Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Anatolia orientale'

Il lavoro analizza una serie di installazioni da fuoco, fisse e mobili, rinvenute nei siti dell'Anatolia orientale e centrale, attraverso un censimento delle installazioni in relazione al loro contesto di ritrovamento (con relative schede di catalogo). Nello specifico i manufatti si possono suddividere in focolari, focolari portatili, pentole con sostegno, bruciaprofumi, incensieri/fornelli portatili. Ognuna di queste installazioni ha una diffusione, una posizione, una funzione abbastanza precisa che verrà analizzata nella parte finale dell'elaborato che è dedicata alla discussione dei dati raccolti affrontando diverse tematiche: la diffusione delle installazioni da fuoco in esame in differenti periodi e in differenti regioni, il contesto di ritrovamento degli oggetti all'interno di uno stesso sito e all'interno di siti diversi, la loro posizione nello spazio, la loro presenza o meno in zone limitrofe, la loro tecnica costruttiva, la loro associazione con altre strutture, cercando di valutare se esistono continuità e/o differenze nella funzione o nelle funzioni di questi manufatti tre le aree prese in esame. Infine una parte è dedicata a tentativi di archeologia sperimentale svolti in questi anni dalla missione archeologica dell'Università Ca' Foscari ad Aradetis Orgora attraverso esperimenti su repliche di alcuni tipi focolari antichi che sono stati analizzati in questo lavoro.

Les études de provenance sur l’obsidienne se développent depuis 1964 quand ont été publiés les premiers travaux de Renfrew et Cann. Ces deux chercheurs ont démontré que chaque complexe volcanique possède une signature chimique propre permettant l’attribution d’artefacts archéologiques en obsidienne à un complexe volcanique présentant la même signature. Cette attribution fondée sur la géochimie permet d’envisager des routes de diffusion de l’obsidienne soulignant les contacts et les déplacements de populations préhistoriques. De nombreux sites archéologiques situés au Proche-Orient comportent en effet des assemblages lithiques présentant des artefacts en obsidienne. La synthèse dirigée par Cauvin et al., en 1998 suggère, pour le Proche-Orient, deux grandes régions d’approvisionnement en obsidienne : l’Anatolie centrale et l’Anatolie orientale. Or, pour des raisons liées à l’histoire intérieure de la Turquie dans les années 1980-1990, peu de données de terrain ont pu être rassemblées sur les sources d’Anatolie orientale jusqu’à ces toutes dernières années. Pourtant, les comparaisons entre affleurements repérés et prélevés avant les années 1980 montrent déjà clairement l’importance de la région pour les études de provenance d’artefacts collectés lors de fouilles de sites archéologiques en Anatolie orientale (ex : Çayönü, Körtik Tepe etc.), en Syrie (Tell Brak, Tell Zeidan, Khazna) et en Irak (Tell Arpachiyah, Tell Hamoukar, Um Dabaghiyah). Cette thèse, réalisée dans le cadre de l’ANR GeObs dirigée par D. Mouralis (Univ. Rouen, IDEES) en association avec C. Kuzucuoğlu (Univ. Paris 1, LGP) et L. Astruc (Univ. Paris 1, ArScan) et E. Akköprü (Univ. Van, Turquie), se concentre sur quatre régions volcaniques d’Anatolie orientale : le Meydan-Gürgürbaba, le Nemrut, et les massifs de dômes de Solhan et Alatepe. Ce travail de recherche a exploré : 1) l’identification et la caractérisation de plusieurs gisements (= « sources ») d’obsidienne, dont certains inconnus jusque-là ; 2) la discrimination de ces affleurements en fonction de leurs caractéristiques physiques et chimiques ; 3) la reconstitution de leur mode de mise en place lorsque cela a été rendu possible. Notre travail, basé sur l’importance incontournable de la connaissance experte du terrain, constitue une méthode novatrice dans les études de provenance
Obsidian sourcing began in 1964 with studies by Renfrew and Cann. These authors demonstrated that one given volcano there is only one chemical signature. Based on this principle, it is possible to attribute one archaeological artefact to one volcano. This attribution allows then to develop studies on the contacts/exchanges/movements between prehistorical populations which are a key to understand past socio-cultural contexts from the Paleolithic to the Chalcolithic. Lithic assemblages in archaeological sites in the Near East contain indeed obsidian artefacts. As there is no volcano emplaced south of the Eastern Anatolian highlands, the nearest volcanic areas with obsidian outcrops that would attract near-eastern populations are located in Central and Eastern Anatolia (Cauvin et al., 1998). Taking advantage of the opening of Eastern Anatolia to field researches after 2000, and aiming at collecting scientific field data about obsidian sources in that region (especially on the volcano/outcrop scales geological and geomorphological contexts), the GéObs Project has obtained a 3 to 4 years ANR support for the study of the volcanic regions of Eastern Anatolia. Among these regions, four are concerned by our study: the Meydan-Gürgürbaba, Nemrut, Solhan and Alatepe regions. The ANR project GéObs, led by D. Mouralis (Rouen Univ./IDEES), associated with C. Kuzucuoglu (Paris 1 Univ./LGP) and L. Astruc (Paris 1 Univ./ArScan) enhances: 1) the identification of obsidian outcrops (some of which had not yet been identified), 2) the discrimination of these outcrops according to their characteristics (accessibility and types), 3) the characterization of obsidian glass (micro facies; geochemistry; mineralogy), and consecutive reconstruction of their emplacement modes. This research, based on the necessary completeness of data collection in the field, demonstrates the importance of such a new approach in the domain of “obsidian sourcing” researches

2009/2010
Il presente studio si basa sull’esame del repertorio ceramico del Tardo Bronzo identificato negli scavi del sito di Arslantepe – Malatya nella regione centro-orientale della moderna Turchia L’analisi effettuata prende in considerazione, oltre al repertorio vascolare, anche le testimonianze architettoniche e le altre categorie di reperti rinvenuti nel sito durante le indagini effettuate tre la fine degli anni ’60 e le più recenti campagne di scavo. L’obiettivo preposto a questa ricerca si basa sul tentativo di ricostruire la situazione insediativa e politico-amministrativa di Arslantepe durante il periodo di espansione dell’Impero hittita, il cui progressivo sviluppo ed ampliamento territoriale coinvolse anche il territorio dell’alto Eufrate. L’analisi delle fonti storico-filologiche mostra come i meccanismi di annessione e di controllo delle aree più periferiche da parte del potere centrale hittita siano tuttavia piuttosto oscuri. Le tracce di una gestione o di un’amministrazione diretta da parte degli Hittiti, per quanto riguarda i siti dell’alto Eufrate, sono infatti abbastanza limitate e danno l’impressione che il territorio fosse ancora organizzato e guidato da comunità locali. Lo studio del repertorio vascolare di Arslantepe, inquadrato all’interno della cultura materiale del territorio dell’alto Eufrate, ed il suo confronto con le produzioni ceramiche dei principali siti del mondo hittita permettono tuttavia di inquadrare queste problematiche all’interno di una nuova e più ampia prospettiva. L’influenza esercitata sul sito da parte dei territori dell’Anatolia centrale si mostra infatti, attraverso questa analisi, in maniera molto evidente sin dalle fasi più antiche del Bronzo Tardo, nonostante gli elementi della cultura locale continuino a mantenersi vivi durante tutto il periodo. Lo studio dei manufatti ceramici può essere infatti utilizzato per comprendere le dinamiche di interazione tra comunità distanti ma allo stesso tempo in contatto attraverso l’analisi ed il confronto della diffusione dei tipi ceramici presenti nei siti analizzati.
XXII Ciclo
1975

