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Journal articles on the topic 'Anatomy and physiology Swine'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Hughes, G. Chad, Mark J. Post, Michael Simons, and Brian H. Annex. "Translational Physiology: Porcine models of human coronary artery disease: implications for preclinical trials of therapeutic angiogenesis." Journal of Applied Physiology 94, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 1689–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00465.2002.

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“Therapeutic angiogenesis” describes an emerging field of cardiovascular medicine whereby new blood vessels are induced to grow to supply oxygen and nutrients to ischemic cardiac or skeletal muscle. Various methods of producing therapeutic angiogenesis have been employed, including mechanical means, gene therapy, and the use of growth factors, among others. The use of appropriate large-animal models is essential if these therapies are to be critically evaluated in a preclinical setting before their use in humans, yet little has been written comparing the various available models. Over the past decade, swine have been increasingly used in studies of chronic ischemia because of their numerous similarities to humans, including minimal preexisting coronary collaterals as well as similar coronary anatomy and physiology. Consequently, this review describes the most commonly used swine models of chronic myocardial ischemia with special attention to regional myocardial blood flow and function and critically evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of each model in terms of utility for preclinical trials of angiogenic therapies.

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2

XANTHOS (Θ. ΞΑΝΘΟΣ), Th. "Swine model in cardiopulmonary resuscitation research." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 60, no. 3 (November 20, 2017): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14935.

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Cardiac Arrest (CA) constitutes a real medical emergency. Various experimental models have been developed in order to test experimental treatments. Animal models that have been used in CA research are rodents, rabbits, cats and dogs, primates and swine. Among these, swine are used more often. The reason behind this choice is mostly its close resemblance to the human cardiac anatomy and physiology. Various haemodynamic variables have been investigated as predictors of the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Coronary Perfusion Pressure (CPP) is the only proven predictor for ROSC. CPP, which is responsible for myocardial perfusion, greatly augments during chest compressions. ROSC and therefore survival after CA has been associated with CCP values greater than 15 mmHg for humans and 25 mmHg for animals. For the experimental induction of CA various electric sources have been used. All these experimental devices could be potentially dangerous for researchers, even though, no incidence of electrocution has been reported in the international literature. The ordinary cadmium battery appears to be safer and is an extremely effective way of inducing cardiac arrest.

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3

Poonsuk, Korakrit, and Jeff Zimmerman. "Historical and contemporary aspects of maternal immunity in swine." Animal Health Research Reviews 19, no. 1 (November 10, 2017): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252317000123.

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AbstractMaternal immunity plays a pivotal role in swine health and production because piglets are born agammaglobulinemic and with limited cell-mediated immunity, i.e. few peripheral lymphoid cells, immature lymphoid tissues, and no effector and memory T-lymphocytes. Swine do not become fully immunologically competent until about 4 weeks of age, which means that their compromised ability to respond to infectious agents during the first month of life must be supplemented by maternal immune components: (1) circulating antibodies derived from colostrum; (2) mucosal antibodies from colostrum and milk; and (3) immune cells provided in mammary secretions. Because maternal immunity is highly effective at protecting piglets against specific pathogens, strengthening sow herd immunity against certain diseases through exposure or vaccination is a useful management tool for ameliorating clinical effects in piglets and delaying infection until the piglets’ immune system is better prepared to respond. In this review, we discuss the anatomy and physiology of lactation, the immune functions of components provided to neonatal swine in mammary secretion, the importance of maternal immunity in the prevention and control of significant pathogens.

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4

Chade, Alejandro R., Maxx L. Williams, Jason Engel, Erika Guise, and Taylor W. Harvey. "A translational model of chronic kidney disease in swine." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 315, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): F364—F373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00063.2018.

