Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Anatomy'

Orientadores: Sandra Maria Carmello-Guerreiro, Luiza Sumiko Kinoshita
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Este estudo teve por objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento de Apocynaceae através do levantamento de dados morfoanatômicos de frutos e sementes de representantes da família. Foram contempladas neste estudo 13 espécies ocorrentes no Brasil e distribuídas em três das cinco subfamílias atualmente descritas. Flores, frutos e sementes em vários estádios de desenvolvimento foram coletados, fixados e submetidos a técnicas usuais de anatomia. No primeiro capítulo foram estudados frutos maduros de Aspidosperma australe Müll. Arg., A. olivaceum Müll. Arg. e A. pyrifolium Mart. Os frutos possuem epicarpo unisseriado, com cutícula espessa, lenticelas e periderme. Tricomas de cobertura foram encontrados somente em A. australe. O mesocarpo apresenta parênquima fundamental, laticíferos, feixes vasculares, ilhas de floema, esclerócitos e idioblastos com cristais prismáticos. Em A. pyrifolium, os esclerócitos estão arranjados em grupos de diversas células e A. olivaceum possui laticíferos com bainha parenquimática. Em todas as espécies o endocarpo é multisseriado, mas só em A. australe as células são lignificadas. No segundo capítulo foi realizado um estudo ontogenético das cápsulas de Allamanda blanchetii A. DC. e Allamanda schottii Pohl. Apesar de estas cápsulas serem tradicionalmente classificadas como loculicidas neste trabalho ficou comprovado que são, na realidade, cápsulas septicidas bivalvares. O epicarpo das duas espécies é unisseriado e possui células epidérmicas de paredes espessas, cutícula delgada e estômatos. No mesocarpo pode-se observar hipoderme colenquimática, anel esclerenquimático, parênquima fundamental, aerênquima, feixes vasculares, ilhas de floema e laticíferos. O endocarpo das duas espécies é constituído por diversas camadas de esclerócitos, que possuem disposição cruzada somente em A. blanchetii. Apesar de apresentarem pericarpo com muitas similaridades, foi possível constatar que somente A. blanchetii possui aerênquima distribuído por todo o mesocarpo do fruto sendo este, portanto, um bom caráter para distinguir estas espécies. No terceiro capítulo foi realizado um estudo ontogenético dos frutos de Prestonia coalita (Vell.) Woodson (Apocynaceae). O fruto de P. coalita, anteriormente chamado de folículo, na realidade é uma cápsula septicida bicarpelar, sendo cada valva originada de um único carpelo. O epicarpo, originado exclusivamente da epiderme externa do ovário, é formado por uma camada de células epidérmicas de paredes pecto-celulósicas e cutícula espessas, estômatos, lenticelas e tricomas tectores. O mesocarpo origina-se do mesofilo ovariano e é constituído por células colenquimatosas, células parenquimáticas, fibras não lignificadas, feixes vasculares bicolaterais, ilhas de floema e laticíferos. O endocarpo é formado por uma camada de esclerócitos e a deiscência da cápsula ocorre pela ruptura na região de união das folhas carpelares e na região de união dos carpelos. No quarto capítulo, frutos maduros de Blepharodon bicuspidatum E. Fourn., Oxypetalum appendiculatum Mart., O. balansae Malme e O. glaziovii (E. Fourn.) Fontella & Marquete, espécies da subfamília Asclepiadoideae, foram estudados. O pericarpo de todas as espécies é constituído por um epicarpo unisseriado revestido por cutícula espessa, estriada somente em B. bicuspidatum. Todas as espécies possuem estômatos, mas tricomas de cobertura estão presentes somente em O. appendiculatum. Os mesocarpos das espécies estudadas são similares, pois são constituídos de parênquima fundamental, fibras, laticíferos, feixes vasculares, ilhas de floema e aerênquima. As fibras possuem paredes espessas e sem lignina, achatadas em O. glaziovii ou arredondadas nas demais espécies. Idioblastos com cristais do tipo drusa estão presentes somente no mesocarpo de O. appendiculatum. Todas as espécies apresentam endocarpo lignificado uni ou bisseriado. No quinto e último capítulo, sementes maduras de Allamanda blanchetii A. DC., Malouetia arborea (Vell.) Miers, Mandevilla pohliana (Stadelm.) A. H. Gentry e Tabernaemontana arborea Rose foram estudadas. Mesmo possuindo morfologia variada estas sementes apresentam diversas características comuns, como envoltório único repleto de compostos fenólicos, endosperma e cotilédones dorsiventrais. Como a camada mecânica localiza-se na exotesta, todas as sementes são exotestais, sendo que somente M. arborea possui a exotesta multisseriada. As principais substâncias de reserva encontradas foram proteínas e carboidratos. As proteínas, à exceção de M. arborea, ocorrem na forma de corpos protéicos; já os carboidratos, apresentaram-se na forma de polissacarídeos de parede celular, novamente com exceção para M. arborea que os reserva na forma de grãos de amido. Finalmente, a única espécie com reserva lipídica significativa foi T. arborea, na forma de pequenas gotas presentes no endosperma.
Abstract: This paper had as objective contribute for the knowledge of Apocynaceae by a morph-anatomic survey data from fruits and seeds from species of the family. On this study, 13 species present in Brazil and distributed in three of the five families currently described, were included. Flowers, fruits and seeds in many development levels were collected, fixed and submitted to anatomy usual techniques. In the first chapter Aspidosperma australe Müll. Arg., A. olivaceum Müll. Arg. and A. pyrifolium Mart. ripe fruits were studied. The fruits have uniseriate epicarp with thick cuticle, lenticels and periderm. Cover trichomes were found only in A. australe. The mesocarp presents fundamental parenchyma, laticifers, vascular bundles, sclereids and idioblasts with prismatic crystals. In A. pyrifolium, the sclereids are arranged in groups of a variety of cells and A. olivaceum has laticifers with parenchymatic sheath. All species have multiseriate endocarp but only in A. australe the cells are lignified. In the second chapter an ontogenetic study of the Allamanda blanchetii A. DC. and Allamanda schottii Pohl capsules was made. Despite the fact these capsules has been traditionally classified as loculicidal, on this paper it was verified that they are, really, septicidal bicarpelares capsules. The epicarp of both species is uniseriate and has thick-walled epidermal cells, thin cuticle and stomata. In the mesocarp we can observe collenchymatic hypodermis, sclereids ring, fundamental parenchyma, aerenchyma, vascular bundles, islands of phloem and laticifers. The endocarp of both species is formed by several layers of sclereids, which have crossed arrangement only in A. blanchetii. Dispite they present pericarp with many similarities, it was possible to see that only A. blanchetii has aerenchyma distributed throughout the mesocarp of the fruit and, so, this is a good characteristic to distinguish the species. In the third chapter an ontogenetic study of the Prestonia coalita (Vell.) Woodson (Apocynaceae) fruits was made. The fruit of P. coalita, previously called follicle, is a septicidal bicarpelar capsule, each valve provided by a single carpel. The epicarp, originated exclusively from the external epidermis of the ovary, is formed by one layer of epidermal cells with thick cuticle, stomata, lenticels and cover trichomes. The mesocarp is originated from the ovarian mesophyll and is made by collenchymatic cells, parenchyma cells, not-lignified fibers, bicolaterals vascular bundles, islands of phloem and laticifers. The endocarp is formed by a layer of sclereids and the dehiscence of the capsule occurs due to the rupture in the region of the leaves carpels union. In the fourth chapter ripe fruits of Blepharodon bicuspidatum E. Fourn., Oxypetalum appendiculatum Mart., O. balansae Malme and O. glaziovii (E. Fourn.) Fontella & Marquete, species of the subfamily Asclepiadoideae, were studied. The pericarp of all species is formed by a uniseriate epicarp covered by a thick cuticle, striated only at B. bicuspidatum. All the species have stomata, but cover trichome are present only at O. appendiculatum. The mesocarps of all species are very similar, because they are formed by fundamental parenchyma, fibers, laticifers vascular bundles, islands of phloem and aerenchyma. The fibers have thick walls and without lignin, flattened in O. glaziovii or rounded in other species. Idioblasts with crystals of the druse type are present only in the mesocarp of O. appendiculatum. All species have uni or bisseriate lignified endocarp. In the fifth chapter ripe seeds of Allamanda blanchetii A. DC., Malouetia arborea (Vell.) Miers, Mandevilla pohliana (Stadelm.) A. H. Gentry and Tabernaemontana arborea Rose were studied. All have single seed-coat, embryo and endosperm. The seeds are exotestals and in the testa cells are phenolic compounds. Only M. arborea presents multisseriate exotesta. In all species, the cotyledon is dorsiventral. The main store substances found were proteins, normally forming protein bodies, being detected in the cotyledon and endosperm of all studied species. Starch was detected only in the cotyledons and endosperm of M. arborea and the aril of T. arborea. Lipid bodies were also observed in T. arborea.
Doutorado
Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 7, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