L’elaborato è incentrato sul tema della crisi ucraina del 2013-2014, con un focus particolare sulla questione della riannessione della Crimea alla Federazione Russa, avvenuta a seguito di un referendum che tuttora non è riconosciuto dalla comunità internazionale nel suo complesso. Per quanto sia azzardato parlare di una “nuova Guerra fredda” – espressione riproposta da molti osservatori – la crisi ucraina ha certamente intriso la relazione Est-Ovest di una tensione che sembrava ormai confinata all’epoca della cortina di ferro. Ma più che la causa del raffreddamento di questo rapporto, la reazione russa a Evromajdan ne è la conseguenza, la goccia che ha fatto traboccare il vaso in una relazione già provata da interessi divergenti, visioni apparentemente inconciliabili delle relazioni internazionali e da una sfiducia storica difficile da eradicare; questioni irrisolte che, unite a tensioni interetniche latenti a livello locale, hanno trovato in Evromajdan un potente detonatore. Il punto di vista occidentale ha beneficiato di una copertura decisamente più ampia di quello russo nei media internazionali, mentre le motivazioni che hanno spinto Mosca a riannettere la Crimea hanno attratto principalmente l’interesse degli scienziati politici. Un’altra questione trattata in modo limitato dai media occidentali è quella dalle conseguenze concrete dell’annessione, tanto per la Federazione Russa quanto per la Crimea e i suoi abitanti. Pertanto, senza pretese di esaustività, questa tesi vuole fornire un’analisi della crisi ucraina dando spazio tanto all’elemento geopolitico quanto a quello sociale ed economico. Il primo e il secondo capitolo andranno ad analizzare le cause e le conseguenze internazionali del conflitto in un'ottica di confronto Est-Ovest, adottando in particolare il punto di vista di Mosca. Il terzo e ultimo capitolo, diviso a sua volta in due parti, fornirà una panoramica delle conseguenze politiche, economiche e sociali dell’annessione per la Federazione Russia e la penisola di Crimea. La crisi ucraina non rappresenta solo un moderno catalizzatore del confronto geopolitico tra Russia e Occidente, ma è innanzitutto una catena di eventi che ha portato a delle conseguenze importanti sulla vita di milioni di persone. Ho voluto, in questa tesi, dare il giusto peso anche a quest’ultimo aspetto.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
Objetivou-se verificar fatores que influenciam a germinação de S. orientalis, o seu crescimento, aspectos anatômicos, histoquímicos e químicos. O primeiro experimento verificou o efeito da temperatura e da giberelina (GA3) sobre a germinação, utilizando-se do paclobutrazol (PZ), na indução da dormência e, a prevenção ou reversão desta inibição, pela aplicação de GA3. Ocorreram as maiores médias de germinação em substrato com GA3, sendo as maiores porcentagens aos 17 °C em GA3 e aos 19 °C em água, estabelecendo-se a temperatura ótima de 18 ± 2 °C. Verificou-se total inibição da germinação na dose de PZ 10-2 M. A aplicação de GA3 junto ao PZ não reverteu o efeito inibitório do PZ, assim como, a transferência dos aquênios incubados em PZ, para o substrato umedecido com GA3. O segundo experimento contrastou os efeitos de sombreamento sobre o crescimento de S. orientalis, através de análise de crescimento. As plantas cultivadas sob sombreamento, tiveram maior duração do ciclo cultural, cerca de 30 dias, retardando os valores máximos e/ou mínimos, em relação às plantas a luz plena. A espécie é favorecida pelo sombreamento. O terceiro experimento descreveu a anatomia dos órgãos vegetativos de S. orientalis, caracterizando suas estruturas secretoras e aplicando testes histoquímicos. Anatomicamente, os órgãos vegetativos são semelhantes aos caracteres descritos para Asteraceae. Ductos estão ausentes na raiz e presentes no caule e na folha. Três tipos de estruturas secretoras foram observados: ductos, hidatódios e tricomas glandulares. Os testes histoquímicos demonstraram compostos fenólicos e alcalóides nos ductos e, nos tricomas, compostos lipofílicos e fenólicos. O quarto experimento descreveu a anatomia e histoquímica de seus órgãos reprodutivos, a caracterização das estruturas secretoras, junto à extração e identificação dos principais compostos do óleo essencial das folhas e capítulos. Tricomas glandulares bisseriados reagiram a compostos lipofílicos e fenólicos. Cristais de oxalato de cálcio foram observados em tricomas glandulares pedunculados, que também reagiram a compostos lipofílicos, protéicos e alcalóides. O principal composto detectado no óleo essencial dos capítulos foi o sesquiterpeno γ-elemeno e nas folhas o (+)-espatulenol. O óleo essencial das flores apresentou compostos mais voláteis, devido à presença dos tricomas glandulares pedunculados, que podem estar relacionados à atração de polinizadores e à dispersão por epizoocoria.
This work aimed to verify the factors influencing the germination and growth as well as anatomical, histochemical and chemical aspects of S. orientalis. The first experiment verified the effect of temperature and gibberelin (GA3) on S. orientalis using paclobutrazol (PZ) for dormancy induction and prevention or reversion of such inhibition by applying GA3. The highest germination averages occurred in substrate with GA3, the highest percentages being at 17 °C in GA3 and at 19 °C in water, with optimum temperature at 18 ± 2 °C being established. Total germination inhibition was verified at dose PZ 10-2 M. The application of GA3 along with PZ did not revert the inhibitory effect of PZ nor the transfer of achenes incubated in PZ into the substrate moistened with GA3. The second experiment contrasted the effects of shading on the growth of S. orientalis, through growth analysis. The plants cultivated under shading had a longer cultural cycle duration, around 30 days, with their maximum and/or minimum values being much slower than those of the plants cultivated under full sunlight. This species is favored by shading. The third experiment described the anatomy of the vegetative organs of S. orientalis, characterizing its secretory structures and applying histochemical tests. Anatomically, the vegetative organs are similar to the characters described for Asteraceae. Ducts are absent in the root and present in the stem and leaves. Three types of secretory structures were observed: ducts, hydathodes and glandular trichomes. The histochemical tests showed the presence of phenolic and alkaloid compounds in the ducts, while lipophilic and phenolic compounds were found in the trichomes. The fourth experiment described the anatomy and histochemistry of the reproductive organs of S. orientalis, as well as the characterization of its secretory structures, along with the extraction and identification of the major essential oil compounds in its leaves and capitula. Biseriate glandular trichomes reacted to lipophilic and phenolic compounds. Calcium oxalate crystals were observed in stalketed glandular trichomes, which also reacted to lipophilic, protein, and alkaloid compounds. The main compound detected in the essential oil of the capitula was sesquiterpene γ-elemene and in the leaves, (+)-espathulenol. The essential oil of the flowers presented more volatile compounds due to the presence of stalketed glandular trichomes, what may be associated to pollinator attraction and epizoochory dispersion.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2012.
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A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) apresenta anualmente estatísticas de evolução do câncer para as futuras gerações. Especificamente na mulher, o câncer de mama tem maior incidência. Assim sendo, esta condição merece uma atenção maior não só do Governo Federal e órgãos internacionais, mas principalmente dos centros de pesquisas, universidades e empresas, a fim de desenvolver tecnologias que auxiliem no diagnóstico e treinamento médico. Este trabalho aborda a concepção de uma arquitetura de software que permite a integração entre as áreas de Realidade Virtual (RV), Sistemas Tutores Inteligentes (STI) e Ontologia, tendo como domínio inicial de estudo, o ensino da anatomia da mama feminina em ambiente Web, assim como a concepção de ambientes de simulação de procedimentos cirúrgicos do mesmo contexto. Esta integração propõe uma arquitetura que busca auxiliar estudantes da área da saúde no entendimento das estruturas internas e externas da mama em ambiente colaborativo a partir da navegação, visualização e interação do estudante com o conteúdo e do conteúdo com o ambiente tridimensional (3D). O módulo conteúdo é acessível por um módulo de interface existente no domínio do STI presente na arquitetura, que auxiliado pelo módulo que avalia o perfil e pelo módulo tutor que processa as interações do estudante, customiza a informação a ser apresentada ao estudante. Neste ponto, o aprendiz pode requisitar os serviços do módulo 3D para visualizar a estrutura selecionada, caso a seleção seja um procedimento de simulação, por exemplo a Core Biopsy assistida por ultrassom destinada a punção de nódulos mamários, foco desse trabalho, a interface 3D é customizada para esse fim. Esta arquitetura, além do seu caráter inovador em relação ao modo de integração orientado a serviço, distribuído, modular e multiplataforma, baseados em tecnologias de última geração de comunicação, processamento, padrões de projeto e compilação, também permitiu a representação de uma cena gráfica 3D em um padrão não convencional, no qual instâncias de classe em formato de Ontologias armazenam propriedades e relacionamentos que configuram o ambiente 3D. Este contexto de visualização 3D pré-configurado permite a ativação de diferentes módulos de interação e navegação, entre eles: câmeras, malhas 3D, textura, colisão, deformação, iluminação, semântica e interfaces hápticas, sendo este último o mecanismo responsável pela compreensão de detalhes biológicos como dimensões, texturas e propriedades físicas, tais como peso, rigidez e elasticidade. Outro foco do trabalho foi a pesquisa de métodos de deformação híbridos (Físicos e Geométricos) de processamento em tempo real, que agregam maior realismo à simulação. A pesquisa foi submetida a especialistas da área médica, arquitetos de software e professores com conhecimentos correlatos a fim de validar o protótipo, diagrama esquemático da arquitetura e metodologia e tecnologias empregadas nos módulos, assim como a comunicação o desempenho e a interação de componentes. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The World Health Organisation (WHO) statistics annually presents the evolution of cancer for future generations. Specifically in women, breast cancer has a higher incidence. Therefore, this condition deserves greater attention not only from the Federal Government and international bodies, but mainly from research centers, universities and companies to develop technologies that help in the diagnosis and medical training. This paper discusses the design of a software architecture that allows integration between the fields of Virtual Reality (VR), Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) and Ontology, with the initial domain of study, teaching the anatomy of the female breast in environment Web, and to design simulation environments surgical procedures the same context. This integration presents an architecture that seeks to assist students in the health field in understanding the internal and external structures of the breast in a collaborative environment from navigation, visualization and interaction with student content and content with the environmentdimensional (3D). The module content is accessible by a module interface with existing STI present in the architecture, which aided by the module which evaluates the profile and the tutor module that processes student interactions, customizes the information being presented to the student . At this point, the student can request service module to visualize the 3D structure selected if the selection procedure is a simulation, for example the Core Biopsy Ultrasound-assisted designed to puncture breast lumps, focus of this work, 3D interface is customized for that purpose. This architecture, in addition to its innovative compared to integration mode service-oriented, distributed, and modular platform, based on the latest technologies of communication, processing, compilation and design patterns also allowed graphical representation of a 3D scene in an unconventional pattern in which class instances in format Ontologies store properties and relationships that make up the 3D environment. This context of pre-configured 3D visualization allows the activation of different interaction and navigation modules, including: cameras, 3D meshes, texture, collision, deformation, lighting, semantic and haptic interfaces, the latter being the mechanism responsible for the understanding of biological details such as dimensions, textures and physical properties such as weight, rigidity and elasticity. Another focus of the study was to research methods of deformation hybrids (Physical and Geometrical) processing in real time, that add greater realism to the simulation. The study was submitted to medical experts, architects software and teachers with knowledge related to validate the prototype, schematic diagram of the architecture and methodology and technologies used in the modules, as well as communication, performance and interaction of components.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade Gama, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Biomédica, 2015.
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O estudo da anatomia humana é essencial na prática clínica, exame físico, exames radiológicos, cirurgia e na reabilitação física, assim, torna-se parte inseparável da educação em saúde. O prognóstico de doenças, como o câncer de mama, pode ser mais favorável se identificado e tratado precocemente, o que exige uma maior atenção nos centros de pesquisas, programas governamentais e organismos internacionais para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que auxiliem no aprimoramento dos métodos de detecção, tratamento e treinamento clinico. O objetivo desse estudo foi implementar uma Rede Neural Artificial (RNA) do tipo Interactive Activation and Competition (IAC) utilizando a Arquitetura Orientada a Serviço (AOS) para auxiliar o estudo de conteúdos da anatomia da mama feminina para estudantes da graduação da área da saúde. Foram disponibilizados textos, imagens, vídeos e interações com modelos em terceira dimensão (3D) para o entendimento das estruturas externas e internas da mama feminina. Foi aplicado aos 29 participantes do curso de Fisioterapia da Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB) um questionário após a utilização do sistema de tutoria. Constatou-se que os estudantes percebem o ensino e aprendizagem com as seguintes distribuições em relação a recursos tecnológicos: Vídeos (37%), Imagens (33%), 3D (19%) e Textos (11%), além da expansão do conteúdo de Anatomia da Mama Feminina para Afecções (47%) e Doenças (33%). Esse trabalho gerou dois aplicativos, isto é, a Plataforma de RNA IAC Orientada a Serviço (PRIS), que implementa uma RNA IAC com igual distribuição de valores (teste de hipótese não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney) em comparação com a ferramenta de simulação PDPTools (p-value = 0,96 > α = 0,05), e o sistema Anatomia da Mama Feminina (ANAMAMA), um gerenciador de conteúdo para a área de anatomia da mama feminina. ___________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The study of human anatomy is essential in clinical practice, physical examination, radiological examinations, surgery and physical rehabilitation, then, it becomes an inseparable part of health education. The prognosis of diseases such as breast cancer, may be more favorable if identified and treated early, which requires a greater attention in research centers, government programs and international organizations for the development of technologies assisting in the improvement of detection methods, treatment and clinical training. The purpose of this paper was to implement an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) type Interactive Activation and Competition (IAC) using a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) to assist the contents of study of the female breast anatomy to undergraduate students in the health field. Texts, images, videos and interactions with three-dimension models (3D) to understand the external and internal structures of the female breast were made available. After using the tutoring system a questionnaire was applied to the 29 participants of the Physiotherapy course of the Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB). It was observed that students perceive teaching and learning with the following distributions in relation to technological resources: Videos (37%), Images (33%), 3D (19%) and Texts (11%), in addition to the expansion of content of Female Breast Anatomy for Disorders (47%) and Diseases (33%). Such paper led to two applications, namely, ANN IAC Service Oriented Platform (PRIS), which implements an ANN IAC with equal value distribution (Mann-Whitney´s non-parametrical hypothesis test) compared with the simulation tool PDPTools (p-value = 0.96 > α = 0.05), and the Female Breast Anatomy system (ANAMAMA), a content manager for the anatomy of the female breast area.

