Journal articles on the topic 'Analysis of Language Varieties'
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Rangel, Francisco, Paolo Rosso, Wajdi Zaghouani, and Anis Charfi. "Fine-grained analysis of language varieties and demographics." Natural Language Engineering 26, no. 6 (March 10, 2020): 641–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324920000108.
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AbstractThe rise of social media empowers people to interact and communicate with anyone anywhere in the world. The possibility of being anonymous avoids censorship and enables freedom of expression. Nevertheless, this anonymity might lead to cybersecurity issues, such as opinion spam, sexual harassment, incitement to hatred or even terrorism propaganda. In such cases, there is a need to know more about the anonymous users and this could be useful in several domains beyond security and forensics such as marketing, for example. In this paper, we focus on a fine-grained analysis of language varieties while considering also the authors’ demographics. We present a Low-Dimensionality Statistical Embedding method to represent text documents. We compared the performance of this method with the best performing teams in the Author Profiling task at PAN 2017. We obtained an average accuracy of 92.08% versus 91.84% for the best performing team at PAN 2017. We also analyse the relationship of the language variety identification with the authors’ gender. Furthermore, we applied our proposed method to a more fine-grained annotated corpus of Arabic varieties covering 22 Arab countries and obtained an overall accuracy of 88.89%. We have also investigated the effect of the authors’ age and gender on the identification of the different Arabic varieties, as well as the effect of the corpus size on the performance of our method.
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Denecker, Tim. "Language Attitudes and Social Connotations in Jerome and Sidonius Apollinaris." Vigiliae Christianae 69, no. 4 (September 16, 2015): 393–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700720-12341228.
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Jerome of Stridon and Sidonius Apollinaris, two authors particularly sensitive to languages and linguistic differences, frequently evaluate the correctness, adequacy, and aesthetic qualities of ‘classical’ Latin on the one hand, and of ‘foreign’ or ‘barbarian’ languages (Hebrew, Aramaic, or ‘Germanic’) on the other. They also evaluate variation within the Latin language, mostly in a negative way. In this paper, I look at Jerome’s and Sidonius’ evaluative statements about languages and language varieties from the sociolinguistic perspective of language attitude research. I start by defining the concepts of ‘language attitude’ and ‘social connotations hypothesis’, and then proceed to the analysis of linguistic evaluations in Jerome’s and Sidonius’ works. In accordance with the social connotations hypothesis, I argue that these evaluations about languages or language varieties are strongly biased by the socio-cultural stereotypes the authors hold about the speakers of these languages or language varieties.
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Masorong, Sharifa Khalid. "A Error Analysis Performed on English 230 Students’ Elpt Compositions: A Basis for A Proposed Intensive Grammar Enrichment." Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rielsj.v2i2.260.
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The language of the humankind is linked to the creation of meaning and expressions of human behaviors and emotions. Language is said to manipulate and persuade people’s perception of ‘reality’ (Holmes, 2013). The reality—social and linguistic landscapes— that people construct is affected by the linguistic choices members of the community make.
This research investigated the possibility of a Meranaw uniform orthography in terms of the word spelling and symbols by examining the varieties of the language in terms of its lexicons. Understanding varieties can unlock answers questions regarding variety’s causes and its contribution to the development of the language in terms of orthography—which can actually help Meranaw writers extend studies on other components of the language. These factors contributed to the direction of this paper as it attempted to investigate the sprouting of the varieties and its lexical changes. The findings of the study revealed that even though there were Meranaw lexical variants, it does not hinder the communication to be effective. The paper also showed that Meranaw lexical variants are mutually intelligible among the surveyed Meranaw communities. Mutual intelligibility suggests that language is convention--- meaning that even if there are varieties, the Meranaw language itself serve as a unifying link in keeping a society intact. The Meranaw language brings together one culture and its usage is a means to express community’s style in an effort to create a social reality. This reality allows them to express their thoughts and ideas through their language
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Ali, Sikandar, and Sumra M. J. Satti. "Jargon in Military: A Comparative Analysis of English Varieties in Pakistan based on Hallidiyan’s Functional Perspective." Journal of South Asian Studies 9, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/jsas.009.03.3860.
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Pakistani English is (also known as Paklish or Pinglish) is the group of English language varieties that are spoken or written in Pakistan. It was recognized in terms of different varieties and forms first time in the 1970s and 1980s. This paper elucidated the phenomenon of transition that Pakistani English was undergoing in the current scenario because of its contact with other Pakistani languages in general, Urdu and Punjabi in particular. This study attempted to explore and interpret the varieties of Pakistani English in the Military at two different levels i.e. Officers to Officers Communication and Officers to Rank (Soldier). These constantly diverging forms and functions of English may not have reached stability and recognition among its users probably bilinguals or multi-linguals as Pakistan is a multi-lingual state. This study endeavored to use a Qualitative approach and data will be collected through observation from Pakistani English varieties used in the Military. This paper aimed to apply Halliday’s (1960) theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) to conduct a comparative study of varieties of English to describe, interpret and explain the forms and functions of Pakistani English at two different levels. The findings revealed that the variations of Military language were unique and distinct from all other varieties of English. In addition, these variations were acceptable by the whole language community shared by individuals in the Military.
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Hou, Renkui, and Chu-Ren Huang. "Classification of regional and genre varieties of Chinese: A correspondence analysis approach based on comparable balanced corpora." Natural Language Engineering 26, no. 6 (March 9, 2020): 613–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324920000121.
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AbstractThis paper proposes a robust text classification and correspondence analysis approach to identification of similar languages. In particular, we propose to use the readily available information of clauses and word length distribution to model similar languages. The modeling and classification are based on the hypothesis that languages are self-adaptive complex systems and hence can be classified by dynamic features describing the system, especially in terms of distributional relations of constituents of a system. For similar languages whose grammatical differences are often subtle, classification based on dynamic system features should be more effective. To test this hypothesis, we considered both regional and genre varieties of Mandarin Chinese for classification. The data are extracted from two comparable balanced corpora to minimize possible confounding factors. The two corpora are the Sinica Corpus from Taiwan and the Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese from Mainland China, and the two genres are reportage and review. Our text classification and correspondence analysis results show that the linguistically felicitous two-level constituency model combining power functions between word and clauses effectively classifies the two varieties of Chinese for both genres. In addition, we found that genres do have compounding effect on classification of regional varieties. In particular, reportage in two varieties is more likely to be classified than review, corroborating the complex system view of language variations. That is, language variations and changes typically do not take place evenly across the board for the complete language system. This further enhances our hypothesis that dynamic complex system features, such as the power functions captured by the Menzerath–Altmann law, provide effective models in classifications of similar languages.
