Journal articles: 'Anatolian Fault'

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Özsayin, Erman, and Kadir Dirik. "The role of oroclinal bending in the structural evolution of the Central Anatolian Plateau: evidence of a regional changeover from shortening to extension." Geologica Carpathica 62, no. 4 (August 1, 2011): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-011-0026-7.

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The role of oroclinal bending in the structural evolution of the Central Anatolian Plateau: evidence of a regional changeover from shortening to extensionThe NW-SE striking extensional Inönü-Eskişehir Fault System is one of the most important active shear zones in Central Anatolia. This shear zone is comprised of semi-independent fault segments that constitute an integral array of crustal-scale faults that transverse the interior of the Anatolian plateau region. The WNW striking Eskişehir Fault Zone constitutes the western to central part of the system. Toward the southeast, this system splays into three fault zones. The NW striking Ilıca Fault Zone defines the northern branch of this splay. The middle and southern branches are the Yeniceoba and Cihanbeyli Fault Zones, which also constitute the western boundary of the tectonically active extensional Tuzgölü Basin. The Sultanhanı Fault Zone is the southeastern part of the system and also controls the southewestern margin of the Tuzgölü Basin. Structural observations and kinematic analysis of mesoscale faults in the Yeniceoba and Cihanbeyli Fault Zones clearly indicate a two-stage deformation history and kinematic changeover from contraction to extension. N-S compression was responsible for the development of the dextral Yeniceoba Fault Zone. Activity along this structure was superseded by normal faulting driven by NNE-SSW oriented tension that was accompanied by the reactivation of the Yeniceoba Fault Zone and the formation of the Cihanbeyli Fault Zone. The branching of the Inönü-Eskişehir Fault System into three fault zones (aligned with the apex of the Isparta Angle) and the formation of graben and halfgraben in the southeastern part of this system suggest ongoing asymmetric extension in the Anatolian Plateau. This extension is compatible with a clockwise rotation of the area, which may be associated with the eastern sector of the Isparta Angle, an oroclinal structure in the western central part of the plateau. As the initiation of extension in the central to southeastern part of the Inönü-Eskişehir Fault System has similarities with structures associated with the Isparta Angle, there may be a possible relationship between the active deformation and bending of the orocline and adjacent areas.

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Barbot, S., and J. R. Weiss. "Connecting subduction, extension and shear localization across the Aegean Sea and Anatolia." Geophysical Journal International 226, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 422–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab078.

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SUMMARY The Eastern Mediterranean is the most seismically active region in Europe due to the complex interactions of the Arabian, African, and Eurasian tectonic plates. Deformation is achieved by faulting in the brittle crust, distributed flow in the viscoelastic lower-crust and mantle, and Hellenic subduction, but the long-term partitioning of these mechanisms is still unknown. We exploit an extensive suite of geodetic observations to build a kinematic model connecting strike-slip deformation, extension, subduction, and shear localization across Anatolia and the Aegean Sea by mapping the distribution of slip and strain accumulation on major active geological structures. We find that tectonic escape is facilitated by a plate-boundary-like, trans-lithospheric shear zone extending from the Gulf of Evia to the Turkish-Iranian Plateau that underlies the surface trace of the North Anatolian Fault. Additional deformation in Anatolia is taken up by a series of smaller-scale conjugate shear zones that reach the upper mantle, the largest of which is located beneath the East Anatolian Fault. Rapid north–south extension in the western part of the system, driven primarily by Hellenic Trench retreat, is accommodated by rotation and broadening of the North Anatolian mantle shear zone from the Sea of Marmara across the north Aegean Sea, and by a system of distributed transform faults and rifts including the rapidly extending Gulf of Corinth in central Greece and the active grabens of western Turkey. Africa–Eurasia convergence along the Hellenic Arc occurs at a median rate of 49.8 mm yr–1 in a largely trench-normal direction except near eastern Crete where variably oriented slip on the megathrust coincides with mixed-mode and strike-slip deformation in the overlying accretionary wedge near the Ptolemy–Pliny–Strabo trenches. Our kinematic model illustrates the competing roles the North Anatolian mantle shear zone, Hellenic Trench, overlying mantle wedge, and active crustal faults play in accommodating tectonic indentation, slab rollback and associated Aegean extension. Viscoelastic flow in the lower crust and upper mantle dominate the surface velocity field across much of Anatolia and a clear transition to megathrust-related slab pull occurs in western Turkey, the Aegean Sea and Greece. Crustal scale faults and the Hellenic wedge contribute only a minor amount to the large-scale, regional pattern of Eastern Mediterranean interseismic surface deformation.

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Aydar, E., A. Gourgaud, C. Deniel, N. Lyberis, and N. Gundogdu. "Le volcanisme quaternaire d'Anatolie centrale (Turquie): association de magmatismes calco-alcalin et alcalin en domaine de convergence." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 1058–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e95-087.

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Collision volcanism in Central Anatolia (Cappadocia) began at least in the late Miocene. Because of the North–South Arabian-Eurasian convergence since this period, the Anatolian block is displaced towards the West along the North and East Anatolian strike-slip faults. Kinematic reconstructions show that the East Anatolian Fault is both sinistral and convergent. As a consequence, the Anatolian block is currently being deformed. Quaternary volcanism in Central Anatolia is represented by several hundreds of monogenetic scoria cones, lava flows, maars, and domes as well as two strato-volcanoes, Hasan Dag and Erciyes Dag. The monogenetic volcanism is bimodal (basalts and rhyolites), whereas the stratovolcanoes exhibit a complete calc-alkaline suite, from basalts to rhyolites. Most of the igneous products are calc-alkaline. Basalts erupted mainly from the monogenetic cones, lava flows, and maars. Andesites are encountered in the strato-volcanoes as lava flows, domes, and nuees ardentes deposits. Dacites and rhyolites occur as ignimbrites and dispersed maars and domes. Volcanic events were recorded up to historical times. Some basalts from monogenetic edifices, contemporaneous with the calc-alkaline suite, exhibit mineralogical and geochemical features that are typical of intraplate alkaline suites, such as normative nepheline, alkali feldspars, and Ti and Cr-rich Cpx. Euhedral microlites of aluminous garnet, although rare, have been observed in basalts, rhyodacites, and rhyolites. This association of contemporaneous calc-alkaline and alkaline suites may be related to collision tectonics.

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SELİM, H. HALUK, and OKAN TÜYSÜZ. "The Bursa–Gönen Depression, NW Turkey: a complex basin developed on the North Anatolian Fault." Geological Magazine 150, no. 5 (March 6, 2013): 801–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756812000945.

