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Journal articles on the topic 'Anatomy and representation'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Waters, John R., Peggy Van Meter, William Perrotti, Salvatore Drogo, and Richard J. Cyr. "Human clay models versus cat dissection: how the similarity between the classroom and the exam affects student performance." Advances in Physiology Education 35, no. 2 (June 2011): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00030.2009.

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This study examined the effect of different anatomic representations on student learning in a human anatomy class studying the muscular system. Specifically, we examined the efficacy of using dissected cats (with and without handouts) compared with clay sculpting of human structures. Ten undergraduate laboratory sections were assigned to three treatment groups: cat dissection only, cat dissection with handouts, and human clay sculpting with handouts. Exams included higher-order questions that presented novel anatomic images and scenarios that the students did not practice in class. The higher-order anatomy exam questions varied the degree to which students in the different treatments had to transform the anatomic representation studied during laboratory activities to match the representation used in the exam questions. In this respect, exam questions manipulated the similarity between the surface features of the anatomic representations used in the classroom versus the exam. When identifying anatomic structures presented in a photograph or diagram, student performance improved significantly when transformation demands decreased, i.e., students in the human clay sculpting treatment group performed best on human anatomy questions and students in the cat dissection treatment group performed better on cat anatomy questions (independent of the use of handouts). There were similar, but nonsignificant, trends when students were asked functional anatomy questions presented in human and cat contexts. On survey questions designed to measure student attitudes about dissection versus nonanimal alternatives, students typically preferred the method used in their treatment group, suggesting that student preference is too fluid to factor into curricular decisions. When designing curricula, instructors must choose anatomic representations that support their course goals. Human representations are most effective when teaching the human muscular system.

2

GATES, S. JAMES, JARED HALLETT, TRISTAN HÜBSCH, and KORY STIFFLER. "THE REAL ANATOMY OF COMPLEX LINEAR SUPERFIELDS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 27, no. 24 (September 28, 2012): 1250143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x12501436.

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Recent work on classification of off-shell representations of N-extended worldline supersymmetry without central charges has uncovered an unexpectedly vast number — trillions of even just (chromo)topology types — of so-called adinkraic supermultiplets. Herein, we show by explicit analysis that a long-known but rarely used representation, the complex linear supermultiplet, is not adinkraic, cannot be decomposed locally, but may be reduced by means of a Wess–Zumino type gauge. This then indicates that the already unexpectedly vast number of adinkraic off-shell supersymmetry representations is but the proverbial tip of the iceberg.

3

Bard, Jonathan. "A systems biology representation of developmental anatomy." Journal of Anatomy 218, no. 6 (April 5, 2011): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01371.x.

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Kavanagh, Kevin T. "World Wide Web-Based Temporal Bone Anatomic Sections." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 126, no. 5 (May 2002): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mhn.2002.124851.

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The study goal was to post a complete set of temporal bone anatomy slides on the World Wide Web for anatomic study. Magnification of the width of the sections varied from 2.4 to 33.6 inches. Good representation of gross and tissue anatomy was obtained, but cellular detail was lacking. The website used approximately 37 megs of disk space. The resultant website provides a cost-effective method of presenting large color photographs of temporal bone anatomy. Thumbnails allow comparison between sections, which aids in learning 3-dimensional anatomy. A method for measuring distance on digitized images is also described. The sections may be viewed at www.ear-anatomy.com , and continuing medical education credits may be earned at www.cme-usa.org .

5

Giacomini, M., P. Rozée-Koker, and F. Pepitone-Arreola-Rockwell. "Gender Bias in Human Anatomy Textbook Illustrations." Psychology of Women Quarterly 10, no. 4 (December 1986): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1986.tb00765.x.

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The hypothesis that female and male bodies are equally represented in human anatomy text illustrations was tested to determine whether medical students are shown both females and males as possessing equally important and normal bodies in medical school instructional material. All anatomy texts currently in use in a major western medical school (N = 8) were surveyed. In text sections dealing with standard (non-gender-specific) anatomy, male subjects were shown in 64% of the illustrations in which gender was discernable, females were shown in 11%, and gender-neutral or equal representations were shown in 25%. Females and males were found to be represented approximately equally in chapters on urogenital (gender-specific) anatomy (45% female, 48% male, 7% neutral or equal representation). The implications of these findings for the perpetuation of sexist attitudes in the medical profession are discussed.

6

Boccia, Maddalena, Valentina Sulpizio, Federica Bencivenga, Cecilia Guariglia, and Gaspare Galati. "Neural representations underlying mental imagery as unveiled by representation similarity analysis." Brain Structure and Function 226, no. 5 (April 5, 2021): 1511–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-021-02266-z.