L'elaborato, diviso in tre sezioni, fornisce un'analisi relativa al mondo della skincare, in particolare, è focalizzato sulla realtà cinese; a tale descrizione segue un repertorio terminografico italiano-cinese inerente al tema in questione. Nella prima sezione dell'elaborato, il primo capitolo funge da contesto storico, offrendo una panoramica sulle origini della skincare nel mondo. Il secondo capitolo è dedicato alla pelle; conoscerne le diverse tipologie e comprenderne l'importanza, permette di cogliere appieno la centralità che questa occupa nel contesto della skincare. Il terzo capitolo tratta quattro cardinali pratiche di Medicina Tradizionale Cinese; vengono dettagliatamente descritte le tecniche di agopuntura, coppettazione, moxibustione e cristalloterapia. Il quarto capitolo fa riferimento alla skincare cinese moderna; viene valutato come nonostante il peso delle influenze estere e contemporanee, le usanze tradizionali cinesi abbiano ancora molta rilevanza nei rituali di cura della pelle in Cina. Il quinto capitolo espone l'impatto economico del settore skincare nella Terra di Mezzo; vengono approfonditi gli aspetti relativi agli incrementi delle vendite ma anche quelli responsabili di difficoltà. La seconda sezione dell'elaborato prevede un repertorio terminografico relativo ai termini cardine del settore skincare, composto da schede terminografiche e schede bibliografiche. La terza e ultima sezione, presenta un glossario italiano-cinese e cinese-italiano.

