Journal articles: 'Analysis of directionality'

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Fife, J. L., J. C. Li, D. C. Dunand, and P. W. Voorhees. "Morphological analysis of pores in directionally freeze-cast titanium foams." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 1 (January 2009): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0023.

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Synchrotron x-ray tomography was performed on titanium foams with aligned, elongated pores, initially created by sintering directionally freeze-cast preforms using two different powder sizes. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the pore structures were analyzed morphologically using interface shape and interface normal distributions. A smaller powder size leads to more completely sintered titanium walls separating the dendritic pores, which in turn created a more compact distribution of pore shapes as well as stronger pore directionality parallel to the ice growth direction. The distribution of pore shapes is comparable to trabecular bone reported in the literature, indicating the foam's potential as a bone replacement material.

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Perelberg, Azik I., and Scott C. Hornbostel. "Applications of seismic polarization analysis." GEOPHYSICS 59, no. 1 (January 1994): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443522.

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Multicomponent seismic recording contains a wealth of information. A major challenge is to distill this information into something manageable. Polarization analysis is a technique for simplifying the situation by extracting two simple measures: ellipticity and directionality. These measures can be obtained quickly from the data covariance matrices and are sufficient for data analysis or for the design of weighting functions for seismic wave‐type selection. Data analysis using these measures may include the study of ellipticity to discern anisotropy and the use of ellipticity and directionality for a quick survey of the various wave types in the data. Applications of the related weighting functions include the removal of ground roll, the separation of converted waves or refractions, and the removal of out‐of‐plane arrivals.

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Tulsky, D., J. Zhu, and E. L. Rolfhus. "WAIS-III scale discrepancy analysis and hypothesized directionality." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 14, no. 8 (November 1, 1999): 723–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/14.8.723a.

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Meszaros, Megan, Desneige Meyer, Lindsey Vold, and Wanda Martin. "Plotting Directionality on Positional Maps: A Methodological Consideration for Situational Analysis." International Journal of Qualitative Methods 18 (January 1, 2019): 160940691985528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1609406919855280.

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In this article, we aim to expand situational analysis (SA), oriented by complex adaptive systems (CAS), by adding the dimension of directionality over time to positional maps. This addition furthers the analytic utility of SA and can aid researchers in identifying areas for transformative action regarding social justice and health equity issues. Adding directionality over time to positional maps pushes researchers to explore how positions move, evolve, and how they could continue to develop. Analyzing these elements expands the analytic utility of positional maps as researchers abductively analyze explicit connections between theorized antecedents, current conditions, and potential futures within a CAS to understand positional movements. The purpose of this analysis is not as a predictive tool but as a tool in identifying potential actionable areas for interventions while further grounding SA in its Foucauldian and Straussian theoretical roots. We use an ongoing public health project in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania, to demonstrate how a researcher can apply directionality over time to positional maps.

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Company Company, Concepción. "Four directionalities for grammaticalization." Journal of Historical Linguistics 8, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 356–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.17032.com.

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Abstract This article offers an analysis and systematization of the relationship between directionality and grammaticalization and develops an innovative proposal regarding a new type of directionality. The article proposes four types of directionality in grammaticalization: A. down, B. up, C. neither down nor up, and D. up and down. The first three types are very well studied, but the last has been overlooked in the theoretical literature. The article analyzes directionality D in depth. It is a directionality that is very similar to a round trip: an up in the cline is followed by a down in the cline. First, the form or construction leaves sentence grammar and enters into periphery grammar, acquiring a new category and a discourse meaning, generally a subjective one; later, the form comes back into sentence grammar, but always re-enters as a different category from the etymological source. This process appears to be round trip directionality. This round trip process constitutes a fourth type of directionality in grammaticalization. Directionality D requires its own status, distinct from the sum of directionalities A and B, due to its specific source and due to the fact that the reinsertion into the sentence grammar is in a specific category. It has its own individual distribution and a characteristic and innovative circular path. The evidence of this directionality presented in this article comes from Spanish, but this path very likely also generalizes to other languages.

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Grewal, Shiv I. S., and Amar J. S. Klar. "A Recombinationally Repressed Region Between mat2 and mat3 Loci Shares Homology to Centromeric Repeats and Regulates Directionality of Mating-Type Switching in Fission Yeast." Genetics 146, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 1221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/146.4.1221.

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Cells of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe switch mating type by replacing genetic information at the transcriptionally active mat1 locus with sequences copied from one of two closely linked silent loci, mat2-P or mat3-M. By a process referred to as directionality of switching, cells predominantly switch to the opposite mat1 allele; the mat1-P allele preferentially recombines with mat3, while mat1-M selects the mat2. In contrast to efficient recombination at mat1, recombination within the adjoining mat2-mat3 interval is undetectable. We defined the role of sequences between mat2 and mat3, designated the K-region, in directionality as well as recombinational suppression. Cloning and sequencing analysis revealed that a part of the K-region is homologous to repeat sequences present at centromeres, which also display transcriptional and recombinational suppression. Replacement of 7.5 kb of the K-region with the ura4 + gene affected directionality in a variegated manner. Analysis of the swi6-mod locus, which was previously shown to affect directionality, in KΔ::ura4 + strains suggested the existence of at least two overlapping directionality mechanisms. Our work furthers the model that directionality is regulated by cell-type-specific organization of the heterochromatin-like structure in the mating-type region and provides evidence that the K-region contributes to silencing of the mat2-mat3 interval.

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Pawlus, P., R. Reizer, and M. Wieczorowski. "The analysis of directionality of honed cylinder liners surfaces." Scanning 36, no. 1 (June 19, 2013): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sca.21101.

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Huang, Zhigang, and David V. Rosowsky. "Analysis of hurricane directionality effects using event-based simulation." Wind and Structures 3, no. 3 (September 25, 2000): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/was.2000.3.3.177.

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Waseda, Takuji, Takeshi Kinoshita, and Hitoshi Tamura. "Evolution of a Random Directional Wave and Freak Wave Occurrence." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 621–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo4031.1.