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AbstractIt is commonly acknowledged that visual imagery and perception rely on the same content-dependent brain areas in the high-level visual cortex (HVC). However, the way in which our brain processes and organizes previous acquired knowledge to allow the generation of mental images is still a matter of debate. Here, we performed a representation similarity analysis of three previous fMRI experiments conducted in our laboratory to characterize the neural representation underlying imagery and perception of objects, buildings and faces and to disclose possible dissimilarities in the neural structure of such representations. To this aim, we built representational dissimilarity matrices (RDMs) by computing multivariate distances between the activity patterns associated with each pair of stimuli in the content-dependent areas of the HVC and HC. We found that spatial information is widely coded in the HVC during perception (i.e. RSC, PPA and OPA) and imagery (OPA and PPA). Also, visual information seems to be coded in both preferred and non-preferred regions of the HVC, supporting a distributed view of encoding. Overall, the present results shed light upon the spatial coding of imagined and perceived exemplars in the HVC.

7

Harrison, Colin. "Postmodern Research and E-learning: Anatomy and Representation." European Educational Research Journal 5, no. 2 (June 2006): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2006.5.2.80.

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Papo, David. "Beyond the anatomy-based representation of brain function." Physics of Life Reviews 21 (July 2017): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2017.04.005.

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9

Paun, Bruno, Bart Bijnens, Tinen Iles, Paul A. Iaizzo, and Constantine Butakoff. "Patient independent representation of the detailed cardiac ventricular anatomy." Medical Image Analysis 35 (January 2017): 270–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2016.07.006.

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10

Saj, A., Y. Cojan, B. Musel, J. Honoré, L. Borel, and P. Vuilleumier. "Functional neuro-anatomy of egocentric versus allocentric space representation." Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology 44, no. 1 (January 2014): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2013.10.135.

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Chan, Lap Ki. "The mediastinal waltz - A representation of asymmetrical mediastinal anatomy." Anatomical Sciences Education 4, no. 3 (April 26, 2011): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ase.219.

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Nicolosi, Guido. "Lampedusa, 3 October 2013: Anatomy of a social representation." International Journal of Cultural Studies 21, no. 5 (February 16, 2017): 539–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367877917694092.

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This article discusses the tragic events that took place in Lampedusa on 3 October 2013, by comparing two opposing yet intertwining cultural processes. The first one ( dematerializing) involves actors and social agencies in concealing and rarefying the material aspects connected to death. The second ( materializing) is based on the recognition of death in ‘corporeal’ terms. Both of these processes mobilize physical and cognitive resources and are deployed on both a symbolic and real level.

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Hoetink, Carla. "In the King's Shadow. The Political Anatomy of Democratic Representation." Parliaments, Estates and Representation 33, no. 2 (November 2013): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02606755.2013.845362.

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Ermayanti, R. Susanti, and Y. Anwar. "Profile of biology prospective teachers’ representation on plant anatomy learning." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1006 (April 2018): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1006/1/012043.

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15

Höhne, K. H., B. Pflesser, A. Pommert, M. Riemer, Th Schiemann, R. Schubert, and U. Tiede. "A new representation of knowledge concerning human anatomy and function." Nature Medicine 1, no. 6 (June 1995): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0695-506.

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Dahdul, Wasila M., John G. Lundberg, Peter E. Midford, James P. Balhoff, Hilmar Lapp, Todd J. Vision, Melissa A. Haendel, Monte Westerfield, and Paula M. Mabee. "The Teleost Anatomy Ontology: Anatomical Representation for the Genomics Age." Systematic Biology 59, no. 4 (March 29, 2010): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syq013.

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Chen, Xu, Chunfeng Lian, Li Wang, Hannah Deng, Tianshu Kuang, Steve Fung, Jaime Gateno, Pew-Thian Yap, James J. Xia, and Dinggang Shen. "Anatomy-Regularized Representation Learning for Cross-Modality Medical Image Segmentation." IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 40, no. 1 (January 2021): 274–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2020.3025133.

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Kirton, Gill. "Anatomy of women’s participation in small professional unions." Economic and Industrial Democracy 39, no. 1 (October 13, 2015): 151–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x15606981.

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This article brings the neglected topic of small professional unions into the women and unions literature. In addition to an overview of women’s representation and gender equality strategies in small professional UK unions, it offers a contextually grounded analysis of barriers and enablers of women’s participation in Napo – the union representing professional workers in the probation service. The article identifies several enablers: healthy levels of women’s representation over a long period of time; presence and longevity of gender equality strategies; a strong occupational identity; occupational values that complement those of unionism. However, a highly pressured work environment and hostile industrial relations climate create lived insecurities, work–life imbalance and time poverty, which have constrained women professionals’ union participation.

19

Feiner, Steven K., Anthony C. Webster, Theodore E. Krueger, Blair MacIntyre, and Edward J. Keller. "Architectural Anatomy." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 4, no. 3 (January 1995): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres.1995.4.3.318.

