Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Anatomy, Comparative'
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Polaszek, A. "Comparative anatomy of aphid reproductive system." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47681.
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Bowles, Henry Miller. "Anatomy of "Decadence"." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493344.
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Examining the perception of literary decline in Greek, Latin, Arabic, and Persian, this study unearths an enduring taboo, one little changed by place and time, against verbal creation too readily sacrificing “nature” and “truth” to artifice and phantasy. The fading of the taboo after the nineteenth century, when “Decadent” yields to a non-normative name for the present (“Modern”), is without precedent. Demonstrating the opprobrium’s enduring nature, this study compares for the first time four literary traditions’ confrontations with a “Decadence” whose similarities have been conjectured since philology’s “golden age.”
Chapter I examines two ancient polemics against decline, the tableaux of decay painted by the Avestan liturgical texts and the Attic Greek thinkers before new attitudes towards verbal creation. A similar tableau emerges in Roman reactions to post-Augustan eloquentia’s “decline,” as the analysis of Tacitus in chapter II demonstrates. Chapter III gives voice to non-specialist Imperial reactions to the “decline” heralded by the Second Sophistic, analyzing Plutarch’s and Marcus Aurelius’s rejections of verbal art. Chapter IV considers the effort to regulate artifice within the rhetorical tradition, examining the two great Hellenistic and Imperial authorities (Demetrius and Quintilian).
Chapter V finds the prohibition unbroken in the earliest Arabic debate over suqāṭ (“Decadence”). Al-Āmidī’s Muwāzana is a summary statement of the rejection of verbal creation too enamored of facticity. Conversely, chapter VI looks to post-Classical Persian voices enshrining this very conception of verbal creation. Suhrawardī, Mullā Ṣadrā, and Ṣāʾib call for a language reflective of little other than wahm (“imagination”) and himma (“desire”).
Chapter VII examines “Decadence” in Greek and Arabic post-Classical fiction. The erosion of μῦθος by ψυχή as the banal desire of non-heroic protagonists eclipses action, as phantasy, shown through the pathetic fallacy, irradiates out into the world, supports critics’ contention: Imperiousness of imagination goes with the genera dicendi’s loosening and the pull of language from the inhuman towards personal fancy. “Decadence” in fiction reflects a literature democratized, one mirroring (petty-) bourgeois interests. This is, argues chapter VIII, a premonition of Modernity: With Gutenberg and Calvin, with an unprecedented accessibility and banality of letters, the taboo against subjectivism and facticity recedes.Comparative Literature
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Heaney, James Michael. "Comparative anatomy and systematics in Polystachya (Orchidaceae)." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0007860.
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Jones, Ross Alexander. "Comparative anatomy of the human neuromuscular junction." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29629.
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The neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the synapse formed between lower motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibre, is known to be a target in a number of neurodegenerative conditions, including motor neuron disease (MND). Located in an accessible part of the peripheral nervous system, the NMJ can be used as a ‘model synapse’ in the context of ‘connectomics’ – the study of synaptic connectivity throughout the nervous system as a whole. Although the NMJ has been studied in a number of species, relatively little is known about its structure in humans, complicating the translation of animal models of disease to the human condition. Described here is the first detailed cellular and molecular characterization of the human NMJ. A standardized methodology for comparative morphometric analysis of NMJs was developed and validated (‘NMJ-morph’). NMJ-morph was used to generate baseline data for 2160 NMJs from a single litter of wild type mice, representing 9 distinct muscles across 3 body regions. Principal components analysis (PCA) revealed synaptic size and fragmentation to be the key determinants of synaptic variability. Correlation data revealed the pre-synaptic cell (motor neuron) to be a stronger predictor of synaptic morphology than the post-synaptic cell (muscle fibre). Other factors influencing synaptic variability were in a clear hierarchy: muscle identity accounted for more variation in synaptic form than animal identity, with side having no effect. Human tissue was obtained from 20 patients (aged 34 to 92 years) undergoing lower limb amputation, primarily for the complications of peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Muscle samples were harvested from non-pathological regions of the surgical discard tissue. 2860 human NMJs were analyzed from 4 distinct muscles (extensor digitorum longus, soleus, peroneus longus and peroneus brevis), and compared with equivalent NMJs from wild type mice. Human NMJs displayed unique morphological characteristics, including small size, thin axons, rudimentary nerve terminals and distinctive ‘nummular’ endplates, all of which distinguished them from equivalent mouse NMJs. The previous notion of partial occupancy in human NMJs was disproved. As in mice, the pre-synaptic cell was shown to correlate more strongly with NMJ morphology; in contrast to mice, the human NMJ was found to be relatively stable throughout its 90+ year lifespan. In support of the tissue harvesting procedure, patient co-morbidities (diabetes mellitus and vascular disease) did not significantly impact NMJ morphology. Super-resolution imaging of the NMJ revealed significant differences in the functional architecture of human and mouse active zones. Despite the smaller synaptic size in humans, the total quantity of active zone material was conserved between the species, suggesting a homeostatic mechanism to preserve effective neurotransmission. Parallel proteomic profiling demonstrated further species-specific differences in the broader molecular composition of the NMJ. The cellular and molecular anatomy of the human NMJ is fundamentally different to that of other mammalian species. These differences must be taken into account when translating animal models of disease to the human condition.
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Wu, Xiao-Chun. "The comparative anatomy and systematics of Mesozoic sphenodontidans /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74594.
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This thesis is centred around an anatomical study of the cranial osteology of the Mesozoic sphenodontidans, Asiacephalosaurus wangi, Rarojugalosaurus mcgilli, Dianosaurus petilus and Homoeosaurus maximiliani. The first two are newly discovered and have not been studied previously. The third, previously described only in a preliminary fashion, was misinterpreted as a protorosaur. Although many specimens of H. maximiliani have been described (Cocude-Michel, 1963; Faber, 1981) since the species was first named by Meyer (1845), the newly exposed dorsal part of the skull of a new specimen has provided many new cranial features. Consequently, it was necessary to examine, draw and describe all of these sphenodontidans. The descriptions are all original and present a virtually complete picture of the cranial osteology of these genera for the first time. In addition, the different patterns of the middle ear apparatus of the Sphenodontida and the functional problems of the temporal region in the Lepidosauria have been considered. Although use is made of the literature to obtain background data, the conclusions drawn are original unless explicitly stated otherwise. Finally, the detailed descriptions of the four genera have permitted a reassessment of the phylogeny of the Sphenodontida. After reviewing the literature, original conclusions are given.
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Davis, Samuel Patrick. "Comparative anatomy and relationships of the Acanthodian fishes." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269801.
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Anderson, Matthew John. "Comparative soft anatomy : a new approach to primate taxonomy." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325485.
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Curran, Anthony A. "A Multimedia Atlas of Dissection for Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2224/.
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Traditional methods of teaching the laboratory course for Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates could be improved by applying current computer technology to construct an interactive, multimedial atlas of dissection. Five specimens used in comparative anatomy courses at most institutions were chosen as representative members of the Phylum Chordata: amphioxus, lamprey, dogfish shark, mud puppy, and cat. Specimens were dissected according to the modified method of Wischnitzer, 1993, and each stage was photographed with a Kodak DC120 digital zoom camera. These images were processed on a Power Macintosh 7600 computer with Adobe Photoshop v. 5.0. The atlas was constructed from these images using Macromedia Authorware v. 4.0.3. Each image contains a series of interactive objects that display a highlight and descriptive text as the cursor passes over each object.
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Fouracre, Jim P. "Genetic regulation of Kranz anatomy." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7f10306d-d942-49cd-b12f-35b29311ad3c.
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The C₄ photosynthetic cycle acts to concentrate CO₂ around the enzyme Rubisco. By doing so, C₄ photosynthesis leads to increased radiation, water and nitrogen use efficiencies. As such, C₄ photosynthesis is the most productive form of photosynthesis known. Because it enables such high levels of productivity there are large international efforts to introduce C₄ photosynthesis into non-C₄ crop species such as rice. Kranz anatomy is a characteristic leaf cellular arrangement of concentric rings of bundle sheath and mesophyll cells around closely spaced veins and is crucial to C₄ photosynthesis in almost all known examples. Despite the fact that Kranz has evolved on over 60 times independently little is known about the genetic regulation of Kranz development, as attempts to elucidate Kranz regulators using conventional mutagenesis screens have provided few insights. However, the advent of next generation DNA sequencing technologies has enabled the interrogation of genetic networks at a previously unprecedented scale. The work in this thesis describes a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of leaf development in maize, a C₄ species, that develops both Kranz-type and non-Kranz-type leaves. Detailed bioinformatics analyses identified candidate regulators of both Kranz development and additional aspects of maize leaf development. Three of the identified Kranz candidates were functionally characterised in both C₄ and non-C₄ species. Furthermore, expression and phylogenetic analyses of GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) genes, a small transcription factor family previously implicated in C₄ development in maize, were extended to determine the generality of GLK function in C₄ evolution.
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Clegg, Margaret. "The comparative anatomy and evolution of the human vocal tract." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271140.
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Mavi, Dudu Ozlem. "Comparative Vegetative Anatomy Of The Tribe Triticeae Dumortier (poaceae) In Turkey." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615053/index.pdf.
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Triticeae Dumort. is a tribe within the Pooideae subfamily of Poaceae. Major crop genera found in this tribe include barley (Hordeum), wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale) all of which are closely related to each other. In Turkey, with the several subgroups, this tribe is represented by 16 genera and 75 species, many of which have great economic values.
The main objective of this research work is to determine the taxa of this tribe on the basis of their diagnostic anatomical characters of vegetative organs for the recognision of genera, sections, species, and infraspecific categories. By using both fresh and herbarium specimens, transverse sections of vegetative organs were obtained by using two different sectioning methods.
This study covers both qualitative anatomical characters, such as sclerenchyma position, hair density and intercellular cavities of roots, shapes of leaves, presence of midrib, occurrence of leaf hairs, shapes of girders or strands, arrangement of sclerenchyma around vascular bundles and arrangement of epidermal cells, cell wall undulations, appearance of silica bodies, type of bulliform cells, arrangement of culm vascular bundles and their connections to the epidermis, hollowness of culms, as well as quantitative characters, such as sclerenchyma line number of roots, vascular bundle line numbers and diameters of culms, sclerenchyma line number of leaf margins, line numbers and sizes of all types of costal leaf hairs, stomata and interstomatal cell lines.
In conclusion, all these properties are useful to understand both systematics and evolutionary relationships of the taxa. Moreover, the leaves of the tribe have the most numerous diagnostic characters. The roots do not have central metaxylem. The metaxylem elements are scattered in the vascular cylinder. The internodular parts of the culms may be hollowed or solid. However, the nodular parts of the culms generally have the same structure. Furthermore, there are two species which can be assigned as a subtribe.
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Van, den Worm Johan H. "The comparative cranial osteology of the South African Lacertilia (reptilia: Squamata)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/70379.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1998Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Science. Dept. of Botany & Zoology.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There has been a long-standing need to systematically analyze and classify South African fossil Lacertilia. Although extensive assemblages of fossil lizard and amphibian material from Langebaan on the West Coast and elsewhere exist in museum collections, the fragmentary nature of the material has largely prevented in-depth analyses and identification. In this comparative study the skulls and lower jaws of 7 lizard genera, representing the six extant South African families, were disassembled and the bones analyzed individually. The aim was to compile a comparative database of each bone against which current and future fossil finds could be matched. Detailed descriptions of the isolated elements were given. The results showed that despite some intra-generic variation, unique structural differences do exist in individual bones which may be utilized in the taxonomic assessment of fragmentary fossil material.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar bestaan lank reeds 'n behoefte vir die sistematiese analise en klassifisering van fossielmateriaal van Suid-Afrikaanse Lacertilia. Alhoewel uitgebreide versamelings van akkedis- en amfibier-fossiele van Langebaan aan die Weskus en elders in museums bestaan, het die fragmentariese aard van die materiaal grootliks diepgaande analises en identifikasie belemmer In hierdie vergelykende studie is die skedels en onderkake van 7 akkedisgenera, wat die ses resente Suid-Afrikaanse families verteenwoordig, gedisartikuleer en elke been individueel geanaliseer. Die doel was om 'n vergelykende databasis van elke been saam te stel waarmee huidige en toekomstige fossielvondse vergelyk kan word. Gedetaileerde beskrywings van die ge'isoleerde elemente word gegee. Die resultate toon dat desondanks 'n mate van intra-generiese variasie, unieke strukturele verskille tussen individuele bene weI bestaan en dat hierdie verskille gebruik kan word om fossielfragmente taksonomies te analiseer.
