Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Analyses métabolomiques'
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Roullier-Gall, Chloé. "Analyses métabolomiques du vin : "chemical messages in a bottle"." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS080/document.
Full textThe main objective of this work was to develop non-targeted metabolomics analyses of bottled wines in order to decipher chemical informations from the time-related evolution of their composition. This original research was based on the hypothesis that, when analyzed, bottled wines would still hold chemical memories of envionmental parameters (vineyard management, oenological practices, climate, terroir…) at the moment of their elaboration, even after several years of ageing. A second hypothesis was that in order to anticipate the future evolution of the wine quality in terms of chemical composition, it is necessary to know what it was in the past. To that purpose, and for the first time in wine science, Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance – Mass Spectrometry (FTICR-MS), Liquid Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-ToF-MS), Excitation Emission Matrix Fluorescence (EEMF) and multivariate statistics were used in combination. Methodological develoments revealed the advantage of coupling exact mass measurements by FTICR-MS to isomeric discrimination by UPLC-Q-ToF-MS in order to extend the range of detectable metabolites. Such tools were applied to the identification of ageing markers in vertical series of red and white wines from Burgundy, including very old wines (unknown vintages) considered as evolution end points, thus introducing the concept of verticalomics. The characterization of series of white wines from Burgundy (Chardonnay) revealed that chemical spaces specifically related to eonological practices (SO2 addition at pressing, settling level, and permeability of the stopper) could indeed be deciphered although the vintage signatures were confirmed to be the most significant. Similar experiments on Champagne wines (Chardonnay, and blends of Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier) after the "prise de mousse" and the ageing "sur lattes" further highlighted the hormesis effect associated with the oxygenation of wine. Finally, non-targeted analyses of series of grape extracts and corresponding wines from different appelations – though elaborated by the same winemaker – revealed that terroir-related signatures could be indeed read in wines, in particular after a few years of bottle ageing. Altogether our results provide an unprecedented comprehensive description of the chemical composition of wine and its modification through ageing
Conan, Cécile. "Metabolomics investigations of seaweed extracts used as plant growth biostimulants and transcriptomic studies of their physiological effects on A. thaliana." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066760.
Full textTo further develop a sustainable agriculture, new bio-solutions include the use of biostimulants such as seaweed aqueous extracts to improve plant growth or/and alleviate the effect of biotic and abiotic stress. These commercial products aim to improve plant nutrition, in order to impact yield and quality parameters. In this domain, some modes of action have been proposed by the Goëmar-Arysta R&D center. However, the bioactive ingredients have not been identified so far, using classical methods of bioassay-guided fractionation. Therefore, their mechanisms of action remain also elusive. The aim of this thesis project was first to identify, using a strategy of metabolomic profiling of seaweed extracts, the bioactive compounds responsible for plant growth stimulation. The 1H-NMR-based profiling and LC-MS metabolomic analyses of commercial seaweed extracts were not suitable to identify candidate molecules that promote plant growth. A classical bioassay-guided fractionation achieved on a Goëmar extract provided a growth promoting purified fraction and further bioactive sub-fractions. The U-HPLC-HR-MS analyses of these sub-fractions highlighted two candidate molecules. A fractionation process used in this work should be patented in order to improve added-value of growth-promoting filtrate and valorize new by-products. In parallel, the physiological effects of these seaweed extracts were studied in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana through transcriptomic approaches in order to decipher patterns of gene regulation in response to a crude commercial extract and its purified fraction. The transcriptome in response to the application of seaweed extract was completely different of those obtained using its purified fraction. Genes dysregulated by this purified fraction provided potential biomarkers of plant growth that could be used. to assist the bioactive molecule isolation. Finally these two approaches combining, metabolomics-guided and bioassay-guided fractionation of extracts from the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum, and global transcriptomics in Arabidopsis provided several new insights into the nature and structure of different molecules that trigger different physiological responses in plants
Boudah, Samia. "Développement et application de méthodes de chromatographie liquide couplées à la spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution pour les analyses métabolomiques et lipidomiques de larges cohortes." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066281/document.
Full textGlobal metabolomic profiling of biological media in large sample sets is a major challenge. In this context, our work aims to develop LC-HRMS approaches and data mining tools for metabolomics and lipidomics analysis of large cohorts. We have first developed and evaluated the reliability of four LC-HRMS methods in the annotation of human serum metabolome and lipidome. Thus, spectral database was implemented using MS spectra, MS/MS and retention times of reference compounds to further ensure datasets annotation. The combination of RP, PFPP and HILIC-HRMS methods allowed identification of 266 metabolites and 706 lipid species in human serum over 20 to 24 chemical classes respectively including 27% of isomeric species. These analytical tools were then applied for the stratification of 78 diabetic patients. Unsurprisingly, we highlighted a metabolic syndrome (energy metabolism disruption), moreover our analyses have shown the deleterious impact of confounding physiological factors on diabetes biomarker discovery –age and BMI-. We finally evaluated their influence on a cohort of 227 CEA employees. Lipidomic fingerprints are robust, however BMI impact is marked for neutral lipids. Gender effect shows significant male catabolism and age altered enzyme activities. These studies combine an overall metabolomics and lipidomics analyses of the same human samples. They aim to build up a relational database including spectral and biological data for biomarker characterization in clinical studies
Roncalli, Jérôme. "Analyse génomique et métabolomique du cœur de l’obèse." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30026.