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We provide an overview of the early stages of three related research projects whose goals are to exploit augmented reality, virtual worlds, and artificial intelligence to explore relationships between perceived architectural space and the structural systems that support it. In one project, we use a see-through head-mounted display to overlay a graphic representation of a building's structural systems on the user's view of a room within the building. This overlaid virtual world shows the out-lines of the concrete joists, beams, and columns surrounding the room, as well as the reinforcing steel inside them, and includes displays from a commercially available structural analysis program. In a related project, the structural view is exposed by varying the opacity of room finishes and concrete in a 3D model of the room and surrounding structure rendered on a conventional CRT. We also describe a hypermedia database, currently under construction, depicting major, twentieth-century American buildings. The interactive, multidisciplinary elements of the database—including structural and thermal analyses, free body diagrams (which show how forces are resisted by portions of a structure under various loading conditions), facsimiles of construction documents, and critical essays—are bound together and made available over the World-Wide Web. Finally, we discuss the relationships among all these projects, and their potential applications to teaching architecture students and to construction, assembly, and repair of complex structures.

20

LONG, AMY. "Diagnosing Drama: Grey's Anatomy, Blind Casting, and the Politics of Representation." Journal of Popular Culture 44, no. 5 (September 28, 2011): 1067–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2011.00888.x.

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21

Zhang, Qiang, Abhir Bhalerao, and Charles Hutchinson. "Deformable appearance pyramids for anatomy representation, landmark detection and pathology classification." International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery 12, no. 8 (June 3, 2017): 1271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11548-017-1622-5.

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Hacker, S., and H. Handels. "A Framework for Representation and Visualization of 3D Shape Variability of Organs in an Interactive Anatomical Atlas." Methods of Information in Medicine 48, no. 03 (2009): 272–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me0551.

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Summary Objectives: Computerized anatomical 3D atlases allow interactive exploration of the human anatomy and make it easy for the user to comprehend complex 3D structures and spatial interrelationships among organs. Besides the anatomy of one reference body inter-individual shape variations of organs in a population are of interest as well. In this paper, a new framework for representation and visualization of 3D shape variability of anatomical objects within an interactive 3D atlas is presented. Methods: In the VOXEL-MAN atlases realistic 3D visualizations of organs in high quality are generated for educational purposes using volume-based object representations. We extended the volume-based representation of organs to enable the 3D visualization of organs’ shape variability in the atlas. Therefore, the volume-based representation of the inner organs in the atlas is combined with a medial representation of organs of a population creating a compact description of shape variability. Results: With the framework developed different shape variations of an organ can be visualized within the context of a volume-based anatomical model. Using shape models of the kidney and the breathing lung as examples we demonstrate new possibilities such an approach offers for medical education. Furthermore, attributes like gender, age or pathology as well as shape attributes are assigned to each shape variant which can be used for selecting specific organs of the population. Conclusions: The inclusion of anatomical variability in a 3D interactive atlas presents considerable challenges, since such a system offers the chance to explore how anatomical structures vary in large populations, across age, gender and races, and in different disease states. The framework presented is a basis for the development of specialized variability atlases that focus e.g. on specific regions of the human body, groups of organs or specific topics of interest.

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Wang, X., S. R. Thomas, and A. S. Wexler. "Outer medullary anatomy and the urine concentrating mechanism." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 274, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): F413—F424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1998.274.2.f413.

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In earlier work, mathematical models of the urine concentration mechanism were developed incorporating the features of renal anatomy. However, several anatomic observations showed inconsistencies in the modeling representation of the outer stripe (OS) anatomy. In this study, based on observations from comparative anatomy and morphometric studies, we propose a new structural model of outer medullary anatomy, different from that previously presented [A. S. Wexler, R. E. Kalaba, and D. J. Marsh. Am. J. Physiol. 260 ( Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 29): F368–F383, 1991]. The modifications include the following features of rat outer medullary anatomy, for example, 1) in the OS, the limbs of long loops of Henle surround the descending and ascending vasa recta that develop into the vascular bundles in the inner stripe (IS), whereas the limbs of short loops are close to the collecting ducts; and 2) the descending limbs of short loops shift from the tubular region in the OS to near the vascular bundle in the IS, whereas the limbs of long loops are situated away from the vascular bundles in the tubular region. The sensitivity of the concentrating process to the relative position of loops and vessels was investigated in the different medullary regions. With these modifications, the model predicts a more physiological, axial osmolarity gradient in both outer and inner medulla with membrane parameters that are all in the range of measured physiological values, including the urea permeabilities of descending vasa recta reported by Pallone and co-workers (T. L. Pallone, J. Work, R. L. Myers, and R. L. Jamison. J. Clin.Invest. 93: 212–222, 1994).