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Soares, Mateus Costa. "Miologia comparada dos arcos maxilar e hioide em Chondrichthyes e sua relevância nas hipóteses filogenéticas das espécies viventes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-23042012-161159/.
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A classe Chondrichthyes compreende cerca de 1100 espécies divididas em duas subordens, Holocephali (quimeras) e Elasmobranchii (tubarões e raias). O monofiletismo da classe é sustentado pela calcificação prismática do esqueleto, presença de clásper pélvico, substituição periódica das fileiras dentárias. Porém, as interrelações em Elasmobranchii não estão claras. Duas hipóteses estão em discussão atualmente. A primeira delas, baseada em dados morfológicos, apresenta dois grandes grupos de tubarões, Galeomorphii e Squalomorphii, sendo que as raias (Batoidea) aparecem como espécies derivadas no segundo grupo. A segunda hipótese, baseada em dados moleculares, sugere que Galeomorphii e Squalomorphii forme um clado monofilético e que seja grupo-irmão de Batoidea. Portanto, a dúvida sobre o monofiletismo dos tubarões ainda persiste. Para tentar elucidar esta questão, este trabalho abordou a anatomia comparada dos músculos dos arcos maxilar e hióide de 98 espécies, pertencentes a 37 famílias, de tubarões, raias e quimeras. A musculatura de todas as espécies foi descrita, servindo de base para comparações entre as famílias. No total 35 caracteres são propostos, a partir de informações revisadas da bibliografia e das muitas observações, e devem ser testados em uma matriz de dados já existente. Os caracteres foram discutidos de acordo com questões filogenéticas dentro da subclasse Elasmobranchii, abordando problemas como a relação entre Orectolobiformes e Heterodontiformes, a relação entre Chlamydoselachus e Hexanchidae, o monofiletismo em Squaliformes, as discussões sobre o grupo Hypnosqualea e as relações entre Potamotrygonidae e as demais raiasThe class Chondrichthyes comprises about 1110 species in two subclasses, Holocephali (chimaeras) and Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays). The monophyly of this class is supported by prismatic calcification of the skeleton, presence of pelvic claspers, substitution of teeth in dental rows. However, interrelationships within Elasmobranchii are not clear, with two principal hypotheses discussed. The first one, based on morphological data, presents two groups of sharks, Galeomorphii and Squalomorphii, and rays (Batoidea) are considered to have derived within the second group. The second hypotheses, based on molecular data, suggest Galeomorphii and Squalomorphii as a monophyletic clade, sister-group to Batoidea. Therefore, the question about the monophyly of sharks persists. To try to elucidate this issue, the present work examined the comparative anatomy of muscles of jaws and hyoid arches of 97 species, belonging to 37 families of sharks, rays and chimaeras. The musculature of all species was described, serving as a basis for comparisons among the families. A summary of 35 myological characters are proposed, based on information acquired from the literature and on personal observations, and should be tested in the context of a character matrix analyzed in a phylogenetic parsimony analysis. The characters described were discussed addressing the main phylogenetic questions within the subclass Elasmobranchii, regarding, for example, the relationship between Heterodontiformes and Orectolobiformes, the relationship between Chlamydoselachus and Hexanchidae, the monophyly of Squaliformes, the monophyly of Hypnosqualea, and the intrarelationships of potamotrygonid stingrays
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Santos, Ricardo Mendonça Neves dos. "Diversidade de toxodontes pleistocênicos (Notoungulata, Toxodontidae): uma nova visão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-24102012-081820/.
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Desde o século XIX a diversidade taxonômica e os hábitos dos representantes do gênero Toxodon sempre geraram muitas discordâncias. Cerca de 30 espécies nominais foram atribuídas ao gênero, muitas delas com base apenas em fragmentos isolados. Os toxodontes sempre foram considerados animais de hábitos semiaquáticos semelhantes aos atuais hipopótamos. Considerando sua rica megafauna, a América do Sul pleistocênica deveria ser muito semelhante ao atual continente africano. Assim, com o objetivo de contribuir com uma nova visão para a diversidade e hábitos dos toxodontes, foi realizado um extenso estudo de anatomia comparada dos toxodontes com os mamíferos de grande porte daquele continente. Diferentes elementos ósseos foram utilizados, tais como crânio, mandíbula, vértebras, úmero, rádio, ulna, fêmur, tíbia, fíbula, astrágalo e calcâneo. Observa-se pela morfologia do crânio, das vértebras e dos membros anteriores que os toxodontes deveriam ter hábitos muito mais semelhantes aos rinocerontes do que aos hipopótamos modernos. Esta hipótese permite uma nova visão sobre a diversidade dos toxodontes, com base no estudo das variações morfológicas que podem ocorrer em animais simpátricos e sintópicos, tais como os rinocerontes africanos (Ceratotherium simum e Diceros bicornis). A variabilidade osteológica intraespecífica observada nestes animais alerta para a determinação equivocada de um grande número de espécies fósseis alocadas em um único gênero. O longo período de ocorrência do gênero Toxodon nos estratos favorece a consideração de espécies cronológicas como Toxodon chapalmalensis (Plioceno) e Toxodon ensenadensis (Pleistoceno Inferior). No Pleistoceno Superior afere-se a presença de Toxodon platensis e Toxodon gracilis. A espécie Toxodon burmeisteri representa uma variação morfológica de Toxodon platensis. Outras duas espécies de toxodontes, Trigodonops lopesi e Mixotoxodon larensis, tiveram distribuição mais setentrional que as demais e teriam hábitos alimentares distintos daqueles de Toxodon platensis devido à morfologia craniana.Since the 19th Century the taxonomic diversity and habit of the representatives of the genus Toxodon have been a source of controversy. Around 30 named species have been attributed to the genus, many based solely on isolated fragments. The toxodonts have always been considered as animals with a semi-aquatic habit rather like the modern hippopotamus. Considering its rich megafauna, South America in the Pleistocene was probably very similar to the present-day African continent. Thus, with the aim of providing new insights into the diversity and habit of the toxodonts, a comparative anatomical study was made of this group vis-a-vis the large-sized mammals of Africa. Different bone elements were used, such as the cranium, mandible, vertebrae, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, astragalus and calcaneus. It was concluded from the cranial, vertebral and fore-limb morphology that toxodonts must have had a habit more similar to that of the rhinoceroses than to the hippopotamuses. This hypothesis permits a new viewpoint for the diversity of the toxodonts, based on a study of the morphological variations that may occur in sympatric and syntopic animals, such as the African rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum and Diceros bicornis). The intra-specific variation in bone form found in these animals suggests the likely mistaken attribution of a large number of fossil species that have been allocated to a single genus. The long persistence in the fossil strata of the genus Toxodon allows us to consider chronological species such as Toxodon chapalmalensis (Pliocene) and Toxodon ensenadensis (Lower Pleistocene). In the Upper Pleistocene occur Toxodon platensis and Toxodon gracilis. The species Toxodon burmeisteri represents a morphological variant of Toxodon platensis. Two other toxodont species, Trigodonops lopesi and Mixotoxodon larensis, had a more northerly distribution than the others, and they also had different diets from that of Toxodon platensis according to their cranial morphology.
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Thiranagama, R. "Comparative anatomy of the forelimb veins in humans and non-human primates." Thesis, Online version, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.383521.
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Noor, Nor Nafizah Mohd. "Comparative leaf anatomy, phytochemistry and palynology of nine genera of dipterocarpoideae (Dipterocarpaceae)." Thesis, University of Reading, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434116.
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Levy, Jacqueline Anita. "Causal-comparative study analyzing student success in hybrid anatomy and physiology courses." Thesis, Northern Arizona University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3606821.
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In the biological sciences, higher student success levels are achieved in traditionally formatted, face-to-face coursework than in hybrid courses. The methodologies used to combine hybrid and in-person elements to the course need to be applied to the biological sciences to emulate the success seen in the traditional courses since the number of hybrid course offerings at community colleges are rapidly increasing.
Research has delineated that creating online collaborative communities and increasing student engagement all function to increase student successful outcomes. This causal-comparative study was conducted using student data from four sections of hybrid, introductory anatomy and physiology courses over the 2011 and 2012 calendar years. The study included two sources of data: unit exam scores and student surveys. Analysis of the unit exam scores determined that there were statistically significant differences in student success and achievement by the implementation of the following web-enhanced technologies: a) discussion boards, b) Breeze, and c) Wiki tools. In the scope of this study, student success and achievement was defined as a student earning a C (70%) or higher at the completion of the course.
There were a total of 29 surveys conducted per each unit during the 2012 semesters that related to the web-enhanced technologies implemented into the course: Discussion boards, Breeze®, and Wiki tools. Demographic data was also compiled on all of the students enrolled in the classes during this study to demonstrate that there is no specified niche or trend seen in the students enrolling for this particular course. Unit 1 was used as a baseline to compare the students from the two years. It was determined that the students were not significantly different in aptitude levels at the beginning of the courses based on their Unit 1 exam scores.
Inferential statistical analysis was done to examine student success and achievement using the following tools: t-test of independent means of the variables, mean, standard deviation, and magnitude of effect. The findings of this study indicate that the web-enhanced technology Wiki tools provided the largest increase in student success and achievement in the hybrid, introductory anatomy and physiology course. Descriptive analysis of the surveys revealed that more than a third of each class felt that the implemented web-enhanced technology functioned to increase collaboration amongst the students and helped to emulate a traditional, face-to-face formatted course.
The study included four recommendations for practice and nine recommendations for further research. A couple of recommendations for practice included using a single web-enhanced technology for the duration of the semester and having instructors and students complete tutorial sessions for the chosen technology being implemented. Examples of recommendations for research include replicating this study at other institutions and comparing face-to-face, traditional classes to hybrid courses within the same STEM discipline.
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Ruth, Aidan A. "COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT AND ITS ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES IN PRIMATES." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1492702743943168.
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Wannaprasert, Thanakul. "Comparative anatomy of the mammalian bony cochlea and its ontogenetic development in humans." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/14173/.
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The cochlea is the organ for sound reception. Mammals place varied functional demands on their sense of hearing to meet the requirements of a broad range of ecological niches and diverse behaviours. However, documenting potentially related adaptations of the cochlea to eco-behavioural traits is difficult due to its complex geometry. The present study aims to determine whether the bony cochlea carries eco-behavioural traits that can be used to contextualize our understanding of the fossil record and evolutionary transitions. This study also includes work on ontogenetic changes since these can yield important insights into evolutionary processes resulting in differences of the adult phenotypes. Advanced techniques in micro-CT imaging, 3D image visualization, geometric morphometrics and statistical methods were used to study morphological variations of the bony cochlea across 45 adult eutherian species. Also, the same set of techniques was used to study 12 human fetal (approximately four to nine months of gestation) cochleae in comparison with five adult cochleae. Results revealed that there was a considerable range of variation in form of the mammalian bony cochlea. Potential links between the bony cochlear morphology and hearing, ecology and behaviour were found. Dimensions of the bony cochlea may be indicative of the eco-behavioural niche that a mammal occupies; e.g., fewer than two spiral turns is associated with obligate marine species. Rodents also showed remarkable variation in the cochlear morphology, more so than any other group of mammals studied, reflecting their diverse eco-behavioural traits. Results from the human developmental study showed that whilst the general coiled shape was achieved at the midgestational age, there was size related morphological change during the postnatal period. The round window size reached mature state prior to birth, by approximately the second trimester, whereas the oval window continued to change in size after birth. The postnatal enlargement may be determined by functional requirements of air-borne hearing, particularly with respect to frequency range and sensitivity.