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Abstract The evolution of a random directional wave in deep water was studied in a laboratory wave tank (50 m long, 10 m wide, 5 m deep) utilizing a directional wave generator. A number of experiments were conducted, changing the various spectral parameters (wave steepness 0.05 < ɛ < 0.11, with directional spreading up to 36° and frequency bandwidth 0.2 < δk/k < 0.6). The wave evolution was studied by an array of wave wires distributed down the tank. As the spectral parameters were altered, the wave height statistics change. Without any wave directionality, the occurrence of waves exceeding twice the significant wave height (the freak wave) increases as the frequency bandwidth narrows and steepness increases, due to quasi-resonant wave–wave interaction. However, the probability of an extreme wave rapidly reduces as the directional bandwidth broadens. The effective Benjamin–Feir index (BFIeff) is introduced, extending the BFI (the relative magnitude of nonlinearity and dispersion) to incorporate the effect of directionality, and successfully parameterizes the observed occurrence of freak waves in the tank. Analysis of the high-resolution hindcast wave field of the northwest Pacific reveals that such a directionally confined wind sea with high extreme wave probability is rare and corresponds mostly to a swell–wind sea mixed condition. Therefore, extreme wave occurrence in the sea as a result of quasi-resonant wave–wave interaction is a rare event that occurs only when the wind sea directionality is extremely narrow.

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Ascher, Marcia. "How Can Spin, Ply, and Knot Direction Contribute to Understanding the Quipu Code?" Latin American Antiquity 16, no. 1 (March 2005): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30042488.

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AbstractEssential to quipu analysis is identification of the logical structure of the quipu and the internal relationships of the data within that structure. The identification process relies on examining, in detail, the colors, placement, and spacing of the quipu cords, and the knot types and positions on the cords. Spin, ply, and knot directionality have recently become available for 59 otherwise well-described quipus. Here, I examine this additional information in the context of the logic of the quipus. Analysis shows that for these quipus, except for three in which the main cord differs from the other cords, spin and ply are uniform for all the cords on a quipu. For the large majority of the quipus (about 81 percent), knot directionality is also uniform throughout. The 19 percent for which knot directionality is mixed are presented and discussed individually. On them, knot directionality conforms to, and plays a role in, the overall logic of the quipu. It is clear that spin, ply, and knot directionality are not chosen by the quipu-maker on a cord-by-cord basis and they do not serve to distinguish between quantitative and non-quantitative data.

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Whyatt, Bogusława. "In search of directionality effectsin the translation processand in the end product." Translation, Cognition & Behavior 2, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00020.why.

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Abstract This article tackles directionality as one of the most contentious issues in translation studies, still without solid empirical footing. The research presented here shows that, to understand directionality effects on the process of translation and its end product, performance in L2 → L1 and L1 → L2 translation needs to be compared in a specific setting in which more factors than directionality are considered—especially text type. For 26 professional translators who participated in an experimental study, L1 → L2 translation did not take significantly more time than L2 → L1 translation and the end products of both needed improvement from proofreaders who are native speakers of the target language. A close analysis of corrections made by the proofreaders shows that different aspects of translation quality are affected by directionality. A case study of two translators who produced high quality L1 → L2 translations reveals that their performance was affected more by text type than by directionality.

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Banerjee Basu, Swagata, and Masanobu Shinozuka. "Effect of Ground Motion Directionality on Fragility Characteristics of a Highway Bridge." Advances in Civil Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/536171.

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It is difficult to incorporate multidimensional effect of the ground motion in the design and response analysis of structures. The motion trajectory in the corresponding multi-dimensional space results in time variant principal axes of the motion and defies any meaningful definition of directionality of the motion. However, it is desirable to consider the directionality of the ground motion in assessing the seismic damageability of bridges which are one of the most vulnerable components of highway transportation systems. This paper presents a practice-oriented procedure in which the structure can be designed to ensure the safety under single or a pair of independent orthogonal ground motions traveling horizontally with an arbitrary direction to structural axis. This procedure uses nonlinear time history analysis and accounts for the effect of directionality in the form of fragility curves. The word directionality used here is different from “directivity” used in seismology to mean a specific characteristic of seismic fault movement.

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Wang, Jihong, and Jemina Napier. "Directionality in Signed Language Interpreting." Meta 60, no. 3 (April 5, 2016): 518–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1036141ar.

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This mixed methods study investigated the effects of directionality (language direction) and age of signed language acquisition on the simultaneous interpreting performance of professional English/Auslan (Australian Sign Language) interpreters, who comprised native signers and non-native signers. Each participant interpreted presentations simultaneously from English into Auslan, and vice versa, with each task followed by a brief semi-structured interview. Unlike a similar study, results reveal no significant differences between the native signers’ English-to-Auslan simultaneous interpreting performance and their Auslan-to-English simultaneous interpreting performance, suggesting that balanced bilingual interpreters are free from the rule of directionality. Although this finding held true for the non-native signers, results indicate a need for the non-native signers to continue to enhance their signed language (L2) competence. Furthermore, although the native signers were similar to the non-native signers in overall simultaneous interpreting performance in each language direction, the native signers were significantly superior to the non-native signers in both the target text features and delivery features of English-to-Auslan simultaneous interpreting performance. These findings also suggest that the non-native signers need to further improve their signed language (L2) proficiency. Nevertheless, an analysis of the qualitative interview data reveals that the professional interpreters perceived distinct challenges that were unique to each language direction.

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14

Rativa, Diego, and Brian Vohnsen. "Analysis of individual cone-photoreceptor directionality using scanning laser ophthalmoscopy." Biomedical Optics Express 2, no. 6 (May 4, 2011): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boe.2.001423.

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Ji, Xiaowen, Guoqing Huang, Xinxin Zhang, and Gregory A. Kopp. "Vulnerability analysis of steel roofing cladding: Influence of wind directionality." Engineering Structures 156 (February 2018): 587–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.11.068.