Examining the perception of literary decline in Greek, Latin, Arabic, and Persian, this study unearths an enduring taboo, one little changed by place and time, against verbal creation too readily sacrificing “nature” and “truth” to artifice and phantasy. The fading of the taboo after the nineteenth century, when “Decadent” yields to a non-normative name for the present (“Modern”), is without precedent. Demonstrating the opprobrium’s enduring nature, this study compares for the first time four literary traditions’ confrontations with a “Decadence” whose similarities have been conjectured since philology’s “golden age.” Chapter I examines two ancient polemics against decline, the tableaux of decay painted by the Avestan liturgical texts and the Attic Greek thinkers before new attitudes towards verbal creation. A similar tableau emerges in Roman reactions to post-Augustan eloquentia’s “decline,” as the analysis of Tacitus in chapter II demonstrates. Chapter III gives voice to non-specialist Imperial reactions to the “decline” heralded by the Second Sophistic, analyzing Plutarch’s and Marcus Aurelius’s rejections of verbal art. Chapter IV considers the effort to regulate artifice within the rhetorical tradition, examining the two great Hellenistic and Imperial authorities (Demetrius and Quintilian). Chapter V finds the prohibition unbroken in the earliest Arabic debate over suqāṭ (“Decadence”). Al-Āmidī’s Muwāzana is a summary statement of the rejection of verbal creation too enamored of facticity. Conversely, chapter VI looks to post-Classical Persian voices enshrining this very conception of verbal creation. Suhrawardī, Mullā Ṣadrā, and Ṣāʾib call for a language reflective of little other than wahm (“imagination”) and himma (“desire”). Chapter VII examines “Decadence” in Greek and Arabic post-Classical fiction. The erosion of μῦθος by ψυχή as the banal desire of non-heroic protagonists eclipses action, as phantasy, shown through the pathetic fallacy, irradiates out into the world, supports critics’ contention: Imperiousness of imagination goes with the genera dicendi’s loosening and the pull of language from the inhuman towards personal fancy. “Decadence” in fiction reflects a literature democratized, one mirroring (petty-) bourgeois interests. This is, argues chapter VIII, a premonition of Modernity: With Gutenberg and Calvin, with an unprecedented accessibility and banality of letters, the taboo against subjectivism and facticity recedes.
Comparative Literature

Interior design has a social responsibility. To facilitate the way in which buildings change, thereby allowing the user to retain interest and awareness of buildings. The sensitivity of built fabric with historical value combined with the symbolic nature of institutional buildings justify the need to reinterpret architecture in order to retain its value to future generations. It is the aim of this dissertation to investigate the interior designer’s role in altering built fabric by reinterpreting the existing design language. A new perspective should evolve from a well informed understanding of the elements present on site and provide a new strategy by reacting to it. The selected project is a Human Anatomy Centre at the Tshwane District hospital that should provide both the academic and non-academic user with the opportunity to reinterpret their understanding of the human body.
Dissertation (MInt(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Architecture
unrestricted

The current and estimated future shortage of nurses presents a threat to the health of both nursing professionals and those in their care. Stress and burnout are contributors to turnover among nurses and needs to be addressed.Story as a potential self-care strategy has the potential to promote health and wellbeing among nurses, which may increase satisfaction among nurses and decrease turnover in the profession. This study used a qualitative descriptive design with content analysis to: 1) describe the use of story and story sharing/telling in nursing practice, and 2) describe how story contributes to the nursing workplace.Findings revealed that stories are inherent in the practice of professional nursing. Nurses share a common bond and connection through sharing stories about the nursing profession. This connection spans generations, care settings, specialty, levels of education, training and experience.Nurses also use story as a way of remembering and processing information and to teach and mentor each other through the experiences they encounter in work settings. This sharing on the job and outside of work settings is more memorable and valuable to nurses than what they learn in the classroom or through textbooks and case study presentations.Story creates ease for nurses through validation of shared human experience. When an individual feels heard both the storyteller and listener benefit from the understanding that is gained from the exchange. The greatest barrier to this exchange within nursing practice is time. Nurses believe that there is a limited amount of time due to the complexity of the work environment, demands on their time, and the structure of the healthcare system.This study provided empirical findings for what has been theorized with respect to story and nursing. Nurses use story in their daily work and personal lives. The findings of this study provide support for the use of story to promote wellbeing in nurses and to improve environments in which nurses' work. Directions for future research would include the development and evaluation of programs for nurses that incorporate story into education and for self-care.

O interesse pela criação de moluscos, em particular escargots, vem sendo divulgado por criadores na expectativa de colaborar com o desenvolvimento da helicicultura brasileira. Assim, realizamos estudos macro e microscópicos da anatomia do sistema reprodutor, estabelecendo parâmetros morfológicos e morfométricos comparativos entre a Achatina fulica e a Achatina monochromatica. Utilizamos trinta exemplares, sendo quinze Achatina fulica e quinze Achatina monochromatica. Dez exemplares de cada espécie foram destinados ao estudo macroscópico, enquanto que os outros cinco destinaram-se ao estudo histológico. Os espécimes foram sacrificados por congelamento, em freezer a (-2ºC), após processo seletivo e medidas morfométricas da concha e pesagem do animal. A coleta do sistema reprodutor se fez após a retirada da concha, por quebra da mesma e dissecação do animal. Retirado o sistema reprodutor, procederam-se as medidas de cada segmento e as preparações histológicas. Na análise estatística, verificamos que apesar desses animais terem sido mantidos nas mesmas condições ambientais e alimentares e submetidos ao mesmo tipo de seleção, houve variação no desenvolvimento e na biometria dos seus órgãos reprodutores. Os aspectos morfológicos do sistema reprodutor das duas espécies diferem, macroscopicamente, em seus vários segmentos, porém, a disposição e a localização dos seus segmentos são idênticas. Quanto à descrição microscópica, não foram observadas diferenças em seus segmentos, porém, no ovotestis da Achatina fulica há maior quantidade de células com pigmento no epitélio germinativo do que na Achatina monochromatica.
The interest for the creation of mollusks, specifically escargots, has been introduced by the creators with the expectation to collaborate with the development of the Brazilian snails breeding. Therefore, there were accomplished macro and microscopic studies of the reproductive system anatomy, establishing a comparison of morphologic and morphometric parameters between Achatina fulica and Achatina monochromatica. Thirty samples, being fifteen Achatina fulica and fifteen Achatina monochromatica, were used. Ten samples of each species were destined for macroscopic studies, while five to the histological study. The specimens were sacrificed by freezing in a freezer (-2ºC), after a selective process and shell morphometric measures and the weighting of the animal. The retreat of the reproductive system was made after breaking the shell to expose the escargot and the animal dissection. After the retreat of the reproductive system, measures of each segment and histological preparations were made. In the statistical analysis, in spite of the animals have been maintained in the same environmental and alimentary conditions, and submitted to the same selection type, it was observed that there was a variation in the development and the biometry of the reproductive organs. Reproductive system morphologic aspects of both species differ macroscopically, in their several segments, however the disposition and the location of their segments are identical. As for the microscopic description, differences in their segments were not observed, however in the Achatina fulica ovotestis there is a larger amount of pigmented cells in the twinning epithelium than in Achatina monochromatica.

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There are many varieties of lesions of the peripheral nerves derived from acquired or congenital degenerate diseases which can affect the central nervous system and can cause loss of sensory and motor functions. The aim of this work was to make an experimental stereological study of the axons after end-to-side neurorrhaphies and after side-to-side neurorrhaphies to compare the axon, endoneural and myelin sheath volume densities (as well as the muscle mass) in the fibular and tibial nerves with contact anastomosis between 0.25cm and 0.50 cm. After approval by the Ethics Committee, twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four distinct groups of five rats each for the anastomosis between the tibial and fibular nerves (G1= end-to-side neurorrhaphy; G2= 0.25cm side-to-side neurorrhaphy; G3= 0.50cm side-to-side neurorrhaphy and G4= control group of normality and denervation). After 180 days, nervous fragments were fixed in 10% formaldehyde included in paraffin and stained with Masson's trichrome tecnique for the stereological study by the software Image Pro Plus ® version 6.0 with the adoption of Weibel stereological grid to set the axon, endoneural and myelin sheath volume densities. The Mann-Whitney (U Test) was applied for the statistical analysis. Also tibial cranial muscles were removed and then weighed in a precision scale. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups, but there were significant differences comparing the 3 groups (G1, G2 e G3) to the control group (G4). The axon, enduneral and myelin sheath volume densities of tibial and fibular nerves as well as the muscle mass during postoperative period keep egalitarian for both end-to-side and side-to-side neurorrhaphies of anastomosis area of contact in experimental stereological study comparing neurorrhaphies. Therefore, both end-to-side neurorrhaphies (which recover and prevent the motor atrophy) and side-to-side l neurorrhaphies which is independent on the gap of the nerve stumps are recommended as surgical treatment options.
Introdução: Há grande variedade de lesões que acometem nervos periféricos, derivadas de doenças adquiridas ou degenerativas congênitas que afetam a parte central do sistema nervoso e que ocasionam perda de funções sensoriomotoras. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi perfazer estudo experimental estereológico axonal pós-neurorrafias término-lateral ou látero-lateral para comparar densidade de volume de axônios, de endouneuro e de bainha de mielina (bem como massa muscular) em nervos fibular e tibial, com anastomose de contato entre 0,25cm e 0,50 cm. Material e Método: Após aprovação do comitê de ética, foram utilizados 20 ratos machos da raça Wistar divididos em 04 grupos de 05 ratos cada, para realização de anastomose entre nervos fibular e tibial (G1=Neurorrafia término-lateral; G2=Neurorrafia látero-lateral de 0,25cm; G3= Neurorrafia látero-lateral de 0,50cm e G4= Controle de normalidade). Após 180 dias, fragmentos de nervos foram fixados em formaldeído a 10%, incluídos em parafina e corados com Tricômico de Masson para estudo estereológico pelo programa Image Pro Plus versão 6.0, com grade de Weibel para determinação dos números absolutos e da densidade de volume de axônios, endoneuro e bainha de mielina e aplicação do teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. Também o músculo tibial cranial foi removido e pesado em balança de precisão. Resultados: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos, mas sim de todos os 03 grupos de estudo (G1, G2 e G3) em relação ao grupo controle (G4). Conclusões: Em estudo experimental estereológico comparativo entre neurorrafias, a densidade de volume de axônios, endoneuro e bainha de mielina de nervos tibial e fibular do mesmo modo que a massa muscular pós-cirúrgica se mantém equitativa em neurorrafias término-lateral e látero-lateral, independentemente da área de anastomose de contato. Pode-se inferir, como opções de reparo cirúrgico, tanto a neurorrafia término-lateral que recupera e previne a atrofia de placa motora quanto a neurorrafia látero-lateral que independe da distância entre os cotos nervosos.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2010.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 56 p. : col. ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-36).