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Chaidir, Diki Muhamad, and Purwati Kuswarini Suprapto. "IMPLEMENTATION OF 3D SOFTWARE TOWARDS REPRESENTATION MICROSCOPIC AND SPATIAL INTELLIGENCE OF PROSPECTIVE BIOLOGY TEACHERS." BIOTIK: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Teknologi dan Kependidikan 9, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/biotik.v9i1.7758.

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The aim of this research is to find out the differences in spatial intelligence and microscopic representation of prospective biology teachers in 3D software lectures on plant anatomy using Blender and 3DS Max applications. The research method used was quasi-experimental using the research design of The Matching Only Pretest-Posttest group design group. The population in this study is a prospective biology teacher in the department of biology education faculty of teaching and educational sciences in the academic year 2017/2018 at Siliwangi University who contracted the course of plant anatomy. Sampling is done by purposive sampling techniques as many as 2 classes by looking at the level of activeness in the same learning process. The results showed both classes showed a low spatial intelligence N-Gain category, as well as getting an average value of microscopic representation with a score of 3.7 for the use of 3Ds Max and 3.82 for Blender. The conclusion of this study is that there is no difference in spatial intelligence and microscopic representation of students, in addition students are still having difficulty for those who use max 3Ds software, because it requires a high enough computer specification, so the use of 3-dimensional blender application is more recommended used for aspiring biology teachers who want to make 3D forms of biological objects especially plant anatomy.

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Schein, Stanley J. "Anatomy of macaque fovea and spatial densities of neurons in foveal representation." Journal of Comparative Neurology 269, no. 4 (March 22, 1988): 479–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902690403.

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26

Noy, Natalya F., Mark A. Musen, José L. V. Mejino, and Cornelius Rosse. "Pushing the envelope: challenges in a frame-based representation of human anatomy." Data & Knowledge Engineering 48, no. 3 (March 2004): 335–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.datak.2003.06.002.

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27

Torres, Renato, Guillaume Kazmitcheff, Daniele Bernardeschi, Daniele De Seta, Jean Loup Bensimon, Evelyne Ferrary, Olivier Sterkers, and Yann Nguyen. "Variability of the mental representation of the cochlear anatomy during cochlear implantation." European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 273, no. 8 (September 1, 2015): 2009–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00405-015-3763-x.

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Turner, Trudy R., Robin M. Bernstein, Andrea B. Taylor, Abigail Asangba, Traci Bekelman, Jennifer Danzy Cramer, Sarah Elton, et al. "Participation, representation, and shared experiences of women scholars in biological anthropology." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 165 (January 30, 2018): 126–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23386.

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29

Lestrel, P. E., R. M. Cesar, O. Takahashi, and E. Kanazawa. "Sexual dimorphism in the Japanese cranial base: A Fourier-wavelet representation." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128, no. 3 (November 2005): 608–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20209.

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Birch, Dinah. "'THAT GHASTLY WORK': RUSKIN, ANIMALS AND ANATOMY." Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology 4, no. 2 (2000): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853500507780.

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AbstractJohn Ruskin (1819-1900)—art critic, architectural historian and writer—became, in his later work, increasingly interested in the relationship between human and animal life. As an art critic, he was concerned with the representation of human and animal figures and, in particular, with anatomical studies; whilst he had a longstanding interest in scientific concepts, in particular in the ways in which evolutionary theory changed understandings of animals. This paper explores how Ruskin rejected both the anatomical approach to animals studied in art, and the dissection of animals by scientists. Instead, this paper argues, Ruskin proposed that the lives of animals should be regarded with respect, reverence and responsibility.

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Parikh, Sachin S., Sonny Chan, Sumit K. Agrawal, Peter H. Hwang, Curt M. Salisbury, Benjamin Y. Rafii, Gaurav Varma, Kenneth J. Salisbury, and Nikolas H. Blevins. "Integration of Patient-Specific Paranasal Sinus Computed Tomographic Data into a Virtual Surgical Environment." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 23, no. 4 (July 2009): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2009.23.3335.

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Background The advent of both high-resolution computed tomographic (CT) imaging and minimally invasive endoscopic techniques has led to revolutionary advances in sinus surgery. However, the rhinologist is left to make the conceptual jump between static cross-sectional images and the anatomy encountered intraoperatively. A three-dimensional (3D) visuo-haptic representation of the patient's anatomy may allow for enhanced preoperative planning and rehearsal, with the goal of improving outcomes, decreasing complications, and enhancing technical skills. Methods We developed a novel method of automatically constructing 3D visuo-haptic models of patients’ anatomy from preoperative CT scans for placement in a virtual surgical environment (VSE). State-of-the-art techniques were used to create a high-fidelity representation of salient bone and soft tissue anatomy and to enable manipulation of the virtual patient in a surgically meaningful manner. A modified haptic interface device drives a virtual endoscope that mimics the surgical configuration. Results The creation and manipulation of sinus anatomy from CT data appeared to provide a relevant means of exploring patient-specific anatomy. Unlike more traditional methods of interacting with multiplanar imaging data, our VSE provides the potential for a more intuitive experience that can replicate the views and access expected at surgery. The inclusion of tactile (haptic) feedback provides an additional dimension of realism. Conclusion The incorporation of patient-specific clinical CT data into a virtual surgical environment holds the potential to offer the surgeon a novel means to prepare for rhinologic procedures and offer training to residents. An automated pathway for segmentation, reconstruction, and an intuitive interface for manipulation may enable rehearsal of planned procedures.