Full textObesity alone is the cause of 11% of cases of cardiac failure in men and 14% of cases in women in the United States. It is expected that obesity will become an important cause of cardiac failure in the upcoming years. The adipocyte secretes a number of hormones which act directly or indirectly on the myocardium. Haemodynamic and hormonal changes occurring as a result of obesity profoundly modify the genetic expression in the myocardium, leading to hypertrophy of the myocytes and the development of interstitial fibrosis. Paradoxically, in the global population of patients with cardiac failure, obesity improves survival. We present here results of genomic and metabolomic assessments in order to better understand the relationship between obesity and heart failure. Our results show that obesity hypertension is associated with continuous cardiac transcriptome adaptation and suggest some novel regulatory pathways for cardiac adaptation to obesity in animal and human experiments. An increase of unsaturated lipids and a new apolipoprotein may be involved in myocardium protective mechanisms against lipid accumulation in the setting of obesity. These results can provide explanations to the obesity paradox
Boumaza, Houda. "Etude métabolomique par résonance magnétique nucléaire de pathologies associées à la signalisation thyroïdienne chez la souris." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN003/document.
Full textMetabolomics by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) allows studying the metabolicresponse of a global biological system to a stimuli or a physiopathological even (diseases,genetic modifications, etc.). This discipline is growing especially in the clinical and biologicalfields, and represents a strong potential tool to identify biomarkers related to diseases, andstudy the function of genes.This thesis is dedicated to the application of metabolomics by high field NMR to studythyroid signalisation pathologies in mice. The main goal is to identify biomarkers related tothe emerging genetic disease called resistance to thyroid hormone due to a mutation in thyroidhormone receptor TRα1 (RTHα). This disease is particularly difficult to diagnose because ofthe lack of biochemical markers and specific symptoms. In addition, it presents commonfeatures with hypothyroidism in term of symptoms. Mice models of RTHα andhypothyroidism were analysed, and the investigation were driven on urine and blood plasmain order to differentiate metabolically theses diseases and identify biomarkers related toRTHα. Metabolic fingerprints related to each disease were identified in both urine and bloodplasma. Five metabolites vary significantly in the urine of RTHα mice: trimethylamine,dimethylamine, isovalerylglycine, N-acetylglucosamine and choline. Unsaturated lipids varysignificantly in the blood plasma of RTHα mice.The impact of thyroid hormones (TH) and the thyroid hormone receptor TRβ on theliver metabolism were also studied in the present manuscript through NMR-basedmetabolomics. A mouse model, with a specific knock-out of TRβ gene in hepatocytes (LTRβ-KO), were used to study this question. To understand the function of TH mediated by TRβ,the liver metabolic response to TH, obtained from liver aqueous extracts and intact livertissues, TRβKO and wild-type mice were compared. The results suggest the presence ofdirect and indirect effects of thyroid hormones on the liver metabolism
Tebani, Abdellah. "Analyse métabolomique multidimensionnelle : applications aux erreurs innées du métabolisme." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR043/document.
Full textThe new field of precision medicine is revolutionizing current medical practice and reshaping future medicine. Precision medicine intends to put the patient as the central driver of healthcare by broadening biological knowledge and acknowledging the great diversity of individuals. The prediction of physiological and pathological states in patients requires a dynamic and systemic understanding of these interactions. Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are genetic disorders resulting from defects in a given biochemical pathway due to the deficiency of an enzyme, its cofactor or a transporter. IEM are no longer considered to be monogenic diseases, which adds another layer of complexity to their characterization and diagnosis. To meet this need for faster screening, the metabolic profile can be a promising candidate given its ability in disease screening, biomarker discovery and metabolic pathway investigation. In this thesis, we used a metabolomic approach which is particularly relevant for IEM given their basic pathophysiology that is tightly related to metabolism. This thesis allowed the implementation of an untargeted metabolomic methodology based on a multidimensional analytical strategy including high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and ion mobility. This work also set a methodology for preprocessing, analysis and interpretation of the generated data using experimental design and multivariate data analysis. Finally, the strategy is applied to the exploration of IEM with mucopolysaccharidoses as a proof of concept. The results suggest a major remodeling of the amino acid metabolisms in mucopolysaccharidosis type I. In summary, metabolomic is a relevant complementary tool to support the genomic approach in the functional investigations and diagnosis of IEM
Goossens, Corentine. "Approche métabolomique par résonance magnétique nucléaire du proton dans l'évaluation des hépatopathies stéatosiques non alcooliques et dans le suivi d'un traitement curatif du carcinome hépatocellulaire." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD110.
Full textMost liver diseases nowadays remain symptomless and tend to lead to hepatocellular carcinoma responsible for more than 15.000 patient deaths per year in France. Liver diseases are therefore a major concern for public health.Clinicians lack of non-invasive biomarkers allowing them to enhance identification of liver diseases stages in order to efficiently target the first HCC signs and accordingly improve clinical prognosis.Identification of new biomarkers set new challenges in translational research in order torefine the prognosis and adapt therapeutic procedures.Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolomics enable to identifyand quantify such metabolites by defining individual metabolic fingerprints.First part of this work was to explore the metabolic modifications of liver tissue to further establish diseases stages profiles.Second part was focused on the assessment of metabolic variations in HCC patients, by analyzing sequential serums taking, before and after a radiofrequency ablation curative treatment.Third and last part was centered on the validation of the quality parameters of the discriminant models used in multivariate statistical analysis
Favre, Laurie. "Caractérisation par analyse métabolomique de biomarqueurs bactériens au sein de biofilms marins." Thesis, Toulon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUL0005/document.