This thesis reports the findings of a three-year field research that explored in real time the managerial processes involved in an attempt to realize radical change in a large and complex organization. The study adopted a multi-perspective approach, interviewing and observing more than 140 individuals at all levels of the organization. It followed the evolution of four large units conducting 117 change initiatives.
It was found that the success rate of modest-in-scope initiatives was high (around 85%) while the success rate of major initiatives was disappointing (around 20%). This thesis focuses on describing the organizational processes that led to such differential outcomes.
The findings suggest that a proposed change initiative is subject to three organizational filters on its way to being adopted by the organization. Each filter represents a set of interrelated conditions that a proposed change initiative must meet as a prerequisite. To pass the emotion filter, a proposed change must be perceived by its potential adopters as congruent with the core values of the organization, that the change is construed not as detrimental to their personal welfare, and that the conduct of the change agents is compatible with the institutional values (legitimacy). To pass the cognition filter, there should be sufficient knowledge development and sharing for the realization of the proposed change. And finally, to pass the action filter, there should be requisite lateral coordination and persistence in action to institutionalize the change as a new organizational routine. It is also suggested that these three filters exhibit an order of saliency, or hierarchy, in their respective influence on the adoption of the change proposal by the organization.
Second, fundamental changes in beliefs and values require creation and maintenance of an appropriate emotional context. Organizational behaviors that attend to emotions aroused by radical change are necessary to its realization.
Finally, the findings of this research allow to offer prescriptions about the conduct of organizational change, especially changes related to work processes, and to challenge certain conventional beliefs about leadership of change.

This dissertation examines Galen of Pergamon's text On Anatomical Procedures (De anatomicis administrationibus) and considers its audience and purpose. The first chapter presents the audience of the text as Galen perceived it; I use Galen's explicit rhetoric about his readers to paint a picture of his ideal envisioned audience and then measure this against the concrete expectations that he conveys through the explicit and implicit prerequisites he demands of his readers. The second chapter, by contrast, makes strides towards uncovering the actual audience of the work by examining the ramifications of Galen's expectation that his readers will actively participate in the studies he describes; I study the availability of the books, tools, and animals that he expects his audience to be able to purchase, in order to understand the financial and social implications. The third chapter considers the text itself, taking into account the manner and timing of its composition, Galen's linguistic choices vis-à-vis his audience, and the details of his specific directions; I use this analysis to define the nature of the text and how the audience was expected to interact with it, thus necessarily engaging with the norms in ancient medical education and the role that books found there. The fourth and final chapter compares the text to his other anatomical writings, particularly his more descriptive and philosophically oriented treatise, De usu partium, as a final way to determine the purpose of this highly unusual work and its place both in his oeuvre and in its contemporary environment.
The Classics

The C₄ biochemical pathway is the most efficient form of photosynthesis in warm environments and introducing this system into globally significant, but less efficient, C₃ photosynthetic crops could bring major yield increases. The most photosynthetically efficient C₄ grass species have a specialised leaf anatomy characterised by high vein density with two distinct cell types radially arranged around the vascular bundles (Kranz anatomy). Although this anatomy was first described in 1882, the genetic regulators controlling Kranz development are still not known. In recent years, transcriptomic analysis has allowed researchers to identify candidate Kranz regulator genes, and a model for Kranz development has been proposed, however, this model has not been experimentally validated. This study used in situ hybridisation to visualise expression patterns for a set of candidate Kranz regulator genes in maize and the orthologous genes in rice. Further, morphological analysis of rice lines with constitutive expression of the candidate Kranz regulator genes AINTEGUMENTA 1 and DAG-LIKE 1 and 2 were used to characterise protein function during C₃ monocot leaf development. The function of maize AINTEGUMENTA in the C₃ eudicot arabidopsis was also investigated. The results of the in situ hybridisation experiments led to the refinement of the Kranz model and identified potential roles for the candidate regulators during leaf development. The constitutive expression experiments highlighted the regulatory differences between eudicot and monocot leaf development and implicated the regulation of auxin-cytokinin homeostatis as a key factor in Kranz development. Ultimately, this work can be used to guide research into Kranz development and has direct implications for engineering C₄ photosynthesis into rice.

The C₄ photosynthetic cycle acts to concentrate CO₂ around the enzyme Rubisco. By doing so, C₄ photosynthesis leads to increased radiation, water and nitrogen use efficiencies. As such, C₄ photosynthesis is the most productive form of photosynthesis known. Because it enables such high levels of productivity there are large international efforts to introduce C₄ photosynthesis into non-C₄ crop species such as rice. Kranz anatomy is a characteristic leaf cellular arrangement of concentric rings of bundle sheath and mesophyll cells around closely spaced veins and is crucial to C₄ photosynthesis in almost all known examples. Despite the fact that Kranz has evolved on over 60 times independently little is known about the genetic regulation of Kranz development, as attempts to elucidate Kranz regulators using conventional mutagenesis screens have provided few insights. However, the advent of next generation DNA sequencing technologies has enabled the interrogation of genetic networks at a previously unprecedented scale. The work in this thesis describes a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of leaf development in maize, a C₄ species, that develops both Kranz-type and non-Kranz-type leaves. Detailed bioinformatics analyses identified candidate regulators of both Kranz development and additional aspects of maize leaf development. Three of the identified Kranz candidates were functionally characterised in both C₄ and non-C₄ species. Furthermore, expression and phylogenetic analyses of GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) genes, a small transcription factor family previously implicated in C₄ development in maize, were extended to determine the generality of GLK function in C₄ evolution.

Cette thèse est une analyse approfondie de la méthode SIFT, la méthode de comparaison d'images la plus populaire. En proposant un échantillonnage du scale-space Gaussien, elle est aussi la première méthode à mettre en pratique la théorie scale-space et faire usage de ses propriétés d'invariance aux changements d'échelles.SIFT associe à une image un ensemble de descripteurs invariants aux changements d'échelle, invariants à la rotation et à la translation. Les descripteurs de différentes images peuvent être comparés afin de mettre en correspondance les images. Compte tenu de ses nombreuses applications et ses innombrables variantes, étudier un algorithme publié il y a une décennie pourrait surprendre. Il apparaît néanmoins que peu a été fait pour réellement comprendre cet algorithme majeur et établir de façon rigoureuse dans quelle mesure il peut être amélioré pour des applications de haute précision. Cette étude se découpe en quatre parties. Le calcul exact du scale-space Gaussien, qui est au cœur de la méthode SIFT et de la plupart de ses compétiteurs, est l'objet de la première partie.La deuxième partie est une dissection méticuleuse de la longue chaîne de transformations qui constitue la méthode SIFT. Chaque paramètre y est documenté et son influence analysée. Cette dissection est aussi associé à une publication en ligne de l'algorithme. La description détaillée s'accompagne d'un code en C ainsi que d'une plateforme de démonstration permettant l'analyse par le lecteur de l'influence de chaque paramètre. Dans la troisième partie, nous définissons un cadre d'analyse expérimental exact dans le but de vérifier que la méthode SIFT détecte de façon fiable et stable les extrema du scale-space continue à partir de la grille discrète. En découlent des conclusions pratiques sur le bon échantillonnage du scale-space Gaussien ainsi que sur les stratégies de filtrage de points instables. Ce même cadre expérimental est utilisé dans l'analyse de l'influence de perturbations dans l'image (aliasing, bruit, flou). Cette analyse démontre que la marge d'amélioration est réduite pour la méthode SIFT ainsi que pour toutes ses variantes s'appuyant sur le scale-space pour extraire des points d'intérêt. L'analyse démontre qu'un suréchantillonnage du scale-space permet d'améliorer l'extraction d'extrema et que se restreindre aux échelles élevées améliore la robustesse aux perturbations de l'image.La dernière partie porte sur l'évaluation des performances de détecteurs de points. La métrique de performance la plus généralement utilisée est la répétabilité. Nous démontrons que cette métrique souffre pourtant d'un biais et qu'elle favorise les méthodes générant des détections redondantes. Afin d'éliminer ce biais, nous proposons une variante qui prend en considération la répartition spatiale des détections. A l'aide de cette correction nous réévaluons l'état de l'art et montrons que, une fois la redondance des détections prise en compte, la méthode SIFT est meilleure que nombre de ses variantes les plus modernes
This dissertation contributes to an in-depth analysis of the SIFT method. SIFT is the most popular and the first efficient image comparison model. SIFT is also the first method to propose a practical scale-space sampling and to put in practice the theoretical scale invariance in scale space. It associates with each image a list of scale invariant (also rotation and translation invariant) features which can be used for comparison with other images. Because after SIFT feature detectors have been used in countless image processing applications, and because of an intimidating number of variants, studying an algorithm that was published more than a decade ago may be surprising. It seems however that not much has been done to really understand this central algorithm and to find out exactly what improvements we can hope for on the matter of reliable image matching methods. Our analysis of the SIFT algorithm is organized as follows. We focus first on the exact computation of the Gaussian scale-space which is at the heart of SIFT as well as most of its competitors. We provide a meticulous dissection of the complex chain of transformations that form the SIFT method and a presentation of every design parameter from the extraction of invariant keypoints to the computation of feature vectors. Using this documented implementation permitting to vary all of its own parameters, we define a rigorous simulation framework to find out if the scale-space features are indeed correctly detected by SIFT, and which sampling parameters influence the stability of extracted keypoints. This analysis is extended to see the influence of other crucial perturbations, such as errors on the amount of blur, aliasing and noise. This analysis demonstrates that, despite the fact that numerous methods claim to outperform the SIFT method, there is in fact limited room for improvement in methods that extract keypoints from a scale-space. The comparison of many detectors proposed in SIFT competitors is the subject of the last part of this thesis. The performance analysis of local feature detectors has been mainly based on the repeatability criterion. We show that this popular criterion is biased toward methods producing redundant (overlapping) descriptors. We therefore propose an amended evaluation metric and use it to revisit a classic benchmark. For the amended repeatability criterion, SIFT is shown to outperform most of its more recent competitors. This last fact corroborates the unabating interest in SIFT and the necessity of a thorough scrutiny of this method