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Grensideng, Wilhelmus, and I. Gusti Ayu Mahatma Agung. "ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN STEPHEN SANCHEZ’S SONG LYRICS." Journal of English Language Teaching and Literature (JELTL) 6, no. 1 (February 10, 2023): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47080/jeltl.v6i1.2468.
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Figurative language is communication with connotation; it may be in the form of a phrase. This research aims to identify the different kinds of figurative language used in the lyrics of Stephen Sanchez’s songs. The theory from Leech (1981) was used to assess the meaning of figurative language, and the theory from Perrine & Arp (1991) was utilized to distinguish the different varieties of figurative language. The findings of this study demonstrated the use of seven figurative languages, including 12.5% of personification, 12.5% of simile, 12.5% of symbol, 25% of metaphor, and 37.5% of hyperbole in Stephen Sanchez’s songs. According to the analysis, hyperbolic figurative language is the most prevalent in Stephen Sanchez’s song lyrics.
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Cupar, Tina, and Alenka Valh Lopert. "The Function of Language in Characterization: Dialectal Speech in the Animated Film Chicken Little." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 11, no. 1 (May 8, 2014): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.11.1.179-191.
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The article discusses the use of language varieties by the main character in the animated film Chicken Little in English and Slovene. Both versions of the film are dubbed by professional actors and are aimed at a young target audience, children. The main intention of the article is to analyze the characteristics of Chicken Little’s speech in both languages, to compare the differences in the use of language varieties, and to evaluate the consequences of shifts in language use on the character and the story in the target language. The analysis is based on a transcript of the speech and enables comparison on four different levels: phonetics, morphology, syntax and vocabulary. The main focus is on the analysis of speech in the target language: Maribor regional colloquial language, with influence from the dialectal speech of Ruše. The main conditions influencing the use of certain language varieties are taken into consideration: the characteristics of the dubbing process, specifics of the target audience, and prevailing norms related to the use of language on television.
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Ding, Hongdi. "A cross-dialectal analysis of Nuosu adjectival comparative constructions." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 41, no. 1 (July 20, 2018): 45–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.16023.din.
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Abstract Current analyses (Hu 2005; Gerner 2013; Liu et al. 2013) of Nuosu adjectival comparative constructions are not observationally adequate because they are only based on the semantic distinction between dimensional adjectives and other adjectives. A better analysis should make a further morphological consideration by dividing the Nuosu adjectives into root-sharing prefixed adjectives, non-root-sharing prefixed adjectives and simplex adjectives. Moreover, the existing analyses are not consistent. Some unacceptable comparative sentences in Hu (2005) are acceptable in Gerner (2013) and Liu et al. (2013). I have found out that the inconsistency results from different rigorousness to adjectival morphosyntactic restrictions among different varieties or dialects of Nuosu. After a cross-dialectal investigation with three major dialects of Nuosu, i.e. Shynra, Yynuo and Suondi, it is concluded that Nuosu comparative constructions have a restricted form and a general form for superiority, inferiority and equality respectively. Different dialects or varieties have varying rigorousness to Nuosu adjectival morphosyntax, thus resulting in different choices of the forms for comparison. Accordingly, the available Nuosu varieties are classified into three types: varieties with more morphosyntactic rigorousness, transitional varieties and varieties with less morphosyntactic rigorousness. It is found that Shynra Nuosu is morphosyntactically less rigorous than Yynuo and Suondi Nuosu. I will also address the relationship between the two structural forms of comparative constructions. To conclude, a prediction is made on the development of Nuosu adjectival comparatives.
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Damkor, Torkuma Tyonande, and Stephanie Terna. "Investigating into the varieties of language spoken at Benue State University, Makurdi." Journal of Languages, Linguistics and Literary Studies 1, no. 1 (October 15, 2021): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.57040/jllls.v1i1.73.
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In a multilingual speech community like Benue State University, Makurdi, where the members thereof have different native language backgrounds and English is chosen to be the official language, members of the university community speak different varieties of language in different domains. The paper entitled ‘Investigating into the varieties of language spoken at Benue State University (BSU), Makurdi’ is set to examine the varieties of language spoken on the BSU’s campus. The survey design was adopted, and questionnaires were used as the instruments for data collection for the paper. The analysis of the varieties of language spoken at the university was based on William Labov’s Variationist Theory which claims that differences are featured in the use of language among individuals based on the contexts. Through the analysis of the data, the researchers discovered that English, Pidgin, and native languages such as Tiv, Idoma, Igede, Etulo, Igbo, Hausa, among others, are spoken at the university. The study also discovered that Pidgin is predominantly used at the university despite the fact that English is the official language because academics and lecture rooms may be the only domains and settings that compulsorily enforce the use of English. The researchers, therefore, suggest that more efforts should be made to ensure a predominant use of English on the BSU’s campus since it is the official and prestigious language of Nigeria.
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Mennecier, Philippe, John Nerbonne, Evelyne Heyer, and Franz Manni. "A Central Asian Language Survey." Language Dynamics and Change 6, no. 1 (2016): 57–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00601015.
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We have documented language varieties (either Turkic or Indo-European) spoken in 23 test sites by 88 informants belonging to the major ethnic groups of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan (Karakalpaks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Yaghnobis). The recorded linguistic material concerns 176 words of the extended Swadesh list and will be made publically available with the publication of this paper. Phonological diversity is measured by the Levenshtein distance and displayed as a consensus bootstrap tree and as multidimensional scaling plots. Linguistic contact is measured as the number of borrowings, from one linguistic family into the other, according to a precision/recall analysis further validated by expert judgment. Concerning Turkic languages, the results of our sample do not support Kazakh and Karakalpak as distinct languages and indicate the existence of several separate Karakalpak varieties. Kyrgyz and Uzbek, on the other hand, appear quite homogeneous. Among the Indo-Iranian languages, the distinction between Tajik and Yaghnobi varieties is very clear-cut. More generally, the degree of borrowing is higher than average where language families are in contact in one of the many sorts of situations characterizing Central Asia: frequent bilingualism, shifting political boundaries, ethnic groups living outside the “mother” country.
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Neumann, Stella. "On the interaction between register variation and regional varieties in English." Language, Context and Text 2, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/langct.00023.neu.
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Abstract This paper examines the extent to which regional varieties of English influence register variation. Register is a key concept in systemic functional linguistics (SFL), whereas regional variation is rarely studied in this framework. However, languages like Chinese, Spanish and English are used in more than one region and such more complex language situations raise the question of whether registers are used consistently throughout. In this study, texts from three varieties represented in the International Corpus of English are analysed for frequencies of 41 lexico-grammatical features and subjected to exploratory multivariate analysis. The analysis shows that, while there are clear indications of register patterns irrespective of varieties, variety appears to override register in some cases. Variety therefore needs to be accounted for in language theory in addition to the language system and registers as subsystems.