This is a study concerning the Iron Age coroplastic production in the Northern Levant. The research is mostly based on new data gathered from the Joint Turco-Italian Expedition at Karkemish (Gaziantep, Turkey). Figurines presented in this study are limited to the 2011-2015 excavation seasons and they are analyzed from a range of aspects. The work in fact primarily focuses on contextual data, being the starting point for the research. A preliminary typological and chronological framing is also provided, while a tentative functional interpretation is suggested by means of a careful examination of the local iconographic and written repertoires. Furthermore, ethnographic comparisons are sometimes used in order to better define the semantic meaning beyond this production. Comparisons with other key sites located in the Middle Euphrates basin are also presented with the main aim to define a peculiar regional pattern. A minor part of this dissertation is also dedicated to the study of the coroplastic art in the entire northern Levantine region. The aim, in this case, is evidently that of identifying different regional productions, which at the state of the research could be traced back just for a few regions. Thus new important data are provided for the Amuq Plain, the Islahiye Valley and the rest of Inner Syria.

A partir de l'étude d'un corpus de céramique à engobe réservé (Reserved Sli Ware) provenant des sites archéologiques turcs d'Arslantepe, de Horum Höyük, de Zeytinli Bahçe Höyük et de Tilbesar et attesté comme un marqueur de la présence urukéennc en Anatolie (Algaze 2005, Rothman 2001, Marro 2000), notre thèse met en évidence des dynamiques culturelles et socio-économiques en Anatolie orientale lors de la transition du 4è au 3è millénaire avant J. -C. Nous démontrons en quoi une approche archéométrique (pétrographique et chimique) et technologique (techniques de façonnages et décoratives) peut permettre la restitution d'un système technique. Abordées sous l'angle des pratiques artisanales, nos observations contribuent à la mise en évidence de transferts techniques et d'échanges interrégionaux et démontrent la dynamique locale des savoir-faire des potiers anatoliens et nuancent certaines théories impérialistes ou dualistes des relations entre la Mésopotamie et l'Anatolie.