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AbstractIn this study, we show that the southern branch of the North Anatolian Fault has been active since Late Pliocene time and that evidence of activity is supported by geological and seismological data. The southern branch of the North Anatolian Fault consists of four segments from west to east: Yenice–Gönen, Manyas–Mustafakemalpaşa, Uluabat and Bursa. These faults delimit the Bursa–Gönen Depression, with the Bandırma–Mudanya Uplift to the north and Uludağ–Sularya Uplift to the south. The Bursa–Gönen Depression includes Upper Pliocene to Recent sediments that thicken to the south, suggesting a deposition pattern under active fault control. Study of fault kinematics suggests that the Bursa–Gönen Depression started as a small pull-apart basin during Late Pliocene time, and then evolved to a large depression. The faults delimiting this depression are still active and capable of producing future earthquakes.

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Yavaşoğlu, Hasan Hakan, Mehmet Nurullah Alkan, Serdar Bilgi, and Öykü Alkan. "Monitoring aseismic creep trends in the İsmetpaşa and Destek segments throughout the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) with a large-scale GPS network." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 9, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-25-2020.

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Abstract. The North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) is an intersection area between the Anatolian and Eurasian plates. The Arabian Plate, which squeezes the Anatolian Plate from the south between the Eurasian Plate and itself, is also responsible for this formation. This tectonic motion causes the Anatolian Plate to move westwards with almost a 20 mm yr−1 velocity, which has caused destructive earthquakes in history. Block boundaries that form the faults are generally locked to the bottom of the seismogenic layer because of the friction between blocks and are responsible for these discharges. However, there are also some unique events observed around the world, which may cause partially or fully free-slipping faults. This phenomenon is called “aseismic creep” and may occur through the entire seismogenic zone or at least to some depths. Additionally, it is a rare event in the world located in two reported segments along the North Anatolian Fault (NAF), which are İsmetpaşa and Destek. In this study, we established GPS networks covering those segments and made three campaigns between 2014 and 2016. Considering the long-term geodetic movements of the blocks (Anatolian and Eurasian plates), surface velocities and fault parameters are calculated. The results of the model indicate that aseismic creep still continues with rates of 13.2±3.3 mm yr−1 at İsmetpaşa and 9.6±3.1 mm yr−1 at Destek. Additionally, aseismic creep behavior is limited to some depths and decays linearly to the bottom of the seismogenic layer at both segments. This study suggests that this aseismic creep behavior will not prevent medium- to large-scale earthquakes in the long term.

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Karaman, M. "The tectonic evolution of Lake Eğirdir, West Turkey." Geologos 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10118-010-0006-x.

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The tectonic evolution of Lake Eğirdir, West Turkey Lake Eğirdir is one of the most important fresh-water lakes of Turkey. It has a tectonics-related origin. The area formed under a roughly N-S compressional tectonic regime during the Middle Miocene. The stresses caused slip faults west and east of Isparta Angle, and the lake formed at the junction of these faults. The area subsided between normal faults, thus creating the topographic condition required for a lake. The lacustrine sediments have fundamentally different lithologies. After the Late Miocene, central Anatolia started to move westwards, but western Anatolia moved in a SW direction along the South-western Anatolian Fault, which we suggest to have a left lateral slip, which caused that the Hoyran Basin moved t7 km towards the SW and rotated 40° counterclockwise relative to Lake Eğirdir.

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Dresen, G., M. Aktar, M. Bohnhoff, and H. Eyidogan. "Drilling the North Anatolian Fault." Scientific Drilling SpecialIssue (November 1, 2007): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-specialissue-42-2007.

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Dresen, G., M. Bohnhoff, M. Aktar, and H. Eyidogan. "Drilling the North Anatolian Fault." Scientific Drilling 6 (July 1, 2008): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-6-58-2008.

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9

Sugai, Toshihiko, Yasuo Awata, Ryo Anma, and Yukiyasu Saka. "North Anatolian Fault in Turkey." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 105, no. 3 (1999): V—VI. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.105.v.

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10

Acarel, Diğdem, Musavver Didem Cambaz, Fatih Turhan, Ahu Kömeç Mutlu, and Remzi Polat. "Seismotectonics of Malatya Fault, Eastern Turkey." Open Geosciences 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 1098–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0085.

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Abstract Turkey is located in a seismically active region with a complex tectonic history. In order to perform seismic risk assessment precisely, major fault zones (North Anatolian Fault Zone and East Anatolian Fault Zone) that are well defined are monitored continuously. It is a widely known fact that intraplate settings, such as Anatolian Plate, in which devastating earthquakes may occur, need to be observed densely. In this study, we investigate the seismotectonics of Malatya Fault within the Malatya Ovacık Fault Zone (MOFZ), which is one of the major agents responsible for internal deformation acting on Anatolian Plate. Recent geological and paleoseismological studies underline the necessity of comprehending the seismicity and latency of a major earthquake in this fault zone.We applied traditional techniques to investigate data of such a region. Earthquakes that occured in the vicinity of Malatya Fault between the years 2011 and mid-2019 are employed in a detailed analysis. The results of this study are constrained by the distribution of sensor networks in the region, yet allowing to define an active structure which is not included in the active fault map of Turkey, therefore, making a significant contribution to seismic hazard estimation.

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11

Umhoefer, Paul J., Stuart N. Thomson, Côme Lefebvre, Michael A. Cosca, Christian Teyssier, and Donna L. Whitney. "Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Ecemiş fault zone and adjacent basins, central Anatolia, Turkey, during the transition from Arabia-Eurasia collision to escape tectonics." Geosphere 16, no. 6 (October 27, 2020): 1358–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02255.1.

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Abstract The effects of Arabia-Eurasia collision are recorded in faults, basins, and exhumed metamorphic massifs across eastern and central Anatolia. These faults and basins also preserve evidence of major changes in deformation and associated sedimentary processes along major suture zones including the Inner Tauride suture where it lies along the southern (Ecemiş) segment of the Central Anatolian fault zone. Stratigraphic and structural data from the Ecemiş fault zone, adjacent NE Ulukışla basin, and metamorphic dome (Niğde Massif) record two fundamentally different stages in the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of this part of central Anatolia. The Paleogene sedimentary and volcanic strata of the NE Ulukışla basin (Ecemiş corridor) were deposited in marginal marine to marine environments on the exhuming Niğde Massif and east of it. A late Eocene–Oligocene transpressional stage of deformation involved oblique northward thrusting of older Paleogene strata onto the eastern Niğde Massif and of the eastern massif onto the rest of the massif, reburying the entire massif to >10 km depth and accompanied by left-lateral motion on the Ecemiş fault zone. A profound change in the tectonic setting at the end of the Oligocene produced widespread transtensional deformation across the area west of the Ecemiş fault zone in the Miocene. In this stage, the Ecemiş fault zone had at least 25 km of left-lateral offset. Before and during this faulting episode, the central Tauride Mountains to the east became a source of sediments that were deposited in small Miocene transtensional basins formed on the Eocene–Oligocene thrust belt between the Ecemiş fault zone and the Niğde Massif. Normal faults compatible with SW-directed extension cut across the Niğde Massif and are associated with a second (Miocene) re-exhumation of the Massif. Geochronology and thermochronology indicate that the transtensional stage started at ca. 23–22 Ma, coeval with large and diverse geological and tectonic changes across Anatolia.