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Johnson, Warren Carl. "A comparative study of putative melanogenic and melanogenesis inhibiting substances in the vertebrate integument." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186225.
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It has been suggested that vertebrate pigment patterns are determined and maintained by factors which are present in the integument. The research reported in this dissertation provides some evidence in favor of this supposition. Examination of the deer mouse, Peromyscus boylei, demonstrated that its pale ventral coat integument appears to contain a melanization inhibiting factor (MIF) , and that its dark dorsal coat integument has variable melanization inhibiting factor activity. Additionally, factors present in the dorsal integument appear to permit a greater level of melanization, in vitro, than do those in the ventral integument. The factors, therefore, may be responsible for the dorsal/ventral pigment pattern of this species. Analysis of the Long/Evans hooded rat revealed that its dark coat integument appears to contain a factor which promotes activity of tyrosinase in cultured melanoma cells. This promotion of enzyme activity is greater than, as well as additive to, that produced by the addition of a maximally stimulating dose of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone to melanoma cell cultures. This stimulatory activity is absent in the regions of pale coat integument. Again, such a factor, by its presence or absence, may be responsible for the coat pattern observed in this species. Investigation of an amphibian MIF demonstrated that it appears to have melanization inhibiting activity in mammalian melanoma cells. The amphibian MIF is able to reduce the activity of tyrosinase in cultured mammalian melanoma cells. The inhibitory activity was evident in both the presence and absence of α-MSH. That the amphibian MIF has activity in mammalian cells suggests that pigment pattern regulatory factors may be similar between species and classes of animals. Examination of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, revealed that its darkly pigmented dorsal integument contains a melanization stimulating factor (MSF). Partial purification of this factor has demonstrated that it is a large molecule (>200 kD) and that it is a protein. Its size and character implicate the catfish MSF as a potential member of the extracellular matrix which could be responsible, at least partially, for the discrete and well-defined dorsal/ventral pigment pattern of this species.
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Brito, Guilherme Renzo Rocha. "Análise filogenética de Cathartidae (Aves) com base em caracteres osteológicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-05062008-150612/.
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A posição sistemática da família Cathartidae (abutres do Novo Mundo) sempre foi motivo de muita discussão e apresenta divergências entre os sistematas, sendo debatida a proximidade dos representantes dos abutres do Novo Mundo entre as ordens Falconiformes e/ou Ciconiiformes. Muitos dos caracteres diagnósticos do grupo provêm de adaptações ao conspícuo hábito alimentar dessas aves, como bicos e pés fortes utilizados na dilaceração de carcaças; cabeça e pescoço desprovidos de penas que evitam o acúmulo de matéria orgânica em decomposição nestas regiões; e espesso colar de penas no pescoço que evita a passagem de líquidos provenientes da dieta às outras partes do corpo. Devido às similaridades na dieta, muitas dessas adaptações morfológicas são compartilhadas entre os catartídeos e os abutres do Velho Mundo (Gypaetinae e Aegypiinae; Accipitridae), gerando historicamente muita confusão na taxonomia dos grupos em questão. Visando contribuir com o conhecimento osteológico da família Cathartidae, bem como dos grupos historicamente relacionados, foram realizados: a) estudo de uma estrutura anatômica craniana (forâmen do nervo olfativo), criando subsídios para inferências acerca do comportamento alimentar dos representantes da família Cathartidae; e b) análises filogenéticas com base em uma ampla amostragem taxonômica (inclusive com táxons fósseis de Cathartidae), lançando hipóteses que elucidem problemas tanto em níveis intragenérico e intraespecífico da família Cathartidae. Além disso, foram feitas inferências acerca do posicionamento mais inclusivo do grupo em questão, sugerindo mudanças no sistema classificatório para que este seja filogeneticamente mais informativo. Da análise da anatomia do forâmen e sulco olfativos de Cathartidae, foi possível inferir que aves do gênero Cathartes possuem uma grande capacidade olfativa, indicando que a morfologia do forâmen do nervo olfativo e do sulco a ele associado são adaptações que promovem um melhor desempenho do olfato neste gênero. Dentre os resultados da análise cladística de 207 caracteres osteológicos (cranianos e pós-cranianos), foi recuperado o monofiletismo da família indicando a existência de duas linhagens distintas dentro do grupo. Quanto às relações mais inclusivas do grupo, a família mostrou-se como a divergência mais basal do componente que inclui Cathartidae e os demais Falconiformes. Foram feitas considerações acerca de algumas das relações entre os táxons historicamente relacionados a Cathartidae e recuperadas pela presente análise: Sagittarius serpentarius, aparentemente, é uma linhagem com divergência antiga dentro dos Falconiformes; confirmou-se o relacionamento adjacente de Pandion haliaetus à família Accipitridae; a separação do grupo de abutres do Velho Mundo em duas subfamílias não relacionadas (Aegypiinae e Gypaetinae) foi corroborada, indicando que o hábito de alimentação saprófago surgiu independentemente três vezes dentro da linhagem \"falconiforme\"; a relação próxima entre Scopidae e Balaeniciptidae foi corroborada; relações de Ardeidae aqui apresentadas corroboram as hipóteses de relacionamento mais recentes. Foram propostas atualizações nomenclaturais e hierárquicas, assim como uma nova proposta classificatória do grupo, onde se incluem os abutres do Novo Mundo: a elevação da categoria hierárquica deste grupo, sendo considerada a ordem Cathartiformes Seehbohm, 1890; dentro desta ordem foi proposta a criação de duas famílias, Cathartidae Lafresnaye, 1839 (incluindo os gêneros de \"urubus verdadeiros\" - Cathartes e Coragyps) e Vulturidae Illiger, 1811 (incluindo os gêneros de condores e o urubu-rei - Vultur, Gymnogyps, Breagyps+ e Sarcoramphus).The systematic position of the family Cathartidae (New World Vultures) has always been a motive for debate, and presents divergences among sistematists, the proximity of New World Vultures representatives between the orders Falconiformes and Ciconiiformes always being discussed. Most of the diagnosable characters of the group come from adaptations related to the conspicuous feeding behavior of these birds, such as strong beaks and claws used to dilacerate carcasses, featherless heads and necks to avoid carrion accumulation in these regions and a thick feather necklace that prevents the passage of liquids from food to other parts of the body. Due to these similarities in diets, most morphological adaptations are shared with the cathartid vultures and Old World Vultures (Gypaetinae and Aegypiinae; Accipitridae), historically causing much confusion in the taxonomy of these groups. With the aim of contributing to osteological knowledge of the family Cathartidae and historically related groups the following tasks were carried out: a) a study on anatomic cranial structure (olfactory nerve foramen), thus creating subsidies for inferences on the feeding behavior of Cathartidae representatives; and b) phylogenetic analyses based on an extensive taxonomic sample (including fossils of the Cathartidae), thereby launching hypotheses that elucidate problems up to the intrageneric and intraspecific levels, as inferences for the most inclusive systematic positioning of the group, and suggestions of changes in the classificatory system for this to become more phylogenetically informative. From the anatomic study of the foramen and olfactory sulcus of Cathartidae, it was possible to infer that birds of the Cathartes genus have great olfactory capacity, indicating that the morphology of the olfactory nerve and the furrow associated to it, are adaptations that promote better performance of olfaction in this genus. In the results on the cladistic analysis of 207 osteological characters (cranial and post-cranial) the monophyly of the family was recovered, this indicating the existence of two distinct lineages within the group. As to the most inclusive relationships of the group, the family appears as the basal divergence of the component that includes Cathartidae and the other Falconiformes. Considerations on certain of the relationships between the Cathartidae historically related taxa recovered by the present analysis: Sagittarius serpentarius is apparently a lineage with an ancient divergence inside the Falconiformes; the adjacent relationship of Pandion haliaetus to the Accipitridae was confirmed; the separation of the Old World Vultures assemblage into two non-related subfamilies was corroborated, indicating that the carrion eating habit appeared independently three times in the \"falconiform\" lineage; the close relationship between Scopidae and Balaenicipitidae was corroborated; relationships of Ardeidae presented here corroborate the most recent published hypotheses. Nomenclatural and hierarchical updating was put forward, as a new classificatory proposal of the group that includes the New World Vultures: the elevation of the hierarchical rank of the group, on considering the order Cathartiformes Seehbohm, 1890; in this order, the creation of two families, Cathartidae Lafresnaye, 1839 (including the \"true vultures\" genus - Cathartes and Coragyps) and Vulturidae Illiger, 1811 (including the condors and King Vultures genus - Vultur, Gymnogyps, Breagyps+ and Sarcoramphus),was proposed.
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Abbate, Daniel. "Estudo da anatomia comparada dos neogastrópodes Vasum cassiforme, Turbinella laevigata (Turbinellidae), Pugilina morio (Melongenidae) e Pleuroploca aurantiaca (Fasciolariidae) da costa brasileira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-10012013-153647/.
Full textAbstract:
A ordem Neogastropoda agrupa aproximadamente 25 táxons em nível de famílias, porém os limites de separações entre essas famílias são geralmente obscuros, e agrupamentos e separações de famílias e subfamílias afins são possíveis de serem realizados. Tendo em vista este cenário a morfologia externa e interna de quatro representantes de três famílias da ordem foi minuciosamente analisada em busca de caracteres que auxiliem a determinar os limites de separação entre essas famílias. Foram selecionadas as espécies, Pugilina morio pertencente à família Melongenidae, Pleuroploca aurantiaca pertencente à família Fasciolariidae, ambas escolhidas por apresentarem uma notável semelhança conquiliológica e por apresentarem gêneros que migraram entre essas duas famílias ao longo de suas histórias taxonômicas. Assim como as espécies Vassum cassiforme e Turbinella laevigata pertencentes à família Turbinellidae, outrora já classificadas em famílias distintas. O conjunto de caracteres morfológicos obtido, em parte corrobora com o que há publicado em literatura, mas por outro lado, determinados dados mostraram-se complementares e até diferentes aos publicados até o momentoThe order Neogastropoda comprises approximately 25 taxa at family level, but the limits of separation between these families are often obscure, and groupings and separations of families and related subfamilies are likely to be realized. Given this scenario, the external and internal morphology of four representatives of three families of the order was closely scrutinized in search of characters that help to determine the boundaries of separation between these families. We select species Pugilina morio belonging to Melongenidae family, Pleuroploca aurantiaca belonging to Fasciolariidae family, both chosen because they presented a striking conchological resemblance and for present genera that migrated between these two families over their taxonomic histories. Just as species Vassum cassiforme and Turbinella laevigata belonging to Turbinellidae family, formerly classified as distinct families. The set of morphological obtained data, partly concurs, with what is published in the literature, but on the other hand, certain data are shown by different and complementary to the published so far
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Lima, Renato Gaban. "Análise filogenética de Psittaciformes (Aves) com base em caracteres morfológicos siringeais e osteológicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-13062008-111953/.