I. Problématique et limite du sujet. C’est un truisme que de dire que l’alimentation fut et demeure l’une, si ce n’est la préoccupation principale de toute population. La question des stocks de denrées alimentaires agite encore les marchés actuels et les famines sont loin d’avoir disparu dans le monde. Ces préoccupations étaient tout aussi importantes en Anatolie centrale au IIe millénaire av. J.-C. (périodes des comptoirs assyriens de Cappadoce puis hittite), cadre de cette thèse, et l’étude menée sur la conservation et le stockage des denrées alimentaires à cette période a permis de mettre en lumière les différentes méthodes utilisées. Étant archéologue de formation, j’ai axé mes recherches en priorité sur les vestiges archéologiques, mais l’ensemble de la documentation a été prise en compte qu’il s’agisse de la céramique, des scellements, mais aussi des sources écrites ou des données apportées par l’archéobotanique, l’archéozoologie ou l’entomologie et les analyses chimiques. Cette approche interdisciplinaire, permettant d’avoir une vision la plus complète possible, est une nécessité absolue pour des domaines de recherche comme celui-ci. Ces données sont aussi complétées, leur interprétation nuancée ou approfondie par les renseignements fournis par l’archéologie expérimentale et l’ethnoarchéologie. II. Le corpus. Le sujet n’ayant jamais fait l’objet d’une synthèse, il a fallu au préalable répertorier l’ensemble des sites de cette zone et parmi eux déterminer lesquels disposaient de dispositifs de stockage ou d’informations sur la conservation des denrées. La documentation complète des 56 sites recensés pour la zone géographique et chronologique a été prise en compte (volumes 2 et 3) avec pour objectif premier de recenser et d’étudier en détail les installations, fixes et mobiles, consacrées au stockage. Chaque dispositif est discuté et analysé pour lui-même ainsi que tous les indices permettant de déterminer le mode de gestion en vigueur, notamment les marques portées par les céramiques et les scellements. Les sources textuelles qui nous sont parvenues sont à la fois des tablettes d’argile écrites en cunéiforme akkadien ou hittite et des inscriptions en hiéroglyphe louvite. Elles ont, dans la mesure du possible, été recensées et utilisées. L’ensemble de ces données est traité, autant que faire se peut, par niveaux d’occupation, du plus ancien au plus récent. Chacun des sites identifiés fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie (volume 2) et illustrée (volume 3), présentée dans l’ordre alphabétique des noms actuels. Le volume 2 est précédé d’une introduction expliquant l’organisation du volume, la méthode utilisée pour déterminer le corpus et les difficultés rencontrées. III. Analyse et synthèse des données. Le volume 1, divisé en quatre parties, fait la synthèse de l’ensemble des données rassemblées et examinées dans le corpus documentaire tout en les combinant aux informations apportées par l’ethnoarchéologie ou l’archéologie expérimentale et en les complétant par la comparaison avec d’autres domaines de recherche. III.1. Les denrées et les méthodes de conservation. La première partie concerne la conservation des denrées alimentaires. Dans ce cadre, sont d’abord présentées les ressources alimentaires qui étaient disponibles (chapitre 1). Ce travail se fonde à la fois sur les renseignements fournis par les textes et les analyses archéobotaniques, archéozoologiques et entomologiques. Grâce à ces données, il est possible de dresser une liste des ressources mais il est parfois difficile de déterminer ce qui était réellement consommé, en l’absence d’indications précises. Les facteurs responsables de la limitation de la conservation des denrées alimentaires sont ensuite étudiés afin de déterminer les causes potentielles de dégradation : les données environnementales, les attaques par des « nuisibles », etc. (chapitre 2). Plusieurs moyens peuvent être utilisés pour prolonger la conservation de ces denrées, comme les techniques de séchage, de fumage, de salage ou l’utilisation de différents liquides aux propriétés anti-oxydantes, voire une combinaison de plusieurs de ces techniques (chapitre 3). Quelques études de cas sont ensuite proposées à partir de grandes catégories d’aliments, comme les céréales, la viande et le poisson, les fruits et des boissons, alcoolisées ou non (l’eau, le vin, la bière, mais aussi le lait et ses dérivés) (chapitre 4). III.2. Analyses des dispositifs de stockage. La seconde partie est consacrée à l’examen détaillé des dispositifs de stockage. Après avoir mis en place des définitions, chaque dispositif est envisagé d’un point de vue fonctionnel : matériau, techniques de construction, dimensions, fonctionnement, etc. On parvient ainsi à dresser la liste des spécificités de chaque structure et à établir, pour certaines d’entre elles, une typologie (chapitre 1). On constate alors le recours principal aux magasins et pièces de stockage de manière générale, mais aussi aux silos (de différents modules, dont les plus connus sont ceux de la capitale hittite, Boğazköy/Ḫattuša) et aux fosses. D’autres types de dispositifs sont attestés le plus souvent uniquement par les textes comme les granges ou les greniers (?), soit que les bâtiments n’aient pas été identifiés comme tels, soit qu’ils aient été situés uniquement dans les campagnes (non fouillées) ou encore que cela soit dû au hasard des fouilles. Le second et dernier chapitre de cette partie aborde l’étude des aménagements dont certains de ces dispositifs peuvent être dotés et celle des contenants, dont la majorité est constituée par la céramique. Toutefois, les contenants en matériaux périssables, bien que très rarement conservés en Anatolie centrale, ne sont pas omis. Ils sont notamment abordés grâce aux données textuelles et ethnographiques mais aussi grâce aux empreintes conservées au revers des scellements. Une grande attention est portée à la méthodologie à mettre en place pour étudier les contenants de stockage, pour identifier leur fonction et leur visibilité archéologique (entraînant une disproportion entre les différents types de contenants qui nous sont parvenus). Des études de cas sont là aussi proposées, l’ensemble de la céramique anatolienne n’ayant pu être traitée dans le détail. Par le recours à quelques études menées sur les sources textuelles et aux quelques restes archéobotaniques découverts dans des contenants, on s’est interrogé sur la possibilité de faire correspondre les noms anciens avec des contenants découverts en fouilles mais aussi les denrées avec ces mêmes contenants. Si on peut parfois réussir à faire correspondre certains termes avec des formes céramiques, on constate en revanche, qu’aucun récipient ne semble être destiné à une seule denrée, mais tout au plus, et encore dans de rares cas, à de grandes catégories de denrées (solides ou liquides). Enfin, une courte partie tente de replacer ces contenants dans leur contexte archéologique et de déterminer l’organisation et la disposition interne des espaces de stockage. III.3. Protection et gestion des espaces de stockage. La troisième partie est consacrée quant à elle à la protection et à la gestion des espaces de stockage. Elle se divise en deux chapitres. La protection et la sécurisation des dispositifs de stockage est d’abord analysée (chapitre 1), à travers deux aspects : la protection contre les attaques naturelles et la sécurisation des dispositifs contre les vols. Le premier aspect regroupe les moyens de lutter contre les détériorations potentielles. Plusieurs techniques sont utilisées, souvent de manière conjuguée, afin de bénéficier de conditions optimales de conservation : cela va, entre autres, des pièges à animaux aux incantations religieuses en passant par les répulsifs et insecticides naturels. Les incantations peuvent également être utilisées comme moyen de lutte contre les vols. Dans ce cas précis, il est préférable de sécuriser les accès aux réserves (porte, fenêtre, etc.), le plus souvent en les limitant ou en les munissant de dispositifs de fermeture (scellements et verrous). Le gardiennage est également employé. Un long chapitre est consacré à la gestion des denrées alimentaires (chapitre 2). Il regroupe l’ensemble des indices permettant de la reconstituer. En effet, les pratiques administratives du IIe millénaire anatolien sont encore relativement mal connues (si ce n’est de manière très générale), notamment pour le stockage mais aussi pour tous les aspects en lien avec l’alimentation (gestion des troupeaux, des jardins et des champs, distribution des rations, etc.). Ainsi, le marquage des jarres est d’abord pris en compte ainsi que l’analyse de quelques objets en céramique ayant pu faire partie de ce système à savoir les « lunules » (objets en forme de croissant de lune, le plus souvent perforés à leurs extrémités). L’étude se poursuit par le traitement des scellements puis par les sources écrites. La disposition des scellements au moment de leur découverte permet, si tant est qu’un relevé précis et une étude complète soient réalisés, de déterminer ce qui était scellé et par qui et ainsi de restituer une partie de l’organisation administrative interne et ses rapports avec l’extérieur (cela vaut bien sûr majoritairement pour les grands organismes mais aussi, à moindre échelle, pour le cadre domestique). Les sources textuelles sont ici interrogées du point de vue du calendrier agricole et religieux (certaines fêtes hittites, dites « saisonnières », faisant intervenir des dispositifs de stockage) et de celui du personnel lié aux denrées alimentaires (notamment par l’analyse de leurs titres comme l’AGRIG, responsable des magasins royaux à l’époque hittite). Enfin, la localisation des espaces de stockage est à nouveau prise en compte, en s’intéressant alors à l’aspect pratique de leur gestion (comme leur remplissage). III.4. Synthèse. Une fois les données cataloguées et analysées, il est nécessaire de les replacer dans leur contexte à la fois topographique, à l’échelle de la ville, géographique, à l’échelle de l’Anatolie centrale, administratif et historique afin de dresser un bilan, période par période (d’abord la période paléo-assyrienne puis la période hittite), des méthodes de conservation et des techniques de stockage. On notera une grande disproportion dans les données, mais aussi une différence dans la nature des documentations disponibles, notamment au niveau textuel, pour chacune des périodes. En effet, la période des comptoirs assyriens de Cappadoce a principalement livré des demeures et des archives privées (à Kültepe, l’ancienne Kaneš, notamment) alors que les textes du domaine hittite appartiennent majoritairement à la sphère religieuse et que l’habitat hittite nous est moins bien connu. De même, l’organisation politique et administrative des deux périodes n’est pas tout à fait similaire. Cependant, les données consultées sont assez complémentaires et la comparaison entre les deux périodes permet d’avoir une vue d’ensemble plus précise. IV. Conclusion. Dans l’état actuel de la documentation, le tableau dressé ici est encore partiel, cet examen attentif permet néanmoins de comprendre comment le stockage s’intégrait dans la vie quotidienne des anciens Anatoliens. Et le stockage semble y avoir été omniprésent. Il n’a pas été possible de déceler d’évolutions techniques concernant les méthodes de conservation ou les dispositifs de stockage, ni de véritables particularités géographiques. Cependant, les résultats de cette étude montrent clairement que la présence d’installations de stockage et la façon dont elles ont été conçues répondent à des besoins précis qui s’inscrivent généralement dans des modes de pensée et d’organisation plus globaux. Cette réflexion nous engage donc à considérer plus en profondeur les aspects fondamentaux de la vie quotidienne et notamment à prendre en compte les aménagements de stockage, y compris les simples fosses, parfois négligées. Il faut apprendre à regarder ces dispositifs autrement que comme de simples installations techniques et à les envisager d’un point de vue interdisciplinaire. En fait, leur étude permet d’établir les fondements d’une connaissance beaucoup plus proche de la réalité antique, dans des domaines aussi divers que l’histoire des techniques, l’urbanisme ou encore l’organisation administrative en Anatolie au IIe millénaire av. J.-C. Ceci est vrai pour le stockage mais également pour d’autres domaines de la vie quotidienne encore trop peu abordés.
I. Subject and scope. It is a truism to say that food was and remains one of the principal concerns of a population, if not its main preoccupation. Still today, the problem of stocks of foodstuffs keeps the markets in flux, and famines in the world are far from having disappeared. These concerns were equally important in Central Anatolia during the second millennium B.C. (periods of the Assyrian, then Hittite merchant colonies in Cappadocia), the context of this thesis, and the study of the conservation and storage of foodstuffs during this period allows us to shed light on the various methods then used. As an archaeologist, I have given priority in my research to archaeological vestiges, but all available documentation has been taken into account, whether it concerns ceramic pots and seals, or involves written sources or data from archaeo-botany, archaeo-zoology, entomology or chemical analyses. This interdisciplinary approach, enabling the most complete view possible, is an absolute necessity for research areas such as this one. The abovementioned data is also supplemented, its interpretation nuanced and deepened by information provided by experimental archaeology and ethno-archaeology. II. Corpus. Since no detailed overview of the subject previously existed, it was first necessary to list all the sites in this zone, and determine which of them possessed storage facilities or information on the conservation of foodstuffs. The complete documentation of the 56 sites inventoried for the geographic and chronological zone was examined (volumes 2 and 3) in the aim of listing and studying in detail both fixed and mobile storage installations. Each facility is discussed and analyzed in its own right, as are all indications or clues as to how it was managed, notably marks on pots and seals. Textual sources having come down to us are both clay tablets written in Akkadian cuneiform or Hittite and inscriptions in Luwian hieroglyphs. To the extent possible, they were inventoried and used. All this data was processed, to the best of our capabilities, according to occupation levels, from the most ancient to the most recent. Each of the sites identified was studied in depth (volume 2) and illustrated (volume 3), presented in alphabetical order using present-day names. Volume 2 is preceded by an introduction explaining the volume’s organisation, the method used to determine the corpus and the difficulties encountered. III. Analysis and synthesis of data. Volume 1, in four parts, is a synthesis of all the data gathered and examined in the documentary corpus. This data is also combined with information from ethno-archaeology and experimental archaeology, supplemented by the comparison with other research domains. III.1. Foodstuffs and preservation methods. The first part deals with the preservation of foodstuffs. Under this heading, we first list available food resources (chapter 1), based both on information found in texts and archaeo-botanical, archaeo-zoological and entomological analyses. Thanks to this data, it is possible to list resources, but in the absence of precise indications it is sometimes difficult to determine what was actually consumed. Factors limiting the conservation of foodstuffs are then studied, in order to determine possible causes of degradation: environmental data, attacks by pests, etc. (chapter 2). Several means can be used to prolong the preservation of foodstuffs, techniques such as drying, smoking, salting, or