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Materynska, Olena. "“ANATOMY OF WAR” IN THE MODERN GERMAN AND UKRAINIAN MASS-MEDIA." Studia Linguistica, no. 15 (2019): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2019.15.165-180.

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The paper is devoted to the research of the anthropomorphic representation of war in the German and Ukrainian mass-media by the means of personification and is based upon the theory of conceptual metaphor and contrastive approach. The regular conceptual metaphoric and metonymic models creating “naive anatomy” of war, its physical and psychological profile in the compared languages have been singled out. The empirical dataset includes word combinations and lexemes, contexts extracted from the articles and reports in the German and Ukrainian mass-media as well as from the Mannheim German Reference Corpus COSMAS II (DeReKo-2018-II) covering a five-year period (2014-2019). One of the most widely used anthropomorphic metaphors embracing the body part appellations is the metaphor ‘face of war’ within the main conceptual metaphor ‘war is a human being’. The metaphtonymy is also highlighted as one of the models of the semantic change paths within the personification patterns of ‘war’, including such regular patterns as ‘male / female face of war’, ‘public face of war’ etc. The causative verbs and verbs denoting physical activity reveal the nature of war as a destructive force suppressing the will of human beings and considering them as objects of its influence. To the anthropomorphic patterns within the main one ‘war is a human being’ also belong: ‘war is a parent’, ‘war is a liar’. The regular semantic metaphoric and metonymic patterns are often developed within a logical antinomy of holy war (justified by the ‘big goals’) and its real inevitably devastating consequences. Special attention is paid to the changes in gender representation of war as well as in its strategies demanding new ways of researching its role in the modern mass media. The hybrid, information wars of the last years have obviously changed the language representation of ‘war’. Unexpectedly war appears to be even attractive and repelling at the same time. The representation of war in the modern mass media often causes a certain degree of its banalisation and aestheticization. The main emphasis of the analyzed contexts lies on the evaluative character of the anthropomorphic metaphor allowing manipulation of readers’ perception.

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Hibbard, L., X. Han, and S. Brame. "MO-D-L100J-01: True 3D Contouring Via Efficient Spline Representation of Anatomy." Medical Physics 34, no. 6Part15 (June 2007): 2515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2761210.

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Ball, Tonio, Andreas Schulze-Bonhage, Ad Aertsen, and Carsten Mehring. "Differential representation of arm movement direction in relation to cortical anatomy and function." Journal of Neural Engineering 6, no. 1 (January 20, 2009): 016006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/6/1/016006.

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Dameron, O., B. Gibaud, and X. Morandi. "Numeric and symbolic knowledge representation of cerebral cortex anatomy: methods and preliminary results." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 26, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-003-0204-0.

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Stephan, K. M., G. R. Fink, R. E. Passingham, D. Silbersweig, A. O. Ceballos-Baumann, C. D. Frith, and R. S. Frackowiak. "Functional anatomy of the mental representation of upper extremity movements in healthy subjects." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.1.373.