This research study was conducted to examine student perceptions about learning anatomy and to explore how these perceptions shape the learning experience. This study utilized a mixed-methods design in order to better understand how students approach learning anatomy. Two sets of data were collected at two time periods; one at the beginning and one at the end of the academic semester. Data consisted of results from a survey instrument that contained open-ended questions and a questionnaire and individual student interviews. The questionnaire scored students on a surface approach to learning (relying on rote memorization and knowing factual information) scale and a deep approach to learning (understanding concepts and deeper meaning behind the material) scale. Students were asked to volunteer from four different anatomy classes; two entry-level undergraduate courses from two different departments, an upper-level undergraduate course, and a graduate level course. Results indicate that students perceive that they will learn anatomy through memorization regardless of the level of class being taken. This is generally supported by the learning environment and thus students leave the classroom believing that anatomy is about memorizing structures and remembering anatomical terminology. When comparing this class experience to other academic classes, many students believed that anatomy was more reliant on memorization techniques for learning although many indicated that memorization is their primary learning method for most courses. Results from the questionnaire indicate that most students had decreases in both their deep approach and surface approach scores with the exception of students that had no previous anatomy experience. These students had an average increase in surface approach and so relied more on memorization and repetition for learning. The implication of these results is that the learning environment may actually amplify students' perceptions of the anatomy course at all levels and experiences of enrolled students. Instructors wanting to foster deeper approaches to learning may need to apply instructional techniques that both support deeper approaches to learning and strive to change students' perceptions away from believing that anatomy is strictly memorization and thus utilizing surface approaches to learning.

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O presente estudo apresenta descrição da anatomia do coração de 9 espécies de raias, pertencentes a 3 ordens, como se segue: Rhinobatiformes (Pseudobatos percellens, Pseudobatos horkelii e Zapteryx brevirostris), Rajiformes (Rioraja agassizi, Atlantoraja cyclophora e Gurgesiella dorsalifera) e Myliobatiformes (Dasyatis hypostigma, Rhinoptera bonasus e Mobula thurstoni), todas ocorrendo na plataforma continental e talude do Sudeste e Sul do Brasil. Como objetivos, pretendeu-se verificar a existência de padrão evolutivo nas válvulas cardíacas destes animais. No total foram utilizados 92 animais, onde foram tomadas medidas morfométricas e contagem das válvulas do coração. O número de fileiras de válvulas variou de 2 a 6, com variação interespecífica. Em sua maioria as primeiras válvulas do cone arterioso são maiores e apresentam a extremidade anterior tricúspide. A análise estatística indicou diferenças morfométricas no coração entre as ordens, assim como diferença significativa no número de válvulas entre as espécies, porém algumas medidas não são significativas e portando não adequadas para uso com fins taxonômicos. Para a ordem Myliobatiforme, o número de válvulas condiz com a posição evolutiva, onde os animais apresentaram a maior quantidade de válvulas.
The present study presents a description of the anatomy of the heart in 9 species of rays belonging to 3 orders, as follows: Rhinobatiformes (Pseudobatos percellens, Pseudobatos horkelii and Zapteryx brevirostris), Rajiformes (Rioraja agassizi, Atlantoraja cyclophora and Gurgesiella dorsalifera) and Myliobatiformes (Dasyatis hypostigma, Rhinoptera bonasus and Mobula thurstoni), all occurring on the continental shelf and slope of Southeastern and Southern Brazil. As objectives, it was intended to verify the existence of an evolutionary pattern in the cardiac valves of these animals. In total, 92 animals were used, where morphometric measurements and heart valve counts were taken. The number of valve ranks ranged from 2 to 6, with interspecific variation. In most cases the first valves of the arterial cone are larger and present a tricuspid anterior extremity. Statistical analysis indicated morphometric differences in the heart between the orders, as well as a significant difference in the number of valves between the species, however some measures are not significant and carrying not suitable for use with taxonomic purposes. For the Myliobatiform order, the number of valves corresponds to the evolutionary position, where the animals presented the largest number of valves.

Orientadores: Fausto Berzin, Eduardo Grossmann
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: O presente trabalho empregou o exame de ressonância magnética nuclear do músculo temporal para verificar se existia, ou não, diferenças quanto ao gênero e lado bem como na tentativa de diferenciá-lo de um músculo denominado esfenomandibular. Foram avaliados 20 voluntários, 10 do gênero feminino e 10 do masculino, assintomáticos para cefaléia, disfunção temporomandibular, parafunção oclusal, dor articular e/ou muscular durante atividades funcionais e/ou dor muscular ao acordar, com idades entre 18 e 46 anos. Os voluntários foram submetidos a uma anamnese, a um exame clínico da cavidade bucal, das articulações temporomandibulares, dos músculos da região e dos nervos cranianos, seguido de um exame de ressonância magnética nuclear. As imagens foram realizadas em cortes sagitais, coronais e axiais. Os dados obtidos foram registrados em uma ficha clínica. Posteriormente foi realizada uma análise descritiva dos dados. O músculo temporal apresentou duas partes distintas, uma profunda e outra superficial, sendo que a profunda mostrou-se sempre maior. O volume do músculo esquerdo apresentou-se maior que o direito e a profundidade do direito apresentou-se maior que a do esquerdo, ambos independentes do gênero. No masculino observou-se que tal músculo apresentava maior volume e profundidade que o feminino. Dentro das condições desse estudo, concluiu-se que o exame de ressonância magnética nuclear possibilitou identificar a região estudada como sendo músculo temporal e não músculo esfenomandibular
Abstract: This study used the nuclear magnetic resonance of the temporalis muscle to check if there was or not gender and side differences and in an attempt to differentiate it from a muscle called sphenomandibularis. We evaluated 20 volunteers, 10 females and 10 males, with no symptoms of headache, temporomandibular disorders, occlusal parafunction, joint pain and / or muscle during functional activities and / or muscle pain on waking, aged between 18 and 46 years. The volunteers underwent a medical history, a clinical examination of the buccal cavity, temporomandibular joints, muscles of the region and the cranial nerves, followed by an examination of nuclear magnetic resonance. The images were taken in sagittal, coronal and axial slices. The data were recorded in a clinical record. It was later performed a descriptive analysis of data. The temporalis muscle had two distinct parts, one deep and one superficial and the deep was always greatest. The volume of muscle left was larger than the right and the depth of the right was higher than the left, both independent of gender. In male was observed that this muscle has greater volume and depth than females. Under the conditions of this study, it was concluded that the examination of nuclear magnetic resonance enabled identified this region as being the temporalis muscle and not sphenomandibularis muscle
Mestrado
Anatomia
Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental

Orientador: Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: O objetivo no estudo foi avaliar a influência da aplicação de filtros de realce e suavização na qualidade da imagem de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC), quando da visualização de estruturas anatômicas, assim como identificar as estruturas que apresentam melhor visualização nessa modalidade de exame por imagem. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 40 imagens de TCFC. A partir de cada imagem foram realizados quatro cortes: 1- região de molares inferiores; 2- região de pré-molares inferiores; 3- região de pré-molares superiores; e 4- região anterior, para visualização de treze estruturas anatômicas. De cada região, foram utilizadas uma versão original e mais seis versões de imagens com seis filtros diferentes: Sharpen, Sharpen Mild, S9, Smooth 3x3, Sharpen 3x3, Angio Sharpen Medium 5x5, disponibilizados no software. Um total de 1120 imagens foi avaliado por cinco avaliadores que classificaram a qualidade da imagem das estruturas anatômicas como excelente, bom, aceitável, ruim, muito ruim e não pode ser observado. Os filtros Angio Sharpen Medium 5x5, Sharpen 3x3 e Sharpen melhoraram a qualidade da imagem com valores estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05) para todas as estruturas anatômicas, enquanto que as imagens com os filtros S9 e Smooth 3x3 permaneceram com a qualidade comparável àquelas sem aplicação de filtros. O filtro Sharpen Mild melhorou a qualidade da imagem seletivamente para dentina, câmara pulpar, osso cortical, seio maxilar, cavidade nasal, concha nasal e foramina lingual, porém não influenciou na qualidade da imagem das demais estruturas. Concluiu-se que a aplicação dos filtros Sharpen, Sharpen 3x3 e Angio Sharpen Medium 5x5 influenciou a qualidade da imagem de TCFC, na visualização de estruturas anatômicas e, que dentre as estruturas avaliadas, esmalte, forame mentual, cavidade nasal e concha nasal foram as estruturas melhor visualizadas nas imagens de TCFC
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of sharpen and smooth filters in the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image quality, on the visualization of anatomical structures, and to identify the structures that have a better view in this imaging modality. For this purpose, we used 40 CBCT images. From each image four sections were performed: 1 - molar region 2 - lower premolars region and 3 - upper premolars region, and 4 - the anterior region, to visualize thirteen anatomical structures. In each region, we used an original and six more versions of images applying six different filters: Sharpen, Sharpen Mild, S9, Smooth 3x3, Sharpen 3x3, Angio Sharpen Medium 5x5, available in the software. A total of 1120 images was evaluated by five evaluators that rated the image quality on a five-point rating scale (1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = acceptable, 4 = poor, 5 = very por, 6 = can not be observed). The filters Angio Sharpen Medium 5x5, Sharpen 3x3 and Sharpen improved the image quality with statistically significant values (p <0.05) for all anatomical structures, while the images with Smooth 3x3 and S9 filters remained with quality comparable to those without filters. The Sharpen Mild filter selectively improved image quality for dentin, pulp chamber, cortical bone, maxillary sinus, nasal cavity, nasal turbinate and lingual foramina but did not affect the image quality of other structures. It was concluded that the application of the filters Sharpen, Sharpen 3x3 and Angio Sharpen Medium 5x5 influenced the CBCT image quality in the visualization of anatomical structures, and that among the studied structures, enamel, mental foramen, nasal cavity and turbinates were structures best seen on the CBCT images
Mestrado
Radiologia Odontologica
Mestre em Radiologia Odontológica

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Esta pesquisa visa realizar uma análise interpretativa do processo de ensino e aprendizagem engendrado durante as aulas de Anatomia Geral e Humana de uma turma de estudantes de um curso de licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas, a partir de preceitos e métodos de observação específicos da Antropologia Interpretativa de Clifford Geertz. Buscou-se em constatações ulteriores de uma pesquisa de mestrado na área de Ensino de Ciências acerca da predominância das perspectivas cartesianas através das quais o corpo tem sido constantamente representado nas aulas de ciências e biologia. Acredita-se que a origem desta problemática possa residir na formação inicial dos professores, na qual o conhecimento acerca do corpo humano decorre, em grande parte, da disciplina anatômica. A prática de ensino reproduzida por disciplinas como Anatomia Humana, Anatomia Geral e Humana ou Anatomia Geral e Comparada comportam, por sua vez, elementos históricos e culturais que se confundem com a trajetória do estabelecimento da Anatomia enquanto um campo específico de saber. Uma das particularidades dessa disciplina advém do fato de a pesquisa e o ensino encontrar-se intrincadas. Frequentemente a dissecação, técnica de pesquisa da ciência anatômica, ou o uso de peças dissecadas, são utilizados como estratégias didáticas de ensino, impondo uma prática e uma disciplina por parte do aluno, que reproduz aquela necessária ao pesquisador. Desta relação quase simbiótica entre duas perspectivas distintas de saber, a pesquisa e o ensino em Anatomia Humana, é que se originou a problemática desenvolvida por esta pesquisa, ou seja, ampliar a compreensão do ambiente de aprendizagem constituído pelo laboratório de Anatomia, o que incluiu debruçarem-se sobre questões referentes ao processo de ensino...
This research aims to realize an interpretative analysis of the human anatomy classes of a group of students from an undergraduate program in Biological Sciences with the precepts and methods of observation from Interpretive Anthropology by Clifford Geertz. Was based on subsequent findings of a research in the area of Science Education about the prevalence of cartesian perspectives through the body has been consistently represented in science and biologic classes. The origin of this problem could be in the period of training teachers, when knowledge about the human body happens in large part, in the anatomical course. The teaching model reproduced by subjects such as Anatomy, General Anatomy or General and Comparative Anatomy behave, in turn, historical and cultural elements that overlap with the trajectory of the establishment of Anatomy as a especific field of knowledge. One of the pecularities of this subject stems from fact that research and teaching find themselve intricate. The dissection tecnique of anatomical science research, or the use of dissected parts of human bodies are used as teching strategies, practice and a way to impose discipline for the students, the same that was required for the researcher. This symbiotic relationship between two different perspectives of knowledge, research and teaching Anatomy, is the problem developed by this research that aims to understand how the teaching and learning process happens in this environment full of peculiarities that consists the anatomy lab, such as anatomical parts and other artifacts specifics from an anatomy teaching lab. The anatomic class includes the development of the discipline of the body that students need to learn about body structures. Also requires the development of a body and discursive perfomance by students who... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Em Velloziaceae, a delimitação da família, subfamílias e gêneros é bastante controversa e as filogenias existentes são mal sustentadas. Considerando que os estudos anatômicos são extremamente importantes na delimitação de novas espécies, na classificação e em análises cladísticas de Velloziaceae, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo ampliar o conhecimento anatômico da raiz, do caule e da folha. Através de secções anatômicas e dissociação do xilema de vinte e cinco espécies da família e três representantes do grupo externo (Bromeliaceae, Cyclanthaceae e Pandanaceae) visa buscar novos caracteres a serem incorporados em análises cladísticas. O estudo dos elementos traqueais evidenciou a presença de placa de perfuração simples na raiz e uma grande diversidade de formas de elementos traqueais no caule, já que é possível observar, em uma mesma espécie, desde traqueídes muito longas, até elementos de vaso muito curtos. À exceção de Acanthochlamys bracteata, todas as espécies analisadas possuem traqueídes no caule, característica que confere vantagens às plantas que sofrem estresses uma vez que são mais resistentes à cavitação. Na folha, à exceção de Talbotia elegans que possui apenas traqueídes, todas as espécies da família apresentam elementos de vaso com placa de perfuração escalariforme. O estudo dos elementos traqueais apontou quatro novos caracteres e a análise das secções transversais e longitudinais radiculares e caulinares levantou mais oito caracteres referentes à características do córtex da raiz e do caule, forma da secção transversal caulinar, presença de feixe fibroso central e feixes vasculares caulinares, a serem incorporados em análises cladísticas baseadas em dados morfológicos e combinada para a família. A hipótese filogenética obtida revelou que, dos doze caracteres analisados, seis constituem sinapomorfias de Velloziaceae incluindo Acanthochlamys bracteata, duas delas homoplásticas. Além disso, uma sinapomorfia para o clado (Nanuza Vellozia) e uma para Vellozia s.s. emergiram na análise. A hipótese filogenética obtida sustenta a inclusão de A. bracteata em Velloziaceae, a delimitação de Barbacenia e Vellozia proposta por Mello-Silva, e a delimitação de Smith & Ayensu para as subfamílias de Velloziaceae s.s.
The classification for family, subfamilies and genera of the Velloziaceae is controversial and the existing phylogenies are poorly supported. Considering that anatomical features are widely used in the definition of new species, classification and cladistic analyses, this paper provides a better understanding of the root, stem and leaf anatomy of the Velloziaceae. Through transverse and longitudinal sections as well as xylem maceration of 25 species of Velloziaceae and three from outgroups (Bromeliaceae, Cyclanthaceae and Pandanaceae), a search of new morphological characters to be added in cladistic analyses was performed. The xylem analyses showed that all Velloziaceae have simple perforation plates in roots and a huge diversity of tracheary elements in stems including long tracheids to small vessel elements in a single species. Except for Acanthochlamys bracteata, all species present tracheids in stems, an important feature to plants that survive dry periods of several months because they can prevent cavitation. In leaves, except for Talbotia elegans that possesses only tracheids, all Velloziaceae have vessel elements with scalariform perforation plates. The analysis of tracheary elements provided four new characters. The anatomical studies produced another eight characters referring to the characteristics of the cortex of the root and stem, form of the transverse stem section, presence of a central, fibrous vascular bundle and stem vascular bundles. All of these new characters were added to morphological and combined analyses of Velloziaceae. The cladistic analysis showed that six of the 12 characters described here are synapomorphies for Velloziaceae, including Acanthochlamys bracteata, although two are homoplastic. Furthermore, one synapomorphy of the Nanuza- Vellozia clade and one of Vellozia s.s. emerged in the analysis. This phylogenetic hypothesis supports the inclusion of A. bracteata in Velloziaceae, the delimitation of Barbacenia and Vellozia as proposed by Mello-Silva, and the recognition of the subfamilies of Velloziaceae s.s. as described by Smith & Ayensu.

CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
A pesquisa procura investigar como um estágio supervisionado na formação de professores acontece em uma escola de educação básica. Este estudo tem como base o projeto O estágio nos cursos de formação de professores como uma via de mão dupla entre universidade e escola, que buscou juntar todos os envolvidos no estágio - estagiários, professores supervisores de estágio e professores regentes - para a discussão conjunta sobre o papel do estágio na formação de futuros docentes. Os sujeitos centrais desta pesquisa são aqueles envolvidos nesse projeto, em seu primeiro semestre de desenvolvimento, ao redor de dois cursos de formação de professores da PUC-Rio, Geografia e Letras (Português-Inglês), e de uma escola municipal do Rio de Janeiro. Foram entrevistados oito estagiários, quatro professores supervisores de estágio, dois professores regentes e a diretora da escola. Durante dois meses, as aulas dos dois professores regentes, das respectivas licenciaturas, foram observadas com e sem a presença de seus estagiários. Além disso, as reuniões e encontros com todos os envolvidos foram acompanhados, na tentativa de entender como o estágio se desenvolvia em todas as suas dimensões. A literatura que entende a escola como espaço real da formação inicial e continuada e do desenvolvimento profissional de professores, como se observa em Nóvoa, Perrenoud, Canário, Roldão, Tardif, Lüdke, entre outros, dá sustentação à pesquisa, juntamente com a literatura sobre estágio de Ghedin, Pimenta e Lima. A análise do estágio já foi feita pelos trabalhos de Cardozo (2003) e Albuquerque (2007), um pela ótica dos alunos estagiários, outro pela ótica dos professores regentes. A presente dissertação analisa o estágio supervisionado pela ótica da escola, contribuindo, assim, para sua análise do estágio em três diferentes perspectivas. As constatações indicam que o estágio, no contexto aqui estudado, constitui rica possibilidade de troca entre os envolvidos, mobilizando todos, inclusive os alunos da escola, ou seja, provocando algum tipo de movimento interno de cada sujeito. O estágio observado revelou-se também como mais significativo e menos burocrático para os estudantes, favorecendo a imersão desses futuros professores em seu contexto de trabalho. Constata-se ainda que a aproximação entre todos os sujeitos, estagiários, supervisores de estágio e professores da escola, em uma proposta conjunta de estágio, permite entender o cruzamento de saberes entre universidade e escola. A adesão de todos os envolvidos no estágio a um projeto comum abre possibilidades para se pensar em futuras propostas de formação docente em real colaboração entre estas duas instituições formadoras de professores.
This research seeks to investigate how a supervised teaching practice occurs at a secondary school during teacher education. The study is based on the project Teaching practice in courses for teacher education as a two-way road between university and school, which has sought to bring together those who are involved in teaching practice, such as future teachers, teacher trainers and school teachers, in order to discuss with the group the role of teaching practice in the training of future teachers. The central subjects of this research are those who are involved in the above mentioned project, mainly in its first six months. They come from two teacher education degree courses for teachers in PUC-Rio - Geography and Languages (Portuguese-English) - and from a public sector secondary school in Rio de Janeiro. We interviewed eight future teachers, four teacher trainers, two school teachers and the principal of the school involved. During two months, we observed the classes with or without the presence of future teachers. Besides, we have participated in every meeting with the people involved in the project, in the attempt to understand how the teaching practice would develop as a whole. Our bibliographical support is the literature on school as a real space of initial and continual training and of teacher professional development, as it is possible to learn from Nóvoa, Perrenoud, Canário, Roldão, Tardif and Lüdke among others. We also based our study on the literature on teaching practice taken from Ghedin, Pimenta and Lima as well as on the analysis of teaching practice that has already been carried out by Cardozo (2003) and Albuquerque (2007), the former from the perspective of future teachers, and the latter from that of the school teachers. This dissertation analyzes teaching practice departing from the school, contributing to the analysis of supervised teaching practice from three different perspectives. The analyses indicates that teaching practice, in the context in which we have studied, constitutes a rich opportunity for interchange between those who are involved in it, mobilizing everyone, including the students attending the school; that is, leading to some kind of internal movement of every subject. The observed teaching practice also reveals itself as more significant and less bureaucratic for the trainees, contributing to the immersion of these future teachers in their job context. It is also possible to observe that the approximation between the subjects of the teaching practice, such as future teachers, teacher trainers and school teachers, allows us to understand the movement of knowledge between university and school. The engagement of everyone involved in the current teaching practice process in a common project opens possibilities for thinking about future proposals for teacher education in real collaboration between both teaching institutions.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A major trend from an information era towards a knowledge economy is currently being experienced, which can be ascribed to the growing importance of knowledge in various countries. The anatomy of the knowledge economy concerns an overall view from the perspective of the organisation. The knowledge economy is analysed in terms of what it involves, its effects on the workplace, the role of information and communication technology (lCT), and emergent key ethical issues. Production and exploitation of knowledge will become the main source of wealth in the knowledge economy. Knowledge can be regarded as value-added to data and information that can be located in organisations either explicitly or tacitly. Tacit knowledge is most prevalent and underutilised form in organisations, and can be exploited to its full extent in the form of intellectual property. A printing metaphor is used to illustrate the extent to which knowledge can become embedded in products, thus increasing intangibility levels within products. Knowledge, as a strategic asset for any organisation, can be generated by innovation and dissemination processes. Knowledge also results in more customised high-valued goods, for which clients are willing to pay more. In facilitating a favourable environment for knowledge development in organisations, governments have an essential role to play. This role includes establishing cultures of entrepreneurship, innovativeness and competitiveness through education, training and funding of appropriate organisations. In order to reap substantial benefits from the knowledge economy, various countries are transforming their economies accordingly. The United States of America, Sweden, Finland and Singapore are currently leading in this respect while others like Canada and the United Kingdom have committed themselves to the new economic order. The measurement of knowledge within organisations has not yet been resolved due to difficulties in isolating the value of knowledge at various levels within the organisation. The escalation and importance of information and knowledge in work processes have resulted in the emergence of knowledge workers at the expense of workers involved with the physical dimension of work. By defeating spatial and temporal limitations through virtualisation, ICT will offer organisations and their workers the necessary agility for survival in the knowledge economy. In response, management will have to change organisational structures and increase innovativeness. Technology, as in the past, will increase capabilities of people even more, for example in the form of supporting tools, automation, controlling devices and connectivity. ICT, being the core technology in the knowledge economy, will have a major role to play relating to knowledge development within organisations by means of the knowledge value chain. The Internet will become an important technology in the knowledge economy. Concerns about unethical and criminal practices in knowledge economies centre around the violation of rights in terms of privacy and freedom, protection of property rights, accountability and liability, reliability of systems and quality of life. To sustain a prosperous knowledge economy and just society will involve innovative stakeholders who participate actively in achieving and maintaining goals of common interest.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tans vind 'n belangrike neiging vanaf 'n inligtingsera na 'n kennisekonomie plaas, wat toegeskryf kan word aan die toenemende belangrikheid van kennis in verskeie lande. Die anatomie van 'n kennisekonomie behels 'n oorsig vanaf die perspektief van die organisasie. Die kennisekonomie word beskou in terme van wat dit impliseer, die effek op die werksplek, die rol van inligtings- en kommunikasietegnologie (lKT), en opkomende etiese aangeleenthede. Die produksie en benutting van kennis gaan die belangrikste bron van welvaart word in die kennisekonomie. Die verskynsel van kennis kan beskou word as waarde toevoeging tot data en inligting en is sigbaar in organisasies in die vorm van óf eksplisiete óf verskuilde kennis. Verskuilde kennis is die mees algemene, maar onbenutte vorm in organisasies kan tot sy volle potensiaal ontgin word as intellektuele eiendom. Die drukkuns word as metafoor gebruik om aan te dui tot watter mate kennis deel geword het van produkte, wat lei tot verhoging van die nie-tasbare komponent in produkte. Kennis, as 'n strategiese bate vir enige organisasie, word geskep deur middel van innovering en verspreiding. Kennis bied ook hoë-waarde aan goedere tot so 'n mate dat kliënte bereid is om daarvoor meer te betaal. Om 'n gunstige omgewing vir kennis ontwikkeling te verkry, het regerings 'n belangrike funksie met betrekking tot die daarstelling van kulture wat betref entrepreneurskap, innovering en mededingendheid deur middel van opvoeding, opleiding en befondsing van toepaslike organisasies. Verskeie land is besig om hul ekonomieë te omvorm om die beduidende voordele wat die kennisekonomie bied, te benut. Die Verenigde State van Amerika, Swede, Finland en Singapoer is tans leiers in dié verband, terwyl Kanada en die Verenigde Koninkryk hulself ook tot die nuwe ekonomie verbind het. Om kennis binne organisasies in finansiële terme te meet is nog nie uitgepluis nie, vanweë die probleme om waarde van kennis by verskeie vlakke binne die organisasie te isoleer. Die toename en belangrikheid van inligting en kennis in die werksplek het gelei tot die verskynsel van kenniswerkers, ten koste van diegene betrokke met die fisiese sy van werk. Deurdat die beperkinge van ruimte en tyd deur middel van virtualisasie opgehef is, maak IKT organisasies en sy werkers meer rats en lenig - eienskappe wat vir oorlewing in die kennisekonomie vereis word. In reaksie hierop, sal bestuur hul organisasie strukture moet aanpas en innoveringsvermoë moet opknap. Tegnologie, soos altyd, sal vermoëns van mense verder verhoog, byvoorbeeld in die vorm van ondersteunende hulpmiddele, outomatisering, beheermiddele en skakeling. IKT, as kerntegnologie in die kennisekonomie, gaan 'n sentrale posisie inneem in die ontwikkeling van kennis in organsasies met behulp van die kennis waardeketting. Die Internet gaan 'n sleutel tegnologie in die kennisekonomie word. Kommer oor onetiese en kriminele praktyke in die kennisekonomie hou verband met die oorskryding van regte in terme van privaatheid en vryheid, beskerming van eiendomsreg, aanspreeklikheid en verantwoordelikheid, betroubaarheid van IKT stelsels en lewensgehalte. Om 'n voorspoedige kennisekonomie terselfdertyd met 'n regverdige gemeenskap te handhaaf, beteken dat innoverende rolspelers aktief sal moet deelneem om gemeenskaplike doelwitte na te streef en te verseker.