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Animal models of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are critical for understanding its pathophysiology and for therapeutic development. The cardiovascular and renal anatomy and physiology of the pig are virtually identical to humans. This study aimed to develop a novel translational model of CKD that mimics the pathological features of CKD in humans. CKD was induced in seven domestic pigs by bilateral renal artery stenosis and diet-induced dyslipidemia. Animals were observed for a total of 14 wk. Renal hemodynamics and function were quantified in vivo using multi-detector CT after 6, 10, and 14 wk of CKD. Urine and blood were collected at each time-point, and blood pressure was continuously measured (telemetry). After completion of in vivo studies, pigs were euthanized, kidneys were removed, and microvascular (MV) architecture (μCT), markers of renal injury, inflammation, and fibrosis were evaluated ex vivo. Additional pigs were used as controls ( n = 7). Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration were reduced by 50% in CKD, accompanied by hypertension and elevated plasma creatinine, albumin-to-creatinine ratio and increased urinary KIM-1 and NGAL, suggesting renal injury. Furthermore, 14 wk of CKD resulted in cortical and medullary MV remodeling and loss, inflammation, glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, and tubule-interstitial fibrosis compared with controls. The current study characterizes a novel model of CKD that mimics several of the pathological features observed in human CKD, irrespective of the etiology. Current approaches only slow rather than halt CKD progression, and this novel model may offer a suitable platform for the development of new treatments in a translational fashion.

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5

Safranski, Timothy J. "34 Swine Breeding Herd Practicum Winternship." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_2 (April 12, 2022): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac064.203.

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Abstract Approximately 70% of Animal Science students at Mizzou enroll without large animal experience, and commercial swine production exposure is very low (1-3%). As such, few consider careers in the swine industry. Winter break is 4 or 5 weeks long, allowing more than enough family time. An opportunity for full-time employment for students for 1-2 weeks over winter break on commercial sow units was arranged for 1 or 2 students each of 2 years. Host farms reported students were ‘shell shocked’ for the first 3 or 4 d, finding the scope of production overwhelming. A more formal program was designed to introduce students to modern swine breeding herd management, combining academic and field training over a period of several months. Eligible students have at least sophomore standing, can demonstrate a sincere interest in learning about careers in commercial pork production, and are able to commute to farms within 2 hr of campus. Cooperating farms provide hands-on experience on a modern commercial sow farm, help arrange housing, and pay students nominally during the winter break portion. Students are interviewed, and those selected to participate (n = up to 6) sign a code of conduct and participation agreement. In the fall semester they attend 8 hours of classroom instruction covering: gilt development; isolation/acclimation and biosecurity; reproductive anatomy/physiology; detection and synchronization of estrus; artificial insemination; pregnancy diagnosis; farrowing room preparation; induction of farrowing; obstetrical intervention; colostrum management; d 1 pig care; feeding and handling sows and piglets; careers. Interspersed on weekends during fall semester are 3 weekend days shadowing/working in pairs on commercial farms within 1.5 hours of campus. This training prepares them for ‘full time employment’ on a breeding farm, and students work for 1 or 2 weeks over the winter break on commercial sow units. Upon completion of the full-time employment phase, students prepare a written summary of their experience, upon which the majority of their grade rests.

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6

Doulamis, Ilias P., Alvise Guariento, Thomas Duignan, Takashi Kido, Arzoo Orfany, Mossab Y. Saeed, Viktoria H. Weixler, et al. "Mitochondrial transplantation by intra-arterial injection for acute kidney injury." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 319, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): F403—F413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00255.2020.

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Acute kidney injury is a common clinical disorder and one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the postoperative period. In this study, the safety and efficacy of autologous mitochondrial transplantation by intra-arterial injection for renal protection in a swine model of bilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion injury were investigated. Female Yorkshire pigs underwent percutaneous bilateral temporary occlusion of the renal arteries with balloon catheters. Following 60 min of ischemia, the balloon catheters were deflated and animals received either autologous mitochondria suspended in vehicle or vehicle alone, delivered as a single bolus to the renal arteries. The injected mitochondria were rapidly taken up by the kidney and were distributed throughout the tubular epithelium of the cortex and medulla. There were no safety-related issues detected with mitochondrial transplantation. Following 24 h of reperfusion, estimated glomerular filtration rate and urine output were significantly increased while serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were significantly decreased in swine that received mitochondria compared with those that received vehicle. Gross anatomy, histopathological analysis, acute tubular necrosis scoring, and transmission electron microscopy showed that the renal cortex of the vehicle-treated group had extensive coagulative necrosis of primarily proximal tubules, while the mitochondrial transplanted kidney showed only patchy mild acute tubular injury. Renal cortex IL-6 expression was significantly increased in vehicle-treated kidneys compared with the kidneys that received mitochondrial transplantation. These results demonstrate that mitochondrial transplantation by intra-arterial injection provides renal protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury, significantly enhancing renal function and reducing renal damage.