Full textAbstract:
Este estudo propõe hipóteses das relações filogenéticas entre representantes da ordem Psittaciformes, com base em caracteres morfológicos (osteológicos, principalmente cranianos, e anatômicos da siringe), usando o princípio da parcimônia para análise dos dados. Como o conhecimento prévio da anatomia comparada da siringe na ordem ainda é restrito, com sua nomenclatura anatômica confusa, foi feito, primeiramente, estudo anatômico para possibilitar melhor compreensão dos caracteres siringeais utilizados posteriormente nas análises filogenéticas. Neste estudo anatômico é apresentada uma gama de variações antes desconhecidas, que são confrontadas com o conhecimento prévio da morfologia da siringe dos Psittaciformes. Das variações detectadas, parte ocorre em estruturas que, provavelmente, estão envolvidas na produção dos sons, o que deverá ser levado em consideração em futuros estudos de anatomia funcional. As análises filogenéticas efetuadas contaram com 215 siringes e 208 esqueletos, pertencentes 91 espécies de Psittaciformes (distribuídas em 43 gêneros). Esse conjunto de espécimes foi separado em 53 táxons terminais (monofiléticos em relação ao universo amostrado); uma parte deles (11 ao todo) não tiveram sua siringe ou seu esqueleto estudados, e foram aqui denominados terminais incompletos, por possuírem muitos caracteres indeterminados (?). Ao todo foram codificados 101 caracteres variáveis (62 siringeais e 49 esqueléticos), com os quais foram feitas análises com diferentes composições de terminais incompletos, buscando obter hipóteses filogenéticas mais precisas. Para cada análise principal, efetuada com parte dos caracteres multiestados ordenados, foi realizada análise adicional (com todos os caracteres considerados como não-ordenados) visando verificar a influência desses ordenamentos nas topologias. As hipóteses obtidas foram comparadas com as disponíveis na literatura, e diversas congruências foram encontradas, aumentando assim o \"suporte\" de inúmeros componentes recorrentemente resgatados. As opções de ordenamento afetam mais alguns componentes que outros, e as análises adicionais geraram hipóteses menos concordantes com as da literatura. Os caracteres aqui amostrados contêm inúmeras homoplasias, entretanto, a resolução das hipóteses, fortemente congruentes com as filogenias prévias, reforça a importância e a validade dos caracteres morfológicos para recuperações filogenéticas entre os Psittaciformes, ao contrário do alegado por alguns autores. Com base nas hipóteses aqui obtidas e compiladas, algumas recomendações são feitas para tornar a sistemática dos Psittaciformes mais informativa filogeneticamente: a. inclusão de N. nenday no gênero Aratinga; b. inclusão de A. xanthops no gênero Graydidascalus; c. Reconhecimento de duas famílias na ordem: Nestoridae (Nestor e Strigops) e Psittacidae (com os demais Psittaciformes, inclusive com os representantes da antiga família Cacatuidae).This study proposes hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among representatives of the Order Psittaciformes, based on morphological characters (osteological, mainly from skull, and anatomical of syrinx), using the Principle of Parsimony for analysis of data. As previous knowledge on the compared anatomy of syrinx in the order is still restricted, with its anatomical nomenclature confused, an anatomical study was first conducted to yield a better comprehension of syrinx characters, used afterwards in phylogenetic analyses. In this anatomical study, an array of variations not known before is presented, which is compared with previous knowledge of syrinx morphology in Psittaciformes. Among detected variations, some occur in structures that are possibly involved in sound production, which will need to be taken into consideration in future functional anatomy studies. Phylogenetic analyses were based on 215 syrinxes and 208 skeletons, belonging to 91 species of Psittaciformes (distributed in 43 genera). This set of specimens was organized in 53 terminal taxa (monophyletic in relation to the sampled universe); part of them (11 in a whole) did not have their syrinx or skeleton studied and are regarded herein as incomplete terminals for processing many undetermined characters (?). In total, 101 variable characters (62 from syrinx and 49 from skeleton) were coded, with which analyses were made varying composition of incomplete terminals to find more precise phylogenetic hypothesis. For each main analysis, done with part of multi-state characters ordered, an additional analysis was done with all multi-state characters unordered to verify the influence of ordering in topologies. Obtained hypothesis were compared with the ones from literature and many congruencies were found, increasing the \"support\" of innumerous components recurrently retrieved. Options of ordering affect more some components than others, and additional analyses generated hypothesis with less agreement with the ones from literature. Characters herein sampled contain various homoplasies but resolution of hypothesis strongly congruent with previous phylogenies reinforces the importance of morphological characters to retrieve phylogenies among Psittaciformes, contrary to what is affirmed by some authors. Based on hypothesis obtained herein, some recommendations are pointed out to make systematics of Psittaciformes more phylogenetic informative: a. inclusion of N. nenday in the genus Aratinga; b. inclusion of A. xanthops in the genus Graydidascalus; c. Recognition of two families in the order: Nestoridae (Nestor and Strigops) and Psittacidae (with remaining Psittaciformes, including representatives of the former family Cacatuidae).
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Moreira, Renan Andrade. "Morfologia comparada do órgãos copuladores de Batoidea (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-22032018-132941/.
Full textAbstract:
A superordem Batoidea é fortemente corroborada como monofilética, com cerca de 650 espécies viventes, sendo a superordem mais diversa dentre os Chondrichthyes. O órgão copulador duplo, conhecido como mixopterígio, é uma das sinapomorfias de Chondrichthyes. O mixopterígio de Batoidea, com exceção de Rajidae, não foi amplamente analisado do ponto de vista comparativo, sendo o conhecimento restrito a descrições isoladas de alguns táxons. O vasto conhecimento do mixopterígio de rajídeos evidencia a grande importância da estrutura em estudos de taxonomia e filogenia, com muitos táxons definidos principalmente baseados na anatomia e morfologia dos componentes que formam o órgão copulador. Os demais grupos carecem de estudos comparativos como feitos para Rajidae. Devido à importância sistemática do mixopterígio em Rajidae, o presente projeto tem objetivo descrever as estruturas internas e externas que compõem o órgão copulador dos membros das famílias de Batoidea, identificar possíveis padrões anatômicos que caracterizam grupos taxonômicos e testar o monofiletismo da superordem Batoidea e de seus principais grupos. A terminologia utilizada para os componentes do órgão copulador é praticamente toda baseada na família Rajidae, sendo necessária uma revisão abordando os demais grupos de raias e seus táxons proximamente relacionadosBatoidea is a monophyletic group and is the most diverse superorder within Chondrichthyes with about 640 valid species. Endoskeletal copulatory organs in males (claspers) are a synapomorphy of Chondrichthyes. The classification as well as interrelationships within elasmobranchs has been influenced by characters found in the copulatory organs. In Rajiformes (skates), for example, the claspers are very important in phylogenic and taxonomic studies, with most genera and species defined based on the anatomy of clasper elements, especially those of the terminal group (dorsal and ventral terminal cartilages). However in other batoids the anatomy and morphology of the claspers are still precariously known, highlighting the necessity of a thorough morphological analysis of the copulatory organs of Batoidea. The present PhD project, therefore, is a thorough, detailed morphological and systematic analysis of the variation observed in claspers among all batoid groups. The main objective of the present project is to describe and compare the external and internal (muscle and skeleton) components of the clasper, clarifying relationships of homology of its components among batoids, and discovering systematic patterns that are plylogenetically informative that may aid in resolving problematic relationships within batoids (such as which batoid group is most basal, elucidate the doubtful monophyletic status of guitarfishes, and the phylogenetic position of problematic taxa, such as Zanobatus, Platyrhinidae and electric rays)
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Rouse, Garrie Davis. "Comparative analysis of ovary development in selected members of the subtribe Abutilinae (Malvaceae)." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101464.
Full textAbstract:
The gynoecia of all three species considered in this study originate not as individual carpel primordia but rather as a continuous ring. Processes of continued radial expansion and differential zonal growth give rise to the mature body of the gynoecium with no observable fusion taking place. Later manifestations of distinctness and separation of carpels represent secondarily acquired traits. Consequently, the mature gynoecia of the Malvaceae cannot be reliably used to infer early developmental events.
The physical environment in which carpels originate is proposed to play a role in determining carpel number. Carpel size at inception does not vary considerably among the different species surveyed here. Ring size, however, does and this presumably dictates carpel number by the upward limit of what its circumference can ultimately accommodate.
The uniovulate condition appears to be derived from the pluriovulate one through several interrelated developmental events. On the basis of acropetal initiation of ovules in Abutilon species and the precocious development of style primordia in Malacothamnus fasciculatus, a mechanism for the origin of the uniovulate carpel is proposed. Here, early style growth may limit zonal growth of the gynoecial base so that the acropetal series of ovule initiations is disrupted, leaving only a single basal one.
The study of gynoecial development in this group has been hindered by certain problems of interpretation (e.g., Duchartre, 1845; Klotz, 1975; present account). These include difficulties in conceptualization of developmental processes and their reconciliation with preconceived views of the evolutionary origin of gynoecia. Consideration of relative size among successive stages is crucial, since the affect of radial growth is otherwise easily overlooked.
Despite the differences of their mature gynoecia, the three species studied were determined to be strikingly similar in development, thereby supporting the close affinities attributed to them. In the final analysis, however, conclusive statements regarding the systematic implications of the ontogenetic patterns observed would be premature. Too few taxa have been studied and those that have should be reassessed in light of the developmental phenomena presented here.M.S.
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Elliott, Ross Christopher. "A comparative computed tomography study of canine laparoscopic abdominal anatomy pre- and post-insufflation." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24805.
Full textAbstract:
Laparoscopy has been shown in human medicine to have a rapid recovery time and less morbidity when compared to open abdominal surgery. It involves the insufflation of carbon dioxide into the peritoneal cavity. This creates a space for the surgeon to work in and manipulate the organs. In the normal abdominal cavity the peritoneal cavity is a potential space obliterated by the serosal contact between all the organs. The insufflation of carbon dioxide turns this potential space into a working space. This allows the introduction of an endoscope, usually through a single port, and then various instruments usually through another port into the peritoneal cavity. Multiple veterinary studies have shown the advantages of laparoscopy to decrease the morbidity of animals post surgery. The visualisation of the organs tends to be enhanced by the increased lighting and magnification provided by the laparoscopic equipment. There are intricate attachments and associations between various abdominal organs that are responsible for maintaining organ position and orientation in the peritoneal cavity. Computed tomography (CT) has been proven in human medicine to show excellent abdominal anatomical resolution. It is the modality of choice to detect free abdominal gas. Logically, if there is a massive insufflation of gas, it would be expected that this will enhance the ability of CT to provide real anatomical likeness to the laparoscopic image. The animals were all subjected to multiple CT scans and the scans were found to be rapid and noninvasive. There was a concern over the amount of radiation that each animal received and this was pre-empted by using a CARE 4D dose. The CT machine detected the thickness of the part of the animal being scanned and only provided the needed kV and mAs to penetrate and create an image. This was a paediatric human modality. Six beagle dogs were used and all assessed prior to the study to be clinically healthy. An abdominal ultrasound was performed to assess that they had normal abdominal anatomy. All animals had eight scans performed, four pre-insufflation (PrI) and four post-insufflation (PoI). The animals were placed in a ventro-dorsal routine (VDR), a ventro-dorsal Trendelenburg (VDT), a left lateral (LL) and a right lateral (RL) position. The scans were performed using a helical dual slice sliding gantry CT machine, Somatom Emotion (Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany). With the insufflation of carbon dioxide in this study, the attachments and associations change and these were shown to play a role in the movement of the abdominal organs during the manipulations and how the organs come to lie in the abdominal cavity. It was shown that together with the insufflation of carbon dioxide into the abdomen, a very important factor in the movement of the organs was gravity. In certain organs the effect of gravity was found to be the significant factor when the positioning of the animal was changed, more so than the insufflation of the abdomen when PrI and PoI scans were compared. The effects of gravity during the changes in position and the insufflation of the abdomen were compared using a set number of measurements, of organ size and location. The size and location of the organs was compared to set landmarks in the body such as the sternum and certain vertebra, depending on the organ in question. These measurements were compared between the pre- and post-insufflation scans to evaluate the changes that occurred after insufflation with regards to the movement of certain organs and their exposure for a surgical approach. These measurements gave the data an objective value which could then be analysed statistically to determine any significant changes. The p value was set at <0.05 in determining statistical significance using a Kruskal-Wallis one way of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test. This data was analysed and used to determine the best position to place an animal in order to perform laparoscopic surgery of certain organs. This dissertation showed that the VDR and VDT positions proved much better laparoscopic access to the majority of the parenchymatous organs in the peritoneal cavity than the lateral positions. There were certain organs such as the kidney, the ovaries, the uterine horns and the duodenum that were visualised on CT clear of the rest of the parenchymatous organ mass on the non-dependant part in the respective lateral positions. This indicated that these organs will be easily accessible during laparoscopic surgery in the RL and LL. However no matter what position was used, no position was perfect for every organ of interest, and positions need to be combined for certain procedures. The use of positioning will not remove the need for intra-operative retraction and laparoscopic retractors are an essential part of the surgeon’s arsenal when performing laparoscopic procedures. CopyrightDissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Companion Animal Clinical Studies
unrestricted
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Marshall, Sarah K. "Comparative Morphology of the Forelimb Digging Apparatus in Armadillos (Xenarthra: Cingulata, Dasypodidae)." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1534870518413352.