Full textIn the marine environment, any immersed surface is subjected to colonization by many organisms (biofouling). The biofilms development is a key stage of this phenomenon. Communication systems are controlled in these structures by chemical signals. In this work, the study of the chemical signature of natural biofilms formed in situ was carried out among a gradient of contamination of metal contaminants in the bay of Toulon and according to the nature of the coating on the immersed surface. Clear chemical variations of the biofilms collected were observed and were correlated with variations in microbial community. The in vitro study of 4 bacterial strains harvested from natural biofilms allowed, after optimization of the analysis methodologies, their discrimination according to their metabolic profile. Biomarkers were highlited, particularly ornithine lipids production by the Pseudoalteromonas lipolytica strain. The biological response of this strain depending on its phenotype and face to copper stres was studied by metabolomics and proteomics revealing important modulations of certain biosynthetic patways
Boutegrabet, Lemia. "Approche métabolomique dans l'analyse de l'évolution oxydative des vins en spectrométrie de masse à très haute résolution." Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOS025.
Full textDuring winemaking processes, many oxidation reactions may occur especially during the aging period. Recently, white wines are characterized by a problem of premature oxidation for which few studies have provided chemical explanation. To date, the involved mechanisms in this phenomenon remain poorly understood.The aim of this thesis project is to provide, through an untargeted molecular analysis using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) coupled to chemometric analysis, original clue to understand the premature oxidation of white wines. Based on the study of a series of premature oxidized white wines, we were able to elucidate the high complexity and the chemical diversity of wine, and got out typical masses characterizing the oxidation state. In order to better understand the origin of this phenomenon, we considered two alternative possibilities of oxidation: the first one induced by oxygen, and the second through a natural evolution of wines in bottles. The latter included the monitoring of the chemical evolution of white and red wines as a function of time. A very interesting result was obtained on the vertical series of white wines from 1979 to 2006, where two groups were separated at the 1990 vintage to provide a group of old wines (1979-1990) and a group of new wines (1991-2006). Typical discriminant masses were found for each group.A comparison between the chemical spaces discriminating each of the three types of oxidation (premature oxidation, oxidation with oxygen and natural evolution of wine in bottle) revealed very few common masses that may indicate that the phenomenon of premature oxidation is indeed influenced by multiple factors.Finally, a structural elucidation of the typical masses of the groups of oxidized and aged wines were established using FT-ICR-MS/MS. Possible fragmentations schemes of some of these masses were proposed
Duong, Viêt Dung. "Development of numerical approaches for nuclear magnetic resonance data analysis." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN010/document.
Full textNuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) has become one of the most powerful and versatile spectroscopic techniques in analytical chemistry with applications in many disciplines of scientific research. A downside of NMR is however the laborious data analysis workflow that involves many manual interventions. Interactive data analysis impedes not only on efficiency and objectivity, but also keeps many NMR application fields closed for non-experts. Thus, there is a high demand for the development of unsupervised computational methods. This thesis introduces such unattended approaches in the fields of metabonomics and structural biology. A foremost challenge to NMR metabolomics is the identification of all molecules present in complex metabolite mixtures that is vital for the subsequent biological interpretation. In this first part of the thesis, a novel numerical method is proposed for the analysis of two-dimensional HSQC and TOCSY spectra that yields automated metabolite identification. Proof-of principle was successfully obtained by evaluating performance characteristics on synthetic data, and on real-world applications of human urine samples, exhibiting high data complexity. NMR is one of the leading experimental techniques in structural biology. However the conventional process of structure elucidation is quite elaborated. In this second part of the thesis, a novel computational approach is presented to solve the problem of NMR structure determination without explicit resonance assignment based on three-dimensional TOCSY and NOESY spectra. Proof-of principle was successfully obtained by applying the method to an experimental data set of a 12-kilodalton medium- sized protein
Moyne, Oriane. "Approche métabolomique pour l'étude de l'évolution adaptative de Pseudomonas aeruginosa au cours des infections pulmonaires chroniques dans la mucoviscidose." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAS003/document.
Full textChronic lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. a.) is considered as the leading cause of cysticfibrosis (CF) morbidity and mortality. During this persistent infection, the bacterium adapts to the typical lungenvironment of these patients and evolves within its host for decades. This adaptive evolution is driven byphenotypes, including a decrease in virulence and an increase in antibiotic resistance over time. Althoughseveral studies have attempted to elucidate the genetic mechanisms of this evolution, it remains difficulttoday to explain the relationships between the accumulated genomic mutations and the expression ofclinically relevant phenotypes, or to correlate these mutations with the patient’s health status.In this work, we propose to study the mechanisms underlying this adaptive evolution at a post-genomicobservation level: metabolomics. Metabolomics, the newest of the -omics disciplines, provides an instantview of the metabolic activities, and furnishes a vision as close as possible to the phenotype. To this end,we constructed a bank of evolutive clonal P. a. lineages sampled during chronic lung infection in patientswith CF. This bank was then clinically, phenotypically and metabolomically characterized. Integration ofthese different levels of information by multi-block statistical methods has allowed us to highlight metabolicpathways involved in within-host patho-adaptation of P. a. .Our results rise new hypotheses for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic tools with the aim ofimproving the management of these infections particularly resistant to antibiotics. In addition, our workdemonstrates the interest of metabolomics to study bacterial adaptive evolution under natural conditions
Gougeon, Louis. "Application de la métabolomique par spectroscopie RMN 1H à l'authentification des vins." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0052/document.
Full textIn a globalized market where 40% of the wine consumed is imported, traceability control is a major challenge for the wine industry. Wine authentication is the process that can use different analytical methods able to control three fundamental parameters: geographical origin, grape variety and vintage. Quantitative 1H NMR spectroscopy (qNMR) is now considered as a very promising tool for studying wine authenticity. During this thesis, a technique was developed for the determination of 40 major wine compounds by 1H NMR. It allows the acquisition of rich and complex information in a single non-specific analysis. The ability of this technique to authenticate a wine has been demonstrated following a collaboration with Château Mouton-Rothschild, by comparison with official analyses carried out by the DGDDI and DGCCRF of Pessac (SCL).The determination of a compliance threshold has been established by taking into account the natural evolution of bottled wines. A characterization study of Bordeaux red wines was carried out. The singularity of these wines was observed in comparison with other French wines, highlighting the characteristic metabolites of Bordeaux wines. The results provide a global description of the potential of 1H NMR for wine authentication
Monnerie, Stéphanie. "Apport de la modélisation pour une meilleure stratification des populations à risque." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC098.