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Norton, Russell, and Nlabephee Othaniel. "The Jen language cluster: A comparative analysis of wordlists." Language in Africa 1, no. 3 (December 25, 2020): 17–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2686-8946-2020-1-3-17-99.
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A lexicostatistical analysis divides the Jen language cluster into two primary branches Burak-Loo-Maghdi-Mak and Kyak-Moo-Leelau-Tha-Doso-Dza. This is also supported by extensive isoglosses, replacing the older Bikwin-Jen division at least for purposes of genetic classification. For vowels, a 9-vowel system is reconstructed, but its 3-way height contrasts appear unstable in some languages, either in the central vowels or in the front and back vowels. Front and back vowels also vary widely with diphthongs. Prosodic features of nasalisation, tone, and breathiness are reconstructed, with nasalisation developing in more roots in the second primary branch. For consonants, the large inventory includes particularly unstable coronals, and development of voiceless approximants in Doso-Dza. The comparative evidence is conflicting as to whether labialised and palatalised structures are secondary modifications or onset sequences, suggesting the need for a variationist approach. Overall, riverine Jen varieties Tha, Doso, Dza show unusually extensive sound change, in contrast to the more phonologically stable Bikwin varieties. Applications to orthography development include the need to represent implosives and /r/ in languages other than Dza, where they have been lost, and the need to represent vowel nasalisation and /h/ in languages of the second branch only. Initial stem consonant alternations seen in both nouns and verbs need more investigation in Jen languages.
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MICHAUD, Alexis, and Alexis MICHAUD. "Phonemic and tonal analysis of Yongning Na*." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 37, no. 2 (2008): 159–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1960602808x00064.
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The Na language spoken in the village of Yongning, close to the border between Yunnan and Sichuan, has been classified as an Eastern Naxi dialect in the pioneering survey conducted by Chinese linguists. It is also referred to as 'Mosuo'. The phonemic and tonal analysis presented here on the basis of first-hand fieldwork aims to serve as a basis for linguistic documentation and research, from the accurate transcription of recorded materials to fine-grained synchronic and diachronic investigations. The ultimate aim is an in-depth understanding of Na, Naxi and other closely related language varieties, including an account of their historical relationships and their links with other Tibeto-Burman languages.
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Munro, Jennifer, and Ilana Mushin. "Rethinking Australian Aboriginal English-based speech varieties." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31, no. 1 (April 25, 2016): 82–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.31.1.04mun.
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The colonial history of Australia necessitated contact between nineteenth and twentieth century dialects of English and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island languages. This has resulted in the emergence of contact languages, some of which have been identified as creoles (e.g. Sandefur 1979, Shnukal 1983) while others have been hidden under the label of ‘Aboriginal English’, exacerbated by what Young (1997) described as a gap in our knowledge of historical analyses of individual speech varieties. In this paper we provide detailed sociohistorical data on the emergence of a contact language in Woorabinda, an ex-Government Reserve in Queensland. We propose that the data shows that the label ‘Aboriginal English’ previously applied (Alexander 1968) does not accurately identify the language. Here we compare the sociohistorical data for Woorabinda to similar data for both Kriol, a creole spoken in the Northern Territory of Australia and to Bajan, an ‘intermediate creole’ of Barbados, to argue that the language spoken in Woorabinda is most likely also an intermediate creole.
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Fukuda, Chie. "Identities and linguistic varieties in Japanese." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 35–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.24.1.02fuk.
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This study explores categorization processes of people (identities) and language (linguistic varieties) in interactions between L1 (first language) and L2 (second language) speakers of Japanese and the language ideologies behind them. Utilizing Conversation Analysis (CA) in combination with Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA), the present study focuses on how participants apply these categories to self and other where identities and language ideologies emerge in the sequences of ordinary conversations. The study also illuminates how the participants react to such ideologies, which is rarely documented in previous studies of L2 Japanese interactions. It is controversial to use CA and MCA as methodologies for inquiries into ideology due to different epistemological and theoretical frameworks. Yet, joining the emerging trend of CA studies that address ideological issues, this study will also demonstrate the compatibility between them. Methodological integration of CA and MCA has been proposed since the 1970s, but has started to be adopted only recently. Because few studies employ this combination in the area of language ideologies, it serves as a novel analytic tool in this body of research. Thus, this study makes a methodological contribution to the study of language ideologies, illustrating the production of language ideologies and reactions to it as participants’ accomplishments.
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Ammang Latifa. "Language Varieties of Woman's Conversation in Yutube Channel of Emma Watson in HeForShe Program: A Conversation Analysis Study." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.1.22.
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Language and gender are always being exciting topics to be discussed because gender is not only about the difference between men and women based on sex, but this is about the roles and status that determine the position between men and women (Maciuszek et al., 2019). This research aims to find out some language varieties used by Emma Watson on her conversation in International women's day 2015 in HeForShe video YouTube. This research is descriptive qualitative, and to obtain the data, the researcher took the video about the conversation of Emma Watson in International women's day 2015 on YouTube channel then analyzed some language varieties. The result of this research found that there were four types of varieties of communication utilized by Emma to present her goals in the conversation. These varieties include rising intonation, intensifier, super polite form, and avoidance of strong swear words. The majority of the language variety is frequently used by Emma to show her feeling about her seriousness, her emotion, her empathy, and to firm her statement, especially about gender equality. The majority of Emma's utterances based on women's language varieties are used to show her emotion as well as her seriousness.
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Utkina, L. N. "Linguocultural influence of Spanish (Latin American varieties) on American English." Язык и текст 6, no. 2 (2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2019060208.
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The article shows the interaction of two languages (Spanish and English) in diachrony and synchrony (the influence of Latin American Spanish on the American version of English in the last decades). The language situation in the USA is described in connection with the large number of immigrants from Latin America, as well as their cultural influence on the lifestyle of the southern and southwestern US states. On the basis of the analysis of scientific and newspaper publications, videos and Internet sites, the influence of the Spanish language and culture on the American version of the English language and the culture of the southern states of the USA is demonstrated.
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Helset, Stig J. "Writing practice in a society with codified variation: a correspondence analysis of writing practice in New Norwegian/Nynorsk." Corpora 15, no. 1 (April 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2020.0183.
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This paper illustrates the advantages of combining corpus linguistic methods and correspondence analysis when investigating sub-varieties within written languages that have codified variation. Through a study of a large-scale corpus of the written standard New Norwegian/Nynorsk, the paper demonstrates how correspondence analysis is a method that is well-suited to mapping norm clusters consisting of different sub-varieties in actual usage. The study reveals the existence of a norm cluster within the corpus consisting of a moderate sub-variety. Current Norwegian language policy is to base the official norms on developments in observed usage. The paper thus concludes that future standardisation of Nynorsk should be moving towards a narrower, moderate norm in order to be in accordance with the operative norm. The methods presented in this paper may be of value when investigating other written languages with codified variation, such as Irish, or languages without official norms, such as Shona.