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7

Liu, Yang, Mehdi Abbasi, Jorge L. Arturo Larco, Ramanathan Kadirvel, David F. Kallmes, Waleed Brinjikji, and Luis Savastano. "Preclinical testing platforms for mechanical thrombectomy in stroke: a review on phantoms, in-vivo animal, and cadaveric models." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 13, no. 9 (March 15, 2021): 816–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-017133.

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Preclinical testing platforms have been instrumental in the research and development of thrombectomy devices. However, there is no single model which fully captures the complexity of cerebrovascular anatomy, physiology, and the dynamic artery-clot-device interaction. This article provides a critical review of phantoms, in-vivo animal, and human cadaveric models used for thrombectomy testing and provides insights into the strengths and limitations of each platform. Articles published in the past 10 years that reported thrombectomy testing platforms were identified. Characteristics of each test platform, such as intracranial anatomy, artery tortuosity, vessel friction, flow conditions, device-vessel interaction, and visualization, were captured and benchmarked against human cerebral vessels involved in large-vessel occlusion stroke. Thrombectomy phantoms have been constructed from silicone, direct 3D-printed polymers, and glass. These phantoms represent oversimplified patient-specific cerebrovascular geometry but enable adequate visualization of devices and clots under appropriate flow conditions. They do not realistically mimic the artery-clot interaction. For the animal models, arteries from swine, canines, and rabbits have been reported. These models can reasonably replicate the artery-clot-device interaction and have the unique value of evaluating the safety of thrombectomy devices. However, the vasculature geometries are substantially less complex and flow conditions are different from human cerebral arteries. Cadaveric models are the most accurate vascular representations but with limited access and challenges in reproducibility of testing conditions. Multiple test platforms should be likely used for comprehensive evaluation of thrombectomy devices. Interpretation of the testing results should take into consideration platform-specific limitations.

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Taha, Aladdin, Joaquim Bobi, Ruben Dammers, Rick M. Dijkhuizen, Antje Y. Dreyer, Adriaan C. G. M. van Es, Fabienne Ferrara, et al. "Comparison of Large Animal Models for Acute Ischemic Stroke: Which Model to Use?" Stroke 53, no. 4 (April 2022): 1411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.121.036050.

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Translation of acute ischemic stroke research to the clinical setting remains limited over the last few decades with only one drug, recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, successfully completing the path from experimental study to clinical practice. To improve the selection of experimental treatments before testing in clinical studies, the use of large gyrencephalic animal models of acute ischemic stroke has been recommended. Currently, these models include, among others, dogs, swine, sheep, and nonhuman primates that closely emulate aspects of the human setting of brain ischemia and reperfusion. Species-specific characteristics, such as the cerebrovascular architecture or pathophysiology of thrombotic/ischemic processes, significantly influence the suitability of a model to address specific research questions. In this article, we review key characteristics of the main large animal models used in translational studies of acute ischemic stroke, regarding (1) anatomy and physiology of the cerebral vasculature, including brain morphology, coagulation characteristics, and immune function; (2) ischemic stroke modeling, including vessel occlusion approaches, reproducibility of infarct size, procedural complications, and functional outcome assessment; and (3) implementation aspects, including ethics, logistics, and costs. This review specifically aims to facilitate the selection of the appropriate large animal model for studies on acute ischemic stroke, based on specific research questions and large animal model characteristics.

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9

Vollmar, B., W. Bay, C. Özbek, K. D, Heib, M. D. Menger, and H. J. Schieffer. "Experimental intracoronary stenting: comprehensive experience in a porcine model." Laboratory Animals 32, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367798780599965.