using various liquids with anti-oxidising properties, even a combination of these techniques (chapter 3). We then present a few case studies within the broad categories of foods: grains, meat and fish, fruits and both alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks (water, wine, beer, but also milk and its derivatives) (chapter 4). III.2. Analyses of storage facilities. The second part is devoted to the detailed study of storage facilities. Having established a set of definitions, we view each installation from a functional point of view: materials, construction techniques, dimensions, how it works, etc. This enables us to list the specificities of each structure and establish a typology for some (chapter 1). We see that the majority are warehouses and storage rooms, but there are also silos (different modules, the best known being those of the Hittite capital, Boğazköy/Ḫattuša) and underground pits. Other types of installations are most often mentioned in texts as barns or possibly granaries, either because the constructions were not later identified as storage facilities, or because they were located outside the cities and not excavated, or due to the chance element of excavations. The second and last chapter in this part examines the layout to be found in some of these structures as well as the containers, the majority of which are ceramic pots; however, we have not omitted containers made of perishable materials, though they have rarely been preserved in Central Anatolia. They are brought up thanks in particular to textual and ethnographic data, as well as to imprints preserved on the backs of seals. A great deal of attention has been placed on the methodology to be set up for the study of storage containers, in order to identify their function and archaeological visibility, which leads to a disproportion between the different types of containers having come down to us. Given the impossibility of treating all Anatolian pots in detail, we present some case studies. Using a few studies based on textual sources and archaeo-botanical remains discovered in containers, the question arose as to the possibility of matching up ancient names with containers discovered in excavations, but also the foodstuffs with these same containers. Although it is sometimes possible to make certain terms correspond with certain shapes of pot, no recipient seems destined for a single foodstuff – at best, and only in rare cases, for broad categories such as solids or liquids. Finally, a short section attempts to put these containers in their archaeological context and determine the organisation and internal workings of storage spaces. III.3. Protection and management of storage spaces. The third part is devoted to the protection and management of storage spaces. It is in two chapters. The protection and securing of storage installations is first analysed (chapter 1) in terms of two aspects: protection against natural attacks and securing against burglary. The first aspect regroups ways of combating potential deterioration. Several techniques are used, often together, so as to achieve optimum conservation conditions: animal traps, natural insect repellents and insecticides, religious incantations and others. Incantations can also be used against burglaries. In that case, it is preferable to secure access to storage rooms (doors, windows, etc, most often by limiting their number or by providing them with closure devices (seals and locks). Guardians are also employed. A long chapter is devoted to the management of food stocks (chapter 2). It regroups all indications that might enable us to reconstitute how stocks were managed. Administrative practices of the second Anatolian millennium are still not very well known, concerning storage in particular, but also for all aspects linked to food (management of herds, gardens and fields, distribution of rations, etc.). Thus we turn first to the marking of earthenware pottery, as well as to the analysis of some ceramic objects which could have been included in the system, namely “lunulae” (crescent shaped objects, usually perforated at either end). On the condition of a complete and precise study, the place where a seal was discovered enables us to know what was sealed inside the jar and by whom and thus reconstitute part of the internal administrative organization and its relations with the outside world (this is true of course, mainly for large administrative bodies but also on a smaller scale, in the domestic context). Textual sources are examined from the point of view of the agricultural and religious calendar (certain Hittite festivals, known as “seasonal”, included storage installations) and also from the point of view of the personnel linked with foodstuffs (in particular through the analysis of their titles, such as AGRIG, the person in charge of royal stocks during the Hittite era). Finally, the location of storage spaces is again considered, with emphasis on practical aspects of management (filling, for example). III.4. Synthesis. Once catalogued and analysed, data must be put back in its context – at once topographic, on the scale of the city, geographic, on the scale of Central Anatolia, administrative and historic – in order to draw up an inventory, period by period (Old Assyrian, then Hittite), of conservation methods and storage techniques. There is significant disproportion in the data, but there is also a difference in the nature of available documentation for each of the periods, textual in particular. The period of the Assyrian merchant colonies in Cappadocia tells us mainly about private dwellings and archives (particularly in Kültepe, formerly Kaneš), whereas the majority of Hittite texts belong to the religious sphere and we know less about Hittite habitat. In like manner, political and administrative organisation is not exactly similar in the two periods. However, the data consulted was sufficiently complementary and the comparison between the two periods gives us a more precise overview. IV. Conclusion. Given the present state of documentation, the tableau presented here is still only partial. However, this careful examination nonetheless enables us to understand how storage was an integral part of the daily life of the ancient Anatolians, and a feature seemingly omnipresent. It was not possible to detect technical evolutions concerning conservation methods or storage mechanisms, or true geographical particularities. However, the results of this study show clearly that storage facilities and the way they were conceived usually answered to precise needs which were part and parcel of more global modes of thought and organisation. This idea prompts us to examine more closely the fundamental aspects of daily life, and among others, to take storage facilities into account, including simple underground pits, which are sometimes neglected. It is important to see these facilities as more than mere technical installations and to view them from an interdisciplinary point of view: their study provides us with fundamental knowledge much closer to the reality of ancient times in fields as diverse as the history of techniques, urban development or the administrative organisation in Anatolia in the second millennium B.C. This is true for storage, as it is for other areas of daily life as yet insufficiently studied.
I. Problematica e limite della ricerca. E’ un’ovvietà dire che l’alimentazione sia stata e resti una delle preoccupazioni principali di tutte le popolazioni. L’immagazzinamento delle derrate alimentari è ancor oggi un problema all’ordine del giorno dei mercati mondiali e le carestie sono lungi dall’essere scomparse. Preoccupazioni non minori riguardarono le popolazioni dell’Anatolia del II millennio a.C. (il periodo delle colonie assire di Cappadocia), che costituisce il tema di questa tesi. In quanto archeologa, ho concentrato soprattutto la mia attenzione sulla problematica archeologica e sui dati della cultura materiale, ma ho anche preso in considerazione i risultati delle analisi archeobotaniche, archeozoologiche, entomologiche e chimiche. Mi sono anche a lungo soffermata sulle fonti epigrafiche, cercando di dare alla mia ricerca un approccio interdisciplinare. II. Il corpus. L’argomento non è stato prima d’ora trattato da studi di sintesi. Si è dovuto quindi procedere ad una schedatura dettagliata, sito per sito, del materiale per quanto riguarda i dispositivi di stoccaggio e di conservazione dei prodotti alimentari. I dati relativi a 56 siti sono forniti alfabeticamente nei voll. 2 e 3, sia in forma narrativa che in forma grafica e tabellare. I testi cuneiformi pertinenti sono trattati per lo più in traduzione, mettendo in rilievo quando necessario problemi di ordine lessicale e interpretativo. Ciascun dispositivo è stato sottoposto ad analisi specifica, riferendolo anche al tipo di sistema di gestione delle risorse ricostruibile. III. Analisi e sintesi dei dati. Il volume 1, diviso in quattro parti, fornisce la sintesi e le conclusioni dell’intero lavoro, incrociando i dati archeologici ed epigrafici con quelli etnoarcheologici e sperimentali. III.1. Derrate e metodi di conservazione. La prima parte concerne la conservazione dei prodotti alimentari. Si inizia con una presentazione del repertorio delle risorse alimentari disponibili (capitolo 1). Ci si occupa poi dei fattori responsabili del degrado organico e dei limiti di conservazione dei prodotti, dai fattori ambientali agli insetti, ecc. (capitolo 2). Diversi mezzi possono essere utilizzati per prolungare la conservazione di tali prodotti alimentari, come le tecniche di essiccazione, di concimazione, di salatura o l’utilizzazione di diversi liquidi con proprietà antiossidanti, o addirittura una combinazione di parecchie di queste tecniche (capitolo 3). Si propongono da ultimo degli studi di casi, che riguardano le grandi categorie d’alimenti: cereali, latte e suoi derivati, carne, pesci, frutta e bevande (acqua e bevande inebrianti) (capitolo 4). III.2. Analisi dei dispositivi di stoccaggio. La seconda parte della tesi è dedicata all’esame dei dispositivi di stoccaggio. Dopo aver discusso la terminologia e fissato le definizioni tecniche, ogni dispositivo è considerato dal punto di vista funzionale: materiale, tecniche di costruzione, dimensioni, funzionamento ecc. Si arriva così a stabilire la lista dei caratteri specifici di ogni struttura all’interno di una tipologia (capitolo 1). Sono considerati non solo magazzini e generici locali di stoccaggio, ma anche silos e fosse. Altri tipi di dispositivi, attestati unicamente dai testi (fienili o granai) e non identificati sul terreno, vengono ugualmente discussi. Il secondo capitolo di questa parte riguarda lo studio dei contenitori (per lo più di ceramica, ma non solo) e delle sigillature apposte su di essi. Anche qui vengono proposti studi di casi, per l’impossibilità di trattare in modo completo le problematiche della ceramica anatolica di secondo millennio. Ci si sofferma tra l’altro sulla nomenclatura dei recipienti nelle fonti testuali, proponendo alcune ipotesi di identificazione. Anche quando l’identificazione è possibile o probabile, si riscontra tuttavia la pratica di utilizzare lo stesso tipo di contenitore per diversi prodotti alimentari. Infine, in una breve parte finale si tenta di collocare questi contenitori nel loro contesto archeologico e di determinare l’organizzazione e la disposizione interna degli spazi di stoccaggio. III.3. Protezione e gestione degli spazi di stoccaggio. La terza parte è dedicata allo studio della gestione e protezione degli spazi di stoccaggio. La protezione e la sicurezza dei magazzini sono analizzate da due punti di vista (capitolo 1): la protezione contro gli attacchi naturali e la sicurezza contro i furti. Diverse tecniche di difesa sono utilizzate, spesso in modo congiunto, per creare condizioni ottimali di conservazione: dalle trappole per animali, agli insetticidi naturali, agli incantesimi. Gli incantesimi possono essere anche utilizzati come modo di lotta contro i furti. La sicurezza è ricercata attraverso la limitazione di porte e finestre, che vengono per lo più muniti di dispositivi di chiusura (sigillatura e chiavistello). Un lungo capitolo è poi dedicato alle gestione dei prodotti alimentari (capitolo 2). Le pratiche amministrative del secondo millennio in Anatolia sono ancora relativamente mal conosciute, sia per quanto riguarda la gestione diretta degli alimenti, sia altri aspetti ad essa legati (gestione degli animali, dei giardini e dei campi, distribuzione delle razioni ecc.). I marchi apposti sulle giare costituiscono uno degli elementi di riflessione. Ma vi sono anche altri materiali discussi, come le falci di luna miniaturizzate in ceramica e, naturalmente, le sigillature. La disposizione delle sigillature al momento della loro scoperta permette infatti -- a condizione che vi sia un rilievo preciso -- di determinare quello che era sigillato e per conto di chi; e così di ricostituire una parte dell’organizzazione amministrativa interna e dei suoi rapporti con l’esterno. Dalle fonti testuali ittite si ricavano in proposito molte informazioni, a cui si aggiungono quelle sul calendario agricolo e religioso e sul personale addetto ai prodotti alimentari (per es. l’ AGRIG, responsabile dei magazzini reali). III.4. Sintesi. Una volta catalogati e analizzati, i dati devono essere rimessi nel loro contesto, tanto topografico, alla scala della città, geografico, alla scala dell’Anatolia centrale, che amministrativo e storico allo scopo di stabilire un bilancio, periodo per periodo (prima il periodo paleo assiriano poi il periodo ittita) dei metodi di conservazione e delle tecniche di stoccaggio. Si osserva una grande sproporzione nei dati ma anche, per ogni periodo, una differenza nelle natura della documentazione disponibile soprattutto al livello testuale. Infatti il periodo dei fondachi assiriani della Cappadocia ha messo in evidenza principalmente delle abitazioni e degli archivi privati (a Kültepe, l’antica Kanes soprattutto) allora che i testi del dominio ittita appartengono in maggior parte alla sfera religiosa che l’abitazione ittita ci é conosciuta meno bene. Del resto l’organizzazione politica e amministrativa dei due periodi non é del tutto simile. Nonostante ciò i dati consultati sono abbastanza complementari e il paragone fra i due periodi permette di avere una visione d’insieme più precisa. IV. Conclusione. Nello stato attuale della documentazione il quadro presentato é ancora parziale, ma questo esame approfondito permette di capire in che modo lo stoccaggio si integrava nella vita quotidiana degli antichi Anatoliani. E pare che lo stoccaggio sia stato presente ovunque. Non é stato possibile scoprire le evoluzioni tecniche relative ai metodi di conservazione o ai dispositivi di stoccaggio, né delle vere e proprie particolarità geografiche. Ciò nonostante i risultati di questo studio dimostrano chiaramente che la presenza di installazioni di stoccaggio e il modo con cui sono state concepite rispondono a dei bisogni precisi che si inscrivono generalmente in modi di pensiero e di organizzazione globali. Questa riflessione ci spinge dunque a considerare con maggior profondità gli aspetti fondamentali della vita quotidiana e più specialmente a prendere in considerazione le sistemazioni di stoccaggio, comprese le semplici fosse talvolta trascurate. Bisogna imparare a considerare questi dispositivi non solo come semplici installazioni tecniche ma anche da un punto di vista interdisciplinare. Infatti il loro studio permette di stabilire i fondamenti di une conoscenza molto più vicina alla realtà antica in domini tanto diversi quanto la storia delle tecniche, l’urbanistica o ancora l’organizzazione amministrativa dell’Anatolia durante il II millennio avanti Cristo. Questo é vero per lo stoccaggio ma ugualmente per altri domini della vita quotidiana ancora troppo poco evocati.