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M. Rafiek, M. Rafiek. "RAGAM BAHASA WARIA DALAM SINETRON (SHEMALE LANGUAGE VARIETIES IN SOAP OPERAS)." JURNAL BAHASA, SASTRA DAN PEMBELAJARANNYA 3, no. 1 (February 21, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jbsp.v3i1.4481.
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AbstractShemale Language Varieties in Soap Operas. This study aims to describe and explainthe classification, word formation system, and varieties of language functionstransvestites in private television soap operas in Indonesia. This study uses definitionsof regional variations in sociolinguistics theories and methods of qualitative description.An analysis using the rules of grammar formation transvestite varieties of languageused refers to the rules that have been applied by Oetomo (1988) and Oetomo (2003).The results of this study were 24 classifications, 10 word formation systems, and 2functions in varieties of languages transsexual private television soap operas inIndonesia.Keywords: shemale language, classifications, word formation procedures, and functionsAbstrakRagam Bahasa Waria dalam Sinetron. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikandan menjelaskan tentang klasifikasi, tata bentukan kata, dan fungsi ragam bahasawaria dalam sinetron di televisi swasta Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan ancanganteori ragam bahasa dalam sosiolinguistik dan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik analisisdata menggunakan kaidah tata bentukan ragam bahasa waria yang digunakan mengacupada kaidah yang telah diterapkan oleh Oetomo (1988) dan Oetomo (2003). Hasilpenelitian ini adalah 24 klasifikasi, 10 tata bentukan kata, dan 2 fungsi ragam bahasawaria dalam sinetron di televisi swasta Indonesia.Kata-kata kunci: bahasa waria, klasifikasi, tata bentukan kata, dan fungsi
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Suárez-Gómez, Cristina. "Transparency and language contact in the nativization of relative clauses in New Englishes." English World-Wide 38, no. 2 (September 19, 2017): 211–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.38.2.05sua.
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Abstract The present paper explores structural nativization in relative clauses in three varieties of English (India, Hong Kong, and Singapore Englishes). All three of these emerged as the consequence of British colonization, developed as varieties through educational systems, and are now consolidating as independent, linguistically different (local) prestige varieties. An analysis of comparable samples from the spoken component of the International Corpus of English (ICE) is carried out; in addition to the varieties mentioned above, data from ICE-GB are included for comparison. The analysis shows that certain features and structures predominate in specific varieties, and also illustrates constructions which are specific to the Asian varieties under investigation. These nativized relative clauses can be explained as cross-linguistic tendencies that go beyond the influence of the local language(s), and hence they are further analyzed in light of cognitive determinants of learning, which favor isomorphism and aim at maximizing transparency.
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Arjulayana, Arjulayana. "Bilingualism: Diglossia and Code-Switching to Indonesian Scholars." ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 1, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/els-jish.v1i3.4840.
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Code switching and Diglossia’s population can be found in variety places, both formal and informal places. This paper is aimed to report the data analysis relate with diglossia and code switching which is happen to Indonesian Scholar. For many reasons diglossia and code switching are parts of language varieties, and as the unique Indonesian characteristics, because not all countries are getting diglossia phenomenon. It happened only for country that has high and low languages use in their daily interaction. This belief assumes that diglossia and code switching as the varieties of language can be adapted to foster learner’s ability, creativity, and awareness in practicing their language. The study is uses qualitative approach, with descriptive analysis. The purposive sampling is used to gain the data, with 5 questions in short answer form, and 5 questions with close ended question-answer to 16 higher students of 2nd semester from University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta majoring of religious education department. This research uses triangulation to know the validity of the data. The result of this research shows; firstly, bilingualism is a language varieties and happened in Indonesia with highest code-switching population can advocate Indonesia scholar to conserve one of local wisdom, and language varieties. Secondly, bilingual is familiar to Indonesian Scholar, because most of Indonesian scholars have their own local language. This also shown from their status in some social medias, way of interact; daily language uses, and etc. Thirdly, practicing bilingual is fun, and it could be good habit for them, because in special condition, sometimes their own language helps them to melt the situation in conversation context
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Werner, Valentin. "Text-linguistic analysis of performed language: revisiting and re-modeling Koch and Oesterreicher." Linguistics 59, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 541–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2021-0036.
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Abstract The present contribution starts from the general observations (i) that the study of text varieties has commonly emphasized the mode (speech vs. writing) as an essential variable and (ii) that linguistic analyses increasingly consider performed language (i.e., fictional scripted material as represented in telecinematic language and lyrics, for instance) as an object worth studying in its own right. It is recognized (i) that assessing performed language in terms of the traditional spoken-written dichotomy fails due to a number of inherent properties of relevant text varieties and their circumstances of production and reception, and (ii) that schemes applied within conventional (bottom-up) register perspectives may not be fully adequate for a text-linguistic approach toward performed language either. Koch and Oesterreicher’s communicative model (KOM), which takes account of contextual factors as well as of specific linguistic strategies and establishes a continuum between the language of distance and the language of immediacy, as well as three attempts at modifying KOM are introduced. It is argued that both KOM (as a top-down model) and its modifications have weaknesses when dealing with performed text varieties. An enhanced communicative model, including the dimensions synchronicity and authenticity, is sketched out, which could serve both as a starting point and complement for empirical investigations of textual variation whenever performed language is included.
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Perdue, Clive. "Pre-Basic Varieties." EUROSLA 6 55 (January 1, 1996): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.55.11per.
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Three of the traditional questions in (second) language acquisition research are: 1. What is acquired, in what order? 2. How is it acquired? 3. Why is it acquired? In this paper, I concentrate on (1) and (3), proposing a description of various learners' paths towards various L2s, and examining different factors which may explain the course of acquisition. The learners were, for the most part, recorded during the European Science Foundation's study of the spontaneous (untutored) acquisition of Dutch, French, English and German (Perdue 1993); other comparable studies will also be discussed. The emphasis is placed on the beginning stages of acquisition in an attempt to demonstrate that these stages are crucial for an understanding of the whole process. It will be argued (a) that there are stages (grammars) through which all learners pass, (b) that these stages can be characterised explicitly, but (c) the description of these stages, and of the transition between them, is not reducible to a single-level analysis, and (d) distance between (source and target) language pairs partially determines the amount of useful knowledge available to the absolute beginner.
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Eppler, Eva, and Josef Benedikt. "A perceptual dialectological approach to linguistic variation and spatial analysis of Kurdish varieties." Journal of Linguistic Geography 5, no. 2 (October 2017): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2017.6.