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KAYMAKCI, N., E. ALDANMAZ, C. LANGEREIS, T. L. SPELL, O. F. GURER, and K. A. ZANETTI. "Late Miocene transcurrent tectonics in NW Turkey: evidence from palaeomagnetism and 40Ar–39Ar dating of alkaline volcanic rocks." Geological Magazine 144, no. 2 (February 9, 2007): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756806003074.

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A number of intra-continental alkaline volcanic sequences in NW Turkey were emplaced along localized extensional gaps within dextral strike-slip fault zones prior to the initiation of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. This study presents new palaeomagnetic and 40Ar–39Ar geochronological results from the lava flows of NW Turkey as a contribution towards understanding the Neogene–Quaternary tectonic evolution of the region and possible roles of block rotations in the kinematic history of the region. 40Ar–39Ar analyses of basalt groundmass indicate that the major volume of alkaline lavas of NW Turkey spans about 4 million years of episodic volcanic activity. Palaeomagnetic results reveal clockwise rotations as high as 73° in Thrace and 33° anticlockwise rotations in the Biga Peninsula. Movement of some of the faults delimiting the areas of lava flows and the timing of volcanic eruptions are both older than the initiation age of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, implying that the region experienced transcurrent tectonics during Late Miocene to Pliocene times and that some of the presently active faults in the region are reactivated pre-existing structures.

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Gürer, Derya, Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen, Murat Özkaptan, Iverna Creton, Mathijs R. Koymans, Antonio Cascella, and Cornelis G. Langereis. "Paleomagnetic constraints on the timing and distribution of Cenozoic rotations in Central and Eastern Anatolia." Solid Earth 9, no. 2 (March 21, 2018): 295–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-9-295-2018.

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Abstract. To quantitatively reconstruct the kinematic evolution of Central and Eastern Anatolia within the framework of Neotethyan subduction accommodating Africa–Eurasia convergence, we paleomagnetically assess the timing and amount of vertical axis rotations across the Ulukışla and Sivas regions. We show paleomagnetic results from ∼ 30 localities identifying a coherent rotation of a SE Anatolian rotating block comprised of the southern Kırşehir Block, the Ulukışla Basin, the Central and Eastern Taurides, and the southern part of the Sivas Basin. Using our new and published results, we compute an apparent polar wander path (APWP) for this block since the Late Cretaceous, showing that it experienced a ∼ 30–35° counterclockwise vertical axis rotation since the Oligocene time relative to Eurasia. Sediments in the northern Sivas region show clockwise rotations. We use the rotation patterns together with known fault zones to argue that the counterclockwise-rotating domain of south-central Anatolia was bounded by the Savcılı Thrust Zone and Deliler–Tecer Fault Zone in the north and by the African–Arabian trench in the south, the western boundary of which is poorly constrained and requires future study. Our new paleomagnetic constraints provide a key ingredient for future kinematic restorations of the Anatolian tectonic collage.

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Doğangün, Adem, Burak Yön, Onur Onat, Mehmet Emin Öncü, and Serkan Sağıroğlu. "Seismicity of East Anatolian of Turkey and Failures of Infill Walls Induced by Major Earthquakes." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 15, no. 04 (March 13, 2021): 2150017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431121500172.

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There are three major fault zones in Turkey scattered around the country known as East Anatolian Fault (EAF), North Anatolian Fault (NAF) and Anatolian-Aegean Subduction Zone (AASZ). Last two decades, EAF has been rather quiescent compared with NAF. However, this quiescence was broken in the beginning of the millennium. The strong shaking was started in 2003 with Bingöl earthquake (Mw = 6.3) and the last earthquake on the EAF is the Sivrice-Elazığ (Mw = 6.8) on January 24, 2020. Strong seismicity of these faults damaged the structures severely and caused death of the habitants. This study aims to present, seismotectonic of the region, general characteristics of the earthquakes and more specifically to report structural damage of infill walls of the structure’s damages caused by these earthquakes. Damage evaluation and identification of the observed infill wall damages due to 2003 Bingöl, 2011 Van earthquakes and January 24, 2020 Sivrice-Elazığ earthquake occurred Turkey’s Eastern region, were presented, and possible solutions were suggested. Moreover, the effects of the infill walls on the behavior of structures under static and dynamic load cases are discussed that experienced in these earthquakes. Damages are classified according to formations such as in-plane or out-of-plane, evaluations and the results obtained from the discussions are presented for each category.

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Şengör, A. M. Celâl, Céline Grall, Caner İmren, Xavier Le Pichon, Naci Görür, Pierre Henry, Hayrullah Karabulut, and Muzaffer Siyako. "The geometry of the North Anatolian transform fault in the Sea of Marmara and its temporal evolution: implications for the development of intracontinental transform faults." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 51, no. 3 (March 2014): 222–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2013-0160.

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The North Anatolian Fault is a 1200 km long strike-slip fault system connecting the East Anatolian convergent area with the Hellenic subduction zone and, as such, represents an intracontinental transform fault. It began forming some 13–11 Ma ago within a keirogen, called the North Anatolian Shear Zone, which becomes wider from east to west. Its width is maximum at the latitude of the Sea of Marmara, where it is 100 km. The Marmara Basin is unique in containing part of an active strike-slip fault system in a submarine environment in which there has been active sedimentation in a Paratethyan context where stratigraphic resolution is higher than elsewhere in the Mediterranean. It is also surrounded by a long-civilised rim where historical records reach well into the second half of the first millennium BCE (before common era). In this study, we have used 210 multichannel seismic reflexion profiles, adding up to 6210 km profile length and high-resolution bathymetry and chirp profiles reported in the literature to map all the faults that are younger than the Oligocene. Within these faults, we have distinguished those that cut the surface and those that do not. Among the ones that do not cut the surface, we have further created a timetable of fault generation based on seismic sequence recognition. The results are surprising in that faults of all orientations contain subsets that are active and others that are inactive. This suggests that as the shear zone evolves, faults of all orientations become activated and deactivated in a manner that now seems almost haphazard, but a tendency is noticed to confine the overall movement to a zone that becomes narrower with time since the inception of the shear zone, i.e., the whole keirogen, at its full width. In basins, basin margins move outward with time, whereas highs maintain their faults free of sediment cover, making their dating difficult, but small perched basins on top of them in places make relative dating possible. In addition, these basins permit comparison of geological history of the highs with those of the neighbouring basins. The two westerly deeps within the Sea of Marmara seem inherited structures from the earlier Rhodope–Pontide fragment/Sakarya continent collision, but were much accentuated by the rise of the intervening highs during the shear evolution. When it is assumed that below 10 km depth the faults that now constitute the Marmara fault family might have widths approaching 4 km, the resulting picture resembles a large version of an amphibolite-grade shear zone fabric, an inference in agreement with the scale-independent structure of shear zones. We think that the North Anatolian Fault at depth has such a fabric not only on a meso, but also on a macro scale. Detection of such broad, vertical shear zones in Precambrian terrains may be one way to get a handle on relative plate motion directions during those remote times.