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Bachelier, Julien B. "Comparative study of the floral morphology and anatomy in Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, and Kirkiaceae (Sapindales) /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000286585.
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McKenzie, J. D. "A comparative study of dendrochirote holothurians with special reference to the tentacular functional anatomy." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374225.
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Sartori, André Fernando. "Comparative morphology and phylogeny of anomalodesmatan bivalves." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273157.
Full textAbstract:
Anomalodesmatans comprise a large, ancient and ecologically diverse group of marine bivalves, but are nonetheless inconspicuous in most extant shallow water communities. For various reasons, which include their present scarcity and a bewildering array of disparate morphologies, representatives of the group have always proved difficult to interpret, and their systematics lagged behind those of most other major bivalve taxa. Most of this dissertation reports the results of a comparative investigation on the shell morphology and anatomy of extant anomalodesmatans, which formed the basis for a reassessment of hypotheses of primary homology established by previous investigators and identification of novel characters for phylogenetic inference. Due to the chief role played by the hinge ligament in authoritative discussions of anomalodesmatan evolution, this organ was chosen as the focus of a more detailed treatment. Discontinuous ontogeny of fibrous ligament is shown to characterise several members of the group, with the implication that, in contrast to the prevailing model,not all anomalodesmatan adult ligaments may be considered homologous. Likewise, a system of multicellular glands concerned with sediment agglutination was studied with particular emphasis because it is both exclusive to and widespread within Anomalodesmata. Evidence of preserved glandular secretion is recorded for the first time in fossil material and the glands themselves found in extant laternulids and pholadomyids, thus considerably expanding their known taxonomic distribution. Finally, this volume also documents the largest cladistic analysis of extant anomalodesmatans performed to date, including morphological data compiled from both original observations and literature accounts. Among traditionally recognised superfamilies, Pholadomyoidea, Clavagelloidea and Septibranchia were found monophyletic. Taxa commonly referred to Pandoroidea and Thracioidea were recovered as part of two new clades, which are also supported by recent molecular studies. Interpreted in the light of the fossil record, reconstructed phylogenetic relationships favour the iterative evolution of shallow infaunal and epifaunal anomalodesmatans from deep-burrowing ancestors over previously advanced patterns for the history of the clade, namely ventral migration of the ligament and irreversible radiations into a deep infaunal life habit.
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Travillian, Ravensara S. "Ontology recapitulates phylogeny : design, implementation and potential for usage of a comparative anatomy information system /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7156.
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McGroarty, James Roy. "Comparative morphology and functional anatomy of the digestive tract of the copepods Tigriopus californicus and Calanus plumchrus : a light and electron microscope study." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24853.
Full textAbstract:
A study of the digestive tract of the copepods Tigriopus californicus and Calanus plumchrus was carried out using techniques of light and electron microscopy. In Tigriopus californicus, the foregut contains a curved cuticle lined esophagus which extends from the ventral mouth to the junction of the anterior midgut and midgut caecum. The noncuticulized portion of the digestive tract consists of: 1. A single spherical midgut caecum located anteriorly, 2. An anterior midgut, 3. A posterior midgut. There are cuticulized anterior and posterior hindgut regions ending in a dorsal anus.
In Calanus plumchrus, the foregut consists of a cuticle lined esophagus extending from the ventral mouth to the junction of the midgut and the midgut diverticulum. The noncuticulized portion of the digestive tract consists of: 1. A single midgut diverticulum, 2. A midgut that is divisible on the basis of epithelial cell type and function. There is a long abruptly narrowing cuticle lined hindgut ending in an anus.
In Tigriopus californicus, four cell types could be distinguished and from such ultrastructural characteristics as the position in the digestive tract, abundance, position, and type of organelles, lipid content, presence and type of vesiculation, and electron density, functions for the cells were determined. Cell type '1' is an embryonic 'stem' cell. It functions as a replacement cell and differentiates
when cells are worn away or lost in secretion. Cell type '2' is mainly a secretory cell and functions in the synthesis of proteins. It also plays a role in lipid absorption. Cell type '3' is absorptive, mainly for lipids. Cell type M1, found only in the anterior midgut is also an absorptive cell. The presence of electron dense vesicles suggests that lipid absorption is not its major function.
From the abundance of cell type and from examination of the ultrastructure in the various regions of the digestive tract, the following conclusions were made: 1. The midgut caecum functions in the absorption of digested nutrients. 2. The anterior midgut plays a role in nutrient absorption but is important in secretion. 3. The posterior midgut cells are mainly absorptive.
In Calanus plumchrus, five cell types could be distinguished.
Cell type 'E' is an undifferentiated 'stem1 cell. Cell type 'R' found in the midgut diverticulum and posterior midgut regions, is absorptive. Its developed basal surfaces suggest a transport function between the cell and the haemo-coel . Cell type 'D' is found in the glandular region of the midgut and is absorptive. It has an ultrastructure similar to that observed for cell type 'R'. Cell type 'B' is a large vacuolated absorptive cell found in the glandular region of the midgut. Cell type 'F' functions in the synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes.
In Calanus plumchrus, the midgut diverticulum is specialized for the absorption of digested nutrients and transport of metabolites to the haemocoel . The anterior midgut regions are mainly absorptive. It includes a vacuolated glandular region specialized for pinocytotic absorption. In the middle section of the midgut, adjacent and posterior to the glandular region, is an area of epithelial cells specialized for secretion. The posterior midgut regions are mainly absorptive.
In Tigriopus californicus biological markers can be used to determine cell type function in correlation with the observed ultrastructure.Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
33
Busnardo, Fabio de Freitas. ""Comparação anatômica entre o retalho perfurante ântero-lateral da coxa e os retalhos cutâneos paraescapular e lateral do braço"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5132/tde-17102006-114523/.
Full textAbstract:
A descrição de retalhos cutâneos pediculados em ramos perfurantes musculares é recente. O retalho ântero-lateral da coxa é vascularizado por vasos perfurantes musculares do ramo descendente da artéria circunflexa femoral lateral. Trata-se de retalho de pouca espessura, pedículo vascular longo e calibroso e baixa morbidade de área doadora. Entretanto, a dissecção do trajeto intramuscular de seu pedículo é tecnicamente difícil. Sua indicação é por vezes questionada por tratar-se de retalho de características semelhantes a outros vascularizados por artérias cutâneas diretas ou septocutâneas. Estes têm menor variação anatômica e dissecção mais simples. O presente estudo avaliou as características anatômicas do retalho ântero-lateral da coxa, através de dissecção em cadáveres frescos, comparando-as com as do retalho paraescapular e lateral do braço. Foram dissecados 60 retalhos (20 retalhos ântero-laterais da coxa, 20 paraescapulares e 20 retalhos laterais do braço) em 20 cadáveres frescos, não formolizados, com menos de 24 horas após o óbito. Todos os retalhos tiveram os seguintes parâmetros avaliados: comprimento do pedículo vascular, espessura do retalho, diâmetro do pedículo vascular arterial e venoso. Além disso, foi avaliada a presença de trajeto intramuscular do pedículo vascular (apenas nas dissecções do retalho ântero-lateral da coxa). A análise comparativa evidenciou que o pedículo vascular do retalho ântero-lateral da coxa é mais longo quando comparado aos dos retalhos paraescapular e lateral do braço (p<0,001). O retalho cutâneo lateral do braço apresenta a menor espessura (p<0,001) e o menor diâmetro arterial e venoso do pedículo vascular (p<0,001). Constatou-se a presença de trajeto intramuscular do pedículo do retalho ântero-lateral da coxa em 17 (85%) casos. O comprimento médio do segmento intramuscular do principal ramo perfurante foi de 4,13+2,02 cm. Os dados foram comparados e avaliados através de técnica de análise de variância com medidas repetidas. O nível de significância utilizado para os testes foi de 5%. As informações obtidas permitem concluir que o retalho ântero-lateral da coxa apresenta como vantagem o pedículo vascular de maior comprimento. Entretanto, apresentou em 85% dos casos a necessidade de dissecção intramuscular de um segmento deste pedículo. O retalho lateral do braço apresenta como principais características a pouca espessura e o menor diâmetro de seus pedículos vasculares. O retalho paraescapular tem características anatômicas semelhantes às do retalho ântero-lateral da coxa, não sendo evidenciada diferença significativa entre suas espessuras e diâmetros de seus pedículos vasculares. Apresenta pedículo vascular mais curto quando comparado ao do retalho ântero-lateral da coxa. Entretanto, trata-se de vaso septocutâneo, sem a necessidade de dissecção de trajeto intramuscular.The description of the skin flaps based on perforator vessels is recent. The vascularization of the anterolateral thigh flap is based on perforator vessels coming from the lateral circumflex femoral artery. It has a thin skin paddle, a long and large vascular pedicle and low donor site morbidity. However, the dissection of the intramuscular path of its pedicle is technically difficult. Its indication is sometimes questionable since it is a flap with characteristics similar to others based on direct cutaneous or septocutaneous vessels, which have less anatomical variations and are easier to dissect. This study evaluated the anatomical characteristics of the anterolateral thigh perforator flap through the dissection of fresh cadavers, comparing them with those of the parascapular and lateral arm skin flap. Sixty flaps were dissected (20 anterolateral thigh, 20 parascapular and 20 lateral arm flaps) in 20 fresh cadavers, not perfused with formaldehyde, less than 24 hours after death. The following aspects were evaluated in all the flaps: length of the vascular pedicle, thickness of the flap and diameter of the arterial and venous vascular pedicle. Additionally, the presence of the intramuscular path of the vascular pedicle was evaluated (only in the dissections of the anterolateral thigh flap). The comparative analysis showed that the vascular pedicle of the anterolateral thigh perforator flap is longer when compared to those of the parascapular and lateral arm flaps (p<0,001). The lateral arm flap presented a pedicle with smaller arterial and venous diameter (p<0,001), in addition to being the thinner flap (p<0,001). It was verified that the vascular pedicle of the anterolateral thigh flap presented an intramuscular path in 17 (85%) cases. The average length of the intramuscular segment of the main perforator vessel was 4,13+2,02 cm. The data was compared and evaluated with variance analysis. The information obtained allows one to conclude that the advantage the anterolateral thigh perforator flap has over the other skin flaps is a longer vascular pedicle. However, the need for intramuscular dissection of a segment of this pedicle presented itself in 85% of the cases. The lateral arm flap is the thinnest flap, and the one with the smaller arterial and venous diameter of its vascular pedicle. The parascapular flap has anatomical characteristics similar to those of the anterolateral thigh flap, with no evidence of a significant difference between their thicknesses and diameters of vascular pedicles. Its vascular pedicle is shorter when compared to that of the anterolateral thigh flap. On the other hand, it is a fasciocutaneous vessel, without the need for intramuscular dissection.
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Coelho, Fabricio Ferreira. "Estudo morfométrico comparando duas alternativas de reconstrução da via de efluxo venoso do enxerto no método piggyback de transplante de fígado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5132/tde-17042007-145042/.