Full textThis PhD project was part of a system epidemiologic approach which aim to identify contributors of complex pathologies, at multiple levels, and their interactions by using system approach. This usually combine data from omics analysis and observational epidemiologic data to rich a fixed goal. The long term objective is to be able to use metabolomics to re-classify those pathologies. To this end, it is necessary to modelling phenotypes of at risk population using statistical and mathematical approaches. In this context, this project aim to characterise Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in elderly people using multidimensional phenotyping (metabolomics, lipidomics, phenotyping, nutrion...). Different bio-informatics goals have been defined. They involve care and management of big volume of complex data, and knowledge extraction from multidimensional data in a multi-step and iterative process. From bio-informatics field, this project first allow the creation of a MetS biomarkers from literature database. It also allow the establishment of guidelines for management of data within future metabolomics projects. Thereafter, an entire and reproducible workflow for knowledge extraction have been developed, aiming to provide a signature (set of biomarkers) from multi-platforms non-targeted metabolomics/lipidomics data. It include the development of a new tool to manage analytical correlation generated on metabolomics data during acquisition and filter it ; deployment of variable selection strategies using different statistical models to provide a MetS signature for elderly people ; or execution of bio-informatics tools to go further in biological interpretation of data across visualization on metabolomics networks. Finally, a similar approach was design for sub-phenotyping of MetS modelling. It specially consist to study potential sub-phenotypes of Mets to propose a molecular re-classifying of individuals based on metabolomics data
Guyader, Sophie. "Developpement de nouvelles applications en analyse d'authenticité des aliments par Résonnance Magnétique Nucléaire (RMN)." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4027.
Full textVerification of authenticity in food-processing intends to protect the health of consumers, to guarantee the traceability of products and to fight against frauds. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is an analytical · method employed for quantifying targeted compounds or for acquiring complete spectral fingerprints involving different fields such as metabolomics, isotopy or chemometrics. Pure research aims to promote the development of effective tools and to assure their applicability, it was suggested to transfer three methods using the NMR spectroscopy in an industrial environment. To characterize new varieties of Arabica coffee, modified in a genetic point of view and recently introduced on the market, a first studied has been proposed in proton NMR by the use of a recent and efficient chemometric tool, the IC-DA (Independent Component - Discriminant Analysis). A second study focused on the transfer of a newly developed NMR sequence for carbon 13 in refocused adiabatic INEPT (Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Tranter) applied to several plant and animal origins of fats. Finally, isotopic NMR analysis of carbon-13 in Vanillin has been proposed following a rigorous transfer process. Two of the three methods were routinely transferred during the thesis. The three presented projects were submitted for publication and have provided new knowledges and tools for the industrial laboratory of analysis, the extension of their area of expertise and the guarantee or the optimization of their existing methods
Muhrez, Kienana. "La métabolomique urinaire permet-elle d'identifier des biomarqueurs visant à optimiser l'utilisation des médicaments anticancéreux ?" Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR3303/document.
Full textMTX is an anticancer agent used at high doses for the treatment of malignant haemopathies and some solid tumors. It presents an important pharmacokinetic variability (PK), manifested by overexposures causing very severe toxicities, especially when administered at high doses. Delayed elimination of MTX still occurs unexpectedly and there is currently no biomarker that allows early diagnosis of the risk of overexposure. Our work focused on the determinants of renal elimination of MTX, and particularly on the role of MRP2 / ABCC2 in this process. This work is therefore devoted to (1) the search for metabolomic biomarkers predictive of MTX PK and (2) the identification of endogenous substrates of MRP2, from a panel of 217 urinary organic acids analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our analyses resulted in a profile of 28 endogenous organic anions, predictive of CL MTX. The tool was, on the other hand, poorly adapted to the prediction of delayed elimination. For the second part, our results tend to show that 8 urinary metabolites are potential biomarkers of MRP2 activity. Their clinical use still requires confirmatory studies
Grison, Stéphane. "Etude des effets multigénérationnels d'une exposition chronique à faible dose d'uranium par analyses omiques." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC043/document.
Full textIn order to deepen scientific knowledge regarding biological effects of radionuclides and associated risk to offspring, an in vivo multigenerational study of chronic exposure to a non-toxic dose of uranium was performed by monitoring three generation of rats (F0, F1 and F2). Clinical parameters and biological markers, including metabolomics, transcriptomics and epigenomics high throughput analysis were conducted in blood, urine and kidney samples.For the first generation of contaminated rats (F0) sex-differences to uranium effects were observed in kidney for gene expression (mRNA, miRNA) and in kidney, urine and blood for biochemical parameters and metabolomics profiles. No epigenetic modification of DNA methylation profiles was shown in kidney. For the next two generations (F1, F2), a multigenerational sex-specific effect is observed for both metabolomics and renal DNA methylation profiles of contaminated rats. Moreover, for the last generation of male rats (F2), a decrease of both total body and kidney weight was shown.In conclusion, low-dose chronic contamination of rats to uranium leads to multigenerational effects. Including sex-differences, they can be shown at different molecular levels of the cellular system. Depending of integrated system biology, data of this thesis are useful in the understanding of biological mechanisms of uranium effect and risk of delayed harmful effect. In the field of radiation protection, these results prove the requirement of considering sexual dimorphisms and consequences of such exposures to offspring
Delecolle, Julien. "Approche métabolomique pour une caractérisation plus fine d'extraits de plantes d'intérêts pour la santé humaine." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ012/document.
