminate the possible complications that arise due to late diagnosis and treatment of Glucose Intolerance. This could ultimately lead to better ways to prevent, manage and control the Glucose Intolerance epidemic that is rampant worldwide. The aim of the study is to investigate expression of circulating microRNA’s in blood of mixed ancestry subjects with glucose intolerance. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study design involving 36 individuals [who were age, gender and BMI (Body Mass Index) matched] from a total population of 1989 participants of mixed ancestry descent, residing in Bellville South, South Africa was used. Participants were classified as controls (normoglycemic), pre-diabetic (preDM) and diabetic (DM) (screen detected diabetic) according to WHO criteria of 1998. MicroRNAs were extracted from serum using the Qiagen miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Kit (ThermoFisher). The purified micro RNAs were reverse-transcribed to cDNA (complementary deoxyribonucleic acid) using the Qiagen RT2 First Strand Kit. Then, using Qiagen miScript SYBR Green PCR kit and miScript miRNA PCR arrays (ThermoFisher), the real time polymerase chain reaction was done to determine the expression profile the circulating micro RNAs present in the serum of the participants. Results: The 36 participants were evenly divided into 3 groups of 12 participants each as mentioned earlier. There were significant differences between groups in the waist (cm) (p=0.0415) and waist/hip ratio (p=0.0011) with highest values in the DM group and lowest in the normal group. Clinical parameters varied significantly according to glycemic status. As expected, the FBG (mmol/L) (p<0.0001), 2 HRs Post Glucose (mmol/L) (p<0.0001), HbA1c (%) (p=0.0009), Fasting Insulin (mIU/L) (p=0.0039), were all highest in the DM and lowest in the control group. In contrast, the 2 HRs Post Insulin (mIU/L) (p = 0.0027) was highest in the preDM group and lowest in the normal group, while the Glucose/Insulin ratio (p=0.0477) was highest in the normal group and lowest in the preDM group. Triglycerides (mmol/L) (p=0.0043) and Total Chol (mmol/L) (p=0.0429) were significantly increased through the three groups, with highest values in the DM group and lowest in the normal group. Furthermore, 12 of the 84 miRNAs studied were expressed through all the 3 groups and they exhibited both inverse and positive correlations between the clinical parameters, especially the glucose parameters (Fasting blood glucose, 2 hours post glucose, Fasting blood insulin, 2 hours post insulin and Glycated Hemoglobin).
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Makambwa, Edson. "The role of warfarin pharmacogenomics on the time it takes to reach stable therapeutic International Normalized Ratio (INR) and on warfarin dose required to maintain stable therapeutic INR in Black African and Mixed Ancestry South Africans: a focus on CYP2C9 and VKORC1." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31178.
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Warfarin, the most commonly prescribed anticoagulant, is principally metabolized by cytochrome P450 2C9 which functions by inhibiting the Vitamin K epoxide reductase. Genes CYP2C9 and VKORC1 code for these two proteins, respectively. CYP2C9 and VKORC1 exhibit genetic polymorphisms that have been shown to affect warfarin response and favorably facilitate warfarin dosing and improve clinical outcomes. However, none of these studies have involved populations from sub-Saharan Africa where the potential benefit of optimal dosing and reduced complications is greatest. Therefore, the thesis describes a study designed to investigate the role of genetic variations in CYP2C9 and VKORC1 on the time taken to reach a stable therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) and warfarin dose required to maintain a therapeutic INR. This was a cross-sectional study of patients on warfarin to determine the relationship between genetic polymorphism in CYP2C9 and VKORC1 amongst black and mixed ancestry South Africans and clinical surrogates of warfarin metabolism. Medical records were accessed to determine time to INR and warfarin doses. DNA was extracted from blood samples, and genotyping for polymorphism in CYP2C9 (*2,*3,*8,*11) and VKORC1 (1173C>T, 1639G>A, 3730G>A) was accomplished by PCR-RFLP, Sanger sequencing and iPlex Mass Sequencing. Our results show that the genetic profile of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 differs between Black Africans (BA) and their Mixed Ancestry (MA) counterparts. VKORC1-1639AA genotype was observed at frequencies of 0.11 and 0.01 in the MA and BA, respectively. Time to stable INR was not influenced by CYP2C9 and VKORC1. Furthermore, compared to known genetic polymorphisms in these genes from population out of Africa, both qualitative and quantitative differences were observed. Finally, we found that VKORC1 genetic variation significantly affected the doses of warfarin in MA but had no effect in BA. These results suggest that further research in this area is warranted, and that it will be important to include populations from sub-Saharan Africa in future if the potential to develop personalized algorithms which integrate pharmacogenomics to assist with effective warfarin dosing and prevention of warfarin related complications is to be realized.
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Rogers, Tracy Lea. "The attribution of ancestry for European and Indian, South Asian, individuals within a forensic context." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ51918.pdf.