Full textAbstract:
INTRODUÇÃO: No método piggyback de transplante de fígado (Tx), o pinçamento da veia cava inferior (VCI) do receptor é apenas parcial, permitindo a manutenção do retorno venoso durante a fase anepática sem a necessidade de utilização de desvio veno-venoso. A essa vantagem, contrapõe-se uma maior incidência de obstrução da drenagem venosa do enxerto, complicação que está relacionada com o tipo de reconstrução empregado. A implantação da VCI do enxerto no óstio das veias hepáticas média e esquerda (ME) do receptor tem sido evitada devido a uma maior freqüência de bloqueio venoso. Essa incidência diminui quando são empregadas a anastomose látero-lateral (LL) ou a implantação da VCI do enxerto no óstio das veias hepáticas direita, média e esquerda (DME) do receptor. Entretanto, essas reconstruções reduzem a eficiência do retorno venoso na fase anepática do Tx devido à constrição mais pronunciada da VCI durante o pinçamento necessário para a confecção da anastomose. A alternativa de utilizar o óstio formado pelas veias hepáticas direita e média (DM) pode propiciar uma constrição menor da VCI. Entretanto, esse benefício só se justifica se a via de efluxo venoso obtida não apresentar restrições anatômicas. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar a congruência do perímetro da VCI com o perímetro das bocas anastomóticas e dos óstios de drenagem na VCI, obtidos por meio da utilização das modalidades DM e DME para a reconstrução do efluxo venoso no Tx piggyback. MÉTODO: Foram estudados prospectivamente 16 cadáveres frescos. Após a hepatectomia total, realizou-se o estudo morfométrico da confluência hepatocaval aferindo-se o perímetro da VCI (PVCI) e, nas reconstruções DM e DME, o perímetro das bocas anastomóticas (PDM e PDME) e dos óstios de desembocadura na VCI (PoDM e PoDME). Foram obtidas imagens digitalizadas de todos os perímetros. As medidas foram realizadas por meio do programa analisador de imagens KS300. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de análise de variância (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas. Utilizou-se um nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADO: Foram estudados 11 casos do sexo masculino (68,8%). A média de idade foi de 63,7 ± 15,7 anos (40 a 83 anos). Foram obtidos dados completos para todas as variáveis, exceto para o PoDME. Os valores de PDME (137,2 ± 24,3 mm; p<0,001), PDM (123,2 ± 20,1 mm; p=0,003) e PoDM (116,6 ± 17,5 mm; p=0,027) foram significantemente maiores do que o PVCI (107,9 ± 18,8 mm). Os valores de PDME foram significantemente maiores que os de PDM (p=0,004) e PoDM (p=0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A via de efluxo venoso da modalidade DM apresenta um perímetro maior que o da VCI tanto no ponto de anastomose quanto no óstio de desembocadura na VCI, não determinando restrições anatômicas para o efluxo venoso do enxerto hepático. Em comparação com a modalidade DME, a modalidade DM apresenta perímetro mais congruente com o da VCI.INTRODUCTION: In piggyback liver transplantation (LT), partial clamping of the recipient inferior vena cava (IVC) preserves the venous return of the lower extremities during the anhepatic phase precluding the use of venovenous bypass. The incidence of hepatic venous outflow obstruction after piggyback LT varies according to the type of venous reconstruction. Anastomosis between the cranial portion of the graft IVC and common stump of the middle and left hepatic veins (ME) of the recipient has been avoided due to a higher frequency of hepatic venous outflow obstruction. This incidence decreases when a cavo-caval side-to-side anastomosis (SS) or the ostium of the three main hepatic veins of the recipient (RML) are used. On the other hand, venous return is reduced in these modalities due to a more pronounced constriction during the IVC clamping. The use of the ostium formed by the right and middle hepatic veins (RM) may limit IVC constriction. However, this benefit is only justified if a hepatic venous outflow tract with no anatomical restrictions can be obtained. The aim of this study is to compare the congruence of the IVC perimeter with the perimeter of the venous outflow tract at the anastomotic site and also its opening into the IVC both in the RM and RML modalities. METHODS: Sixteen fresh human cadavers were prospectively studied. After total hepatectomy, a morphometric study of the hepatocaval confluence was done by measuring the perimeter of the IVC (IVCP) and, in RM and RML reconstructions, the perimeter of the venous outflow tract at the anastomotic site (RMP and RMLP) and at its opening into the IVC (RMoP and RMLoP). Digital images of all perimeters were obtained. The measurements were accomplished utilizing the KS300 image analysis software. The statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures. Statistical significance was established when the p value was less than 0.05. RESULTS: Examinations were performed in 11 men and 5 women with a mean age of 63.7 ± 15.7 years (40 to 83 years). Complete data were obtained for all the variables except for RMLoP. The mean RMLP (137.2 ± 24.3 mm; p<0.001), RMP (123.2 ± 20.1 mm; p=0.003) and RMoP (116.6 ± 17.5 mm; p=0.027) values were significantly larger than IVCP (107.9 ± 18.8 mm). RMLP values were significantly larger than RMP (p=0.004) and RMoP (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: In RM reconstruction, the venous outflow tract presents a larger perimeter than IVC both at the anastomotic site and at the opening into IVC. In comparison to RML, the RM modality presents a more congruent perimeter with the IVC.
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Pilbeam, C. J. "Comparative studies of populations of perennial ryegrass differing in their rate of respiration." Thesis, University of Reading, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376256.
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Erolin, Caroline. "Does virtual haptic dissection improve student learning? : a multi-year comparative study." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/f0e893a7-b29f-4cee-93f8-24cf06ca21ae.
Full textAbstract:
The past decade has seen the release of numerous software packages aimed at enhancing anatomical education. However, there has been little research undertaken by the manufacturers of these products into the benefit or otherwise of these packages for student learning. In addition, while many of the existing software packages include interactive three-dimensional models, none of them truly offer virtual dissection i.e. the cutting through anatomical layers with a haptic (tactile) interface. This study investigated the haptic ‘dissection’ of a three dimensional digital model of the hand and wrist in anatomy education at both undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) levels. The model was used as a teaching and revision aid both prior to and after dissection of a real cadaver. A haptic enabled version of the model, allowing for real-time cutting was compared with a non-haptic version, using instead a keyboard and mouse ‘point and click’ style interface. Both versions were tested on students of gross anatomy in relation to test results and student experience. The model was based upon Computerised Tomography (CT) and photographic slice data from the Visible Human Project female data set. It was segmented and reconstructed using Amira® 5.2.2. From here each structure was exported as a separate STL file and imported into Geomagic Freeform® Modelling TM. Once imported into Freeform® Modelling TM, the individual structures each required varying degrees of re-modelling where detail had been lost during the segmentation process. Some smaller structures such as the nerves, veins and arteries were modelled freehand. The final model could be dissected using FreeForm® ModellingTM, the same software in which it was created. Using FreeForm® ModellingTM as a prototype VR dissector, each anatomical structure could be selected and virtually ‘dissected’ with the PHANTOM® Desktop™ haptic tool. Three methods of interacting with the model were identified: 1) using a cutting tool to cut through the selected layer; 2) using a selection paintball to first select and then delete the layer; and 3) using planes to cut the selected structure in standard anatomical views. The study ran over five successive years and was split into three discreet phases. Phase one compared the results of PG students across control, non-haptic and haptic groups. Phase two compared the results of UG students between control and haptic groups. Phase three compared the results of UG students across control, non-haptic and haptic groups. Due to small group sizes and a largely non-normal distributions the results were analysed using Mann-Whitney U tests. Results for all phases indicate that use of the model, both through haptic and non-haptic interfaces produced some significantly improved test results. The non-haptic version of the model performing equal or better than those with access to the haptic version. This is likely due to cognitive load being adversely affected by the addition of the haptic device. Some students reported that the haptic device was not intuitive to use and took some time to get used to, if at all. No student used either version of the model for more than five hours, with over 40% using it for less than one hour. It is possible that with increased exposure to the haptic device students may find it easier and thus beneficial. The findings of this study indicate that when used for a short period of time only ( < 5 hours) the haptic device may impede rather than enhance learning.
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Wu, W. L. "Comparative studies of locomotion and of epidermal sense organs of some freshwater bivalve molluscs." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356705.
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Cunha, Carlo Magenta da. "Anatomia comparada dos músculos extraoculares em raias da ordem Myliobatiformes (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-24042012-104230/.
Full textAbstract:
Os músculos extraoculares são responsáveis pela movimentação dos olhos em todos os vertebrados e estão agrupados em quatro músculos retos e dois oblíquos. Porém existem poucas descrições destes músculos para as raias. Neste estudo são descritos e comparados os músculos extraoculares de quatro espécies de raias Mylibatiformes que possuem habitat e hábitos alimentares distintos, sendo elas: Mobula thurstoni (n=10), Pteroplatytrygon violacea (n=10), Daysatis hypostigma (n=10) e Gymnura altavela (n=10). Dasyatis hypostigma, G. altavela e P. violacea possuem o músculo reto dorsal, m. reto ventral, m. reto lateral, m. reto medial, m. obliquo dorsal e o m. obliquo ventral. Em M. thurstoni não foram encontrados dois músculos oblíquos dorsal e ventral e sim apenas um músculo com uma cabeça e duas origens (bíceps). Diferenças significativas como à disposição do olho no condrocrânio, o afunilamento das fibras e local de inserção dos mm. oblíquos próximo ao ponto de inserção; a posição de cruzamento dos músculos reto medial e ventral com o pedículo óptico e a posição da inserção do músculo reto dorsal agruparam as espécies de acordo com seu habitat e modo de vida. Dasyatis hypostigma e G. altavela, raias bentônicas apresentaram o m. oblíquo dorsal mais desenvolvido do que os demais músculos. Em P. violacea, a inserção do músculo oblíquo dorsal ocorre no equador do bulbo e suas fibras não apresentam mudança na direção desde a origem à inserção. Em M. thurstoni, o m. reto lateral está suportado pela ação do músculo reto lateral β. Este músculo pode ser responsável por uma maior ação sinérgica com o músculo oblíquo bíceps. Este estudo mostrou que existem diferenças entre os músculos extraoculares, caindo, portanto a afirmativa de que os músculos extraoculares são \"extraordinariamente constantes\" em todos os vertebrados e abre-se um leque de opções de estudos comparativos para as raias que até então tiveram o estudo dos músculos extraoculares negligenciados.The extraocular muscles, responsible for the eye movements in all vertebrates, are classically grouped as four rectus muscles: rectus dorsal muscle, rectus ventral muscle, rectus lateral muscle and rectus medial muscle; and two oblique: oblique dorsal muscle and oblique ventral muscle; however, the description of these groups and their possible association with several species habits is very limited. Hence the objective of this study is to demonstrate the differences and singularities of the extraocular muscles in rays of diverse habitats and habits. This study used four species of rays of the Myliobatiformes order: Mobula thurstoni, pelagic stingray and planktofoga. Pteroplatytrygon violacea, pelagic stingray, predator of fish and squid; Dasyatis hypostigma and Gymnura altavela, both benthonic, predators of small fish and invertebrates. Ten heads of each species were decalcified and dissected to characterize and describe the extraocular muscles. The final results followed, qualitatively and quantitatively, the pattern of extraocular muscles found in vertebrate animals, for P. violacea, D. hypostigma e G. altavela species. But this pattern could not be established for M. thurstoni species because of, instead of two oblique muscles, only one muscle with two origins (biceps) was observed. There were also significant differences of the eye disposition in the chondrocranium; fibers narrowing down and on the place of insertion of oblique muscles near to the insertion point; the crossing position of the rectus medial and ventral muscles with the optical pedicle and the insertion position of the rectus dorsal muscle. Furthermore, this study shows that, distinctively from what has been known so far, the extraocular muscles are not the same for all species and present important anatomical differences that allow grouping the studied species according to their feeding behavior. In face of the obtained results, it is safe to conclude that the extraocular muscles are not \"extraordinarily uniform\" in all vertebrates and provide a range of options to comparative studies to various species that, until now, have had their study of extraocular muscles neglected.
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Lima, Patricia Oristanio Vaz de. "Anatomia comparada do gênero Doris (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Dorididae) do litoral brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-11012013-115039/.