Full textTinctures defined as hydro-alcoholic extracts have been used from centuries in homeopathy and phytotherapy, but their chemical compositions remain still unknown. During my PhD, metabolomics analyses of nineteen tinctures and one leader product, L52, made by Laboratoires Lehning, were conducted using untargeted metabolomic approach. We build GC-MS and UPLC-MS/MS databases to identify a large amount of metabolites. Then, we used semi-preparative HPLC with both UV and mass detection to isolate some compounds from tinctures. We used UPLC-HRMS to obtain chemical formula, a prerequisite for metabolites identification. Finally, we identified a broad range of different metabolites in each tincture, highlighting the metabolic complexity of the TMs. These molecules can now be used for quality-control and valued for a better understanding of these products on human health
Willeman, Honorine. "Contribution à la recherche des composés impliqués dans l’amertume de la racine de chicorée : approches métabolomique et sensorielle de l’influence de la torréfaction." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10222/document.
Full textIndustrial chicory, cultivated for its root, is transformed in dried or roasted form to be consumed as a beverage in particular. Fresh root and its derivates are known for their bitterness, which may represent an obstacle to new consumers. Native bitterness is attributed to terpene compounds, but our preliminary results suppose that other compounds are involved in bitterness of the roasted product. Indeed, content in terpene compounds dramatically decrease during roasting process. Nowadays, no studies has been conducted either to clarify impact of roasting on native composition of chicory or to identify molecular determinants of bitter flavor in final products. My PhD work was therefore carried out to in this end. By genomic and metabolomic approaches, a wide characterization of 48 industrial chicory genotypes allows the constitution of a core collection representing global diversity. Through this selection, an analysis of chemical composition of the fresh root, dried cossettes and products roasted at different levels was undertaken. In parallel, an organoleptic profiling of products from three degrees of roasting was conducted by sensory analysis. Thus, a change in the chemical composition and sensory properties is found during roasting process. We used a statistical approach based on correlation to combine data from metabolomic and sensory analysis and so, 3 neoformed compounds and 6 unknown were highlighted as involved in the bitterness of roasted chicory products
Scalabre, Aurélien. "Étude clinique des modifications du profil métabolique urinaire secondaires à une anomalie congénitale de l’écoulement des urines par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire et analyse métabolomique." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1272/document.
Full textThe prenatal finding of unilateral Urinary Tract Dilatation (UTD) can be transient or represent a significant urinary flow impairment that would lead to progressive deterioration of renal function. Identifying urinary biomarkers could help to differentiate uropathy requiring surgical management from transient dilatation at an early stage.Metabolic phenotyping studies provide untargeted quantification of all detectable low molecular-weight molecules by profiling without any a priori the metabolic signatures of biological samples in connection to physiopathological events.The main objective of this study is to identify diagnosis and prognosis urinary markers for uropathy in newborns with prenatally diagnosed unilateral UTD using 1H-NMR spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical analyses.A total of 70 newborns with unilateral UTD and 90 controls were included in this prospective study. First, the usefulness of different ultrasound grading systems in predicting the need for surgical intervention is evaluated. Then, we report the absence of significant difference between the urinary metabolic profiles of newborns with UTD and controls. In thethird part, the influence of age, weight and height on the urinary metabolic profiles of healthy newborns is highlighted for the first time, and key-metabolites responsible for this evolution are identified. Finally, we demonstrate the influence of age on the urinary metabolic profiles of children with UTD. This work allows a deeper understanding of the metabolic maturation of healthy newborns. It contributes to identify potential confounding factors for metabolomics investigations in neonatology. It represents a step toward a better comprehension of thephysiopathology of UTD
Bennouna, Djawed. "Etude de l'impact de l'environnement et de la génétique sur la qualité nutritionnelle du colza par une approche métabolomique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0772/document.
Full textRapeseed (Brassica napus) is the first oleaginous crop in France. It is cultivated for the abundance of its seeds in lipids, proteins as wellas for its richness in secondary metabolites that can modulate the health of the consumer. For instance, different actions have beenimplemented by food and feed industries to reduce the rate of anti-nutritional metabolites. Conversely few are devoted to theexploitation of health promoting molecules. A strategy is to identify the genotype x environment x agronomic management interactions(GEAI) to generate seeds of optimal nutritional quality.The results showed that some varieties are resilient to the environment. On the other hand, others appeared more sensitive. The environment and genetic impact was evaluated on a preclinical model ob/ob mouse by a multi-omic approach, and compared to a reference extract from Brassica oleracea (Broccoli), marketed for its health benefits. The results showed that the "omic" biological response measured in the intestine, liver and plasma showed a strong proximity between one of the rapeseed extract (ES-Mambo) and the reference extract (Broccoli). We believe that these results occured from the presence of common bioactive compounds between the two plants (rapeseed and broccoli), that some of them were identified (phenolic compounds and glucosinolates). The metabolomic approach was efficient to estimate the health impact of phytochemical extracts that have never been evaluated before. We demonstrated that the GEAI of rapeseed that modified their bioactive contents induced a differential biological response in the consumer. This proof of concept study could be applied to other food plant products
Frottin, Frédéric. "Analyse intégrative du rôle de l’excision de la méthionine N-terminale dans le cytoplasme des eucaryotes supérieurs." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112045/document.