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Deason, Michael Leo. "The effects of genetic ancestry on elite sprint athlete status in the West African diaspora." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8325/.
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Elite athletic performance is widely acknowledged to result from the exposure of a favourable genetic endowment to a favourable combination of environmental factors including culture, diet, training regime and socioeconomic status. Athletes from West African descendant populations in North America and Western Europe have long been prominent in elite sprint running, constituting 63% of the top 100 performers in each sprint discipline, outperforming athletes from Europe (23%), West Africa (8%) and the rest of the world (6%). These members of the West African diaspora are genetically admixed, resulting in detectable levels of both African and European ancestry because of gene flow between African slaves and Europeans during chattel slavery in the 16th to 19th centuries. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect that ancestral genetic composition may have had on the likelihood of becoming a top-class sprint athlete amongst samples of African-Americans and Jamaicans. It was hoped that these findings would add to the existing research in attempting to understand the unique combination of factors that produce elite sprint athletes. Ancestrally informative genetic data from elite African-American and Jamaican sprint athletes and ethnically-matched controls were used to explore how genetic ancestry affects sprint athlete status in these populations. These data are also vital when investigating the putative origins of an admixed population, and relatively little research has investigated the genetic ancestry of modern Jamaicans when compared to African-Americans. To bring the two groups to comparable levels of insight, the population history of the Jamaican people was estimated by comparing the observed matrilineal gene pool to the gene pools of known source regions of Africa. By simulating a stable population with the observed population dynamics from slave-era Jamaica, it was possible to draw conclusions about selection acting on the Jamaican slave population from the colonisation of the island by England in 1655 until the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. In addition to the Jamaican maternal lineages already genotyped, paternal lineages in both African-Americans and Jamaicans, as well as maternal lineages in African-Americans were genotyped to assess any association these lineages had with elite sprint athlete status. These lineages were also compared between the cohorts to assess any differences in lineage composition across both groups of athletes and controls. Finally, locus-specific genetic ancestry was calculated to map loci associated with elite athlete status to regions of the genome with a greater amount of African or European ancestry than would be expected under the null hypothesis of no association with ancestry. Assuming a difference in the likelihood of sprint athletes originating from either Africa or Europe, detected associations between locus-specific ancestry and sprint status may indicate specific genomic regions of interest. The main findings of this thesis are: a) Modern Jamaicans are mostly descended from slaves originating from the Gold Coast of Africa, despite large influxes of slaves from the Bight of Biafra and West-central Africa before the end of the slave trade. b) There appears to have been selective pressure acting on the slave population of Jamaica. Differences between the presumptive origins of the observed lineages and the outcome of the stable population model suggested varying levels of mortality and fecundity within the slave population, consistent with earlier ethnographic and linguistic studies. c) The distribution of maternal lineages in the African-American athletes were significantly different from that of African-American controls. Maternal lineage distributions between Jamaican athletes and Jamaican controls were not significantly different. There was insufficient statistical power to infer any differences between the paternal lineages of African-American athletes and controls or the Jamaican athletes and controls. This suggests that either maternal ancestry may be a factor in elite sprint athlete status for African-Americans or it could simply be a false positive, inherent to the methodology used. Jamaican maternal lineages are homogeneous with regards to elite sprint athlete status. There was insufficient statistical power to arrive at similar conclusions regarding the paternal lineages of athletes and controls in either group. d) The maternal lineages of African-American athletes and Jamaican athletes were significantly different, although there was insufficient statistical power to determine if there were any differences between the paternal lineages of African-American athletes and Jamaican athletes. This suggests that the same maternal lineage distribution is not associated with sprint athlete status in the two populations, while there is insufficient evidence to make a similar claim regarding paternal lineages. e) The maternal lineages of African-American controls and Jamaican controls were also significantly different, although there was insufficient statistical power to conclude whether significant difference exists in the paternal lineages of African-American controls and Jamaican controls. These results suggest that there is some evidence that the population histories of African-Americans and Jamaicans are significantly different despite the lack of evidence from the paternal lineages. f) The proportion of genome-wide African ancestry did not differ significantly between either African-American athletes and controls or Jamaican athletes and controls. This suggests that environmental factors typically associated with higher levels of African ancestry in these populations (e.g. lower socioeconomic status, diminished access to healthcare) are not directly linked with elite athlete status. g) The estimated number of generations since admixture occurred did not differ significantly between athletes and controls for either African-Americans or Jamaicans. This suggests that athletes were not more likely than controls to have had European ancestors in the recent past, thereby potentially having greater access to resources. h) Admixture mapping was used to detect an enrichment of European ancestry at chromosome 4q13.1 significantly associated with athlete status in African-Americans. There were no significant loci associated with athlete status in Jamaicans. This suggests that the regions of the genome influencing sprint athlete status may be different in the two populations, although there was insufficient statistical power to draw any meaningful conclusions from the Jamaican data. This thesis has potential implications for future work not only explaining the disproportionate success of West African descendant sprint athletes but also for advancing the basic understanding of the genetic influences on the limits of human performance.