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Appropriate animal models for intracoronary stenting are most important for improving understanding of the pathophysiology of acute occlusion and long-term re-stenosis, which currently limits the safety and efficacy of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in humans. Since the anatomy and physiology of swine coronary arteries closely resemble those of humans, the procine model should be ideal for testing of stents. This is a comprehensive report on an experimental set-up in pigs, communicating in detail the necessary techniques as well as some modifications facilitating safe intra coronary stent placement and successful follow-up studies for weeks or months. Stent procedure is performed in mechanically ventilated and haemodynamically monitored animals under balanced anaesthesia. Intracoronary application of flow wires allows the assessment of local flow conditions, flow properties and coronary flow reserve. Real-time intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) provides detailed information on coronary morphology and enables the appropriate sizing of the coronary lumen. From our own experience, we like to propose that the use of the porcine model has the potential to gain new insights into the pathophysiology of intracoronary stent placement-associated complications and allows for the study of modifications in techniques and materials, and the development of novel pharmacological therapeutic strategies.

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10

Fabino Neto, Ronaildo, João Paulo Belém de Sousa, Letícia Fernandes Xavier Costa, Danyane Pereira Marques, Ingrid Lorrainy da Silva Oliveira, Isadora Cristina Alves Silva, Marcelo Marcondes de Godoy, and Flávia Oliveira Abrão Pessoa. "ASPECTOS DO MANEJO REPRODUTIVO DE SUÍNOS." COLLOQUIUM AGRARIAE 13, Especial 2 (June 1, 2017): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ca.2017.v13.nesp2.000207.

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This review was carried out with the purpose of describing the main reproductive management used in the rearing of pigs. Currently, swine breeding in Brazil has average production parameters of 9.5 piglets / calving with 1.9 calving / year, with a genetic potential to reach 13 piglets / calving with 2.6 calving / year. To obtain these zootechnical indexes in pig production, it is necessary to invest in reproductive technologies such as artificial insemination, adequate facilities and frequent training of the workforce. In this sense, to be successful in reproduction, it becomes necessary to know the anatomy and physiology of the male and female reproductive system. The good reproductive performance of the animals also depends on the criterion of selection of the boar and the matrices applied in the breeding. It is fundamental to know the estrous cycle, as well as, the behavior of the nut in estrus to obtain success in artificial insemination or natural mating. The gestation period, as well as childbirth, are critical breeding phases and should be well conducted with the aim of avoiding or reducing piglet mortality. Therefore, the reproductive stages of pigs should be well conducted with special attention to food and sanitary management. The knowledge of the reproductive management by the producer and / or technician responsible for the farm is of fundamental importance to achieve good productive indexes

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11

Chornuk, Myron A., Susan L. Bernard, John W. Burns, Robb W. Glenny, Don D. Sheriff, Scott E. Sinclair, Nayak L. Polissar, and Michael P. Hlastala. "Effects of inertial load and countermeasures on the distribution of pulmonary blood flow." Journal of Applied Physiology 89, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): 445–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.2.445.

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We assessed the influence of cranial-to-caudal inertial force (+G z ) and the countermeasures of anti-G suit and positive pressure breathing during G (PBG), specifically during +G z , on regional pulmonary blood flow distribution. Unanesthetized swine were exposed randomly to 0 G z (resting), +3 G z , +6 G z , and +9 G z , with and without anti-G suit and PBG with the use of the Air Force Research Laboratory centrifuge at Brooks Air Force Base (the gravitational force of the Earth, that is, the dorsal-to-ventral inertial force, was present for all runs). Fluorescent microspheres were injected into the pulmonary vasculature as a marker of regional pulmonary blood flow. Lungs were excised, dried, and diced into ∼2-cm3 pieces, and the fluorescence of each piece was measured. As +G z was increased from 0 to +3 G z , blood flow shifted from cranial and hilar regions toward caudal and peripheral regions of the lung. This redistribution shifted back toward cranial and hilar regions as anti-G suit inflation pressure increased at +6 and +9 G z . Perfusion heterogeneity increased with +G z stress and decreased at the higher anti-G suit pressures. The distribution of pulmonary blood flow was not affected by PBG. ANOVA indicated anatomic structure as the major determinant of pulmonary blood flow.

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12

Gupta, Sanjaya, Thomas C. Westfall, Andrew J. Lechner, and Mark M. Knuepfer. "Teaching principles of cardiovascular function in a medical student laboratory." Advances in Physiology Education 29, no. 2 (June 2005): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00052.2004.