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Alderete, John, and Alexei Kochetov. "Japanese mimetic palatalisation revisited: implications for conflicting directionality." Phonology 26, no. 3 (November 19, 2009): 369–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675709990212.

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This article re-examines ‘conflicting directionality’ in Japanese mimetic words, a distributional pattern in which palatalisation is preferentially realised on the rightmost of two coronal consonants, but on the leftmost consonant in a word without coronals. Analysis of the original dictionary evidence given in support of this generalisation and an exhaustive search of the Japanese mimetic stratum reveal both several counterexamples to conflicting directionality and the fact that the datasets are far too small to support linguistic generalisation. The theoretical assumptions employed to account for Japanese mimetic palatalisation are thus re-examined, with a focus on clarifying the predictions for future valid examples of conflicting directionality.

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OSTERHAGE, HANNES, FLORIAN MORMANN, TOBIAS WAGNER, and KLAUS LEHNERTZ. "MEASURING THE DIRECTIONALITY OF COUPLING: PHASE VERSUS STATE SPACE DYNAMICS AND APPLICATION TO EEG TIME SERIES." International Journal of Neural Systems 17, no. 03 (June 2007): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065707001019.

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Measuring the directionality of coupling between dynamical systems is one of the challenging problems in nonlinear time series analysis. We investigate the relative merit of two approaches to assess directionality, one based on phase dynamics modeling and one based on state space topography. We analyze unidirectionally coupled model systems to investigate the ability of the two approaches to detect driver-responder relationships and discuss certain problems and pitfalls. In addition we apply both approaches to the intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded from one epilepsy patient during the seizure-free interval to demonstrate the general suitability of directionality measures to reflect the pathological interaction of the epileptic focus with other brain areas.

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Nikitskaya, M. G. "Study on Achievement Goals and Directionality in the Context of Learning Motivation." Современная зарубежная психология 8, no. 2 (2019): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2019080203.

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The article gives a brief historical overview of the origins and development of the theory of the achievement goals. It presents the analysis of the basic constructs of this theory: avoidance and achievement, valency, needs, motive, mastery and demonstration of results. It also introduces major authoritative models of goal achievement theories: diсhotomic, trichotomic, 2 x 2 and 3 x 2 models. The article examines systematized by Elliot and McGregor types of directionality of learning activities: focus on achieving mastery, focus on demonstration of results, focus on the avoidance of mastery, focus on avoidance of demonstrating results. The article includes the data of pilot research describing the link between personality directionality and directionality of learning activity.

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Ekblad, Mikael O., Kristine Marceau, Emily Rolan, Rohan H. C. Palmer, Alexandre Todorov, Andrew C. Heath, and Valerie S. Knopik. "The Effect of Smoking during Pregnancy on Severity and Directionality of Externalizing and Internalizing Symptoms: A Genetically Informed Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 7921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217921.

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The objective was to examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) and (I) severity and (II) directionality of externalizing and internalizing symptoms in a sample of sibling pairs while rigorously controlling for familial confounds. The Missouri Mothers and Their Children Study is a family study (N = 173 families) with sibling pairs (aged 7 to 16 years) who are discordant for exposure to SDP. This sibling comparison study is designed to disentangle the effects of SDP from familial confounds. An SDP severity score was created for each child using a combination of SDP indicators (timing, duration, and amount). Principal component analysis of externalizing and internalizing behavior, assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher Report Form, was used to create symptom severity and directionality scores. The variance in severity and directionality scores was primarily a function of differences between siblings (71% and 85%, respectively) rather than differences across families (29% and 15%, respectively). The severity score that combines externalizing and internalizing symptom severity was not associated with SDP. However, a significant within-family effect of SDP on symptom directionality (b = 0.07, p = 0.04) was observed in the sibling comparison model. The positive directionality score indicates that SDP is associated with differentiation of symptoms towards externalizing rather than internalizing symptoms after controlling for familial confounds with a sibling comparison model. This supports a potentially causal relationship between SDP and externalizing behavior.

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Fonseca, P. J., and A. V. Popov. "Directionality of the tympanal vibrations in a cicada: a biophysical analysis." Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 180, no. 4 (March 17, 1997): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050059.

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Makhutov, N. A., I. V. Makarenko, and L. V. Makarenko. "ANALYSIS OF THE KINETICS AND DIRECTIONALITY OF ELASTOPLASTIC DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 85, no. 6 (July 10, 2019): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2019-85-6-47-52.

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Safety, survivability, and serviceability of the equipment are governed by the strength characteristics of the separate units and elements which can contain initial or operational defects such as superficial differently oriented semi-elliptical cracks. Numerical methods of calculation provide a large bulk of information about the stress-strain state (SSS) of those elements proceeding from the given algorithms for calculating the corresponding fracture models. Change in the type of the SSS near the crack contour when going from the bulk to the surface depends on the constraint of deformations along their front, i.e., on the 3D character of the SSS. Diagnostics of the form change of the defects (surface differently oriented semi-elliptic low-cycle cracks) is carried out on the basis of experimental results and numerical solutions. The data of the finite element modeling are implemented on the basis of macros of the ANSYS program complex. The regularity of the directionality of developing the elastoplastic fracture under low-cycle loading is studied. The proposed methodology is proved by the parametric equations of the kinetics of forming changes of the cracks under study in the fractographic analysis of the surfaces of their development. The results of testing samples with semi-elliptic cracks under low-cycle loading are used in analysis of the parameters of the morphology of the surfaces of the developed defects. The results of measuring fields of elastoplastic deformation intensity in the crack tip and geometrical characteristics of the fracture surface development are presented. Analysis of the dynamics of the local stress-strain state near the contour of multi-oriented defects in parts and structural units of the equipment showed a good agreement between the experimental parameters of the geometry of developing cracks and characteristics obtained by numerical methods. The presented parametric equations specify the characteristics of nonlinear fracture mechanics thus providing reliable estimation and forecasting of survivability, and safety of serviceability of the critical equipment. The deformation criteria of nonlinear fracture mechanics are used to demonstrate the dependence of fracture development on the 3D character of the stress-strain state indicating to the directionality of the geometric development of the fracture surface form.