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1. Differences in the distribution of relative regional cerebral blood flow during motor imagery and execution of a joy-stick movement were investigated in six healthy volunteers with the use of positron emission tomography (PET). Both tasks were compared with a common baseline condition, motor preparation, and with each other. Data were analyzed for individual subjects and for the group, and areas of significant flow differences were related to anatomy by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 2. Imagining movements activated a number of frontal and parietal regions: medial and lateral premotor areas, anterior cingulate areas, ventral opercular premotor areas, and parts of superior and inferior parietal areas were all activated bilaterally when compared with preparation to move. 3. Execution of movements compared with imagining movements led to additional activations of the left primary sensorimotor cortex and adjacent areas: dorsal parts of the medial and lateral premotor cortex; adjacent cingulate areas; and rostral parts of the left superior parietal cortex. 4. Functionally distinct rostral and caudal parts of the posterior supplementary motor area (operationally defined as the SMA behind the coronal plane at the level of the anterior commissure) were identified. In the group, the rostral part of posterior SMA was activated by imagining movements, and a more caudoventral part was additionally activated during their execution. A similar dissociation was observed in the cingulate areas. Individual subjects showed that the precise site of these activations varied with the individual anatomy; however, a constant pattern of preferential activation within separate but adjacent gyri of the left hemisphere was preserved. 5. Functionally distinct regions were also observed in the parietal lobe: the caudal part of the superior parietal cortex [medial Brodmann area (BA) 7] was activated by imagining movements compared with preparing to execute them, whereas the more rostral parts of the superior parietal lobe (BA 5), mainly on the left, were additionally activated by execution of the movements. 6. Within the operculum, three functionally distinct areas were observed: rostrally, prefrontal areas (BA 44 and 45) were more active during imagined than executed movements; a ventral premotor area (BA 6) was activated during both imagined and executed movements; and more caudally in the parietal lobe, an area was found that was mainly activated by execution presumably SII. 7. These data suggest that imagined movements can be viewed as a special form of "motor behavior' that, when compared with preparing to move, activate areas associated heretofore with selection of actions and multisensory integration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Berthier, N. E., S. P. Singh, A. G. Barto, and J. C. Houk. "Distributed Representation of Limb Motor Programs in Arrays of Adjustable Pattern Generators." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 5, no. 1 (January 1993): 56–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1993.5.1.56.

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This paper describes the current state of our exploration of how motor program concepts may be related to neural mechanisms. We have proposed a model of sensorimotor networks with architectures inspired by the anatomy and physiology of the cerebellum and its interconnections with the red nucleus and the motor cortex. We proposed the concept of rubrocerebellar and corticocerebellar information processing modules that function as adjustable pattern generators (APGs) capable of the storage, recall, and execution of motor programs. The APG array model described in this paper extends the single APG model of Houk et al. (1990) to an array of APGs whose collective activity controls movement of a simple two degree-of-freedom simulated limb. Our objective was to examine the APG array theory in a simple computational framework with a plausible relationship to anatomy and physiology. Results of simulation experiments show that the APG array model is capable of learning how to control movement of the simulated limb by adjusting distributed motor programs. Although the model is based on many simplifying assumptions, and the simulated motor control task is much simpler than an actual reaching task, these results suggest that the APG array model may provide a useful step toward a more comprehensive understanding of how neural mechanisms may generate motor programs.

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Kiss, Attila. "Demetaphorization, Anatomy, and the Semiotics of the Reformation in Early Modern Revenge Tragedy." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 177–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stap-2018-0008.

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Abstract Reformation theology induced a profound thanatological crisis in the semiotics of the human being and the body. The Protestant Reformation discontinued numerous practices of intercession and communal ritual, and the early modern subject was left vulnerable in the face of death. The English Renaissance stage played out these anxieties within the larger context of the epistemological uncertainties of the age, employing violence and the anatomization of the body as representational techniques. While theories of language and tragic poetry oscillated between different ideas of imitatio (granting priority to the model) and mimesis (with preference for the creative and individual nature of the copy), the new anatomical interest and dissective perspectives also had their effects on the rhetorical practices of revenge tragedies. In the most shocking moments of these plays, rhetorical tropes suddenly turn into grisly reality, and figures of speech become demetaphorized, literalized. In a double anatomy of body and mind, English Renaissance revenge tragedy simultaneously employs and questions the emblematic and poetic traditions of representation, and the ensuing indeterminacy and ambiguity open paths for a new mimesis.

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Morales-Martinez, Guadalupe Elizabeth, Alberto Manuel Ángeles Castellanos, Víctor Hugo Ibarra Ramírez, and Magaly Iveth Mancera Rangel. "Cognitive E-Tools for Diagnosing the State of Medical Knowledge in Students Enrolled for a Second Time in an Anatomy Course." International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research 19, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 341–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.9.18.

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This article illustrates the application of the Chronometric Constructive Cognitive Learning Evaluation Model to measure the structural, organizational, and temporal properties of the anatomical knowledge schemata acquired by 52 first-year medical students enrolled for a second time in an anatomy course. The participants took part in a mental representation experiment as a part of which they carried out a conceptual definition task involving anatomy concepts based on the Natural Semantic Networks (NSN) technique. A computational simulation was performed on the NSN data, after which the students took part in a semantic priming experiment involving a lexical decision task which required them to classify words related or unrelated to their anatomy schema as word/non-word. Findings revealed that, although students stored the anatomy information in their memory, they struggled to structure, consolidate, and retrieve this information from their memory. These findings suggest that students who did not get the passing grade in anatomy course may struggle with integrating and consolidating pertinent information. Thus, results showed that the constructive-chronometric cognitive approach is useful to measure the properties of schemes medical students developed on the anatomy topic.

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Eldred, E., L. Yung, and R. R. Roy. "Spindle Representation relative to Distribution of Muscle Fiber Types in the Cat Capsularis Muscle." Cells Tissues Organs 159, no. 2-3 (1997): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000147974.