Full textThe first amino acid incorporated in nascent polypeptide chain is always methionine so called N-terminale methionine. However, in a given proteome, more than fifty percent of proteins have not this first methionine. Indeed, the early proteolytic event affecting a majority of proteins is N-terminal Methionine Excision (NME) as soon as few residues exit from the ribosome. Enzymes ensuring NME process are conserved along species. This mechanism takes place in all compartments where protein synthesis occurs including cytoplasm, plastids and mitochondria and the enzymes responsible of N-methionine excision are METhionine AminoPeptidases (METAP). Early functional studies of gene deletion has quickly showed that NME is an essential process. Ten years ago, METAPs have been identified as the molecular target of natural compounds with anticancer activities. Now, a growing number of studies suggest that NME is a promising target for treatment of various deseases. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms making NME an essential process is poorly understood in particular in higher eukaryote cytoplasms.Using a dedicated inducible system in the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana and multiple approaches, including proteomics and metabolomics, I examined the earliest molecular events associated with the inhibition of this process and the contribution of both METAP to NME process. In this context, I demonstrated that cytoplasmic NME in A. thaliana orchestrates a cross-talk between two fundamental signaling pathways frequently deregulated in pathological conditions: thiol status and proteolysis. In these studies, we demonstrated that developmental defects induced by cytoplasmic NME inhibition are associated with an increase of the proteolytic activity due to an increase of the proteins available for rapid degradation. Thus, NME activity that modifies the availability of several proteins for degradation is an integral and fundamental element protein turnover regulation. Finally my preliminary results obtained in Archea, Fungi and human cells seem to suggest the existence of a ubiquitous mechanism associated with NME process
Nguyen, Thi Kieu Oanh. "Analyse métabolomique de Isatis tinctoria L. Et de Datura innoxia Mill. : utilisation des réseaux de corrélation pour l'étude de la biosynthèse de molécules à usage pharmaceutique." Amiens, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AMIE0107.
Full textDatura innoxia Mill. And Isatis tinctoria L. Are two medicinal plants of current interest. Our metabolomic study of D. Innoxia Mill. , focused on the untransformed and Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformed roots of whole plants. 50 known and two new alkaloids were quantified and structurally identified using a combination of GC-MS and UPLC-MS. Correlation networks of the metabolites strongly suggested certain architectural aspects of the hyoscyamine-scopolamine biosynthesis pathways and identified rate limiting steps. Biosynthetic steps that were specifically up-regulated in the A. Rhizogenes transformed individuals were clearly revealed. The polar leaf metabolome of I. Tinctoria L. , was profiled using high resolution LC-MS. In parallel, pharmaceutically interesting compounds that appear as artefacts during drying of the leaves were quantified. To clarify what are the biological precursors of these pharmaceutically interesting compounds, we attempted to identify a high number of polar fresh leaf compounds using a new method called CSPP (candidate substrate product pair network). This approach is based on the detection of peak pairs having i) different retention times, ii) certain differences in exact mass corresponding to an expected biochemical conversion and iii) correlation of the abundances. The CSPP approach has enabled: i) identification of previously known molecules, ii) identification of molecules never described previously and, iii) the establishment of intermolecular links in terms biosynthesis. The metabolomics approach using correlation analysis allowed the "high-throughput" identification of natural compounds and demonstrated its interest in the treatment of both fundamental and applied questions
Aros, Sandrine. "Analyse métabolomique de S. aureus par chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution : Développements analytiques et applications à l’étude de la résistance à la méticilline." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS013.
Full textThe mortality rate associated with Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is the highest among the staphylococcal infections. A better understanding of antibiotic resistance phenomena would lead to better detect these bacteria and design new antibiotics. In this context, this PhD work aimed to study the MRSA phenotype by using a metabolomics approach. The first part of this work has been dedicated to developing a global metabolomic analysis of S. aureus: i.e., the setting up of a reliable sample preparation protocol, the development of liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry methods, and the implementation of a dedicated spectral database. Under these conditions, 210 metabolites have been extracted and identified in bacterial cell extracts, which is the widest metabolic coverage of S. aureus obtained to date.Secondly, we have performed a metabolomic study of MRSA and methicillin susceptible S. Aureus (MSSA) strains. The analysis of 24 clinical strains has allowed us to highlight a metabolic signature of MRSA phenotype of which metabolites involved in bacterial wall and capsule biosynthesis pathways were part. The complete genome sequencing of these 24 strains combined with the complementary study of 16 MRSA strains of different genetic backgrounds have reinforced the relevance of this metabolic signature. Finally, the study of isogenic strains in the presence of an antibiotic has confirmed the involvement of metabolites of the wall and capsule biosynthesis pathways in the distinction of MRSA/MSSA phenotypes
Negrel, Lise. "Analyse intégrée de la réponse de la vigne à l'infection par Plasmopara viticola : par l'étude d'un cas de contournement de résistance." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ021/document.
Full textOptimal deployment of resistant varieties requires an excellent knowledge of the relationship between grapevine and P. viticola. This fundamental knowledge can then feed the strategies for the development of grapevine varieties with sustainable resistance. Bianca is a downy mildew-resistant grapevine variety, due its Rpv3 resistance gene. This variety is resistant to most strains of P. viticola. However, a virulent strain capable of infecting Bianca has recently been isolated. In this project, we use this original pathosystem to obtain a complete picture of the impact P. viticola infection on grapevine, by combining physiopathological studies with metabolomic analyses. In addition, the identification of specific metabolites and gene sequences from P. viticola has allowed the development of original methods for dynamic monitoring of the infection process, through quantitative PCR and quantification of specific lipids
Werner, Erwan. "Analyse du métabolome par chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse : application à la recherche de biomarqueurs indirects d'induction enzymatique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703475.
Full textFrottin, Frédéric. "Analyse intégrative du rôle de l'excision de la méthionine N-terminale dans le cytoplasme des eucaryotes supérieurs." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00923136.
Full textLamouche, Florian. "Analyse comparative des mécanismes de différenciation des bactéroïdes au cours des symbioses Bradyrhizobium Aeschynomene." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS036/document.