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GÜRER, ÖMER FEYZI, ERCAN SANGU, and MUZAFFER ÖZBURAN. "Neotectonics of the SW Marmara region, NW Anatolia, Turkey." Geological Magazine 143, no. 2 (February 13, 2006): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756805001469.

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This study reports on the geometric and structural characteristics of the North Anatolian Fault Zone in the southwest Marmara region. The geometric and kinematic features of the faults in the region are described, based on field observations. In addition, the Neogene and Quaternary basin fill which occupies large areas in the region has been determined, and the tectonic regimes controlling these basins are explained. The neotectonic regime is also explained considering different deformation phases affecting the region. The N–S extension and E–W strike-slip have affected the region possibly since the latest Pliocene–Quaternary. Field observations show that these extensional tectonics around the south Marmara region are related to right strike-slip on the E–W North Anatolian fault zone and the N–S Aegean extensional system. The faults in this zone trend approximately E–W in the eastern part of the region and NE–SW towards the west of the region, indicating that they accommodate rotation in addition to differential movement between adjacent blocks.

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ALBINO, IRENE, WILLIAM CAVAZZA, MASSIMILIANO ZATTIN, ARAL I. OKAY, SHOTA ADAMIA, and NINO SADRADZE. "Far-field tectonic effects of the Arabia–Eurasia collision and the inception of the North Anatolian Fault system." Geological Magazine 151, no. 2 (December 2, 2013): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756813000952.

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AbstractNew thermochronological data show that rapid Middle Miocene exhumation occurred synchronously along the Bitlis suture zone and in the southeastern Black Sea region, arguably as a far-field effect of the Arabia–Eurasia indentation. Collision-related strain focused preferentially along the rheological boundary between the multideformed continental lithosphere of northeastern Anatolia and the strong (quasi)oceanic lithosphere of the eastern Black Sea. Deformation in the southeastern Black Sea region ceased in late Middle Miocene time, when coherent westward motion of Anatolia and the corresponding activation of the North and East Anatolian Fault systems mechanically decoupled portions of the foreland from the Arabia–Eurasia collision zone.

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Şengör, A. M. C., Okan Tüysüz, Caner İmren, Mehmet Sakınç, Haluk Eyidoğan, Naci Görür, Xavier Le Pichon, and Claude Rangin. "THE NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT: A NEW LOOK." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33, no. 1 (May 31, 2005): 37–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120415.

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Charrette, E. E., and M. Nafi Toksöz. "Magnetic anomalies around the North Anatolian Fault." Geophysical Research Letters 14, no. 12 (December 1987): 1242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gl014i012p01242.

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Bohnhoff, Marco, Georg Dresen, Ulubey Ceken, Filiz Tuba Kadirioglu, Recai Feyiz Kartal, Tugbay Kilic, Murat Nurlu, et al. "GONAF – the borehole Geophysical Observatory at the North Anatolian Fault in the eastern Sea of Marmara." Scientific Drilling 22 (May 31, 2017): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-22-19-2017.

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Abstract. The Marmara section of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) runs under water and is located less than 20 km from the 15-million-person population center of Istanbul in its eastern portion. Based on historical seismicity data, recurrence times forecast an impending magnitude M>7 earthquake for this region. The permanent GONAF (Geophysical Observatory at the North Anatolian Fault) has been installed around this section to help capture the seismic and strain activity preceding, during, and after such an anticipated event.

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Krystopowicz, Neil J., Lindsay M. Schoenbohm, Jeremy Rimando, Gilles Brocard, and Bora Rojay. "Tectonic geomorphology and Plio-Quaternary structural evolution of the Tuzgölü fault zone, Turkey: Implications for deformation in the interior of the Central Anatolian Plateau." Geosphere 16, no. 5 (July 22, 2020): 1107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02175.1.

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Abstract Situated within the interior of the Central Anatolian Plateau (Turkey), the 200-km-long Tuzgölü extensional fault zone offers first-order constraints on the timing and pattern of regional deformation and uplift. In this study, we analyze the morphometrics of catchments along the Tuzgölü range-front fault and the parallel, basinward Hamzalı fault using a variety of measured morphometric indicators coupled with regional geomorphic observations and longitudinal profile analysis. In addition, we use field and remote mapping to constrain the geometry of two key marker beds, the Pliocene Kızılkaya ignimbrite and Kışladaǧ limestone, in order to investigate deformation in the footwall of the Tuzgölü fault zone. The marker beds form a broad arch along the footwall of the fault, with greatest cumulative displacement along the central part of the fault zone, suggesting early Pliocene extensional reactivation of the Tuzgölü fault with a typical fault-displacement profile. However, a change in deformation pattern is marked by transient knickpoints along river channels; morphometric indicators sensitive to shorter (1−3 Ma) time scales, including river steepness, basin elongation, and mountain front sinuosity, indicate an overall southeastward increase in footwall uplift rate of the Tuzgölü fault zone, which could reflect block rotation or interaction with the Hasan Dag volcano. Basin asymmetry and basin-fault azimuth measurements indicate north-northwest tilting of footwall catchments, which may be linked to regional tilting across the Central Anatolian Plateau interior. Varying patterns of spatial and temporal deformation along the length of the Tuzgölü fault zone are likely due to the interference of crustal- and lithospheric-scale processes, such as rotation of crustal blocks, extrusion of the Anatolian microplate, crustal heating, gravitational collapse associated with plateau uplift, and mantle-driven vertical displacements.

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Gasperini, Luca, Massimiliano Stucchi, Vincenzo Cedro, Mustapha Meghraoui, Gulsen Ucarkus, and Alina Polonia. "Active fault segments along the North Anatolian Fault system in the Sea of Marmara: implication for seismic hazard." Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews 3, no. 1 (March 2021): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42990-021-00048-7.