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This paper presents the results of the first investigation into Kurdish linguistic varieties and their spatial distribution. Kurdish dialects are used across five nation states in the Middle East and only one dialect, Sorani, has official status in one of these nation states. The study employs the “draw-a-map” task established in Perceptual Dialectology; the analysis is supported by Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The results show that, despite the geolinguistic and geopolitical situation, Kurdish respondents have good knowledge of the main varieties of their language (Kurmanji, Sorani, and the related variety Zazaki) and where to localize them. Awareness of the more diverse Southern Kurdish varieties is less definitive. This indicates that the Kurdish language plays a role in identity formation, but also that smaller isolated varieties are not only endangered in terms of speakers, but also in terms of their representations in Kurds’ mental maps of the linguistic landscape they live in.
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Nisioi, Sergiu, Ana Sabina Uban, and Liviu P. Dinu. "Identifying Source-Language Dialects in Translation." Mathematics 10, no. 9 (April 24, 2022): 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10091431.
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In this paper, we aim to explore the degree to which translated texts preserve linguistic features of dialectal varieties. We release a dataset of augmented annotations to the Proceedings of the European Parliament that cover dialectal speaker information, and we analyze different classes of written English covering native varieties from the British Isles. Our analyses aim to discuss the discriminatory features between the different classes and to reveal words whose usage differs between varieties of the same language. We perform classification experiments and show that automatically distinguishing between the dialectal varieties is possible with high accuracy, even after translation, and propose a new explainability method based on embedding alignments in order to reveal specific differences between dialects at the level of the vocabulary.
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Ivaska, Ilmari, and Silvia Bernardini. "Constrained language use in Finnish: A corpus-driven approach." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 43, no. 1 (April 13, 2020): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586520000013.
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AbstractIt has been suggested that second languages and translated languages are constrained by an interplay of several linguistic systems. This paper reports on a data-driven quantitative study on constrained Finnish. We detect linguistic phenomena that distinguish constrained from non-constrained Finnish across constrained varieties, first/source languages, and registers. Implementing a two-phase method, we first detect key quantitative differences of syntactically defined POS bigrams between each variety-, language-pair- and register-specific constrained dataset and its non-constrained counterpart, using Boruta feature selection. We then use the results as variables in a Multi-dimensional Analysis. The results show that both nominal complexity and verbal/clausal complexity distinguish constrained from non-constrained Finnish. These differences interact with both type of constraint and register: the constrained varieties are less sensitive to register differences, and this tendency is more pronounced in learner Finnish than in translated Finnish. Leaving out any of these variables from the analysis would blur our view of this multi-faceted phenomenon.
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Grafmiller, Jason, and Benedikt Szmrecsanyi. "Mapping out particle placement in Englishes around the world: A study in comparative sociolinguistic analysis." Language Variation and Change 30, no. 3 (October 2018): 385–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394518000170.
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AbstractThis study explores variability in particle placement across nine varieties of English around the globe, utilizing data from the International Corpus of English and the Global Corpus of Web-based English. We introduce a quantitative approach for comparative sociolinguistics that integrates linguistic distance metrics and predictive modeling, and use these methods to examine the development of regional patterns in grammatical constraints on particle placement in World Englishes. We find a high degree of uniformity among the conditioning factors influencing particle placement in native varieties (e.g., British, Canadian, and New Zealand English), while English as a second language varieties (e.g., Indian and Singaporean English) exhibit a high degree of dissimilarity with the native varieties and with each other. We attribute the greater heterogeneity among second language varieties to the interaction between general L2 acquisition processes and the varying sociolinguistic contexts of the individual regions. We argue that the similarities in constraint effects represent compelling evidence for the existence of a shared variable grammar and variation among grammatical systems is more appropriately analyzed and interpreted as a continuum rather than multiple distinct grammars.
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Ramos Pinto, Sara, and Aishah Mubaraki. "Multimodal corpus analysis of subtitling." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 32, no. 3 (February 20, 2020): 389–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.18085.ram.
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Abstract This article proposes a new methodology for multimodal corpus analysis. It does so by particularly focusing on the issue of the translation of non-standard language varieties. This new methodology, which is significantly influenced by the work of Iedema (2003), Jimenez Hurtado and Soler Gallego (2013), Pastra (2008) and Ramos Pinto (2018), is capable of identifying the modes and resources at play and the relations identified between them, as well as how such relations participate in the construction of the non-standard varieties’ communicative meaning. It also accounts for the impact of the introduction of subtitles on preserving, cancelling or modifying the intermodal relations identified in the source text and, consequently, the diegetic functions they support; that is, the function they assume in the fictional world of the film. In this regard, the methodology assumes a clear translational perspective.
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Burns, Katharine, and Linda Waugh. "Mixed Messages in the Spanish Heritage Language Classroom." Heritage Language Journal 15, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.15.1.2.
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This paper explores the implications of prevailing attitudes about language variety found in a case study of a large, university SHL program. First, a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach was employed to examine the ideological underpinnings of the presentation of varieties of Spanish (including those of U.S. Spanish) in textbooks used in the program. Second, discussions with focus groups of SHL instructors were conducted, transcribed, and analyzed to gain insight into the practices fostered by the SHL program related to language variety. The CDA findings show evidence of reinforcement of an ideology of a monolithic “standard” Spanish in the SHL textbooks and curricula, with only cursory attention paid to regional varieties of Spanish and, at times, implicit and explicit de-legitimization of U.S. varieties of Spanish. The focus group data indicates that instructors identify tension between: 1) the program’s stated goals, which are to validate the students’ Spanish varieties and to develop an academic or professional register of Spanish; and 2) classroom reality, in which the “standard” is the overwhelming focus and the students’ own “home varieties” of Spanish are at times devalued by the textbook and course materials. Finally, based on these results, some pedagogical recommendations to validate heritage learners’ Spanish as a resource, rather than a deficit, are discussed.
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Columbus, Georgie. "A comparative analysis of invariant tags in three varieties of English." English World-Wide 31, no. 3 (October 11, 2010): 288–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.31.3.03col.
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Discourse markers are a feature of everyday conversation — they signal attitudes and beliefs to their interlocutors beyond the base utterance. One particular type of discourse marker is the invariant tag (InT), for example New Zealand and Canadian English eh. Previous studies of InTs have clearly described InT uses in one language variety (e.g. Berland 1997, on London teenage talk; Stubbe and Holmes 1995, on NZ English; on sociolinguistic features e.g. Stubbe and Holmes 1995 and on single markers e.g. Avis 1972; Love 1973; Gibson 1977; Meyerhoff 1992 and 1994; Gold 2005, 2008 on eh). However, the class of InTs has not yet been fully described, and the variety of approaches taken (corpus- and survey-based) does not easily allow for cross-varietal or cross-linguistic comparison. This study investigates InTs in three varieties of English from a corpus-based approach. It lists the InTs available in New Zealand, British and Indian English through their occurrences in their respective International Corpus of English (ICE) corpora, and compares usages of four tags across the varieties. The description offers a clearer overview of the InT class for descriptive grammars, as well as more explicit definitions and usage guides for e.g. EFL/ESL pedagogy. An unambiguous description of several InTs and their meanings will also allow more thorough comparison in studies of other English varieties. Finally, the results offer another viewpoint on the issue of representativeness in corpora with respect to regional versus national varieties of the Englishes.