Full textIn case of nitrogen starvation, legume plants establish a symbiotic interaction with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria called rhizobia. This interaction takes place in nodules where the symbionts are internalized and become bacteroids. Some legume clades also impose a differentiation process onto the bacteroids which become enlarged and polyploid, leading to elongated or spherical morphotypes. During my PhD work, I have studied bacteroid differentiation of Bradyrhizobium species in association with Aeschynomene spp.. These bacteroids display distinct differentiation levels depending on the plant host, and my analyses suggest that the most differentiated ones are also the most efficient. I investigated the bacterial factors potentially involved in the adaptations to differentiation and host-specificity, and related to the higher efficiency of the most differentiated bacteroids using global-omics approaches without a priori. The analyzed conditions were bacteroids of distinct morphotypes and free-living reference cultures. Activated functions under symbiotic conditions were identified, as well as host-specific ones. Functional analyses were performed on genes of interest. However, the bacterial mutants did not display drastic symbiotic phenotypes, showing the existence of complex gene networks leading to high resilience of rhizobial genomes
Ferrier, Jeremy. "Douleurs neuropathiques induites par l'oxaliplatine. Physiopathologie et approches thérapeutiques." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF1PP06/document.
Full textOxaliplatin, an anticancer drug used for the treatment of colorectal cancer, is responsible for a dose-limiting peripheral neurotoxicity in the majority of treated patients. This neurotoxicity appears with two components: a rapid-onset acute neurotoxicity manifesting as transient paresthesias and cold-induced dysesthesias; and a late-onset cumulative neurotoxicity characterized by the development of a painful chronic neuropathy. To date, the management of chemotherapy- induced neuropathic pain is still challenging because of the lack of effective treatments. In this context, a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this neurotoxicity could lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets. Firstly, we aimed to assess the preventive effect of a polyamine deficient diet on the development of oxaliplatin-induced acute neurotoxicity. Exogenous polyamines, by positively modulating spinal NR2B-containing NMDA receptors, could facilitate pain sensitization. This study has shown that a polyamine deficient diet for 7 days totally prevented oxaliplatin-induced acute cold and mechanical hypersensitivity in rats. Although we observed no change in spinal NR2B expression or phosphorylation, intrathecal ifenprodil (a specific NR2B antagonist) reduced oxaliplatin-induced allodynia in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, proton NMR spectroscopy- based metabolomic analysis has revealed a regulation of spinal glutamate neurotransmission as the most likely mechanism underlying the preventive effect of the diet. Secondly, the metabolic variations associated with oxaliplatin-induced chronic neuropathy were assessed at the supraspinal level using a 1 H-NMR HRMAS-based metabolomic approach. Among the neurochemical changes evidenced in this study, we observed a significant increase in choline within the posterior insular cortex, significantly correlated with the mechanical pain thresholds. A transcriptomic and pharmacological approach have revealed an implication of cholinergic neurotransmission in this brain area. Targeting the cholinergic system using centrally active muscarinic agents could represent an interesting strategy for the treatment of oxaliplatin- induced neuropathic pain. These experimental results led to the identification of new molecular targets for the comprehension and the treatment of chemotherapy-associated painful neuropathy. In a translational approach, these preclinical data will be extended to the clinical setting. A phase II clinical trial (NEUROXAPOL, NCT01775449) is undergoing to confirm the therapeutic interest of a polyamine free diet in patients receiving oxaliplatin. A second clinical project (INSULOX) aiming at assessing the choline concentrations in the insula of patients suffering from oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy is in preparation
Werner, Erwan. "Analyse du métabolome par chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse : application à la recherche de biomarqueurs indirects d’induction enzymatique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA114817/document.
Full textThis work is the result of a research partnership between the CEA and Les laboratories Servier. It deals with the characterization of biomarkers of metabolic enzyme induction in rat biofluids using MSbased metabolomics. The first part of this work included methodological developments regarding theacquisition and the processing of metabolic fingerprints. A tool based on autocorrelation matrices wasthen implemented to reduce the redundancy of data generated with mass spectrometry and subsequently accelerate the isolation of discriminating variables. The next step consisted in the evaluation of the combined use of Kendrick mass defects and methylene selectivity as an alternative visualization tool for large data set, which would rely on compound chemical structures. Finally, the last part of the work was dedicated to the identification of discriminating signals raised up by ametabolomic global approach from rat biofluids collected before and after an induction assay
Houël, Emeline. "ETUDE DE SUBSTANCES BIOACTIVES ISSUES DE LA FLORE AMAZONIENNE Analyse de préparations phytothérapeutiques à base de Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae) et de Psidium acutangulum DC. (Myrtaceae) utilisées en Guyane française pour une indication antipaludique. Identification et analyse métabolomique d'huiles essentielles à activité antifongique." Phd thesis, Université des Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718910.
Full textHouël, Emeline. "Étude de substances bioactives issues de la flore amazonienne : analyse de préparations phytothérapeutiques à base de Quassia amara L (simaroubacae) et Psidium acutangulum DC (Myrtaceae) utilisées en Guyane française pour une indication antipaludique : identification et analyse métabolomique d'huiles essentielles à activité antifongique." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0415/document.
Full textThe aim of this work was to search for new bioactive compounds, displaying either antiplasmodial or antifungal activity. Two strategies were developed here: the evaluation of traditional remedies identified as antimalarial through ethnopharmacological studies, and the search for antifungal essential oils, the criterium being here a bioinspired approach. Our work led to the discovery that the antimalarial activity of Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae) fresh young leaves was due to the presence of a known quassinoid, simalikalactone D. In the case of Psidium acutangulum DC. (Myrtaceae), a flavonol glycosides mixture explained the activity observed for the decoction. The search for antifungal essential oils from the Amazonian flora led to the identification of several interesting species, thus validating our bioinspired strategy. The essential oil of Otacanthus azureus (Linden) Ronse was among the most active ones, either alone or in combination with azole drugs. Eventually, a metabolomic study of the GC/MS composition of these oils allowed us to develop a statistical tool which could help to select interesting antifungal products. This work thus demonstrates the major interest of the two strategies – ethnopharmacology and bioinspiration – for the search of new bioactive compounds
Nambiath, chandran Jima. "Development of NMR methodology for the analysis and simplification of complex mixtures." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4306.