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AbstractA new analysis of high-resolution multibeam and seismic reflection data, collected during several oceanographic expeditions starting from 1999, allowed us to compile an updated morphotectonic map of the North Anatolian Fault below the Sea of Marmara. We reconstructed kinematics and geometries of individual fault segments, active at the time scale of 10 ka, an interval which includes several earthquake cycles, taking as stratigraphic marker the base of the latest marine transgression. Given the high deformation rates relative to sediment supply, most active tectonic structures have a morphological expression at the seafloor, even in presence of composite fault geometries and/or overprinting due to mass-wasting or turbidite deposits. In the frame of the right-lateral strike-slip domain characterizing the North Anatolian fault system, three types of deformation are observed: almost pure strike-slip faults, oriented mainly E–W; NE/SW-aligned axes of transpressive structures; NW/SE-oriented trans-tensional depressions. Fault segmentation occurs at different scales, but main segments develop along three major right-lateral oversteps, which delimit main fault branches, from east to west: (i) the transtensive Cinarcik segment; (ii) the Central (East and West) segments; and (iii) the westernmost Tekirdag segment. A quantitative morphometric analysis of the shallow deformation patterns observed by seafloor morphology maps and high-resolution seismic reflection profiles along the entire basin allowed to determine nature and cumulative lengths of individual fault segments. These data were used as inputs for empirical relationships, to estimate maximum expected Moment Magnitudes, obtaining values in the range of 6.8–7.4 for the Central, and 6.9–7.1 for the Cinarcik and Tekirdag segments, respectively. We discuss these findings considering analyses of historical catalogues and available paleoseismological studies for the Sea of Marmara region to formulate reliable seismic hazard scenarios.

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Le Pichon, Xavier, A. M. Celâl Şengör, Julia Kende, Caner İmren, Pierre Henry, Céline Grall, and Hayrullah Karabulut. "Propagation of a strike-slip plate boundary within an extensional environment: the westward propagation of the North Anatolian Fault." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 11 (November 2016): 1416–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0129.

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We document the establishment of the Aegea–Anatolia/Eurasia plate boundary in Pliocene–Pleistocene time. Before 2 Ma, no localized plate boundary existed north of the Aegean portion of the Anatolia plate and the shear produced by the motion of Anatolia–Aegea with respect to Eurasia was distributed over the whole width of the Aegean – West Anatolian western portion. In 4.5 Ma, a shear zone comparable to the Gulf of Corinth was formed in the present Sea of Marmara. The initial extensional basins were cut by the strike-slip Main Marmara Fault system after 2.5 Ma. Shortly after, the plate boundary migrated west of the Sea of Marmara along the northern border of Aegea from the North Aegean Trough, to the Gulf of Corinth area and to the Kefalonia Fault. There, it finally linked with the northern tip of the Aegean subduction zone, completing the system of plate boundaries delimiting the Anatolia–Aegea plate. We have related the change in the distribution of shear from Miocene to Pliocene to the formation of a relatively undeforming Aegea block in Pliocene that forced the shear to be distributed over a narrow plate boundary to the north of it. We attribute the formation of this block to the northeastward progression of the oceanic Ionian slab. We propose that the slab cuts the overlying lithosphere from asthenospheric sources and induces a shortening environment over it.

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Türkoğlu, Erşan, Martyn Unsworth, Fatih Bulut, and İlyas Çağlar. "Crustal structure of the North Anatolian and East Anatolian Fault Systems from magnetotelluric data." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 241 (April 2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2015.01.003.

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Lyberis, Nicolas, Tekin Yurur, Jean Chorowicz, Erçin Kasapoglu, and Niyazi Gundogdu. "The East Anatolian Fault: an oblique collisional belt." Tectonophysics 204, no. 1-2 (March 1992): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90265-8.

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Jolivet, Laurent, Armel Menant, Vincent Roche, Laetitia Le Pourhiet, Agnès Maillard, Romain Augier, Damien Do Couto, Christian Gorini, Isabelle Thinon, and Albane Canva. "Transfer zones in Mediterranean back-arc regions and tear faults." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 192 (2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2021006.

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Slab tearing induces localized deformations in the overriding plates of subduction zones and transfer zones accommodating differential retreat in back-arc regions. Because the space available for retreating slabs is limited in the Mediterranean realm, slab tearing during retreat has been a major ingredient of the evolution of this region since the end of the Eocene. The association of detailed seismic tomographic models and extensive field observations makes the Mediterranean an ideal natural laboratory to study these transfer zones. We review in this paper the various structures in back-arc regions differential retreat from the Alboran Sea to the Aegean-Anatolian region and discuss them with the help of 3D numerical models to better understand the partitioning of deformation between high-angle and low-angle faults, as well as the 3-D kinematics of deformation in the middle and lower crusts. Simple, archetypal, crustal-scale strike-slip faults are in fact rare in these contexts above slab tears. Transfer zones are in general instead wide deformation zones, from several tens to several hundred kilometers. A partitioning of deformation is observed between the upper and the lower crust with low-angle extensional shear zones at depth and complex association of transtensional basins at the surface. In the Western Mediterranean, between the Gulf of Lion and the Valencia basin, transtensional strike-slip faults are associated with syn-rift basins and lower crustal domes elongated in the direction of retreat (a-type domes), associated with massive magmatic intrusions in the lower crust and volcanism at the surface. On the northern side of the Alboran Sea, wide E-W trending strike-slip zones in the brittle field show partitioned thrusting and strike-slip faulting in the external zones of the Betics, and E-W trending metamorphic core complexes in the internal zones, parallel to the main retreat direction with a transition in time from ductile to brittle deformation. On the opposite, the southern margin of the Alboran Sea shows short en-échelon strike-slip faults. Deep structures are not known there. In the Aegean-Anatolian region, two main tear faults with different degrees of maturity are observed. Western Anatolia (Menderes Massif) and the Eastern Aegean Sea evolved above a major left-lateral tear in the Hellenic slab. In the crust, the differential retreat was accommodated mostly by low-angle shear zones with a constant direction of stretching and the formation of a-type high-temperature domes exhumed from the middle and lower crust. These low-angle shear zones evolve through time from ductile to brittle. On the opposite side of the Aegean region, the Corinth and Volos Rift as well as the Kephalonia fault offshore, accommodate the formation of a dextral tear fault. Here, only the brittle crust can be observed, but seismological data suggest low-angle shear zones at depth below the rifts. We discuss the rare occurrence of pure strike-slip faults in these contexts and propose that the high heat flow above the retreating slabs and more especially above slab tears favors a ductile behavior with distributed deformation of the crust and the formation of low-angle shear zones and high-temperature domes. While retreat proceeds, aided by tears, true strike-slip fault system may localize and propagate toward the retreating trench, ultimately leading to the formation of new plate boundary, as shown by the example of the North Anatolian Fault.

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Zabcı, Cengiz. "Spatio-temporal behaviour of continental transform faults: implications from the late Quaternary slip history of the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 11 (November 2019): 1218–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0308.