Détermination des caractéristiques nécessaires et suffisantes à l'installation d'un sommeil hibernal chez la gerboise. Réalisation d'un atlas stéréotaxique du diencéphale et description de la neuroanatomie immunocytochimie des systèmes peptidergiques : la vasopressine, l'ocytocine, la corticoliberine et le neuropeptide Y. L'évolution quantitative de ces quatre neuropeptides a été suivie au cours de la période de poikilothermie et de jeune et à l'occasion de la procédure de réveil

L’originalité du golfe de Gabès (Sud de la Tunisie) a été reconnue par les malacologistes depuis le19ème siècle mais reste mal définie. Les espèces de cette région présentent des caractères morphologiques qui ont conduit à l’établissement de variétés, sous-espèces et espèces faiblement caractérisées. Certains auteurs les traitent comme des taxons endémiques tandis que d'autres les considèrent comme de simples variants locaux d'espèces à large répartition méditerranéenne. Le manque d’information concernant la valeur taxonomique de ces caractères morphologiques ne permet pas de traiter de façon robuste la question de l’endémisme dans le golfe de Gabès. Le premier objectif est de réviser le statut taxonomique des mollusques du golfe de Gabès en s’appuyant sur une approche de taxonomie moléculaire. La confrontation des différents caractères a permis d’identifier ceux qui discriminent correctement les individus en espèces, d’éliminer à l’inverse ceux qui ne remplissent pas cette fonction et d’en redéfinir de nouveaux. Le deuxième objectif est de relier les particularités faunistiques du Golfe à ses caractéristiques océanographiques et de discuter les phénomènes de spéciation qui pourraient être à l’origine de l’endémisme. Nos analyses ont porté sur six genres: Jujubinus (Trochidae), Diodora (Fissurellidae), Ocinebrina, Muricopsis (Muricidae), Aplus (Buccinidae) et Tritia (Nassariidae). L’approche intégrative utilisée a permis de proposer des hypothèses de délimitation d’espèces que nous avons ensuite confrontées aux données morphologiques et géographiques. Au final, l’endémisme est confirmé dans certains cas mais l’hypothèse qu’une partie des espèces décrites du golfe de Gabès ne sont que des variétés éco phénotypiques est également attestée. Notre approche moléculaire a mis aussi en évidence l’existencede nouvelles espèces et d’espèces cryptiques insoupçonnées dans la Méditerranée. Finalement l’hypothèse que le golfe de Gabès est un centre de spéciation est retenue. Plus de données moléculaires (reliées à des données fossiles) d’autres groupes provenant de différentes localités (spécialement du golfe de Syrte) apparaissent toutefois nécessaires
The present Mediterranean marine fauna is the result of a history going back to the Messinian Salinity Crisis, with current biogeographical patterns mostly reflecting Quaternary to modern oceanographic conditions. The Gulf of Gabès, in southern Tunisia, is remarkable for its extreme ecological characteristics that distinguish it from "ambiant" Mediterranean conditions. Starting with the work of malacologists at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, the molluscs of the Gulf of Gabès have been recognized as exhibiting morphological characters that set them apart from more typical forms that occur in the rest of the Mediterranean. At present, 6% of the species of the overall Gulf of Gabès mollusc fauna are treated as valid local endemics. Using an integrative taxonomy approach, combining molecular and morphological data, the objective of the study is to re-evaluate the status of these Gulf of Gabès local forms: are they valid, endemic species or do they represent ecophenotypic variation? Given the young geological age (6-8 ka) of the Gulf, where would local endemics have originated? The gastropod genera Jujubinus (Trochidae), Diodora (Fissurellidae), Tritia (Nassariidae) Ocinebrina (Muricidae), Muricopsis (Muricidae) and Aplus (Buccinidae) all have in common non-planktotrophic larval development. Our integrative approach confirms the validity of some of the endemic taxa, but also infirm that others are not valid species; molecular data also reveal unsuspected cryptic lineages both within and outside the Gulf. Regarding the question of the origin of the endemic species, various hypotheses have been proposed, one of them being that the Gulf of Gabès is a “speciation factory”. To formally test this hypothesis, more molecular data (coupled with fossil record data) are needed from other species groups and from other localities in the Mediterranean (specifically the Gulf of Syrte)