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Li, Desheng. "Directionality of Tangential Force Variation in High Speed Uniformity." Tire Science and Technology 39, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 256–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.3672823.

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Abstract Tire nonuniformity may affect vehicle ride comfort quality especially while vehicles are running at highway speeds. Spindle force variations in the radial, tangential, and lateral directions are normally used as parameters evaluating tire high speed uniformity performance. An interesting physical phenomenon—directionality of tangential force variation has been observed for many tires. The directionality of tangential force variation means that tangential force variation is different when a tire is measured in the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions under the same test conditions. In this paper, a theory is developed to explain the interesting physical phenomenon. Simulation and analysis are conducted using a dynamic tire model. It is found that the directionality of tangential force variation is caused by the interaction of different types of nonuniformities in tires such as mass and geometry variations.

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Pinzón, Luis A., Luis G. Pujades, Irving Medranda, and Rodrigo E. Alva. "Case Study of a Heavily Damaged Building during the 2016 MW 7.8 Ecuador Earthquake: Directionality Effects in Seismic Actions and Damage Assessment." Geosciences 11, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020074.

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In this work, the directionality effects during the MW 7.8 earthquake, which occurred in Muisne (Ecuador) on 16 April 2016, were analyzed under two perspectives. The first one deals with the influence of these effects on seismic intensity measures (IMs), while the second refers to the assessment of the expected damage of a specific building located in Manta city, Ecuador, as a function of its azimuthal orientation. The records of strong motion in 21 accelerometric stations were used to analyze directionality in seismic actions. At the closest station to the epicenter (RRup = 20 km), the peak ground acceleration was 1380 cm/s2 (EW component of the APED station). A detailed study of the response spectra ratifies the importance of directionality and confirms the need to consider these effects in seismic hazard studies. Differences between IMs values that consider the directionality and those obtained from the as-recorded accelerograms are significant and they agree with studies carried out in other regions. Concerning the variation of the expected damage with respect to the building orientation, a reinforced concrete building, which was seriously affected by the earthquake, was taken as a case study. For this analysis, the accelerograms recorded at a nearby station and detailed structural documentation were used. The ETABS software was used for the structural analysis. Modal and pushover analyses were performed, obtaining capacity curves and capacity spectra in the two main axes of the building. Two advanced methods for damage assessment were used to obtain fragility and mean damage state curves. The performance points were obtained through the linear equivalent approximation. This allows estimation and analysis of the expected mean damage state and the probability of complete damage as functions of the building orientation. Results show that the actual probability of complete damage is close to 60%. This fact is mainly due to the greater severity of the seismic action in one of the two main axes of the building. The results are in accordance with the damage produced by the earthquake in the building and confirm the need to consider the directionality effects in damage and seismic risk assessments.

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Ogedengbe, E. O. B., and G. F. Naterer. "Convective Flux Dependence on Upstream Flow Directionality in Finite-Volume Computations." Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 51, no. 7 (March 29, 2007): 617–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407780600939651.

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Abdulhamid, Mohanad. "Analysis and Design of 10-Element Yagi-Uda Antenna." Scientific Bulletin 25, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsaft-2020-0001.

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AbstractThe main aim of this paper is to come up with a 10-element Ultra High Frequency (UHF) aerial with optimal spacing that gives clear TV reception. A Yagi antenna is chosen for this study due to its high directionality, broadband capability, high gain and the availability of materials locally. An attempt is made to simulate the entire antenna and test it on a Samsung TV set.

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Shahi, Shrey K., and Jack W. Baker. "NGA-West2 Models for Ground Motion Directionality." Earthquake Spectra 30, no. 3 (August 2014): 1285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/040913eqs097m.

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The NGA-West2 research program, coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), is a major effort to produce refined models for predicting ground motion response spectra. This study presents new models for ground motion directionality developed as part of that project. Using a database of recorded ground motions, empirical models have been developed for a variety of quantities related to direction-dependent spectra. A model is proposed for the maximum spectral acceleration observed in any orientation of horizontal ground motion shaking ( Sa RotD100), which is formulated as a multiplicative factor to be coupled with the NGA-West2 models that predict the median spectral accelerations over all orientations ( Sa RotD50). Models are also proposed for the distribution of orientations of the Sa RotD100 value, relative to the fault and the relationship between Sa RotD100 orientations at differing periods. Discussion is provided regarding how these results can be applied to perform seismic hazard analysis and compute realistic target spectra conditioned on different parameters.

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Pater, Joe, and Adam Werle. "Direction of Assimilation in Child Consonant Harmony." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 48, no. 3-4 (December 2003): 385–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100000712.

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AbstractIn child language, consonants often assimilate in primary place of articulation across intervening vowels. In adult language, primary place assimilation occurs only between adjacent consonants. In both cases, the first consonant usually assimilates to the second. The standard analysis of directionality of local assimilation in Optimality Theory uses positional faithfulness to protect the second consonant. In this article, it is argued that directionality in child language assimilation is due not to positional faithfulness, but to a markedness constraint that specifies that a consonant preceding a dorsal must agree in place of articulation with it. Along with directionality, this constraint accounts for cases in which dorsals, but not labials, trigger assimilation, which occurs in Korean as well as in child language. Differences between the attested types of assimilation in adult and child language can be explained by differences in the activity of positional faithfulness in the two domains.

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Lohmann, Arne. "Phonological properties of word classes and directionality in conversion." Word Structure 10, no. 2 (October 2017): 204–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2017.0108.