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Chechuro, Ilia, Michael Daniel, and Samira Verhees. "Small-scale multilingualism through the prism of lexical borrowing." International Journal of Bilingualism 25, no. 4 (August 2021): 1019–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13670069211023141.
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Aims and Objectives: We assess whether data on lexical borrowing obtained through field elicitation may point not only to a specific donor language but also to its specific regional variety, and whether these data are a reliable tool for reconstructing unknown historical patterns of interaction between ethnic subgroups. Methodology: We use quantitative analysis of the data obtained by loanword probing—elicitations of short wordlists from speakers of minority languages—to calculate the amount and identify the source of lexical transfer. We compare the results across several areas with varying degrees of bilingualism and different contact varieties of the donor language to see how this influences our results. Data: The data for this study come from a large-scale field study in Daghestan, with 72 people from 19 villages speaking four languages. Findings: Our method suggests that speech communities clearly indicate one of the regional varieties of Azerbaijani as the donor, depending on the area of data collection. We also observe that the degree of lexical convergence with the donor depends not only on the level of bilingualism observed in the specific village but also on the native language of this village, suggesting language borders as a natural constraint to the spread of lexical borrowing. Originality: The study is novel in that it is fully based on analysis of data on lexical convergence obtained through fieldwork on minority languages and provides quantitative results that can be compared across speech communities in the survey. Implications: We conclude that the method is sensitive enough to trace donorship to specific regional varieties of the donor language. Limitations: Our observations on the relative weight of the level of bilingualism and language affiliation of a speech community as predictors of the degree of lexical convergence require more data obtained both from other linguistic environments and by different methods.
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Proshina, Z. G. "LANGUAGE AND ITS VARIETIES – REALITY OR VIRTUALITY?" Humanities And Social Studies In The Far East 18, no. 3 (2021): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31079/1992-2868-2021-18-3-108-113.
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The article discusses the ontological status of a pluricentric language varieties in terms of their speech reality and structural and normative virtuality. Using semantic and definition analyses of the terms, as well as a philosophical approach to the phenomenon under research, the author arrives at the conclusion of a dialectical connection and opposition of the concepts reality and virtuality, language and speech, pluricentricity and variety.
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Widiadnya Putri, I. Gusti Ayu Vina, I. Putu Andri Permana, and Ida Bagus Gde Nova Winarta. "FIGURATIVE AND LEXICAL VARIETIES IN FACEBOOK POSTS." Lingual: Journal of Language and Culture 4, no. 2 (November 21, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ljlc.2017.v04.i02.p06.
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Language is a highly elaborated signaling system. It serves various functions in communication, it is used to share ideas, convey feelings and emotions, etc. The researchers are interested to uncover more on how people use language in terms of its variety and lexical in one of the popular social media networking platforms that we all know as Facebook. Based on the aforementioned background of the study, the problem of the research can be formulated as follows: (1) what are the figurative languages used in Facebook posts by female and male Facebook users? (2) How are the emotional lexical varieties e.g. used in Facebook posts? Method of research is a procedure needed to do the research better. In this case, method of research covers data source, data collection and data analysis. The data of this research have been taken from facebook profile, it is as an online social networking website where people can create profiles, share information such as photos and quotes about themselves, and respond or link to the information posted by others. The method that used in collecting data is method of library research. They are collected by reading the Facebook user’s post, by underlining and note taking as well.The data analysis is the last step in this process of writing this research. The analysis is done by descriptive method. To make the analysis clearer, all of examples are completed with explanation. Referring to the first research problem, there are some figurative languages used by the Facebook users such as, Simile (female 1 or 4.3% and male 0%), Metaphor (female 4 or 17.3% and male 0%),, Personification (female 3 or 1.3% and male 1% or 4.3%),, Hyperbole (female 4 or 17.3% and male 1 or 4.3%), and Idiom (female 3 or 13% and male 0%),. Furthermore, in regards to the second problem that is emotional lexical used by the Facebook Users, we could mention that both the Augmentatives (female 3 or 13% and male 1 or 4.3%), and Euphemisms (female 1 or 4.3% and male 1 or 4.3%), are used in the Facebook postsKeywords: Figurative, lexical variety, Facebook, Post
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Zhang, Xingyu. "An Analysis of Chinese English Varieties from the Perspective of Eco-linguistics——A Case Study of Pidgin English." Review of Educational Theory 4, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/ret.v4i1.2829.
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This paper focuses on the nativization of English in China, using Pidgin English as a case study to put Chinese English variants under the theoretical framework of eco-linguistics, and put the ecological environment such as species competition, coexistence and co-evolution, etc. The natural phenomenon is compared with the existence of language phenomenon in the development process of China English represented by Pidgin English.The study found that as the spark of the collision of the two mainstream languages of Chinese and English, the Chinese English varieties play a very important role in the exchange and enrichment of the two languages and cultures. Although academic circles have different attitudes and opinions on Chinese English variants, their existence and development conform to the law of the development of things and are also inevitable in historical development. Blindly ignoring their objective existence will definitely bring adverse effects on the ecological balance of the language. We should face up to the existence of Chinese English variants, comply with the law of language development, and allow it to develop naturally, and make efforts to protect the ecological balance of the world’s languages.
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Schilk, Marco, Joybrato Mukherjee, Christopher Nam, and Sach Mukherjee. "Complementation of ditransitive verbs in South Asian Englishes: a multifactorial analysis." Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 9, no. 2 (October 25, 2013): 187–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2013-0001.
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AbstractThis paper examines parallels and differences between South Asian Englishes and British English with regard to various factors driving the selection of verb-complementation patterns. Focusing on the prototypical ditransitive verb give and its complementation, we use large web-derived corpora and distinguish between two possible response cases, one based on the dative and prepositional construction (i.e. the dative alternation), the other including monotransitive complementation. Our data has been additionally coded for a number of potential driving factors, such as pronominality and discourse accessibility of the participants in the constructions. Applying a model-exploration technique we isolate the main driving factors for the varieties under scrutiny (Indian English, Pakistani English and British English) and analyze their influence on pattern selection based on a multinomial logistic regression formulation. Our findings show that, while there is a large area of overlap between the varieties, Pakistani English is closer to British English with regard to relevant driving factors than Indian English. Furthermore, we reveal interesting parallels between all three varieties in the use of monotransitive complementation.