Full textAbstract:
O gênero Doris está representado no Brasil por quatro espécies: Doris verrucosa, Doris bovena, Doris ilo e Doris kyolis, a maioria delas com um histórico taxonômico confuso. Através da revisão taxonômica do gênero Doris, do estudo da anatomia comparada entre as espécies e com dados da literatura foi possível separar D. verrucosa em duas espécies, mantendo D. verrucosa como a espécie com distribuição para a Europa e Mar Mediterrâneo e Doris januarii, um sinônimo revalidado, com distribuição para a costa Atlântica brasileira. Também foi possível confirmar e completar as informações sobre a anatomia de D. bovena, D. ilo e D. kyolis. As principais características anatômicas que corroboram a distinção entre as espécies estudadas foram encontradas no odontóforo, rádula, sistema reprodutor e sistema nervosoThe genus Doris in Brazilian shelf is represented by four species: Doris verrucosa, Doris bovena, Doris ilo e Doris kyolis. This species have a misunderstood taxonomy. In this study was carried out a taxonomy revision, utilizing comparative anatomy and previous literature data. As a result, was possible to separate D. verrucosa in two species, maintaining D. verrucosa with distribution to Europe and Mediterranean Sea, whereas Doris januarii, a revalidated synonym, is restricted in Brazilian Atlantic coast. In addition, anatomical data complementary validates the species status of D. bovena, D. ilo e D. kyolis. The distinctive anatomical characteristics that justify the separation among these species are found in the following structures: odontophore, radula, reproductive system and nervous system.
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Genova, João Gabriel. "Miologia comparada e suas implicações filogenéticas para Carangidae (Teleostei: Percomorphacea:Carangiformes)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/38/38131/tde-03092018-153307/.
Full textAbstract:
A família Carangidae Rafinesque 1815 (Teleostei: Percomorphacea: Carangiformes) é tradicionalmente reconhecida como um grupo monofilético, tanto em hipóteses baseadas em dados moleculares quanto morfológicos. O monofiletismo do grupo, entretanto, é sustentado por um baixo número de sinapomorfias e suas relações internas ainda apresentam conflitos. O status filético e inter-relações das tribos Trachinotini,Scomberoidini, Naucratini e Caranginivariam de acordo com autores e metodologias empregadas na reconstrução evolutiva da família. As propostas morfológicas mais recentes para os Carangidae datam de 30 anos atrás e empregam maciçamente dados de morfologia externa e osteologia, sendo a miologia do grupo praticamente inexplorada. O presente estudo analisou extensamente a miologia facial, gular e das nadadeiras peitorais, pélvicas e caudal dos Carangidae e grupos proximamente relacionados. Novos caracteres de origem miológica foram levantados e analisados sob um paradigma cladístico em conjunto com os demais caracteres morfológicos disponíveis na literatura especializada. Uma nova hipótese filogenética foi proposta e comparada com as disponíveis, tanto baseadas em dados morfológicos como moleculares. Os novos dados miológicos reforçam as hipóteses de monofiletismo das tribos de Carangidae, bem como a presença de dois grandes clados irmãos, um formado por Trachinotinie Scomberoidinie outro por Caranginie Naucratini. O estudo da musculatura também forneceu pistas sobre o posicionamento do historicamente problemático gênero Parastromateus dentro de Carangini. Além disso, a descrição de complexos musculares nunca antes estudados forneceu dados sobre o a evolução de músculos considerados erráticos em Percomorphacea e que podem contribuir para o entendimento das inter-relações deste grande grupo.The Carangidae Rafinesque 1815 (Teleostei: Percomorphacea: Carangiformes) is traditionally recognized as a monophyletic group in both morphological and molecular hypotheses. The monophyly of the family, however, is supported by a surprisingly low number of synapomorphies and the internal resolution of the group is contentious. The phyletic status and interrelationships of the tribes Trachinotini, Scomberoidini, Naucratini, and Carangini vary across different studies. The most recent morphological hypothesis for carangids dates back to 30 years and is based solely on data from osteology and external morphology. The myology of the family remainednearly unexplored. The present study analyzed the facial, gular,pectoral, pelvic, and caudal muscles of carangids and closely related outgroups. Several characters from myology were discovered and analyzed under a cladistic paradigm. The new myological data were combined with the morphological data available in the literature in order to produce more robust and up to date phylogenetic hypotheses. The four traditional carangid tribes are herein recognized as monophyletic and the family is basally divided into two major sister clades: one comped by Trachinotini and Scomberoidini and another by Carangini and Naucratini. Also, the historically problematic genus Parastromateus was allocated intoaapical clade within the Carangini. The study of the fin musculature provided insights on the occurrence of muscles considered erratic across the Percomorphacea. Those new discoveries might be helpful for a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of thatlarge group.
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Walker, Julie Ann. "A comparative study of Verticillium albo-atrum isolates causing fluctuating and progressive wilt of hops." Thesis, University of Bath, 1985. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355655.
Full textAbstract:
A comparative study was made of physiological and biochemical properties in vitro and of pathogenicity to hop of fluctuating (M) and progressive (V) isolates of Verticillium albo-atrum (Vaa). Symptoms were expressed on leaves 1-3 nodes behind the invasion front in bines. However, symptom expression and reduction in vascular flow in petioles occurred prior to petiolar colonization. Rates of colonization by M and V isolates in susceptible hops were similar. Assessment of numerous enzyme activities, and growth rates on a wide range of carbohydrates indicated considerable variation but did not enable differentiation of M and V isolates. Extracellular polygalacturonase activity was detected from the start of germination and differences in production between M and V isolates were apparent during the first 24 h. Iso-electric focusing of polygalacturonidases revealed no bands unique to any isolate but > 14 separate isozymes were common to Vaa isolates from hop, tomato and V. dahliae (ex cotton). No evidence was found of a Vaa toxin able to alter host cell permeability. Culture fluids contained high molecular weight polysaccharide(s) and caused a rapid decrease in vascular flow rates through excised petioles. There were apparently no host enzymes capable of degrading the polysaccharide(s). Resistance to Vaa of some cultivars was not related to vessel- lengths in bine, root or petiole. A high proportion of conidia were rapidly bound within xylem vessels; also proteins from hop agglutinated conidia, but neither phenomenon was influenced by isolate virulence or host resistance. 2-D electrophoresis of proteins from mycelium also failed to reveal differences between M and V isolates, but did distinguish Vaa from V. dahliae. Vascular occlusion was artificially induced in hop shoots and roots by infiltration with auxin (NAA), Vaa conidia or both. The extent and speed of occlusion was not determined by isolate virulence. Gels formed in 2 days, tyloses in 4-8 days and phenolic infusion of the vessels and occluding structures followed soon after tylosis. Antifungal compounds, induced similarly by inoculation with M or V isolates, were extracted from hop tissue. They caused slight inhibition of Vaa germ-tube growth. No pre-formed inhibitors were detected. Hop isolates of Vaa colonised and produced symptoms on four non-host species but M and V isolates displayed similar virulence to these species. The relative pathogenicity of M and V isolates is discussed and it is suggested that these isolates do not exist as two distinct strains, but exhibit a continuum of pathogenicity.
42
Marin, Kliver Antonio. "Distribuição dos nervos da coxa de Cebus Libidinosus (Rylands et al., 2000)." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2010. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/12994.
Full textAbstract:
Non-human primates have constituted an important group among animals subjected
to various studies, such as ethological and paleontological studies who have
revealed changes in anatomical structures linked to the evolution of primates and the
detailed knowledge on their anatomy may represent an important factor for their
preservation and protection. Aimed to identify the distribution of the femoral,
saphenous, obturator and sciatic nerve of the pelvic limb of Cebus libidinosus (C.l.).
In general, the enervation model of the four primates, men, baboons, chimpanzees
and C.l. is identical, but in specific terms, the differences in enervations indicate
evolution divergence closer to the branch of baboons in the evolutionary tree, and
these data corroborate other comparative studies in relation to the same primates to
vessels, muscles and nerves. In conclusion, the sciatic nerve sends branches to the
biceps femoris muscle, semitendinous, semimebranosus and accessory and to the
ischiofemoral muscle, in the distal third, this nerve is divided into tibial, sural
cutaneous medial and common fibular nerves; the femoral nerve sends branches to
the sartorius muscle, vastus intermedius muscle, vastus medialis muscle, to the
vastus lateralis muscle and branches to the rectus femoris muscle and sends the
saphenous nerve. The obturator nerve provides branches to the pectineus muscles,
adductor brevis muscles, adductor magnus muscles, adductor longus muscle and
glacilis muscle.Os primatas não-humanos têm constituído um grupo importante dentre os animais submetidos a diversos estudos, tais como etológicos e paleontológicos que têm revelado mudanças nas estruturas anatômicas associadas à evolução dos primatas e o conhecimento detalhado sobre a sua anatomia pode representar um fator importante para a sua preservação e proteção. Objetivou-se verificar a distribuição dos nervos femoral, safeno, obturatório e isquiático do membro pélvico de Cebus libidinosus (C.l.). Em geral, o modelo de inervação dos quatro primatas, homens, babuínos, chipanzés e C.l. é semelhante, mas em casos específicos, as diferenças nas inervações indicam divergência evolucionária mais próxima ao grupo dos babuínos na árvore evolutiva, e esses dados corroboram outros estudos comparativos em relação aos mesmos primatas quanto aos vasos, músculos e nervos. Em conclusão, o nervo isquiático emite ramos para os músculos bíceps femoral, semitendíneo, semimembranáceo próprio, semimembranáceo acessório e isquiofemoral e no terço distal da coxa, este nervo está dividido em nervos tibial, cutâneo sural medial e fibular comum; o nervo femoral envia ramos para os músculos sartório, vastos medial, intermédio e lateral, retofemoral e emite o nervo safeno e o nervo obturatório fornece ramos para os músculos pectíneo, adutores curto, longo e magno, grácil.
Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias
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Smith, H. G. "Comparative epidemiology and host : Virus interactions of beet yellow virus and beet mild yellowing virus in sugar beet." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374298.
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Bloodworth, Brian Edward. "Comparative feeding biomechanics and behavioral performance of feeding in the family kogiidae and tursiops truncatus (odontoceti, cetacea)." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5868.
Full textAbstract:
Hyolingual biomechanics and kinematics in three species of two odontocete genera were investigated to compare adaptations and performance of divergent feeding strategies. Ram and suction feeding are two ends of a continuous spectrum that is poorly-studied in odontocetes. Comparative anatomy identified characters associated with feeding patterns of morphologically dissimilar and evolutionary distant genera. Hyolingual investigations included measurements of hyolingual muscle vectors and hyoid surface area/robustness. ANOVA's revealed Kogia basihyal and thyrohyal surface areas were significantly greater than T. truncatus. However, most predicted muscle tension values were not significantly different between genera. The presence of lateral gape occlusions, broad basihyal and thyrohyals near the caudal oral cavity, and a broad, short tongue were likely responsible for Kogia's effective suction mechanism. These features were absent, or reduced, in T. truncatus. The feeding kinematics of dwarf and pygmy sperm whales (Kogia sima and K. breviceps), and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were characterized and compared incorporating the Ram-Suction Index (RSI). Mean RSI data support a suction feeding strategy for the phylogenetically basal Kogia (-0.67; S.D.ñ0.29) and a ram feeding strategy for the more-derived Tursiops (0.94; S.D.ñ0.11). Tursiops displayed two ram-based feeding behaviors, closed gape approach, where gape increased near food items, and open gape approach, where gape was at least 50% of maximum in the first video field. Four feeding phases were identified in both odontocetes: preparatory, jaw opening, gular depression, and jaw closing. The mean Kogia feeding cycle duration (470 ms; S.D.ñ139) was significantly shorter (P<0.003) than all Tursiops groups (pooled: 863 ms; S.D.ñ337, closed gape approach: 662 ms; S.D.ñ207, open gape approach: 1211 ms; S.D.ñ207). Kogia mean maximum gape angle (39.8ð; S.D.ñ18.9), mean maximum opening, and closing gape angle velocities (293ð/s; S.D.ñ261 and 223ð/s; S.D.ñ121, respectively) were significantly greater (P<0.005) than pooled Tursiops mean maximum gape angle (24.8ð; S.D.ñ6.6), mean maximum opening and closing gape angle velocities (84ð/s; S.D.ñ56 and 120ð/s; S.D.ñ54, respectively). Negative Kogia RSI values were correlated with increasing maximum hyoid depression and retraction, wide gape angle, and rapid opening gape velocity. Kinematic data support functional hypotheses that odontocetes generate suction by rapid depression of the hyoid and tongue.