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We describe an animal laboratory using anesthetized swine to demonstrate the regulation of arterial blood pressure to second-year medical students at Saint Louis University School of Medicine (St. Louis, MO). The laboratory is designed to illustrate basic pharmacological and physiological concepts learned in the classroom. The specific learning objectives covered in this lab include maintenance of anesthesia, basic surgical technique including cannulation of blood vessels, understanding the measurement and significance of basic physiological parameters, premortem examination of in situ heart and lungs, direct cardiac massage and induction of ventricular fibrillation, understanding the fundamentals of the baroreceptor reflex, and cardiovascular responses to various pharmacological agents. Pharmacologic agents used include epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, atropine, prazosin, propranolol, acetylcholine, nitroprusside, and angiotensin II. The laboratory demonstration has proven effective in reinforcing the fundamental principles of cardiovascular physiology and autonomic pharmacology. By the completion of this experiment, students are expected to be able to: 1) describe the basics of maintenance of anesthesia in a live animal; 2) describe basic surgical technique; 3) observe the procedure for proper cannulation of blood vessels; 4) describe the proper method of controlling hemorrhage from a bleeding source; 5) describe the measurement and recording of four physiological parameters: mean arterial pressure from a pressure transducer, heart rate from an ECG, hindquarters resistance from Doppler measurement of femoral arterial blood flow, and cardiac contractility by calculating dP/d t from left ventricular pressure measured with a Millar transducer; 6) perform a premortem exam of the heart and lungs and appreciate the in situ cardiothoracic anatomy of the living animal; 7) assist in the induction of ventricular fibrillation and perform direct cardiac massage; 8) characterize the autonomic responses activated by the baroreceptor reflex; 9) describe the effects of the adrenergic agonists epinephrine, norepinephrine, and isoproterenol on cardiovascular parameters and construct a dose response curve for each agent; 10) describe the effects of the adrenergic antagonists propranolol and prazosin on cardiovascular parameters and explain how they affect cardiovascular responses to adrenergic agonists; 11) describe the difference between endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation using acetylcholine, nitroprusside, and atropine; 12) observe the pressor response of angiotensin II and describe why this response is not blocked by pretreatment with prazosin; and 13) participate in the collection and analysis of experimental data and the presentation of results.

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13

Swindle, M. M., A. Makin, A. J. Herron, F. J. Clubb, and K. S. Frazier. "Swine as Models in Biomedical Research and Toxicology Testing." Veterinary Pathology 49, no. 2 (March 25, 2011): 344–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985811402846.

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Swine are considered to be one of the major animal species used in translational research, surgical models, and procedural training and are increasingly being used as an alternative to the dog or monkey as the choice of nonrodent species in preclinical toxicologic testing of pharmaceuticals. There are unique advantages to the use of swine in this setting given that they share with humans similar anatomic and physiologic characteristics involving the cardiovascular, urinary, integumentary, and digestive systems. However, the investigator needs to be familiar with important anatomic, histopathologic, and clinicopathologic features of the laboratory pig and minipig in order to put background lesions or xenobiotically induced toxicologic changes in their proper perspective and also needs to consider specific anatomic differences when using the pig as a surgical model. Ethical considerations, as well as the existence of significant amounts of background data, from a regulatory perspective, provide further support for the use of this species in experimental or pharmaceutical research studies. It is likely that pigs and minipigs will become an increasingly important animal model for research and pharmaceutical development applications.

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14

Maki, A. J., S. G. Clark, J. R. Woodard, M. Goldwasser, and M. B. Wheeler. "108 A CRITICAL-SIZE CRANIOFACIAL BONE DEFECT MODEL IN THE YORKSHIRE PIG." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab108.