Andreas Vesalius (31 December 1514–15 October 1564) was a Brabantian (in modern-day Belgium) anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body). Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy. He was professor at the University of Padua and later became Imperial physician at the court of Emperor Charles V. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35794

The Longnose Lancetfish, Alepisaurus ferox, is a pelagic marine fish that has a heterodont dentition, including large fangs on both the upper and lower jaws. Their diet is well documented and includes salps, hyperiid amphipods, pelagic polychaete worms, mesopelagic fishes, and cephalopods. However, the function of the heterodont dentition, the structure of the teeth, and replacement mode is largely unknown. We studied a series of A. ferox to describe their dentition and tooth replacement. All teeth are replaced extraosseously. Palatine and dentary fangs develop horizontally in the oral epithelium on the lingual surface of dentigerous bones. Developing fangs rotate into place and attach to the bone through a pedicel that forms at the base of each tooth on the lingual side of the dentigerous bone. We compare extraosseous horizontal tooth replacement and rotation of large fangs in A. ferox to examples of other teleosts rotation of fangs. Atlantic Cutlassfish, Trichiurus lepturus, have large, barbed premaxillary and dentary fangs and sharp, dagger-shaped teeth in their oral jaws. We used dry skeletons, histology, SEM, and micro-CT scanning to study T. lepturus to describe its dentition and tooth replacement. We identified and described three modes of intraosseous tooth replacement in T. lepturus depending on the location of the tooth in the jaw. Such distinct modes of tooth replacement in a teleostean species are unknown. We compared modes of replacement in T. lepturus to 20 species of scombroids to explore the phylogenetic distribution of these three replacement modes. Our study highlights the complexity and variability of intraosseous tooth replacement and that developmentally different tooth replacement processes can yield remarkably similar dentitions. We review literature on the comparative anatomy of Ocean Sunfishes (Molidae) and presents new findings based on our studies. We document similarities and differences among the three living genera, Ranzania, Masturus, and Mola using an organ system approach to examine: general body form and external anatomy; skeleton; integument; brain and sense organs; digestive organs; heart and circulation; respiratory system; excretory system; and endocrine organs. Molids have many anatomical specializations such as the formation of the clavus from dorsal- and anal-fin elements, enlarged gills with unusual skeletal supports, a heart with thick walls and more valves than other teleosts, ontogenetic loss of the swimbladder, enlarged kidneys and a well-developed urinary bladder, reduced otoliths, and a spinal cord contained completely within the braincase. Tagging studies on locomotion and diving behavior demonstrate that molids move efficiently over horizontal and vertical distances in the water column, and this new information helps to interpret the many unusual features of molid anatomy.

Research objectives. 1) To create an original and useful software application; 2) to investigate the utility of dyna-linking for teaching upper limb anatomy. Dyna-linking is an arrangement whereby interaction with one representation automatically drives the behaviour of another representation. Method. An iterative user-centred software development methodology was used to build, test and refine successive prototypes of an upper limb software tutorial. A randomised trial then tested the null hypothesis: There will be no significant difference in learning outcomes between participants using dyna-linked 2D and 3D representations of the upper limb and those using non dyna-linked representations. Data was analysed in SPSS using factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results and analysis. The study failed to reject the null hypothesis as there was no signi cant di fference between experimental conditions. Post-hoc analysis revealed that participants with low prior knowledge performed significantly better (p = 0.036) without dyna-linking (mean gain = 7.45) than with dyna-linking (mean gain = 4.58). Participants with high prior knowledge performed equally well with or without dyna-linking. These findings reveal an aptitude by treatment interaction (ATI) whereby the effectiveness of dyna-linking varies according to learner ability. On average, participants using the non dyna-linked system spent 3 minutes and 4 seconds longer studying the tutorial. Participants using the non dyna-linked system clicked 30% more on the representations. Dyna-linking had a high perceived value in questionnaire surveys (n=48) and a focus group (n=7). Conclusion. Dyna-linking has a high perceived value but may actually over-automate learning by prematurely giving novice learners a fully worked solution. Further research is required to confirm if this finding is repeated in other domains, with different learners and more sophisticated implementations of dyna-linking.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2008.
Vita: p. 126. Thesis director: Jim X. Chen. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 17, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-125). Also issued in print.

This dissertation traces shifts in the way tears were perceived during the English Renaissance, from roughly 1509 to 1660. Examining medical treatises, sermons, and lyric poetry, I demonstrate that tears and weeping underwent a paradigm shift both as literary symbols and phenomena. Although this revaluation is inconsistent between the different discourses, by the end of the Renaissance, patterns in place a century earlier had been significantly challenged, even redefined, as the most popular model in each genre gradually yielded to new insights. Chapter One examines medical treatises, primarily on melancholy. The Renaissance inherited the paradigm of humours theory to explain human psycho/ physiology. During the seventeenth century, dissection began to replace humours with an empirical model based on the existence of glandular paths for tears. Chapter Two investigates the effect upon lyric poetry of this loss of vital, currently grounded metaphors derived from humoural models. Sixteenth-century poetic miscellanies are replete with tears wept unabashedly by poetic speakers to honor their unrequited love, tears shed in a type of serious, often melancholic play. By the end of the seventeenth century, although humour-based metaphors are still present, increasingly they are devoid of fundamental content. This drought embodies alterations in medical paradigm, as well as the homiletic tradition's long-standing distrust of affect. Chapter Three explores sermons, where, unless they were shed in repentance for sin, tears signified human sinful weakness. All "natural" grief was suspect. In addition, preachers struggled with the vestiges of the medieval 'gift of tears.' Theologically unpopular, this conception was sufficiently prevalent to require frequent rebuttal from the pulpit. Sermons on the verse, "Jesus wept" preached between 1509 and 1700 demonstrate an hermeneutical transmutation: from an early characterization as the superior, almost condescending, but compassionate king, Jesus has by 1700 become the divine architect, weeping only because his exalted design for humanity will be rejected. In Chapter Four, the works of three seventeenth-century devotional poets, John Donne, George Herbert, and Richard Crashaw, are shown to incorporate the most dominant effects of the overall change that tears underwent. In their poetry, metaphoric depletion is offset by gains in imaginative liberty. Donne wrestles with the dilemma of placing tears between himself and God; Herbert offers tears to God--with a problematic humility--because he is human; and Crashaw celebrates the sheer human wonder of tears. The vitality of poetic tear imagery culminates in their work.

Demon, allegory, exile, Scandinavian zombie—Grendel, the first of the monsters in the Old English Beowulf, has been called all of these. But lost in the arguments about what he means is the very basic question of what he is. This project aims to understand Grendel qua monster and investigate how we associate him with the monstrous. I identify for study a number of traits that distinguish him from the humans of the poem--all of which cluster around either morphological abnormality (claws, gigantism, shining eyes) or deviant behavior (anthropophagy, lack of food preparation, etiquette). These traits are specifically selected and work together to form a constellation of transgressions, an embodiment of the monstrous on which other arguments about his symbolic value rest.