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Breimer, Gerben E., Faizal A. Haji, Vivek Bodani, Melissa S. Cunningham, Adriana-Lucia Lopez-Rios, Allan Okrainec, and James M. Drake. "Simulation-based Education for Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy: A Comparison Between Virtual and Physical Training Models." Operative Neurosurgery 13, no. 1 (June 27, 2016): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000001317.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: The relative educational benefits of virtual reality (VR) and physical simulation models for endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) have not been evaluated “head to head.” OBJECTIVE: To compare and identify the relative utility of a physical and VR ETV simulation model for use in neurosurgical training. METHODS: Twenty-three neurosurgical residents and 3 fellows performed an ETV on both a physical and VR simulation model. Trainees rated the models using 5-point Likert scales evaluating the domains of anatomy, instrument handling, procedural content, and the overall fidelity of the simulation. Paired t tests were performed for each domain's mean overall score and individual items. RESULTS: The VR model has relative benefits compared with the physical model with respect to realistic representation of intraventricular anatomy at the foramen of Monro (4.5, standard deviation [SD] = 0.7 vs 4.1, SD = 0.6; P = .04) and the third ventricle floor (4.4, SD = 0.6 vs 4.0, SD = 0.9; P = .03), although the overall anatomy score was similar (4.2, SD = 0.6 vs 4.0, SD = 0.6; P = .11). For overall instrument handling and procedural content, the physical simulator outperformed the VR model (3.7, SD = 0.8 vs 4.5; SD = 0.5, P < .001 and 3.9; SD = 0.8 vs 4.2, SD = 0.6; P = .02, respectively). Overall task fidelity across the 2 simulators was not perceived as significantly different. CONCLUSION: Simulation model selection should be based on educational objectives. Training focused on learning anatomy or decision-making for anatomic cues may be aided with the VR simulation model. A focus on developing manual dexterity and technical skills using endoscopic equipment in the operating room may be better learned on the physical simulation model.

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Lowe, Kate. "Elections of Abbesses and Notions of Identity in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Italy, with Special Reference to Venice*." Renaissance Quarterly 54, no. 2 (2001): 389–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3176782.

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Ceremonies of election to abbess were occasions of great display. Election to this highest of offices was the defining moment of a successful nun's life, and thereafter self-identity became crucial. This article examines an anatomy of an election of 1509 by a nun from San Zaccaria in Venice; the illustrated chronicle of Santa Maria delle Vergini in Venice dated 1523, written by an anonymous nun; and the visual representation (in a range of media) of various abbesses from Florence, Pavia, and Venice. Success in election conferred the possibility of personality and consequently legitimated personalized representation.

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Navarchuk, Natalija, and Oleksandra Guzik. "Anatomy teaching as an art of high-quality memorization, clinical representation and practical use." Current issues of social sciences and history of medicine, no. 4 (October 24, 2017): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2411-6181.4.2017.115.

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Bastien, C., M. Roux, and L. Pellegrin. "Representation of Medical Concepts of the Thyroid Gland by Physicians in Anatomy and Pathology." Methods of Information in Medicine 33, no. 04 (1994): 382–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1635045.

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Abstract:An experimental study in cognitive psychology is described, concerning the categorization of medical concepts into specific classes, expressed by physicians specialized in anatomic pathology consultations of the thyroid gland. This study belongs to a medical computer science project, called ARISTOTLE, concerning Natural Language Processing of specialized medical reports in anatomic pathology of the thyroid gland. This research has been done for two reasons: first, to specify the characteristics of human expert categorization in an area of medical knowledge and, secondly, to validate the hierarchical organization of a prototype declarative knowledge base. In this experiment, physicians were asked to categorize 121 concepts into 10 proposed classes. These classes and concepts belong to expert knowledge represented in a conceptual graph that was constructed before the experiment. Results show variable semantic distances between concepts of a same class, and dynamic variations of these distances due to contextual representation.

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Moser, Christian. "The Anatomy of Torture: W. G. Sebald and the Representation of the Agonized Body." Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory 87, no. 1 (January 2012): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00168890.2012.654439.

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Sokolowska, E., and J. A. Newell. "Multi-layered image representation: Structure and application in recognition of parts of brain anatomy." Pattern Recognition Letters 4, no. 4 (September 1986): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(86)90002-4.

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Scicchitano, Marshall S., Deidre A. Dalmas, Rogely W. Boyce, Heath C. Thomas, and Kendall S. Frazier. "Protein Extraction of Formalin-fixed, Paraffin-embedded Tissue Enables Robust Proteomic Profiles by Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 57, no. 9 (May 26, 2009): 849–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/jhc.2009.953497.