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Substantial and innovative developments in the field of bone tissue engineering have prompted increased demand for suitable pre-clinical large animal models. The pig has several advantages over other non-primate species, including availability, rapid growth, large litters, and similar anatomy and physiology to humans. These characteristics make them ideal models for research in diverse applications such as cardiovascular disease, pharmacological activity testing, and organ transplantation. There has been an increased interest in the use of swine as a model for bone healing and grafting techniques. Maxillofacial surgeons strive to develop the best therapy for large bone defects in the face resulting from tumour resection, congenital abnormalities, and traumatic injuries. Creating a model to study a critical-sized bone defect in the mandible, which does not spontaneously heal without clinical intervention, would be a method to test growth factors and synthetic bone graft therapies. However, the size of bone defect required to create this condition has not been ascertained. In the current study, we examined the in vivo healing response for 4, 8, and 16 weeks of surgically created bone defects in the posterior region of the pig mandible. Yorkshire barrows (n = 12) 6–7 months of age were used for the study. All animal experiments conformed to the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) guidelines. Animals were maintained under general anaesthesia and transcortical, circular defects with diameters of 6, 10, 16, or 25 mm were created on both sides of the mandible. The presence and amount of calcified tissue was assessed using radiographs and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Tissue morphology was examined using hard-tissue histological methods and a light microscope. Defect diameters of 6, 10, and 16 mm had completed healing or were in the process of healing within the 16-week timeframe of the study. Compared to controls, average percent differences in bone mineral density, in order of increasing defect size, were 0.62%, 28.1%, and 54.5%, respectively. In contrast, 25 mm diameter defects displayed limited collagenous tissue ingrowth, and the presence of calcified tissue was not detected, as indicated by radiographs and histological staining. As the defect size increased, the time required to heal was prolonged until a critical size was determined and normal bone was not completely regenerated. In conclusion, circular defects in the posterior region of the pig mandible with diameters equal or greater than 25 mm will result in limited healing without additional medical intervention and can be termed critical-sized defects. This porcine model will allow for the rapid development and testing of new approaches for the repair of damaged bone, which is especially prevalent in the craniofacial area. This work was partially supported by the Carle Foundation Hospital (#2007-04072) and the Illinois Regenerative Medicine Institute (IDPH #63080017).

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15

Mik, Patrik, Lada Eberlová, Zbyněk Tonar, and Václav Liška. "Variations in Swine Liver Anatomy." Transplantation 108, no. 6 (May 24, 2024): e88-e89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/tp.0000000000004971.

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16

Costa do Nascimento, Luiz Eduardo, Ana Paula Cardoso Gomide, Saimon de Souza e Souza, Livia Maria do Nascimento, and Laryssa Bezerra Mascarenhas. "Swine growth physiology." Amazonian Journal of Plant Research 3, no. 3 (2019): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26545/ajpr.2019.b00046x.

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17

Sasaki, Ryo, Yorikatsu Watanabe, Masayuki Yamato, Shunsuke Aoki, Teruo Okano, and Tomohiro Ando. "Surgical anatomy of the swine face." Laboratory Animals 44, no. 4 (October 2010): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/la.2010.009127.

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18

Alvarez, L., J. E. Rodríquez, R. Saucedo, A. Aránega, C. Melguizo, J. Prados, and A. E. Aránega. "Swine Hearts: Quantitative Anatomy of the Right Ventricle." Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia: Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series C 24, no. 1 (March 1995): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.1995.tb00005.x.

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Oetzmann von Sochaczewski, Christina, Nikolaus Deigendesch, Andreas Lindner, Jan Baumgart, Arne Schröder, Axel Heimann, and Oliver J. Muensterer. "Comparing Aachen Minipigs and Pietrain Piglets as Models of Experimental Pediatric Urology to Human Reference Data." European Surgical Research 61, no. 2-3 (2020): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000511399.

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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Swine had special roles in the development of minimally invasive procedures to treat vesicoureteral reflux, and minipigs have been gaining ground in recent years in experimental pediatric urology as they combine small size with less vulnerable adult physiology, but their suitability as a model has never been assessed. We therefore compared a landrace piglet with a juvenile minipig to elucidate comparability. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We evaluated five 3-week old Pietrain piglets and five 3-month old Aachen Minipigs as representatives of landrace and minipig models based on their expected bodyweight being similar to a newborn human. We compared renal weight, volume – via the ellipsoid formula – and ureteral length. In addition, we calculated porcine renal function via Gasthuys’ formula. In order to compare the groups with previously published values for infants, we used resampling techniques to allow comparison to humans. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Renal weight was higher in humans than in Pietrain piglets (Δ<sub>L</sub> = 7.6 g; Δ<sub>R</sub> = 5.4 g) and Aachen Minipigs (Δ<sub>L</sub> = 11 g; Δ<sub>R</sub> = 9.4 g). Renal volumes in humans were higher than in both Pietrain piglets (Δ<sub>L</sub> = 5.6 mL, <i>p</i> < 0.001; Δ<sub>R</sub> = 3.7 mL, <i>p</i> = 0.004) and Aachen Minipigs (Δ<sub>L</sub> = 8.1 mL; Δ<sub>R</sub> = 6.6 mL; both <i>p</i> < 0.001). Ureteral lengths in humans and both pig breeds were comparable as were estimated renal functions between both pig breeds. <b><i>Discussion and Conclusion:</i></b> Both landrace piglets and juvenile minipigs are suitable models for experimental pediatric urology as parameters did not differ between them. In addition, the anatomic parameters are comparable or smaller than in infants. This might facilitate translational research as technical failure is less likely in larger organs. Additional research is necessary to cover higher age ranges than those included in the present pilot study.