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Muller, Samantha. "Shape analysis of the zygoma to assess ancestry and sex variation in modern South Africans." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78395.
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Skeletal remains exposed to an outdoor context are prone to post-mortem damage and fragmentation, making skeletal analysis difficult for the anthropologist. Research on ancestry and sex from isolated fragments of the cranium is necessary to improve identification of fragmented remains. The zygoma has proven to be more durable post skeletonization than other cranial bones, making research relevant into variation within the zygoma. Whilst the shape of the zygoma has been studied in a South African population using morphological, metric and geometric morphometric techniques, these studies did not include Indian South Africans. The Indian South African population comprises 2.6% of the total population but make up a larger proportion of the population in certain areas. For example, Indian South Africans comprise 7.4% of the population in Kwa-Zulu Natal and 2.9% in Gauteng. More specifically, Indian South Africans make up to 60% of the population in the suburb of Chatsworth with a further 91% of the population in sub-area of Arena Park, and 80% of the population in the Laudium suburb of Gauteng. Therefore, Indian South Africans must be included in anthropological studies attempting ancestry classifications. The purpose of the study was to assess the shape variation and projection of the zygoma attributable to sexual dimorphism and ancestral variation among South Africans, including Indian South Africans, using a geometric morphometric approach.
A sample of 400 three-dimensionally (3D) reconstructed models from head CT scans of black, coloured, white, and Indian South Africans were used with an equal sex and ancestry distribution. Eleven landmarks previously described in the literature were used for the analysis. Each landmark was used to depict the most prominent points on the outline of the zygoma. Additionally, semi-landmarks were placed along the curves of the zygoma. The landmarks and semi-landmarks were tested for observer repeatability and reliability using dispersion analysis and revealed that all landmarks were repeatable. Procrustes ANOVA revealed significant differences among the population groups and between the sexes for all population groups, except between coloured South African males and females. A pairwise post-hoc test revealed that white and Indian South Africans had the most similarities except for males, where coloured and Indian South Africans had the most similarities for landmarks.
Three interlandmark distances were created to assess the zygoma’s projection. The ANOVA for the projection of the zygoma revealed significant differences for both sex and ancestry except for white South African males and females and males overall for the zygomaticomaxillary length. The zygomaticomaxillary length (ZML) is defined as the maximum distance between the landmarks zygoorbitale and zygomaxilare. No significant differences were noted for female South Africans for the Superior Zygomatic Length which, is a measure of the maximum length of the superior margin of the zygoma (between porion and zygoorbitale; PorZygool). Further analysis of the zygoma’s projection involved creating angles between the interlandmark distances. The ANOVA for the angles of projection revealed significant differences between sexes and populations, except for white and Indian South African males and females at Angle1 (Angle at the intersection of ZML and PorZygoml) and Angle3 (the angle at the intersection of PorZygool and PorZygoml) and black, coloured and Indian South African males and females at Angle2 (the angle at the intersection of ZML and PorZygool).
The large amount of overlap amongst ancestry groups demonstrated substantial group similarities; however, differences were noted at the zygomaxillary, zygomaticotemporal and frontomalar sutures. Overlap was also present between males and females, but on average, males were larger than females. Differences, such as a more inferior placement of the zygoorbitale landmark were noted at the inferior margin of the orbit specifically in females. Differences were also noted at the inferior margin of the orbit across all groups. Discriminant functions were created to assess the classifying ability of the shape of the zygoma. Results revealed low accuracies for ancestry classification for the shape and projection of the zygoma. However, higher accuracies were noted for sex classification for the shape and projection of the zygoma.
While results demonstrate shape variation of the zygoma, the classifying ability of the zygoma is precarious at best, and the use of the zygoma in a forensic context may not be an option. However, the differences observed can be taken into consideration during medical procedures such as zygomatic and infraorbital implants. Although landmark placements were reliable and repeatable, further analysis of the zygoma using a semi-automatic surface registration method along with different imaging techniques (MicroCT and CBCT scans) may assist in the data collection procedure and may potentially increase the accuracy of the results. Furthermore, the results of the current study highlight the need for the assessment of the effects of diet, climate, age, edentulism and symmetry on the shape of the zygoma.Dissertation (MSc (Anatomy))--University of Pretoria, 2020.
National Research Foundation (NRF)
Anatomy
MSc (Anatomy)
Unrestricted
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Wang, Heming. "LOCAL ANCESTRY INFERENCE AND ITS IMPLICATION IN SEARCHING FOR SELECTION EVIDENCE IN RECENT ADMIXED POPULATION." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1473439566976121.
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Baker, Lindsey Cadwell. "Approaches to multivariate estimation of European American versus African American ancestry from the distal femur /." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1559851921&sid=14&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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