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Global mass spectrometry (MS) profiling and spectral count quantitation are used to identify unique or differentially expressed proteins and can help identify potential biomarkers. MS has rarely been conducted in retrospective studies, because historically, available samples for protein analyses were limited to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) archived tissue specimens. Reliable methods for obtaining proteomic profiles from FFPE samples are needed. Proteomic analysis of these samples has been confounded by formalin-induced protein cross-linking. The performance of extracted proteins in a liquid chromatography tandem MS format from FFPE samples and extracts from whole and laser capture microdissected (LCM) FFPE and frozen/optimal cutting temperature (OCT)- embedded matched control rat liver samples were compared. Extracts from FFPE and frozen/OCT-embedded livers from atorvastatin-treated rats were further compared to assess the performance of FFPE samples in identifying atorvastatin-regulated proteins. Comparable molecular mass representation was found in extracts from FFPE and OCT-frozen tissue sections, whereas protein yields were slightly less for the FFPE sample. The numbers of shared proteins identified indicated that robust proteomic representation from FFPE tissue and LCM did not negatively affect the number of identified proteins from either OCT-frozen or FFPE samples. Subcellular representation in FFPE samples was similar to OCT-frozen, with predominantly cytoplasmic proteins identified. Biologically relevant protein changes were detected in atorvastatin-treated FFPE liver samples, and selected atorvastatin-related proteins identified by MS were confirmed by Western blot analysis. These findings demonstrate that formalin fixation, paraffin processing, and LCM do not negatively impact protein quality and quantity as determined by MS and that FFPE samples are amenable to global proteomic analysis.

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Lacore-Martin, Emmanuelle. "“Encores me frissonne et tremble le coeur dedans sa capsule”: Rabelais’s Anatomy of Emotion and the Soul." Renaissance and Reformation 39, no. 3 (January 14, 2017): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v39i3.27720.

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This article examines the role of anatomical references in the representation of emotion and argues that they constitute textual markers of the Rabelaisian view of the relationship between the body and the soul, and the nature of the soul itself. By analyzing the ancient models of natural philosophy and medicine on which Rabelais draws—Galen, in particular—and by contextualizing Rabelais’s thinking within contemporary debates on the faculties of the soul, the article aims to shed light on his representation of the intersection between material and immaterial processes within the human body. Instead of trying to reconcile potentially contradictory aspects of these ancient models with the Christian faith, Rabelais’s prose is informed by an intuitive understanding of ancient philosophy. His exploitation of the Galenic concept of the animal spirits gives us invaluable insights into the influence of materialist representations of the soul on Rabelais’s thinking. Cet article étudie le rôle des références anatomiques dans la représentation rabelaisienne de l’émotion et propose d’y voir les marqueurs textuels de la façon dont Rabelais conçoit les rapports entre l’âme et le corps, et la nature de l’âme elle-même. En analysant les modèles anciens de la philosophie naturelle et de la médecine — Galien en particulier — dont Rabelais s’inspire et en situant sa pensée dans le contexte des débats contemporains sur les facultés de l’âme, l’article vise à éclairer la façon dont Rabelais représente l’intersection à l’intérieur du corps humain des processus matériels et immatériels. Sans chercher à réconcilier avec la foi chrétienne certains aspects de ces anciens modèles qui peuvent être en contradiction avec elle, la prose rabelaisienne porte la marque d’une compréhension intuitive de la philosophie ancienne. En particulier, l’exploitation de la conception galénique des esprits animaux donne de précieux aperçus concernant l’influence des représentations matérialistes de l’âme sur la pensée de Rabelais.

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Miller, Michael I., Laurent Younes, and Alain Trouvé. "Diffeomorphometry and geodesic positioning systems for human anatomy." TECHNOLOGY 02, no. 01 (March 2014): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2339547814500010.

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The Computational Anatomy project has largely been a study of large deformations within a Riemannian framework as an efficient point of view for generating metrics between anatomical configurations. This approach turns D'Arcy Thompson's comparative morphology of human biological shape and form into a metrizable space. Since the metric is constructed based on the geodesic length of the flows of diffeomorphisms connecting the forms, we call it diffeomorphometry. Just as importantly, since the flows describe algebraic group action on anatomical submanifolds and associated functional measurements, they become the basis for positioning information, which we term geodesic positioning. As well the geodesic connections provide Riemannian coordinates for locating forms in the anatomical orbit, which we call geodesic coordinates. These three components taken together — the metric, geodesic positioning of information, and geodesic coordinates — we term the geodesic positioning system. We illustrate via several examples in human and biological coordinate systems and machine learning of the statistical representation of shape and form.

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Suk, Heung-Il, Seong-Whan Lee, and Dinggang Shen. "Latent feature representation with stacked auto-encoder for AD/MCI diagnosis." Brain Structure and Function 220, no. 2 (December 22, 2013): 841–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-013-0687-3.

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