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Khachula, Annet Aromo, Lucy Mandillah, and Bernard Angatia Mudogo. "Levels of Equivalence in Interpreter-mediated Sermons from English into Luhya Varieties." International Journal of English Language Studies 3, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijels.2021.3.5.4.
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Languages have different concepts for conveying meanings; hence there is a problem in finding equivalents between the source language (SL) and the target language (TL) in the process of interpreting. The transfer of meaning is identified as one of the basic problems in interpreting due to the absence of equivalence between two languages. This paper identifies levels of equivalence in the interpretation of selected sermons from English into Luhya varieties. Data was collected through key-informant interviews of interpreters, Focus Group Discussions by the congregants, and the researcher’s non-participant observation during church services. An audio recorder was used to collect the corpus for analysis which was later transcribed and translated for analysis. Relevance Theory by Sperber and Wilson (1986) provided the background for the discussion of the data. The findings revealed the following levels of equivalence in the interpretation of English sermons into Luhya varieties; one to many, one to part-of-one and nil equivalence. Further, it was also revealed that interpreters need to identify these three levels of equivalence in interpreting English sermons into Luhya varieties to determine the appropriate measures to counteract the situation.
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Djenar, Dwi Noverini, and Michael C. Ewing. "Language varieties and youthful involvement in Indonesian fiction." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 24, no. 2 (May 2015): 108–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947015573387.
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This article explores new functions served by language varieties in fiction. Focusing our analysis on two types of texts in Indonesian – teen fiction and comics – we examine the interplay between standard and colloquial varieties to show how they are used together with non-verbal elements to promote youthful involvement. We identify three ways in which involvement is created in the texts: through free indirect discourse, non-verbal cues, and the gradual building of empathy indicated by shifting perspectives. We show that shifts from narrator’s to character’s perspective are shifts in alignment. By shifting to colloquial language, the narrator aligns their perspective with that of both the character and the reader, thus blurring the divisions between them. Non-verbal cues can also signal a shift in narrator roles, from a teller to a keen commentator and interlocutor who directly addresses the reader and invites them to share story-world experience. The frequent shifts between varieties represent a new style of writing which gives salience to the role of narrator as agent with a double persona: an anonymous agent who tells the reader about the characters in relation to the unfolding events, and an agent-participant who makes their presence known to the reader through direct address and evaluative commentary.
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Kruger, Haidee, and Bertus van Rooy. "Register variation in written contact varieties of English." English World-Wide 39, no. 2 (May 31, 2018): 214–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.00011.kru.
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Abstract Previous research suggests there are register differences between native and non-native varieties of English, as well as translated English. This article reports on a multidimensional (MD) analysis of register variation in the published written registers of 16 varieties of English, and tests expectations for register variation in contact varieties evident from existing research. The study finds that the effects of variety and register are largely independent of each other, indicating that overall, registers pattern in similar ways across varieties. register is the strongest factor accounting for variance in the data, but variety also contributes significantly to variation. Non-native varieties before phase four in the Dynamic Model (Schneider 2007) and translations draw more extensively on markers of formality than non-native varieties at phase four and native varieties. Contact varieties display fewer involvement features than native varieties. Persuasive strategies and reported speech are variable across varieties, suggesting local stylistic and cultural differences.
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John Hassall, Peter. "Deviance Analysis of English Language Test Data to Explicate World English Varieties." Asian Englishes 3, no. 1 (January 2000): 78–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2000.10801045.
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Blainey, Darcie. "Sociolinguistic research with endangered varieties: The case of Louisiana French." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 62, no. 4 (June 13, 2017): 576–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2017.30.
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AbstractThis article outlines the differences in goals, methods and results that variationist researchers may encounter when exploring and/or documenting a threatened language variety, and underscores special considerations and aspects of the research program that linguists must work to control for when working with endangered varieties of Western languages. In particular, it examines questions and strategies for dealing with sparse data for longitudinal studies; fewer speakers for stratified samples; the inverse relation between linguistic fluency and age; social network constraints in small speech communities; literacy-centric exercises in oral language communities; and larger project protocols designed for stable linguistic communities. Throughout the paper, the collection and analysis of Louisiana French liaison data from 1939, 1977, and 2010 provide an application of the proposed methods.
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Lamanna, Scott. "A Qualitative Analysis of Translanguaging by Colombian Migrants in North Carolina." Languages 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020064.
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This study examines the usefulness of the theoretical construct of translanguaging in analyzing the linguistic production of twenty-four Colombians (originally from Bogotá) residing in the Piedmont Triad region of North Carolina. Translanguaging maintains that bilinguals and multilinguals have a single linguistic repertoire consisting of features traditionally associated with different named languages (English, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, etc.), and that they freely select from among these features according to their communicative needs in specific contexts. In terms of named languages, participants utilized varying amounts of English during sociolinguistic interviews conducted primarily in Spanish by the investigator. The study presents a qualitative analysis of participants’ linguistic production viewed through the lens of translanguaging, which offers a better account than codeswitching of several patterns of language use observed in the data. These include phonetically ambiguous words, fluid combinations of morphemes from each named language (Spanish and English), and innovative uses of linguistic forms. The study concludes with a consideration of the relevance of translanguaging in addressing the issue of the legitimacy of the (often stigmatized) language varieties of Hispanics in the U.S. context.
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Ardiansyah, Nur Muhammad, and Vidya Mandarani. "An Analysis of Figurative Language Elements upon an American Short Story Entitled “The Monkey’s Paw." JEES (Journal of English Educators Society) 3, no. 1 (April 4, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jees.v3i1.1326.
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This article describes the study of semantic in a specified domain of figurative language upon a selected work of American English literature, in form of short story written by the renowned writer and author, William Wymark Jacobs, entitled as ‘The Monkey’s Paw’. Several objectives are deduced by the researcher in quest of finding the forms of this figurative language within the passage. Briefly, figurative language itself is a feature of every languages, which emphasized the use of expression to symbolize a different meaning from the usual literal interpretation. In our analysis of ‘The Monkey’s Paw’, the varieties of figurative language: Metaphor, Personification, Hyperbole, Symbolism, also another terms used to represent unusual words construction or combination such as Onomatopoeia, Idiom, and even Imagery, are discussed in order in relation with true meaning discovery behind each figurative language properties.
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Nargiza Masharipova. "THE FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF POLYSEMY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES." International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science, no. 2(23) (February 28, 2020): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijitss/28022020/6949.
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In fact, the emotive potential of the language is high and polysemy is a great advantage to a language, so the article illustrates the varieties of polysemy, structural and functional features of polysemy in translation, differences between the usage and classification of polysemy in Uzbek and English languages. The paper deals with also the problems of translation of polysemy in both languages by using comparative and contrastive analysis of observation.