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The slip history of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is constrained by displacement and age data for the last 550 ka. First, I classified all available geological estimates as members of three groups: Model I for the eastern, Model II for the central, and Model III for the western segments where the North Anatolian Shear Zone gradually widens from east to west. The short-term uniform slip solutions yield similar results, 17.5 +4/–3.5 mm/a, 18.9 +3.7/–3.3 mm/a, and 16.9 +1.2/–1.1 mm/a from east to the west. Although these model rates do not show any significant spatial variations among themselves, the correlation with geodetic estimates, ranging between 15 mm/a and 28 mm/a for different sections of the NAF, displays significant discrepancies especially for the central and western segments of the fault. Discrepancies suggest that most strain is accumulated along the NAF, but some portion of it is distributed along secondary structures of the North Anatolian Shear Zone. The deformation rate is constant at least for the last 195 ka, whereas the limited number of data show strain transfer from northern to the southern strand between 195 and 320 ka BP in the Marmara Region when the incremental slip rate decreases to 13.2 +3.1/–2.9 mm/a for the northern strand of the NAF. Considering the possible uncertainties of incremental displacements and their timings, more studies on slip rate are needed at different sites, including major structural elements of the North Anatolian Shear Zone. Although most of the strain is localized along the main displacement zone, the NAF, secondary structures are still capable of generating earthquakes that can hardly reach Mw 7.

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Yavasoglu, Hakan. "Strain Rate Analysis on the Çankiri-Bingöl Segment of the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey." Earth Sciences Research Journal 19, no. 2 (December 17, 2015): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v19n2.49063.

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The North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) is one of the most important fault zones of Turkey and the world. It has produced several high magnitude earthquakes that have resulted in massive loss of lives and resources. National and international research on the North Anatolian Fault zone that Turkey resides on have been realized to better understand and predict the earthquakes produced by it. This study focuses on the Çankırı – Bingöl segment of the NAFZ. The aim of this study is to calculate the strain and latent earthquake potential of the studied area. For this purpose, geodetic data coming from several individual projects have been merged. Strain values have been calculated from the combined data and regions on the fault zone, and strain accumulations have been presented graphically. After calculation, Çankırı, Amasya and Kelkit regions were analyzed. The compressional and extensional deformation has been shown in north and south part of Çankırı basin, respectively. Eastern adjacent area of the Çankırı basin, Amasya region, has the primary branch of the NAF and its subbranches. In the Amasya region, the deformation is mostly on the main branch and the earthquake potential has risen to it. The Kelkit Valley has complex structures and inhomogeneous dispersion. Southeastern and Northwestern part of the Kelkit Valley has varied deformation in micro scale. Consequently, the study results indicate that strain accumulation is concentrated on areas such as the Çankırı basin, Amasya region, and various areas in the Kelkit Valley from west to east. Análisis de la Velocidad de Deformación en el Segmento Çankırı-Bingöl de la Falla de Anatolia del Norte, Turquía. Resumen La Zona de la Falla de Anatolia del Norte (NAFZ, del inglés North Anatolian Fault Zone) es una de las zonas de fallas más importantes de Turquía y del mundo. Esta falla ha generado varios terremotos de gran magnitud que han resultado en pérdidas humanas y de recursos. La investigación nacional e internacional de la Zona de la Falla de Anatolia del Norte, que atraviesa Turquía, se ha realizado con el fin de un mejor entendimiento y predicción de los terremotos que allí se originan. Este análisis se enfoca en el segmento Çankırı-Bingöl de la NAFZ. El objetivo es calcular la tensión y el potencial de terremoto del área de estudio. Con este propósito se recopiló la información geodésica de varios proyectos individuales. Los valores de tensión se calcularon de la información combinada de las regiones que componen la zona de falla y se presentan gráficamente las acumulaciones de tensión. Tras el cálculo de estos valores se analizaron las regiones Çankırı, Amasya y Kelkit. La deformación de compresión y la de extensión aparecen al norte y al sur de la cuenca Çankırı, respectivamente. El área ubicada al Este de la cuenca Çankırı, la región de Amasya, posee la rama principal de la NAFZ y sus subdivisiones. En la región de Amasya la deformación se presenta en la rama principal de la NAFZ, donde se eleva el potencial de movimientos sísmicos. El valle de Kelkit tiene estructuras complejas y dispersión no homogénea. El sudeste y el noroeste del valle Kelkit muestran una deformación variada a microescala. Los resultados de este estudio indican que la acumulación de tensión se concentra en la cuenca Çankırı, la región Amasya y varias áreas del valle Kelkit desde el oeste hacia el este.

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Duman, Tamer Y., Hasan Elmacı, Selim Özalp, Akın Kürçer, Meryem Kara, Ersin Özdemir, Ayhan Yavuzoğlu, and Çağıl Uygun Güldoğan. "Paleoseismology of the western Sürgü–Misis fault system: East Anatolian Fault, Turkey." Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews 2, no. 3 (November 8, 2020): 411–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42990-020-00041-6.

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Dogan, U., G. Lachapelle, L. Fortes, and S. Ergintav. "A study of the tectonically active Marmara region, Turkey, using a global positioning system (GPS)." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-041.

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The Marmara region is an active tectonic zone characterized by a transition in the dextral strike-slip regime of the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. The main goal of this paper is to assess the use of global positioning system (GPS) data sets collected during five relatively short time intervals during the period December 2000 March 2002 to detect potential crustal deformations. To determine if the deformations measured with GPS are real or only a data artifact, a statistical reliability analysis of the solutions is performed. The results indicate that each station has statistically different temporal behavior and significant relative motions. This area is consequently still very active, with significant deformation patterns. Although the average magnitude for our estimated displacement rates with respect to ANKR station, which represents the rigid motion of the Anatolian plate, is in the order of 1.1 cm/year in the south of the North Anatolian Fault, it increases to 2.3 cm/year in the northern part of the area.

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Sunal, Gürsel, Mehmet Korhan Erturaç, Pınar Gutsuz, István Dunkl, and Ziyadin Cakir. "Reconstructing the deformation of the North Anatolian Fault Zone through restoring the Oligo–Miocene exhumation pattern of the Almacık Block (northwestern Turkey) based on the apatite (U–Th)/He ages." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 11 (November 2019): 1202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0283.

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The Almacık Block is an approximately 73 km long and 21 km wide tectonic sliver formed by the North Anatolian Fault Zone in northwestern Turkey. Morphologically, it is one of the most pronounced structures along the North Anatolian Fault Zone. All the segments bounding the Almacık Block were ruptured during the second half of the 20th century. The fifty-four apatite (U–Th)/He ages we obtained showed that the region including the Almacık Block was exhumed during the Oligo–Miocene interval and then original exhumation pattern was distorted by the North Anatolian Fault Zone during the Miocene to recent. To interpret this distortion and to reconstruct it to the original state, we modelled “Λ”-shaped mountain fronts in the most probable deformation scenarios. The block has been tilted southward about an approximately east–west-trending horizontal (slightly dipping to the east) axis. As a result of this rotation, the northern part of the block has been uplifted about 2800 m, whereas the southern part has subsided about 430 m, likely during the last 2.5 Myr. The exhumation in the studied region started at around 34 Ma and lasted until 16 Ma with a mean exhumation rate of about 60 m/Myr.