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McNichols, Michael John. "Comparative thyroid function in developing and adult precocial Japanese quail and altricial Ring doves." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53638.
Full textAbstract:
I compared Japanese quail Coturnix japonica, and Ring doves Streptopelia risoria, in the development of thyrotropin (TSH) influence on thyroid hormone (TH) content in the thyroid gland (TG) and the serum, and on TG-cAMP content. In embryos, pituitary gland (PG)-TSH content was measured by an avian bioassay system. Adult quail and doves were studied for comparability of thyroid gland function when receiving comparable dietary iodine. Also, thyroid function in adult doves was compared with different iodine intake.
In embryonic quail, there is considerable maturation of thyroid function prior to hatching, TG-TH content is low but detectable in day 8 embryos; TG-TH content increases 300X between day 8 and hatching (16.5 day incubation). Pituitary TSH was detectable on embryonic day 8, with higher levels found closer to hatching. The TG of 8 day embryos responds to TSH injection by increased TG-cAMP content but the serum TH response to TSH does not mature until day 9. Serum TH concentrations suggest that the TG is under the control of endogenous TSH from the pituitary during the latter part of incubation.
In doves, most of the development of thyroid function and the maturation of its pituitary control occur after hatching, Thus, thyroid functional development is much later in doves than in quail. TG-TH content is extremely low in embryos and nestlings up to 3 days after hatching, increases slowly innestlings up to day 10, then increases sharply. Serum TH are very low in embryos and rise steadily in nestlings to plateau after day 8. Pituitary TSH content is undetectable in embryos and in nestlings until day 4. The TG does not respond (based on serum TH concentrations) to TSH injection through the day of hatching (day 16; mean incubation period of 16.5 days), but an increase in serum TH occurs in day 2 nestlings in response to TSH injection. The magnitude of this response continues to increase during the first week after hatching.
In adult birds, thyroid function was studied in Japanese quail and Ring doves, when both were fed the same dietary iodine (I; 930 μg I/kg). We also compared thyroid function in groups of doves receiving low I (< 100 μg I/kg) or moderate I (930 μg I/kg). We measured thyroid gland (TG) weight, TG stable I (¹²⁷I) I content, TG ¹²⁵I uptake, ¹²⁵I labeling of thyroid hormones, and serum ¹²⁵I thyroxine (T4) half-life. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations in TGs and serum also were determined.
Our results indicate that doves and quail receiving the same dietary I show similar serum T3 concentrations and TG functional state, but that there are some differences between the species in the way which this equivalent functional state is achieved. Doves fed low dietary 1 (< 100 μg 1/kg) when compared to doves with moderate I intakes (930 μg I/kg) showed similar serum T3 concentrations despite reduced serum T4 concentrations and TG-hormone stores. This study demonstrates that quail and doves show similar TG function and a similar regulation of serum T3, the · presumed metabolically active hormone, when dietary I availability is the same. Also, doves with low dietary I show decreases in some measures of TG function compared to doves with moderate I, but still maintain a level of serum T3 comparable to that with adequate I intake. This set point regulation of T3 therefore appears to be independent of serum T4 or TG hormone stores.Ph. D.
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Walker, Richard Thomas. "A comparative investigation of the root number and canal anatomy of permanent teeth in a Southern Chinese population." Thesis, [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1987. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12335423.
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Dornellas, Ana Paula Siqueira. "Anatomia comparada de Calliostoma adspersum, C. depictum e C. hassler (Vetigastropoda: Trochidae) da costa brasileira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-13072012-092105/.
Full textAbstract:
Foi estudada a morfologia externa e interna de Calliostoma adspersum, C. depictum e C. hassler, procedentes da costa brasileira. Tegula viridula também foi estudada como parâmetro comparativo externo. Foi possível averiguar características anatômicas que diferenciam todas as espécies entre si. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas principalmente nas seguintes estruturas: concha; coloração e papilas do pé; musculatura do odontóforo; esôfago anterior; estômago; ceco em espiral e alça intestinal. Calliostoma, de acordo com dados preliminares, diferencia-se dos demais troquídeos por apresentar: redução ou perda dos lobos cefálicos; pseudoprobóscide; presença de ampola renal; uma alça intestinal fora da hemocela e o músculo m1d do odontóforo.The external and internal morphology of Calliostoma adspersum, C. depictum and C. hassler, from Brazilian coast, was studied. Tegula viridula was also analyzed as outgroup. Anatomical characteristics that differentiate all species were found. The major differences were found mainly in the structures: shell; color and papillaes foot; odontophore musculature; anterior esophagus; stomach; spiral caecum and intestinal looping. Calliostoma, according to preliminary data, differentiates from other Trochidae in presenting: reduction or lost of cephalic lappets; pseudoproboscid; renal ampolla; intestinal looping outside haemocoel and m1d odontophore muscle
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Amaral, Vanessa Simão do. "Revisão taxonômica da subfamília Crassostreinae (Bivalvia: Ostreidae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-19032015-093848/.
Full textAbstract:
Foram aplicadas técnicas de análise e comparação de anatomia detalhada, através de dissecções e por análises moleculares em um grupo altamente variável como os Ostreidae com objetivo de comprovar o monofiletismo de Crassostreinae. Por ser economicamente importante em todo o mundo, a diferenciação entre as espécies é fundamental, com aplicações até na produção. Através de um estudo comparativo de morfologia detalhada, representantes de quase todos os gêneros de Ostreoidea foram analisados. Inicialmente, os representantes da subfamília Crassostreinae foram estudados isoladamente. Em cada uma foi realizada uma análise filogenética na procura de sua monofilia e de sua identidade básica. Os representantes de Ostreinae e Gryphaeidae foram utilizados como grupo-externo. Em seguida, alguns representantes de Pteriomorphia foram incorporados ao grupo-externo (Limidae, Spondylidae, Plicatulidae, Isognomonidae, Anomiidae) com enraizamento em Arcidae. Foram estudados 73 caracteres, presentemente comentados e discutidos. Uma única árvore mais parcimoniosa foi obtida: (((((((Cryptostrea permolis (Teskeyostrea weberi ((Hyotissa hyotis (Parahyotissa mcgintyi - P. numisma)) ((Eostrea puelchana - E. lurida) (Ostrea edulis (Ostreola equestris (\"Dendostrea\" sp1 ((Lopha cristagalli - Alectryonella plicatula) ((Dendostrea folium - D. sp 2) (\"Dendostrea\" frons (\"Saccostrea\" echinata (\"Saccostrea\" palmula (((Saccostrea mordax - \"Striostrea\" prismatica) (Saccostrea cucullata - S. glomerata)) ((Crassostrea virginica (C. gigas - C. bilineata)) (C. mangle (C. brasiliana - C. rhizophorae)))))))))))))))) Plicatulostrea onca) Plicatula gibbosa) Spondylus americanus) Lima sp.) (Anomia simplex - Isognomon alatus)) Barbatia cândida) tendo como índices: passos = 372, IC = 27 e IR = 58. Nota-se que a monofilia de Crassostreinae foi comprovada e é suportada por 6 sinapomorfias, Crassostrea também é monofilético, suportado por 4 sinapomorfias. Saccostrea, considerando a espécie tipo S. cucullata, é monofilético junto com S. glomerata. Dados obtidos por análises moleculares, realizadas neste e dados do GenBank®, corrobora, em parte, com os dados anatômicos; Crassostrea é considerado monofilético em ambas análises. As diferenças e semelhanças morfo-anatômicas encontradas em quase todas as estruturas foram suficientes para a separação e agrupamento entre os gêneros e respectivas espéciesTechniques of analysis and comparison of detailed anatomy through dissections and molecular analysis were applied in a highly variable group as Ostreidae in order to prove the monophyly of Crassostreinae. Being economically important worldwide, differentiation between species is essential in applications to production. Through a detailed comparative study of morphology, representatives of almost all genres of Ostreoidea were analyzed. Initially, the representatives of the subfamily Crassostreinae were studied in isolation. A phylogenetic analysis was performed in the search for your monophyly and their basic identity in each one. Representatives of Ostreinae Gryphaeidae and were used as-external. Then, some representatives of Pteriomorphia were incorporated into the group-external (Limidae, Spondylidae, Plicatulidae, Isognomonidae, Anomiidae) with rooting Arcidae. 73 characters presently commented and discussed were studied. A single most parsimonious tree was obtained: (((((((Cryptostrea permolis (Teskeyostrea weberi ((Hyotissa hyotis (Parahyotissa mcgintyi - P. numisma)) ((Eostrea puelchana - E. lurida) (Ostrea edulis (Ostreola equestris (\"Dendostrea\" sp.1 ((Lopha cristagalli - Alectryonella plicatula) ((Dendostrea folium - D. sp.2) (\"Dendostrea\" frons (\"Saccostrea\" echinata (\"Saccostrea\" palmula (((Saccostrea mordax - \"Striostrea\" prismatica) (Saccostrea cucullata - S. glomerata)) ((Crassostrea virginica (C. gigas - C. bilineata)) (C. mangle (C. brasiliana - C. rhizophorae)))))))))))))))) Plicatulostrea onca) Plicatula gibbosa) Spondylus americanus) Lima sp.) (Anomia simplex - Isognomon alatus)) Barbatia candida) while indices: = 372 steps, CI = 27 and IR = 58. We note that the monophyly of Crassostreinae been established and is supported by six synapomorphies, Crassostrea is also monophyletic, supported by four synapomorphies. Saccostrea, considering the type species S. cucullata, is monophyletic with S. glomerata. Data obtained by molecular analyzes, performed and this data GenBank® corroborates, in part, with the anatomical data; Crassostrea is considered to be monophyletic in both analyzes. Differences and morphological, anatomical similarities found in almost all structures were sufficient for separating and grouping among genera and their species
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Peirce, Eleanor J. "A comparative study of male germ cell production in two Australian conilurine rodents, the plains rat, Pseudomys australis and hopping mouse, Notomys alexis." Title page, contents and summary only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09php378.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. Bibliography: p. 199-254. In eutherian mammals, the size of the testes and number of spermatozoa produced and stored in the excurrent ducts vary widely between species, with the hydromyine rodents of Australia exhibiting a greater range of interspecific variation than any other closely related group of species. This study compared the efficiency of germ cell production and sperm storage capacity in the extra-testicular ducts of two arid zone species, the plains rat, Pseudomys australis, and the spinifex hopping mouse, Notomys alexis, that have vast differences in testes size and number of stored spermatozoa. Results are discussed.
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Johnson, Virginia Sue. "A comparative study of the skeletal and muscular development of the squirrel monkey and how it relates to the locomotor patterns between the infant and the adult." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291679.
Full textAbstract:
The composition of the body in relation to the distribution of skin, muscle, bone and other tissues is directly related to the activities the individual is capable of performing throughout its life stages. The infant squirrel monkey is born with 20.658 TBW devoted to muscle, 24.65% TBW in bone, 24.15% TBW in skin, and 24.7% TBW in other supporting tissues. The adult squirrel monkey tissue distribution changes to 41.0% TBW in muscle, 17.2% TBW in bone, 17.5% TBW in skin, and 24.6% TBW in other supporting tissues. Consistently the adult demonstrates a tissue distribution and size that is compatible to living in the trees, moving through areas to forage, and the ability to escape predators that enter their preferred habitat. The infant demonstrates a body composition and size consistent with limited mobility and dependence on its mother for nutrients. The trend in the change of tissue distribution through growth and maturation from infant to adult is demonstrated and explained in relation to activities at the various life stages of the squirrel monkey.