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Sasaki, R., Y. Watanabe, H. Matsumine, M. Yamato, T. Okano, and T. Ando. "Surgical anatomy of the swine face for maxillofacial surgery." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 40, no. 10 (October 2011): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2011.07.647.

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21

Rood, Stewart R. "Anatomy and Physiology." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 97, no. 4_suppl (July 1988): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00034894880970s405.

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22

Davies, Don. "Physiology and anatomy." Midwifery 11, no. 2 (June 1995): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-6138(95)90083-7.

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23

Gilchrist, Brian. "Anatomy and physiology." Nurse Education Today 8, no. 2 (April 1988): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0260-6917(88)90016-0.

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24

Tubbs, R. Shane. "“Anatomy does not exclude physiology, but physiology certainly presupposes anatomy”." Clinical Anatomy 29, no. 8 (October 8, 2016): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22798.

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25

Vieira, T. H. M., P. C. Moura, S. R. C. Vieira, P. R. Moura, N. C. Silva, G. C. Wafae, C. R. Ruiz, and N. Wafae. "Anatomical indicators of dominance between the coronary arteries in swine." Morphologie 92, no. 296 (March 2008): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.morpho.2008.04.005.

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26

Kullaa-Mikkonen, A., M. Hynynen, and P. Hyvönen. "Filiform Papillae of Human, Rat and Swine Tongue." Cells Tissues Organs 130, no. 3 (1987): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000146457.

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27

Gao, Xiaoyu, Ines Antunes, Nile Khai Luu, Negin Hadjiabdolhamid, Alesh Ruben Polivka, and Sabee Molloi. "CT Evaluation of the Tracheobronchial Tree in Swine." Comparative Medicine 73, no. 4 (August 27, 2023): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000101.

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Swine are commonly used for research on the respiratory system, but various anatomic features of the tracheobronchial tree of swine are poorly defined. The purpose of our study was to acquire normative measurements of the tracheobronchial tree of swine by using chest CT scans, thus laying a foundation for treating or studying airway disorders in this species. In our study, 33 male swine underwent thoracic CT scans; we measured anatomic features of the tracheobronchial tree, including the diameter, length, and angle of various airway structures. We further analyzed the relationships among selected principal parameters. Our data revealed several similarities and differences in anatomy between swine and humans. This information may be useful in future research.

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Carey, Gale B. "Cellular adaptations in fat tissue of exercise-trained miniature swine: role of excess energy intake." Journal of Applied Physiology 88, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.3.881.

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This study examined the influence of energy expenditure and energy intake on cellular mechanisms regulating adipose tissue metabolism. 1 Twenty-four swine were assigned to restricted-fed sedentary, restricted-fed exercise-trained, full-fed sedentary, or full-fed exercise-trained groups. After 3 mo of treatment, adipocytes were isolated and adipocyte size, adenosine A1 receptor characteristics, and lipolytic sensitivity were measured. Swine were infused with epinephrine during which adipose tissue extracellular adenosine, plasma fatty acids, and plasma glycerol were measured. Results revealed that adipocytes isolated from restricted-fed exercised swine had a smaller diameter, a lower number of A1 receptors, and a greater sensitivity to lipolytic stimulation, compared with adipocytes from full-fed exercised swine. Extracellular adenosine levels were transiently increased on infusion of epinephrine in adipose tissue of restricted-fed exercised but not full-fed exercised swine. These results suggest a role for adenosine in explaining the discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo lipolysis findings and underscore the notion that excess energy intake dampens the lipolytic sensitivity of adipocytes to β-agonists and adenosine, even if accompanied by exercise training.