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In the study of the word-formation process of conversion, one particularly difficult task is to determine the directionality of the process, that is, to decide which word represents the base and which the derived word. One possibility to inform this decision that has received only limited attention is to capitalize on word-class-specific phonological properties. This paper empirically investigates this option for English noun-verb conversion by building on recent findings on phonological differences between these two word classes. A large-scale study of phonological properties is carried out on CELEX data, employing the quantitative techniques of conditional inference trees and random forests. An important result of this analysis is that the accuracy of phonological cues varies widely across different subsamples in the data. Essentially this means that phonological cues can be used as a criterion to determine the directionality of words that are at least two syllables in length. When restricted to this part of the lexicon, phonological properties represent a fairly accurate indicator of source word class and are therefore a useful addition to the linguist's toolkit for determining directionality in conversion. Based on this result, the paper also discusses the relations of phonological properties to other criteria commonly employed to determine directionality.

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Abdul, Basit, Vincenzo Mariano Mastronardi, Antonio Qualtieri, Luciana Algieri, Francesco Guido, Francesco Rizzi, and Massimo De Vittorio. "Sensitivity and Directivity Analysis of Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Cantilever-Based MEMS Hydrophone for Underwater Applications." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 10 (October 9, 2020): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100784.

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In this paper, we report on the characterization of the sensitivity and the directionality of a novel ultrasonic hydrophone fabricated by micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) process, using aluminum nitride (AlN) thin film as piezoelectric functional layer and exploiting a stress-driven design. Hydrophone structure and fabrication consist of four piezoelectric cantilevers in cross configuration, whose first resonant frequency mode in water is designed between 20 kHz and 200 kHz. The MEMS fabricated structures exploit 1 µm and 2 µm thick piezoelectric AlN thin film embedded between two molybdenum electrodes grown by DC magnetron sputtering on silicon (Si) wafer. The 200 nm thick molybdenum electrodes thin layers add a stress-gradient through cantilever thickness, leading to an out-of-plane cantilever bending. A water resistant parylene conformal coating of 1 µm was deposited on each cantilever for waterproof operation. AlN upward bent cantilevers show maximum sensitivity up to −163 dB. The cross configuration of four stress-driven piezoelectric cantilevers, combined with an opportune algorithm for processing all data sensors, permits a finer directionality response of this hydrophone.

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Su Yang, 苏洋, 王江平 Wang Jiangping, and 李玉权 Li Yuquan. "Analysis of Directionality for Spatial Electromagnetic Field Measurement Based on Faraday Effect." Acta Optica Sinica 28, no. 4 (2008): 705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos20082804.0705.

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Chan, Randolph, Jennifer Y. M. Tang, Tianyin Liu, and Gloria H. Y. Wong. "DIRECTIONALITY BETWEEN COGNITION AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS: A LONGITUDINAL CROSS-LAGGED PANEL ANALYSIS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.592.

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Abstract Background and Objectives: The relationship between objective and subjective cognitive function and depressive symptoms is complex and potentially multidirectional. This longitudinal prospective study examined the directionality of their relationship among a community sample of older people with no known diagnosis or treatment for dementia or depression. Research Design and Methods: We examined the temporal relationship between objective cognitive functioning, subjective cognitive complaints, and depressive symptoms in 1,814 community-dwelling older people at baseline and one-year follow-up using regression and two-wave cross-lagged panel analyses, after controlling for demographic and health confounders. Results: Cross-lagged analysis showed that depressive symptoms at follow-up were directly predicted by baseline subjective cognitive complaints, but not baseline objective cognitive functioning. The effect differed across objective cognitive functioning levels. In people with clinically significant cognitive impairment at baseline, objective cognitive decline but not baseline subjective cognitive complaints predicted depressive symptoms. In people with mild objective cognitive impairment at baseline, baseline subjective complaints but not objective cognitive decline predicted depressive symptoms. Discussion and Implications: The effects of objective and subjective cognitive decline on depressive symptoms varied across older people with different levels of cognitive impairment. Awareness and insight of one’s cognitive status may contribute to the development/progression in depressive symptom in people with mild cognitive impairment. Mechanisms unrelated to appraisal may be involved in increased depressive symptoms among older persons with significant objective cognitive impairment.

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Park, Jongchan, Woohan Kim, and Chang-Eob Baag. "Phase identification analysis using directionality and rectilinearity functions in three component seismograms." Geosciences Journal 8, no. 2 (June 2004): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02910196.

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Mo, Renjie, Renjing Cao, Minghou Liu, Miao Li, and YunPing Huang. "Seismic fragility analysis of monopile offshore wind turbines considering ground motion directionality." Ocean Engineering 235 (September 2021): 109414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109414.

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Banerjee, Shilpi. "Hearing Aids in the Real World: Typical Automatic Behavior of Expansion, Directionality, and Noise Management." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 22, no. 01 (January 2011): 034–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.22.1.5.

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Background: Automatic DSP (digital signal processing) features, widely available in hearing aids today, are useful because they alleviate the need for the hearing aid wearer to manually adjust the hearing aid as listening conditions change. Although the theoretical basis for the design of these features may be sound, little is known about their behavior in the real world. Data logging offers a glimpse into the life of the individual hearing aid wearer, but there are no published data to date that provide a frame of reference for the interpretation of this information. Further, data logging in hearing aids provides only aggregate summaries for individual features, ignoring complex interactions including the differences between the left and right sides of a bilateral pair. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the typical behavior of three automatic DSP hearing aid features—expansion, directionality, and noise management—in daily life. Data Collection and Analysis: Ten individuals with hearing impairment were fitted bilaterally with BTE (behind the ear) hearing aids. The hearing aids were programmed for the individual's hearing loss with expansion, directionality, and noise management set to activate automatically. A PDA (personal digital assistant) logged the input level and status of expansion, directionality, and noise management from both devices at 5 sec intervals. Data were gathered in this manner over a period of 4–5 wk. Results: A total of 741 hr of hearing aid use were logged, 50% of which were spent in environments no louder than 50 dB SPL. Expansion, directionality, and noise management were active 45, 10, and 21% of the time, respectively; the median amount of gain reduction for noise management was ˜1 dB. Although expansion and noise management were always active at the low and high input levels, respectively, activation of directionality never exceeded 50%. Expansion and noise management were sometimes active simultaneously, as were directionality and noise management. Bilateral agreement in feature activation typically exceeded 80%, except when the input level was at the cusp of a threshold for activation of a specific feature and at high input levels.