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Kutoglu, H. S., R. N. Celik, M. T. Ozludemir, and C. Güney. "New findings on the effects of the İzmit Mw=7.4 and Düzce Mw=7.2 earthquakes." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 2, 2011): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-267-2011.

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Abstract. The 17 August 1999 İzmit Mw=7.4 and the 12 November 1999 Düzce Mw=7.2 earthquakes caused a 150 km long surface rupture in the western part of the North Anatolian Fault. The coseismic slips along the fault line and the trace of the surface ruptures were studied in detail in Barka (1999), Reilinger et al. (2000), Cakir et al. (2003a, b) and Ergintav (2009) after the earthquakes. However, the basin to the east of Sapanca Lake was a black hole for all investigations because there was no geodetic network and no significant deformation that could be obtained by using InSAR techniques. In this study, findings on the abovementioned basin have been reinterpreted through a GPS network newly explored. This interpretation shows coseismic slips of between 2–3 m, and links the surface rupture to the main branch of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) in the east Sapanca basin.

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Mutlu, Halim, I. Tonguç Uysal, Erhan Altunel, Volkan Karabacak, Yuexing Feng, Jian-xin Zhao, and Ozan Atalay. "Rb–Sr systematics of fault gouges from the North Anatolian Fault Zone (Turkey)." Journal of Structural Geology 32, no. 2 (February 2010): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2009.11.006.

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34

Fichtner, Andreas, Erdinc Saygin, Tuncay Taymaz, Paul Cupillard, Yann Capdeville, and Jeannot Trampert. "The deep structure of the North Anatolian Fault Zone." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 373 (July 2013): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.04.027.

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Duman, Tamer Y., and Ömer Emre. "The East Anatolian Fault: geometry, segmentation and jog characteristics." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 372, no. 1 (2013): 495–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp372.14.

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Rousset, Baptiste, Romain Jolivet, Mark Simons, Cécile Lasserre, Bryan Riel, Pietro Milillo, Ziyadin Çakir, and François Renard. "An aseismic slip transient on the North Anatolian Fault." Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 7 (April 14, 2016): 3254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl068250.

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Gök, Rengin, Lawrence Hutchings, Kevin Mayeda, and Doğan Kalafat. "Source Parameters for 1999 North Anatolian Fault Zone Aftershocks." Pure and Applied Geophysics 166, no. 4 (April 2009): 547–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-009-0461-x.

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Bayrak, Erdem, Şeyda Yılmaz, Mustafa Softa, Tuğba Türker, and Yusuf Bayrak. "Earthquake hazard analysis for East Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey." Natural Hazards 76, no. 2 (January 13, 2015): 1063–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1541-5.

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Brun, Jean-Pierre, Claudio Faccenna, Frédéric Gueydan, Dimitrios Sokoutis, Mélody Philippon, Konstantinos Kydonakis, and Christian Gorini. "The two-stage Aegean extension, from localized to distributed, a result of slab rollback acceleration." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 11 (November 2016): 1142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0203.

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Back-arc extension in the Aegean, which was driven by slab rollback since 45 Ma, is described here for the first time in two stages. From Middle Eocene to Middle Miocene, deformation was localized leading to (i) the exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks to crustal depths, (ii) the exhumation of high-temperature metamorphic rocks in core complexes, and (iii) the deposition of sedimentary basins. Since Middle Miocene, extension distributed over the whole Aegean domain controlled the deposition of onshore and offshore Neogene sedimentary basins. We reconstructed this two-stage evolution in 3D and four steps at Aegean scale by using available ages of metamorphic and sedimentary processes, geometry, and kinematics of ductile deformation, paleomagnetic data, and available tomographic models. The restoration model shows that the rate of trench retreat was around 0.6 cm/year during the first 30 My and then accelerated up to 3.2 cm/year during the last 15 My. The sharp transition observed in the mode of extension, localized versus distributed, in Middle Miocene correlates with the acceleration of trench retreat and is likely a consequence of the Hellenic slab tearing documented by mantle tomography. The development of large dextral northeast–southwest strike-slip faults, since Middle Miocene, is illustrated by the 450 km long fault zone, offshore from Myrthes to Ikaria and onshore from Izmir to Balikeshir, in Western Anatolia. Therefore, the interaction between the Hellenic trench retreat and the westward displacement of Anatolia started in Middle Miocene, almost 10 Ma before the propagation of the North Anatolian Fault in the North Aegean.

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Ozer, Naside, and Savas Ceylan. "Fractal properties and simulation of micro-seismicity for seismic hazard analysis: a comparison of North Anatolian and San Andreas Fault Zones." Research in Geophysics 2, no. 1 (February 14, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/rg.2012.e1.

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We analyzed statistical properties of earthquakes in western Anatolia as well as the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) in terms of spatio-temporal variations of fractal dimensions, p- and b-values. During statistically homogeneous periods characterized by closer fractal dimension values, we propose that occurrence of relatively larger shocks (M >= 5.0) is unlikely. Decreases in seismic activity in such intervals result in spatial b-value distributions that are primarily stable. Fractal dimensions decrease with time in proportion to increasing seismicity. Conversely, no spatiotemporal patterns were observed for p-value changes. In order to evaluate failure probabilities and simulate earthquake occurrence in the western NAFZ, we applied a modified version of the renormalization group method. Assuming an increase in small earthquakes is indicative of larger shocks, we apply the mentioned model to micro-seismic (M<= 3.0) activity, and test our results using San Andreas Fault Zone (SAFZ) data. We propose that fractal dimension is a direct indicator of material heterogeneity and strength. Results from a model suggest simulated and observed earthquake occurrences are coherent, and may be used for seismic hazard estimation on creeping strike-slip fault zones.

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GÜRER, ÖMER FEYZİ, NURAN SARICA-FILOREAU, MUZAFFER ÖZBURAN, ERCAN SANGU, and BÜLENT DOĞAN. "Progressive development of the Büyük Menderes Graben based on new data, western Turkey." Geological Magazine 146, no. 5 (March 31, 2009): 652–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756809006359.