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Aoki, Ichiro. "Entropy physiology of swine—A macroscopic viewpoint." Journal of Theoretical Biology 157, no. 3 (August 1992): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80615-0.

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30

Sack, Jeff. "Human Anatomy & Physiology." American Biology Teacher 65, no. 8 (October 1, 2003): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4451577.

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31

Sydelko, Bette S. "Anatomy & Physiology Online." Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA 101, no. 2 (April 2013): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3163/1536-5050.101.2.018.

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32

Petcu, Louis G., and Clarence T. Sasaki. "Laryngeal Anatomy and Physiology." Clinics in Chest Medicine 12, no. 3 (September 1991): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-5231(21)00793-0.

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33

Sternberg, C., L. Meyer, and P. R. Jeffries. "CARDIOVASCULAR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY." CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing 21, no. 5 (September 2003): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00024665-200309000-00002.

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34

Lakrim, Mohamad. "Human Anatomy & Physiology." American Biology Teacher 76, no. 9 (November 1, 2014): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2014.76.9.11c.

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35

Kotlarek, Katelyn J., and Jamie L. Perry. "Velopharyngeal Anatomy and Physiology." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 3, no. 5 (January 2018): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/persp3.sig5.13.

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36

Saude, Trygve. "OCULAR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY." Optometry and Vision Science 71, no. 7 (July 1994): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199407000-00009.

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37

McGee, Robert G. "RESPIRATORY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY." Chest 94, no. 4 (October 1988): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-3692(16)30548-7.

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38

Amar, Arun Paul, and Martin H. Weiss. "Pituitary anatomy and physiology." Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 14, no. 1 (January 2003): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1042-3680(02)00017-7.

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Gordon, Philip H. "ANORECTAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY." Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 30, no. 1 (March 2001): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8553(05)70164-3.

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40

Linsenmeyer, Todd A. "Urologic Anatomy and Physiology." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 4, no. 2 (May 1993): 221–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1047-9651(18)30579-5.

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41

Barleben, Andrew, and Steven Mills. "Anorectal Anatomy and Physiology." Surgical Clinics of North America 90, no. 1 (February 2010): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2009.09.001.

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42

Herbert, Rosamund A. "Human anatomy and physiology." International Journal of Nursing Studies 27, no. 1 (January 1990): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7489(90)90030-m.

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43

Siddique, Sohail A. "Vaginal Anatomy and Physiology." Journal of Pelvic Medicine and Surgery 9, no. 6 (November 2003): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.spv.0000094481.95144.3d.

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44

Fields, Howard L. "Pain: Anatomy and Physiology." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 3, supplement 1 (December 1997): s—41—s—46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.1997.3.s-41.

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45

Goswami, Abhishek K., Minhaj S. Khaja, Trevor Downing, Nima Kokabi, Wael E. Saad, and Bill S. Majdalany. "Lymphatic Anatomy and Physiology." Seminars in Interventional Radiology 37, no. 03 (July 31, 2020): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713440.

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AbstractLymphatics have long been overshadowed by the remainder of the circulatory system. Historically, lymphatics were difficult to study because of their small and indistinct vessels, colorless fluid contents, and limited effective interventions. However, the past several decades have brought increased funding, advanced imaging technologies, and novel interventional techniques to the field. Understanding the history of lymphatic anatomy and physiology is vital to further realize the role lymphatics play in most major disease pathologies and innovate interventional solutions for them.

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Woodward, Sue. "Revisiting anatomy and physiology." British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 4, no. 9 (September 2008): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjnn.2008.4.9.31082.

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Samady, Habib, and Joo Myung Lee. "Anatomy, Physiology, and Biomechanics." JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging 13, no. 10 (October 2020): 2220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.03.026.

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Goodall, C. J. "Human anatomy and physiology." Nurse Education Today 10, no. 4 (August 1990): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0260-6917(90)90064-w.

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Ball, Richard D., and Gerald J. Herbison. "1. Anatomy and physiology." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 68, no. 5 (May 1987): S34—S39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9993(87)90009-8.

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Lane, Andrew P. "Nasal anatomy and physiology." Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America 12, no. 4 (November 2004): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsc.2004.04.001.

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