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Wiggins, Matthew S., and Robert J. Brustad. "Perception of Anxiety and Expectations of Performance." Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, no. 3 (December 1996): 1071–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.83.3.1071.

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The purpose of this study was to examine expectations of performance and the directionality of anxiety. Directionality refers to the facilitative or debilitative aspects of anxiety. Subjects were 91 athletes competing in soccer, swimming, and track and field. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 with an added Facilitative/Debilitative scale and Expectation of Performance scale was employed. Analysis showed that athletes with lower scores on cognitive and somatic anxiety, and higher scores on self-confidence perceived their anxiety as more facilitative of performance. These athletes also had significantly higher scores on the Expectation of Performance scale.

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Wang, Xiaomei, and Yen-Hwei Lin. "A unified approach to Tianjin trisyllabic tone sandhi: Metrical conditions and tonal complexity." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 2 (June 12, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v2i0.4063.

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Tianjin (Chinese) exhibits complex interactions among its disyllabic tone sandhi rules, leading to both left-to-right and right-to-left rule applications in trisyllabic sequences (cf. Chen 1986, X. Wang 2003). Which directionality to adopt for each particular trisyllabic sequence is arbitrary and cannot be accounted for by any known principles. Based on data from a recent acoustic study, our phonological analysis demonstrates that the seemingly ungoverned directionality is only apparent and that Tianjin tone sandhi rules apply only from left to right when both metrical and tonal complexity conditions are satisfied, thereby providing a unified account.

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Shu, Chih-hsiang. "Parameter Preservation at the Syntax-PF Interface: The Ba Construction Revisited." Studies in Chinese Linguistics 39, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 29–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scl-2018-0002.

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Abstract In this paper, I argue for an analysis that treats the ba construction in Chinese as a case of shape preservation-induced movement structure. Specifically, the robust preverbal adverbial and PP expressions and the mandatory ba-DP movement in ditransitive structures are both derived from a violable head directionality macroparameter under the Symmetrical Syntax Hypothesis, which allows directionality parameters to examine word order throughout the derivation. In addition to being able to capture the parallel syntactic properties of Scandinavian object shift, this account receives further empirical support from word order facts of Archaic Chinese and Bambara.

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Kipp, Larry R. "The flight directionality of honeybees foraging on real and artificial inflorescences." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-091.

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An examination of the flight directionality, the change in direction between arrival and departure, of Apis mellifera (Apidae) workers foraging on artificial inflorescences and on inflorescences of Echinops sphaerocephalus L. (Compositae) is reported. Thirty-seven circular, artificial inflorescences, each with three feeding tubes separated by 120° located on the perimeter were used. At the beginning of each visit all tubes contained 2 ± 0.2 μL of 1.2 M sucrose solution. Bees locating the tubes would probe one or more of them, then depart to another artificial inflorescence and repeat the foraging sequence. Changes in flight directionality were generated during within-inflorescence locomotion and not after feeding had ceased. Directionalities of bees that circled a second time around these inflorescences were indistinguishable from bees departing the same locations prior to completing a single cycle. Hence, the directionality of bees visiting tubes in the sequence 1-2-3-1, 1-2-3-1-2, or 1-2-3-1-2-3 were indistinguishable from the directionality of bees visiting tubes in the sequence 1, 1-2, or 1-2-3, respectively. The direction faced by bees while probing the final tube or floret (last-faced direction) was most often the departure direction; thereafter, bees flew ahead to the nearest inflorescence. An energetic analysis of the artificial inflorescence study showed that directionality was independent of nectar uptake rates. The experiment using real inflorescences, some of which had been enriched with ca. 10 μL of 1.2 M sucrose solution, confirmed that directionality was generated during within-inflorescence locomotion and that the last-faced directon was the most frequent departure direction; furthermore, changes between the last-faced and departure directions were independent of nectar uptake. Evident in the search pattern of honeybees were the following: (i) a forward-moving tendency while on inflorescences, (ii) a departure decision, (iii) departure in the last-faced direction, and (iv) minimum deviation from the last-faced direction when flying directly to the next inflorescence. Although bees tend to move in a forward-facing direction during all movement phases, the floral architecture facilitates or induces turning. The extent of the turn is limited by the bees decision to depart. It is concluded that directionality is an epiphenomenon resulting from interactions among floral architecture, bee locomotion, floral nectar content, and the bee's departure decision. Memory of the arrival direction is not required.

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Jansen, Henning, Christina Willenborg, Wolfgang Lieb, Lingyao Zeng, Paola Gloria Ferrario, Christina Loley, Inke R. König, Jeanette Erdmann, Nilesh J. Samani, and Heribert Schunkert. "Rheumatoid Arthritis and Coronary Artery Disease: Genetic Analyses Do Not Support a Causal Relation." Journal of Rheumatology 44, no. 1 (October 15, 2016): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.151444.

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Objective.Inflammatory diseases, specifically rheumatoid arthritis (RA), are assumed to increase the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). More recently, multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with RA risk were identified. If causal mechanisms affecting risks of RA and CAD are overlapping, risk alleles for RA might also increase the risk of CAD.Methods.Sixty-one SNP associating with RA in genome-wide significant analyses were tested for association with CAD in CARDIoGRAM (Coronary ARtery DIsease Genome wide Replication and Meta-analysis), a metaanalysis including genome-wide association data (22,233 CAD cases, 64,762 controls). In parallel, a set of SNP being associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was tested as a positive control.Results.Twenty-nine RA-associated SNP displayed a directionality-consistent association with CAD (OR range 1.002–1.073), whereas 32 RA-associated SNP were not associated with CAD (OR range 0.96–0.99 per RA risk-increasing allele). The proportion (48%) of directionality-consistent associated SNP equaled the proportion expected by chance (50%, p = 0.09). Of only 5 RA-associated SNP showing p values for CAD < 0.05, 4 loci (C5orf30, IL-6R, PTPN22, and RAD51B) showed directionality-consistent effects on CAD, and 1 (rs10774624, locus SH2B3) reached study-wide significance (p = 7.29E-06). By contrast, and as a proof of concept, 46 (74%) out of 62 LDL-C–associated SNP displayed a directionality-consistent association with CAD, a proportion that was significantly different from 50% (p = 5.9E-05).Conclusion.We found no evidence that RA-associated SNP as a group are associated with CAD. Even though we were not able to study potential effects of all genetic variants individually, shared nongenetic factors may more plausibly explain the observed coincidence of the 2 conditions.