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AbstractOblique and normal fault systems exposed in the Büyük Menderes Graben (BMG) region record two successive and independent complex tectonic events. The first group tectonic event is defined by an E–W extension related to N–S contraction and transpression. This group is responsible for the development of NW- and NE-trending conjugate pairs of oblique faults which controlled Early–Middle Miocene basin formation. Between the Early–Middle Miocene and Plio-Quaternary strata exists an unconformity, indicating a period of folding, uplift and severe erosion associated with N–S shortening. The second group of events was the change in tectonic regime from E–W extension to N–S extension which controlled the formation of the Büyük Menderes Graben by three progressive pulses of deformation. The first pulse of extensional deformation was initially recorded in the region by the exhumation of the deep part of the Menderes Massif (MM) with the development of the E-trending Büyük Menderes Detachment Fault (BMDF). The minimum age of this pulse is constrained by the older Plio-Quaternary fluviatile deposits of the Büyük Menderes Graben that range in age from the Plio-Pleistocene boundary interval to Late Pleistocene. The second pulse, which is marked by the rapid deposition of alluvial deposits, initiated the formation of approximately E–W-trending high-angle normal faults synthetic and antithetic to the Büyük Menderes Detachment Fault, on the northern margin during Holocene times. These faults are interpreted as secondary steeper listric faults that merge with the main Büyük Menderes Detachment Fault at depth. The third pulse was the migration of the Büyük Menderes Graben depocentre to the present day position by diachronous activity of secondary steeper listric faults. These steeper faults are the most seismically active tectonic elements in western Turkey. According to the stratigraphic and structural data, the N–S extension in the Büyük Menderes Graben region produced a progressive deformation phase with different pulses during its Plio-Quaternary evolution, with migration of deformation from the master fault to the hangingwall. The formation of diachronous secondary synthetic and antithetic steeper faults on the upper plate of the Büyük Menderes Detachment Fault, hence the southward migration of the deformation and of the Büyük Menderes Graben depocentre, should be related to the evolution of detachment in the region. The presence of the seismically active splays of secondary faults implies an active detachment system in the region. This young Plio-Quaternary N–S extension in the Büyük Menderes Graben may be attributed to the combined effects of the two continuing processes in Aegean region. The first process is back-arc spreading or probably the roll-back of African slab below the south Aegean Arc, which seems to be responsible for the change in the stress tensor from E–W extension to N–S extension. The second and later event is the southwestward escape of the Anatolian block along its boundary fault, that is, the North Anatolian fault (NAF).

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Brun, J. P., C. Faccenna, F. Gueydan, D. Sokoutis, M. Philippon, K. Kydonakis, and C. Gorini. "EFFECTS OF SLAB ROLLBACK ACCELERATION ON AEGEAN EXTENSION." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, no. 1 (July 27, 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11697.

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Aegean extension is a process driven by slab rollback that, since 45 Ma, shows a twostage evolution. From Middle Eocene to Middle Miocene it is accommodated by localized deformation leading to i) the exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks from mantle to crustal depths, ii) the exhumation of high-temperature rocks in core complexes and iii) the deposition of Paleogene sedimentary basins. Since Middle Miocene, extension is distributed over the whole Aegean domain giving a widespread development of onshore and offshore Neogene sedimentary basins. We reconstructed this two-stage evolution in 3D at Aegean scale by using available ages of metamorphic and sedimentary processes, geometry and kinematics of ductile deformation, paleomagnetic data and available tomographic models. The restorationmodel shows that the rate of trench retreat was around 0.6 cm/y during the first 30 My and then accelerated up to 3.2 cm/y during the last 15 My. The sharp transition observed in the mode of extension, localized versus distributed, which occurred in Middle Miocene correlates with the acceleration of trench retreat and is more likely a consequence of the Hellenic slab tearing documented by mantle tomography. The development of large dextral NE-SW strike-slip faults during the second stage of Aegean extension, since Middle Miocene, is illustrated by the 450 Km-long fault, recently put in evidence, offshore from Myrthes to Ikaria and onshore from Izmir to Balikeshir, in western Anatolia. Therefore, the interaction between the Hellenic trench retreat and the westward displacement of Anatolia started in Middle Miocene,almost 10 Ma before the propagation of the North Anatolian Fault in the North Aegean. This raises a fundamental issue concerning the dynamic relationship between slab tearing and Anatolia displacement.

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Dirik, K. "Neotectonic evolution of the northwestward arched segment of the Central Anatolian Fault Zone, Central Anatolia, Turkey." Geodinamica Acta 14, no. 1-3 (May 2001): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0985-3111(00)01056-1.

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Dirik, Kadir. "Neotectonic evolution of the northwestward arched segment of the Central Anatolian Fault Zone, Central Anatolia, Turkey." Geodinamica Acta 14, no. 1-3 (January 2001): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09853111.2001.11432440.

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FACCENNA, C., O. BELLIER, J. MARTINOD, C. PIROMALLO, and V. REGARD. "Slab detachment beneath eastern Anatolia: A possible cause for the formation of the North Anatolian fault." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 242, no. 1-2 (February 15, 2006): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.046.

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KRANIS, H. D., and D. I. PAPANIKOLAOU. "Evidence for detachment faulting on the NE Parnassos mountain front (Central Greece)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17024.

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The Mt Parnassos NE front (central-eastern mainland Greece) may owe its existence to the occurrence of a detachment fault, which is a re-used alpine overthrust surface. Neotectonic graben formation and segmented fault systems can be linked to this detachment fault, the reactivation of which could be attributed to the propagation of the dynamics of the Anatolian Block into the Aegean territory. The detachment kinematics is also confirmed through the use of a new kinematic indicator, formerly used only in metamorphic rocks

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47

Houseman, Gregory A. "Why Earthquakes Threaten Two Major European Cities: Istanbul and Bucharest." European Review 26, no. 1 (November 20, 2017): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798717000448.

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Istanbul and Bucharest are major European cities that face a continuing threat of large earthquakes. The geological contexts for these two case studies enable us to understand the nature of the threat and to predict more precisely the consequences of future earthquakes, although we remain unable to predict the time of those events with any precision better than multi-decadal. These two cities face contrasting threats: Istanbul is located on a major geological boundary, the North Anatolian Fault, which separates a westward moving Anatolia from the stable European landmass. Bucharest is located within the stable European continent, but large-scale mass movements in the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere cause relatively frequent large earthquakes that represent a serious threat to the city and surrounding regions.

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Gülerce, Zeynep, Syed Tanvir Shah, Akın Menekşe, Atilla Arda Özacar, Nuretdin Kaymakci, and Kemal Önder Çetin. "Probabilistic Seismic‐Hazard Assessment for East Anatolian Fault Zone Using Planar Fault Source Models." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 107, no. 5 (September 25, 2017): 2353–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120170009.

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Koçyiǧit, A. "Suşehri basin: an active fault-wedge basin on the North Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey." Tectonophysics 167, no. 1 (October 1989): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(89)90291-6.

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Owczarz, Karolina. "Analysis of tectonic activity of the North Anatolian Fault based on SBInSAR method." E3S Web of Conferences 55 (2018): 00005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185500005.

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The North Anatolian Fault situated in Turkey is one of the longest and most active tectonic faults in the world. The paper presents an analysis of tectonic activity in its area based on the method of Small Baseline Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry. For this purpose 73 satellite SAR images and specialized software GMT5SAR were used with implement the SBAS algorithm. In addition, the most important aspects of data processing and their final products were presented, which determined the surface displacements occurring in the surveyed area from 1 January 2014 to 1 March 2017. The displacements of the SBAS surface area ranged from -10 cm to +10 cm. Based on the obtained results and their analysis, the author also assessed the suitability of SBInSAR technology for areas of land displacement.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Anatolian Fault'

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