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Janevska, Tamara. "FRAZEOLOGIZMI SA LEKSEMOM „VODA“ U SRPSKOM I ENGLESKOM JEZIKU." Lipar, no. 71 (April 2020): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/lipar71.233j.
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/ The aim of this research is to perform the analysis of idioms containing the lexeme water in Serbian and English language. The goal was to confirm whether, and to what degree, these two languages show similarity in the lexical sense and to identify possible subtle differences in meaning that certain varieties of an idiom give rise to, which we sought to discover by conducting the semantic analysis of the examples extracted from the dictionaries. The research concluded that there are no major differences in the two languages regarding the semantic meaning overall, since we find the same categories into which these idioms can be classified. Regarding the varieties, differences are noticed only in a small number of Serbian idioms
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Nance, Claire. "Bilingual language exposure and the peer group: Acquiring phonetics and phonology in Gaelic Medium Education." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 2 (February 14, 2019): 360–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006919826872.
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Aims and objectives:This paper aims to examine the acquisition of phonetics and phonology in the context of Scottish Gaelic immersion schooling. I explore the effect of differing home language backgrounds among primary school children on the production of laterals and stop consonants.Design/methodology/approach:Acoustic analysis was performed on Gaelic and English speech data collected from children in Gaelic Medium Education in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland.Data and analysis:Word list data were collected from 18 children aged 7–11 and analyzed using measurements of formants and duration of stop phases. Half of the sample had little or no exposure to Gaelic in the home, while the other half had differing degrees of family input. Statistical analysis was conducted using Conditional Inference Trees.Findings and conclusions:This study finds that any initial differences between children who enter Gaelic Medium Education as fluent speakers and those who do not are leveled out by late primary school, at least in terms of pronunciation. I suggest that leveled varieties of minority languages can develop in pre-adolescence in peer group settings such as minority language education.Originality:This study is the first to examine phonetic and phonological acquisition in Gaelic-English bilingual children. It is one of a small number of studies to examine bilingual phonological acquisition in immersion schooling. The study supports recent research exploring the development of peer group varieties among young minority language speakers.Significance and implications:This research aims to expand traditional models that consider the extent of exposure to two languages as key in predicting phonetic and phonological production. I suggest that the impact of the peer group and the context of language use are also significant factors. Results suggest potential development of education varieties of Gaelic. These findings have implications for future revitalization strategies for minority languages across the world.
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Muratova, Altyn, Shara Mazhitaevna Mazhitaуeva, and Bayan Zhumashevna Sarybaeva. "Secret codes in communication and their varieties." Bulletin of Toraighyrov University. Philology series, no. 2,2021 (June 1, 2021): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/jyds8602.
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The article considers the secret means of Kazakh communication and analyzes the purpose and place of using secret means of communication. The types of secret communication, the national characteristics of the phenomenon using examples from works of art are described. It shows that both verbal and non-verbal means of communication take an important place in communication. Based on the semantic analysis of auxiliary means of communication used depending on the worldview and culture, history and lifestyle of each nation, on the basis of language facts the author shows an important place of this phenomenon in the life of each people. Secret language is a phenomenon that exists in a language, but has not been the object of special research, except for one or two statements in the scientific literature. Therefore, our goal is to reveal the nature of the whole phenomenon in language and determine the ways of their transmission.
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Masykar, Tanzir, Roni Agusmaniza, Nurul Taflihati Masykar, and Febri Nurrahmi. "An instrumental analysis of oral monophthongs in Aceh Barat dialect of Acehnese." EduLite: Journal of English Education, Literature and Culture 6, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/e.6.2.383-396.
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As among the ten most spoken languages, Acehnese inevitably has many varieties. Many previous studies on Acehnese have been heavily conducted on the northern varieties of Acehnese, leaving other Acehnese varieties unexplored. Pase dialect of Acehnese has been described to have oral and nasal monophthongs and diphthongs, but no studies on Aceh Barat dialect phonetic features of Acehnese have been made. Aceh Barat dialect has also been stigmatized as being rough and vulgar in the previous study. Thus, the current study aims to explore the instrumental analysis of Acehnese oral monophthongs by Aceh Barat speakers. Three male speakers (aged 35-50 years old) speaking only Acehnese as the local language participated in the current study. The ten Acehnese words used to target the ten phonemes were adapted from study. A total of 90 tokens of Acehnese oral vowels production were analyzed using PRAAT version 6.1.29. The oral monophthongs of the Aceh Barat dialect are generally similar to the previous study on the Pase dialect. Exception emerges for the vowel /?/ and /?/, which seems to be produced differently across the speakers. Both vowels appear to stretch further down the vowel space closer to the back vowels /u/ and / ?/, respectively.
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Bohnemeyer, Jürgen, Katharine T. Donelson, Randi E. Moore, Elena Benedicto, Alyson Eggleston, Carolyn K. O’Meara, Gabriela Pérez Báez, et al. "The Contact Diffusion of Linguistic Practices." Language Dynamics and Change 5, no. 2 (2015): 169–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00502002.
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We examine the extent to which practices of language use may be diffused through language contact and areally shared, using data on spatial reference frame use by speakers of eight indigenous languages from in and around the Mesoamerican linguistic area and three varieties of Spanish. Regression models show that the frequency of L2-Spanish use by speakers of the indigenous languages predicts the use of relative reference frames in the L1 even when literacy and education levels are accounted for. A significant difference in frame use between the Mesoamerican and non-Mesoamerican indigenous languages further supports the contact diffusion analysis.
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Zerbian, Sabine. "Prosodic marking of narrow focus across varieties of South African English." English World-Wide 34, no. 1 (February 8, 2013): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.34.1.02zer.
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This paper reports on an elicited production study which investigates prosodic marking of narrow focus in modified noun phrases in varieties of South African English. The acoustic analysis of fundamental frequency, intensity, and duration in narrow focus is presented and discussed. The results suggest that these three acoustic parameters are manipulated differently in narrow focus in the varieties of English as a Second Language as compared to General South African English. The article compares the results to what is known about prosodic marking of information structure in other varieties of English as a Second Language and underlines the necessity of carefully controlled data in the investigation of phonological and phonetic variation in varieties of English.
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Maitz, Péter, and Attila Németh. "Language Contact and Morphosyntactic Complexity: Evidence from German." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 26, no. 1 (February 7, 2014): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542713000184.
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The article focuses on the hypothesis that the structural complexity of languages is variable and historically changeable. By means of a quantitative statistical analysis of naturalistic corpus data, the question is raised as to what role language contact and adult second language acquisition play in the simplification and complexification of language varieties. The results confirm that there is a significant correlation between intensity of contact and linguistic complexity, while at the same time showing that there is a need to consider other social factors, and, in particular, the attitude of a speech community toward linguistic norms.*