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Bresee, Randall R., Hong Yin, and Zanyao Yan. "Analysis of Roofing Mat Structure." International Nonwovens Journal os-9, no. 2 (June 2000): 1558925000OS—90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925000os-900216.

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We describe hardware and software features of an image analysis-based instrument developed in our laboratory to characterize web structure. The potential value of detailed web analysis that is possible today using image analysis is illustrated for a small number of roofing mat webs by characterizing basis weight (small area) uniformity, fiber bundle orientation (directionality control) and fiber bundle diameter (dispersion quality). From this analysis, we show that it is possible to observe differences in web structure between the top and wire sides of webs, built-up roofing and shingle mat webs, production with hydraulic pressurized (closed) and atmospheric (open) headboxes, production with and without a flow synchronizer, and web basis weight.

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Latheef, M., C. Swan, and J. Spinneken. "A laboratory study of nonlinear changes in the directionality of extreme seas." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 473, no. 2199 (March 2017): 20160290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0290.

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This paper concerns the description of surface water waves, specifically nonlinear changes in the directionality. Supporting calculations are provided to establish the best method of directional wave generation, the preferred method of directional analysis and the inputs on which such a method should be based. These calculations show that a random directional method, in which the phasing, amplitude and direction of propagation of individual wave components are chosen randomly, has benefits in achieving the required ergodicity. In terms of analysis procedures, the extended maximum entropy principle, with inputs based upon vector quantities, produces the best description of directionality. With laboratory data describing the water surface elevation and the two horizontal velocity components at a single point, several steep sea states are considered. The results confirm that, as the steepness of a sea state increases, the overall directionality of the sea state reduces. More importantly, it is also shown that the largest waves become less spread or more unidirectional than the sea state as a whole. This provides an important link to earlier descriptions of deterministic wave groups produced by frequency focusing, helps to explain recent field observations and has important practical implications for the design of marine structures and vessels.

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Hall, John R. "Abdication, Collective Alignment, and the Problem of Directionality." Social Science History 34, no. 1 (2010): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200014115.

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In Ruling Oneself Out Ivan Ermakoff (2008) addresses the puzzle of what amounts to collective political suicide: why would any constitutional body pass legislation that in effect cedes all its power to another entity—an autocrat? Constitutional rule rules itself out, closing off any pathway back to constitutional rule. Ermakoff explores this unusual but not unique development in two cases of the utmost significance for World War II: the March 1933 decision by the German Reichstag to give power to Adolf Hitler to modify the Weimer constitution without further recourse to parliament, and the French National Assembly’s decision in Vichy in July 1940 to transfer all state powers to Marshall Philippe Pétain.Ermakoff has woven a fabric of many threads—some historical, some methodological, some theoretical—drawn together in complex patterns. His analysis begins by artfully turning what in many books would be a historiographical review of previous work into a deep and thorough consideration of three alternative explanations of abdication.

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Hunt, Sarah, Xin Low, Michelle Dunn, Fabricio Da Silva Costa, Beverley Vollenhoven, Ben W. Mol, and Luk Rombauts. "Assessing Peristalsis at the Endometrial–Myometrial Junctional Zone: A Reproducible Ultrasound Technique?" Fertility & Reproduction 02, no. 03 (September 2020): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661318220500152.

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Background: Uterine peristalsis occurs in the endometrial–myometrial junctional zone. It is involved in sperm transport and embryo implantation in spontaneous and in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. We investigated the reproducibility of transvaginal assessment of peristalsis and endometrial combined thickness (ECT) as a surrogate marker for contraction frequency and directionality. Methods: We studied 74 women undergoing IVF between 2015 and 2018. On day 9 of stimulation, participants had a transvaginal ultrasound to assess follicular development and ECT. Women proceeding to fresh embryo transfer had an ultrasound preprocedure. A videoclip was analyzed for frequency (total contractions per minute) and directionality of contractions (cervical to fundal [CF] and fundal to cervical [FC]). Anonymized images were reviewed on three separate occasions by a single observer. Intraclass correlation (ICC with 95% CI) and Bland–Altman plots were constructed to assess intraobserver agreement. Secondary analysis was performed to assess peristalsis with ECT and pregnancy rates. Results: Between the first and second observations, there was suboptimal correlation between visual assessment of contraction frequency and directionality (ICC–total 0.67 (0.43–0.80) p < 0.001, ICC–CF 0.62 (0.35–0.78), p < 0.001, ICC–FC 0.74 (0.55–0.85), p < 0.001. Correlation for both frequency and directionality significantly improved between second and third viewing (ICC–total 0.97 (0.95–0.98), p < 0.001, ICC–CF 0.84 (0.73–0.91), p < 0.001, ICC–FC 0.89 (0.81–0.94), p < 0.001). Good agreement was seen on Bland–Altman plots with narrower limits of agreement on second and third viewing. Median ECT was 10 mm (interquartile range [IQR] 8–12 mm). Women with ECT [Formula: see text] 10 mm versus <10 mm demonstrated more contractions per minute (2.2 ± 0.7 vs. 1.7 ± 0.6, p = 0.02). The clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates were 33% (20/60) and 22% (13/60), respectively. There was no association between pregnancy and peristalsis frequency or directionality. Conclusion: Uterine peristalsis is a reproducible observation displaying a learning curve to achieve excellent agreement. Endometrial thickness [Formula: see text]10 mm was associated with increased contraction frequency. There was no association between contraction frequency and/or directionality and clinical pregnancy rates.