Students Learn when they are actively engaged and thinking in class. The activities in this book are the primary classroom materials for teaching Anatomy and Physiology, sing the POGIL method. The result is an "I can do this" attitude, increased retention, and a feeling of ownership over the material.
https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1027/thumbnail.jpg

Dans le domaine de l'anatomie, à l'investissement massif dans la constitution de base de données collectant des données d'imagerie médicale, doit répondre le développement de techniques numériques modernes pour une quantification de la façon dont les pathologies affectent et modifie les structures biologiques. Le développement d'approches géométriques via les espaces homogènes et la géométrie riemannienne en dimension infinie, initialisé il y a une dizaine d'années par Christensen et Miller, et simultanément Trouvé et Younes, et mettant en œuvre des idées originales de d'Arcy Thompson, a permis de construire ces dernières années un cadre conceptuel extrêmement efficace pour attaquer le problème de la modélisation et de l'analyse de la variabilité de populations de formes. Néanmoins, à l'intégration de l'analyse longitudinale des données, ont émergé des phénomènes biologiques de croissance ou de dégénérescence se manifestant via des déformations spécifiques de nature non difféomorphique. On peut en effet observer lors de la croissance d'un composant organique, une apparition progressive de matière qui ne s'apparente pas à un simple étirement du tissu initial. Face à cette observation, nous proposons de garder l'esprit géométrique qui fait la puissance des approches difféomorphiques dans les espaces de formes mais en introduisant un concept assez général de déploiement où l'on modélise les phénomènes de croissance comme le déploiement optimal progressif d'un modèle préalablement replié dans une région de l'espace. Nous présentons donc une généralisation des méthodes difféomorphiques classiques pour modéliser plus fidèlement l'évolution de chaque individu d'une population et saisir l'ensemble de la dynamique de croissance. Nous nous appuyons sur l'exemple concret de la croissance des cornes animales. La considération d'un a priori sur la dynamique de croissance de la corne, nous permet de construire un chemin continu dans un espace de formes, modélisant l'évolution de la corne de sa naissance, d'un état réduit à un point (comme l'état d'embryon pour un humain ou de graine pour une plante) à un âge adulte quelconque de corne bien déployée. Au lieu d'étirer la corne, nous anticipons l'arrivée matière nouvelle en des endroits prédéfinis. Pour cela, nous définissons une forme mère indépendante du temps dans un espace virtuel, qui est progressivement plongée dans l'espace ambiant en fonction d'un marqueur temporel prédéfini sur la forme mère. Finalement, nous aboutissons à un nouveau problème de contrôle optimal pour l'assimilation de données de surfaces évoluant dans le temps, conduisant à un problème intéressant dans le domaine du calcul des variations où le choix pour la représentation des données, courant ou varifold, joue un rôle inattendu
The Large Deformation Diffeomorphic Metric Mapping (LDDMM) framework has proved to be highly efficient for addressing the problem of modelling and analysis of the variability of populations of shapes, allowing for the direct comparison and quantization of diffeomorphic morphometric changes. However, the analysis of medical imaging data also requires the processing of more complex changes, which especially appear during growth or aging phenomena. The observed organisms are subject to transformations over the time which are no longer diffeomorphic, at least in a biological sense. One reason might be a gradual creation of new material uncorrelated to the preexisting one. For this purpose, we offer to extend the LDDMM framework to address the problem of non diffeomorphic structural variations in longitudinal scenarios during a growth or degenerative process. We keep the geometric central concept of a group of deformations acting on a shape space. However, the shapes will be encoded by a new enriched mathematical object allowing through partial mappings an intrinsic evolution dissociated from external deformations. We focus on the specific case of the growth of animal horns.Ultimately, we integrate these growth priors into a new optimal control problem for assimilation of time-varying surface data, leading to an interesting problem in the field of the calculus of variations where the choice of the attachment term on the data, current or varifold, plays an unexpected role

Orientador: Sandra Maria Carmello-Guerreiro
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: O cerrado vem sendo destruído e os aspectos estruturais de suas plantas são pouco conhecidos perante sua diversidade. A maioria das espécies nativas de Myrtaceae, uma das mais representativas da flora brasileira e dos cerrados, não possui estudos de suas estruturas reprodutivas; as análises de frutos e sementes de membros desta família limitam-se a espécies de interesse econômico e raramente envolvem aspectos anatômicos e ontogenéticos. Este trabalho objetiva detalhar a morfologia e ontogênese dos frutos e sementes de Eugenia punicifolia, Myrcia bella e Campomanesia pubescens, espécies comumente encontradas no cerrado sensu lato, comparando-as. O material foi processado seguindo técnicas anatômicas usuais para inclusão em resina plástica. Nas três espécies, tanto na parede ovariana quanto no pericarpo, destaca-se a região fundamental, dividida em três áreas, a grande freqüência de células com conteúdo fenólico e a presença de cavidades secretoras com conteúdo lipídico. Os óvulos são campilótropos; em E. punicifolia, a calaza é extensa e há hipóstase; nas outras espécies, a calaza é menos extensa e não observa-se hipóstase. Durante o desenvolvimento dos frutos, há, inicialmente, intensa atividade mitótica em todas as regiões dos frutos. Formam-se espaços intercelulares no mesocarpo de E. punicifolia e M. bella; em C. pubescens, diferenciam-se esclereídes isoladas no mesocarpo e as camadas mais internas do mesocarpo e o endocarpo concrescem com o tegumento seminal. No fruto maduro, as células mesocárpicas alongam-se radialmente, originando a polpa carnosa nas três espécies. Embora pertençam a subtribos diferentes, o desenvolvimento dos pericarpos de E. punicifolia e M. bella mostraram-se bastante semelhantes; C. pubescens apresentou características particulares, seguindo o padrão descrito para o gênero. Durante o desenvolvimento seminal, ocorre maior crescimento na região antirafeal, originando sementes reniformes. Em Eugenia punicifolia, a calaza se expande, evidenciando o desenvolvimento paquicalazal da semente. Em Myrcia bella e Campomanesia pubescens, desenvolve-se a hipóstase. Em M. bella, forma-se uma pericalaza. Em C. pubescens, a expansão da calaza é restrita ao hilo. As células da exotesta alongam-se radialmente. Divisões celulares aumentam o número de camadas da mesotesta, e em E. punicifolia e M. bella, esta torna-se fenólica em todo o envoltório seminal. A epiderme interna da testa e o tegumento interno não apresentam modificações. O eixo embrionário de E. punicifolia é curto e contínuo com os cotilédones espessos e parcialmente concrescidos; os de M. bella e C. pubescens são bastante alongados. Em M. bella, identifica-se dois cotilédones foliáceos torcidos. Em C. pubescens, os cotilédones são bastante reduzidos e não foram encontrados anatomicamente. As sementes maduras são campilótropas. A exotesta de Eugenia punicifolia é constituída por uma camada paliçádica lignificada; em M. bella, depositamse espessamentos em forma de ¿U¿, e em C. pubescens, origina-se uma camada de esclereídes. As células mesotestais de E. punicifolia apresentam espessamentos secundários; em M. bella e C. pubescens, elas permanecem sem lignificação e são comprimidas tangencialmente. No embrião da semente madura, diferenciam-se idioblastos fenólicos e depositam-se grãos de amido nas três espécies e cavidades secretoras subepidérmicas em E. punicifolia e M. bella. Os caracteres seminais também seguiram os já descritos para os gêneros
Abstract: The Brazilian cerrado has been devastated and the structural aspects of the plants in this biome have been scarcely investigated considering its great diversity. In literature, there are no studies about the reproductive structures of the majority of the indigenous species of Myrtaceae, one of the most representative of the Brazilian flora and cerrados. Analyses of fruits and seeds are limited to economically important species and rarely include anatomical and ontogenetic aspects. The present work aimed at detailing and comparing the morphology and ontogenesis of the fruits and seeds of Eugenia punicifolia, Myrcia bella and Campomanesia pubescens, three species commonly found at cerrado sensu lato. Material was processed according to standard anatomical techniques for inclusion in plastic resin. In all three species, both in the ovarian wall and in the pericarp, there were a fundamental region, which was divided into three areas; a great number of cells with phenolic content; and secretory cavities with lipidic content. Ovules were campylotropous; in E. punicifolia, chalaza was extensive; in the remaining species, chalaza was less extensive. In the beginning of the fruits development, intense mitotic activity was noticed in all regions of the fruits. There were intercellular spaces in the mesocarp of E. punicifolia and M. bella as well as differentiated and isolated sclereids in the mesocarp and concrescence of the most inner layers of the mesocarp and endocarp with the seminal tegument of C. pubescens. The mesocarpic cells of mature fruits elongated radially, originating the fleshy pulp in all three species. E. punicifolia and M. bella presented very similar pericarp development; C. pubescens showed particular characteristics, following the pattern already described for its genus. During seminal development, more intense growth occurred in the anti-raphe region, originating reniform seeds. In Eugenia punicifolia, chalaza expanded, making evident the pachychalazal development of the seed. Perichalaza was formed in M. bella. In C. pubescens, chalaza expansion was restricted to the hilum. Exotesta cells elongated radially. Cell divisions increased the number of layers of mesotesta, which was phenolic all over the seminal involucrate in E. punicifolia and M. bella. The testa inner epidermis and the inner tegument did not show any alterations. The embryonic axis of E. punicifolia was short and continuous to the thick and partially concrescent cotyledons; those of M. bella and C. pubescens were very elongated. In M. bella, two twisted foliaceous cotyledons were identified. In C. pubescens, cotyledons were extremely small and could not be found anatomically. Mature seeds were campylotropous. The exotesta of Eugenia punicifolia had a lignified palisadic layer. In M. bella, ¿U¿-shaped thicknesses were noticed, and sclereids layers were observed in C. pubescens. Mesotestal cells of E. punicifolia showed secondary thicknesses; those of M. bella and C. pubescens did not show lignification and were tangentially compressed. In the embryo of the mature seed, differentiated phenolic idioblasts were observed as well as deposits of amid granules in all three species and subepidermic secretory cavities in E. punicifolia and M. bella. Seminal characters also followed the pattern already described for their genera
Mestrado
Mestre em Biologia Vegetal