La Méditerranée se situe dans une zone de convergence lente entre les plaques Eurasienne et Africaine (~5 mm/an), où des restes d'anciens bassins Téthysiens sont progressivement consommés par le retrait rapide de zones de subductions (~20-30 mm/an sur la zone de subduction Hellénique). En Méditerranée Orientale, une transition collision-subduction se produit dans l'Ouest de la Grèce (collision de la Plateforme Apulienne au nord et subduction Hellénique au sud), pratiquement à l'extrémité du Golfe de Corinthe et dans une région de propagation potentielle de la faille Nord Anatolienne. Afin d'étudier la cinématique actuelle de l'Ouest de la Grèce, nous adoptons une approche multi-échelle de la déformation:(1) Une modélisation grande échelle du champ de vitesses crustale horizontales mesuré par géodésie est effectuée afin de contraindre la cinématique au voisinage de l'Ouest de la Grèce, à la fois à terre et en mer. Un résultat majeur est qu'une zone d'extension distribuée N-S s'étendant de la Bulgarie à l'Est du Golfe de Corinthe a pour conséquence de désactiver la terminaison Ouest de la faille Nord Anatolienne dans le nord de la Mer Egée. Cette extension d'échelle régionale pourrait être causée par le retrait du slab Hellénique. (2) Une étude tectonique active permet d'établir une cartographie précise des failles actives de la région, leur chronologie relative et une estimation de leur vitesse de déplacement. Le demi-graben actif du Golfe Amvrakikos et la faille active N155° de Katouna-Stamna, qui constituent les frontières Nord et Est d'un bloc Iles Ioniennes-Akarnanie (IAB), sont caractérisés par des vitesses géologiques d'au moins ~ 4 mm/an et des vitesses mesurées par GPS de l'ordre de ~10 mm/an. Ce bloc IAB est limité à l'Ouest par la faille transformante de Céphalonie et semble se comporter de manière rigide.(3) Une fois les frontières du bloc IAB connues, nous montrons que le champ de vitesse GPS mesuré dans la région peut être entièrement expliqué par des effets transitoires de blocage élastique associés aux failles bordières de ce bloc. Le couplage sur l'interface de subduction n'a pas d'expression en surface, ce qui suggère qu'il doit être faible. Enfin, nous justifions l'existence d'un point triple de type Rift-Faille-Faille à la terminaison Ouest du Golfe du Corinthe.

The archaeobotanical remains, coming from the tell of Arslantepe (Eastern Anatolia), have been studied to reconstruct the vegetation history and the palaeoclimate features of the site. The anthracological investigation provided important changes along the five investigated periods. Both anthropological choices and environmental causes can be advocated to explain increase/decrease of key taxa. The stable carbon content of charred wood remains (juniper and deciduous oaks) and caryopses (barley and emmer) has been analysed for five different archaeological periods (3350- 2000 BC) and for modern plants grown near the site. The results show important similarities with the palaeoenvironmental records available for the Near East. The climate trend can be divided in three main aspects: an instability phase dated from ca. 3350 to 2900 BC; a phase of relative stability (up to 2350 BC); a driest phase during the last part of the 3rd millennium BC. The comparison of !13C values between fossil and modern plants show that the present climate is more arid than that registered between the end of the 4th and the 3rd millennium BC. Between 3000 and 2750 BC the results for caryopses clearly show a different hydric system, compatible with irrigation practises for emmer, if compared with barley.

The archaeobotanical remains, coming from the tell of Arslantepe (Eastern Anatolia), have been studied to reconstruct the vegetation history and the palaeoclimate features of the site. The anthracological investigation provided important changes along the five investigated periods. Both anthropological choices and environmental causes can be advocated to explain increase/decrease of key taxa. The stable carbon content of charred wood remains (juniper and deciduous oaks) and caryopses (barley and emmer) has been analysed for five different archaeological periods (3350-2000 BC) and for modern plants grown near the site. The results show important similarities with the palaeoenvironmental records available for the Near East. The climate trend can be divided in three main aspects: an instability phase dated from ca. 3350 to 2900 BC; a phase of relative stability (up to 2350 BC); a driest phase during the last part of the 3rd millennium BC. The comparison of 13C values between fossil and modern plants show that the present climate is more arid than that registered between the end of the 4th and the 3rd millennium BC. Between 3000 and 2750 BC the results for caryopses clearly show a different hydric system, compatible with irrigation practises for emmer, if compared with barley.

This thesis describes the lifelong work of significant Russian interpretation theorist, pedagogue and active conference interpreter Anatoly Fedorovich Shiryaev. The thesis is theoretical and is divided into three main sections. In the first section, the theoretical background that helps A. F. Shiryaev develop his Complex Model of Simultaneous Interpretation is described. It focuses on the unit of orientation, redundancy and speech compression in detail. This section explains why these are important in the simultaneous interpretation context and the role they have in its process. In the second section, A. F. Shiryaev's Complex Model of Simultaneous Interpretation is analysed in detail along with its specific features. Next, the model is compared with other selected simultaneous interpretation models which were being developed approximately at the same time. The third section describes A. F. Shiryaev's approach to simultaneous interpretation teaching. It deals with methodology and teaching didactics, and the objectives which are to be achieved during the simultaneous interpretation course, and describes the system of interpretation exercises. The thesis also includes a brief biography of A. F. Shiryaev which presents information about his professional life.

Lo studio del sistema minerario romano è drammaticamente invalidato da fattori ineludibili, come la scarsità delle fonti letterarie ed epigrafiche, la distruzione delle testimonianze antiche e bizantine a causa del riutilizzo in epoche successive degli stessi siti di estrazione e la perdita della memoria dei luoghi causata dall'abbandono delle miniere, sia esso dovuto a crolli, allagamenti o al semplice esaurimento. Tuttavia è stato possibile in passato ricostruire il funzionamento della coltivazione mineraria per le province occidentali. Lo scopo di questa ricerca è dare una seppur provvisoria risposta ad alcune domande riguardanti fattori chiave del processo di approvvigionamento dei metalli nelle province orientali. Confrontando dati provenienti da fonti differenti è stata creato un modello interpretativo sul sistema di gestione delle operazioni estrattive in Oriente, che presenta caratteristiche peculiari. I cambiamenti nei rapporti complessi tra città, proprietari terrieri, elite sociali ed autorità imperiali furono gli elementi di maggiore rilievo nel forgiare questa forte specificità, strettamente legata al suo retroterra storico e culturale. Durante i primi tre secoli dopo Cristo, nelle province orientali, il ruolo del personale di nomina imperiale (o per meglio dire la sua assenza) costituisce l'elemento più importante del sistema di gestione minerario, soprattutto a causa della differenza di comportamento riscontrata per le controparti occidentali. Accanto all'amministrazione imperiale, le città e le elites locali delle province asiatiche ebbero nell'industria mineraria una rilevanza senza paragoni con l'occidente.