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Jopek, Łukasz, Laurent Babout, Marcin Janaszewski, and Michał Postolski. "Multistage Segmentation of Lamellae Colonies Based on Directional Filter Bank and PCA Analysis." Image Processing & Communications 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10248-012-0034-y.

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Abstract This paper presents a new approach to segment heavily 3D textured images such as the one of lamellar titatnium alloys obtained from X-ray tomography. The presented method considers NSDFB and gradient from gray-level value to recognize directionality of structure in the image. Second level of classication is needed due to the high complexity of the titanium alloys structure. During the segmentation algorithm takes into account the interaction between objects.

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Saha, Arijit, Ragima V. P. Veluthaparambath, and Binoy K. Saha. "Directionality of P⋯O pnicogen bonding in light of geometry corrected statistical analysis." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 23 (2020): 9607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj01683g.

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Cone corrected statistical analysis suggests that the X–P⋯O angle prefers linearity which is more prominent in the case of X₃P⋯O compared to X₄P⋯O pnicogen bonds. This preference also increases with an increase in the electronegativity of X.

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Köhler, Andreas, Christian Weidle, and Valérie Maupin. "Directionality analysis and Rayleigh wave tomography of ambient seismic noise in southern Norway." Geophysical Journal International 184, no. 1 (October 29, 2010): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2010.04830.x.

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Bernasconi, Corrado, and Peter König. "On the directionality of cortical interactions studied by structural analysis of electrophysiological recordings." Biological Cybernetics 81, no. 3 (September 7, 1999): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004220050556.

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Coddeville, Michèle, and Paul Ritzenthaler. "Control of Directionality in Bacteriophage mv4 Site-Specific Recombination: Functional Analysis of the Xis Factor." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 3 (November 30, 2009): 624–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00986-09.

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ABSTRACT The integrase of the temperate bacteriophage mv4 catalyzes site-specific recombination between the phage attP site and the host attB site during Lactobacillus delbrueckii lysogenization. The mv4 prophage is excised during the induction of lytic growth. Excisive site-specific recombination between the attR and attL sites is also catalyzed by the phage-encoded recombinase, but the directionality of the recombination is determined by a second phage-encoded protein, the recombination directionality factor (RDF). We have identified and functionally characterized the RDF involved in site-specific excision of the prophage genome. The mv4 RDF, mv4Xis, is encoded by the second gene of the early lytic operon. It is a basic protein of 56 amino acids. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that mv4Xis binds specifically to the attP and attR sites via two DNA-binding sites, introducing a bend into the DNA. In vitro experiments and in vivo recombination assays with plasmids in Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus plantarum demonstrated that mv4Xis is absolutely required for inter- or intramolecular recombination between the attR and attL sites. In contrast to the well-known phage site-specific recombination systems, the integrative recombination between the attP and attB sites seems not to be inhibited by the presence of mv4Xis.

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Ishibashi, Tomoki, Mikiko Inaki, and Kenji Matsuno. "Statistical Validation Verifies That Enantiomorphic States of Chiral Cells Are Determinant Dictating the Left- or Right-Handed Direction of the Hindgut Rotation in Drosophila." Symmetry 12, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12121991.

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In the left–right (LR) asymmetric development of invertebrates, cell chirality is crucial. A left- or right-handed cell structure directs morphogenesis with corresponding LR-asymmetry. In Drosophila, cell chirality is thought to drive the LR-asymmetric development of the embryonic hindgut and other organs. This hypothesis is supported only by an apparent concordance between the LR-directionality of cell chirality and hindgut rotation and by computer simulations that connect the two events. In this article, we mathematically evaluated the causal relationship between the chirality of the hindgut epithelial cells and the LR-direction of hindgut rotation. Our logistic model, drawn from several Drosophila genotypes, significantly explained the correlation between the enantiomorphic (sinistral or dextral) state of chiral cells and the LR-directionality of hindgut rotation—even in individual live mutant embryos with stochastically determined cell chirality and randomized hindgut rotation, suggesting that the mechanism by which cell chirality forms is irrelevant to the direction of hindgut rotation. Thus, our analysis showed that cell chirality, which forms before hindgut rotation, is both sufficient and required for the subsequent rotation, validating the hypothesis that cell chirality causally defines the LR-directionality of hindgut rotation.

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Liu, Chunyu, Khurram Aslam, and Charles A. Langston. "Directionality of ambient noise in the Mississippi embayment." Geophysical Journal International 223, no. 2 (August 5, 2020): 1100–1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa366.

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SUMMARY Cross-correlations of ambient seismic noise from 277 broad-band stations within the Mississippi embayment (ME) with at least 1 month of recording time between 1990 and 2018 are used to estimate source locations of primary and secondary microseisms. We investigate source locations by analysing the azimuthal distribution of the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and positive/negative amplitude differences. We use 84 stations with 1 yr of continuous recordings to explore seasonal variations of SNRs and amplitude differences. We also investigate the seasonal ambient noise ground motions using 2-D frequency–wavenumber (FK) analysis of a 50-station array. We observe that: (1) two major azimuths can be identified in the azimuthal distribution of SNRs and amplitude differences. We also observe two minor azimuths in the seasonal variation of SNRs, amplitude differences and 2-D FK power spectra. Monthly 2-D FK power spectra reveal that two energy sources are active in the Northern Hemisphere winter and two relatively weak sources are active in summer. (2) Backprojection suggests that primary microseisms originate along the coasts of Australia or New Zealand, Canada and Alaska, Newfoundland or Greenland and South America. (3) Secondary microseisms are generated in the deep water of the northern and southern Pacific Ocean, along the coasts of Canada and Alaska associated with near-shore reflections and in the deep water of south of Greenland. (4) Weak energy is observed in the third quadrant of the azimuthal distribution of amplitude differences of sedimentary Rayleigh and Love waves in the period band of 1–5 s and correlates with the direction of widening of the basin.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Analysis of directionality'

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