Full textThis thesis work deals with the analysis of natural and synthetic complex mixtures composed of small molecules using HRMAS NMR. In a first part, an integrated HRMAS-NMR based metabolomic analysis in combination with pattern recognition techniques (PCA and O-PLS-DA) has been applied for the diagnosis of indeterminate thyroid lesions and also studied the potential adverse biological effects of aluminium nanoparticles on pseudomonas brassicacearum. In a second part we investigated that chromatographic NMR using silica as the matrix support could provide a quick alternative and complement to LC for the characterization of complex mixtures. In addition, requirement for signal suppression in natural plant extract and aromatic hydrocarbons led to the development of a rapid and accurate method using molecularly imprinted polymers with excellent selectivity. The selectivity of Molecularly Imprinted polymers towards capturing a specific molecular target is exploited here to efficiently remove NMR signals
Gonnet, Jessica. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires de l'immunité innée induits après administration d'un antigène par voie cutanée dans un modèle ex vivo d'explants de peau humaine." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066425.
Full textSkin richness in immune cells in antigen presenting cells make the skin a promising site for vaccination strategies. Differences in humoral and cellular responses induced in vivo were observed in humans, between studies using intradermal and transcutaneous vaccine administration compared to conventional routes. Theses results highlight that immune molecular mechanism induced in the skin remains poorly understood. An ex vivo human skin explant model was used to analyze early immune events induced after cutaneous antigen administration. We have demonstrated, for the first time, the role of IL-32 produced by keratinocytes in Langerhans cell activation, after TLRs agonists skin cells stimulation. A proteomic analysis of modifications induced in skin microenvironment, after intradermal Influenza vaccine administration, showed the detection of new protein biomarkers from cells adhesion signalling and carbohydrates and lipids metabolism associated with known protein biomarkers from cutaneous inflammatory. In addition, we have observed the ability of the Cyanoacrylate Skin Surface Stripping (CSSS) method, a mild skin disruption method, to promote cytokines and chemokines overexpression by epidermal cells, which are crucial in cutaneous immune response establishment. Theses results allow the better comprehension in immune molecular and cellular mechanism induced in the skin and the development of new vaccination strategies
Roux, Aurélie. "ANALYSE DU METABOLOME URINAIRE HUMAIN PAR CHROMATOGRAPHIE LIQUIDE COUPLEE A LA SPECTROMETRIE DE MASSE A HAUTE RESOLUTION." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00641529.
Full textHabchi, Baninia. "Mise en évidence des perturbations métaboliques liées à l’exposition aux toxiques présents dans l’environnement ou l’aliment par spectrométrie de masse à ultra haute résolution FTMS combinée avec des outils chimiométriques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA032.
Full textPublic health monitoring involves evaluation of population exposure to environmental toxicants which can have an impact on their health. To do this, robust and high-throughput approaches are required to perform large scale analyses. Global approaches such as metabolomics which aim to reveal metabolic changes due to environmental stress or diseases seem to be the most appropriate approach. This multidisciplinary approach requires powerful analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry (MS) associated with statistical and chemometric data processing. It allows to detect general metabolic disruptions induced by a given physiological or pathological conditions. The studied samples can be injected either directly by the DIMS technique (direct introduction mass spectrometry) or following a chromatographic separation using GC/MS or LC/MS (gas or liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry). The DIMS approach leads to a significant reduction in analysis time, down to only a few minutes (usually less than 3 min). Additionally, in combination with Fourier transform mass spectrometers (DIFTMS), it provides very high mass resolving power and accurate mass measurements, as well as a wide dynamic range resulting in improved efficiency. Nevertheless, the DI-FTMS approach generates complex data containing several thousands of peaks. Processing such large data sets requires the development of dedicated chemometric and statistical tools to detect exposure biomarkers. Therefore, the objective of my work was to develop a rapid, highthroughput workflow, including the development of chemometric tools, in order to highlight metabolomic perturbations induced by exposure to toxicants. The first part of this work concerns the study of farmers professionally exposed to two pesticides. The DIMS approach was performed on an Orbitrap instrument and a new chemometric tool called Independent Component - Discriminant Analysis (IC-DA) was developed for supervised analysis of the DIMS data. The developed methodology was then applied to a larger number of samples corresponding to five types of exposure. In this later study, two analytical approaches DIMS and LC/MS were examined in order to validate the DIMS approach as well as the developed chemometric data analysis tool. In a second part of this work, the DIMS approach was applied to an instrument of higher performances, the FT-ICR (Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance) equipped with a dynamically harmonized cell in order to improve the quality of the DIMS data. A first study explored the effects of exposure of rats to different concentrations of pesticides. In a second step, the procedure was applied to a large number of samples (of approximately 500 individuals) to test the robustness of the approach. All this work demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of our high-throughput metabolomic approach combining the direct introduction (DIMS), the very high resolution detection and the chemometric tools. This approach could be very promising to perform large scale metabolic phenotyping such as in epidemiological studies
Delabrière, Alexis. "New approaches for processing and annotations of high-throughput metabolomic data obtained by mass spectrometry." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS359/document.
Full textMetabolomics is a phenotyping approach with promising prospects for the diagnosis and monitoring of several diseases. The most widely used observation technique in metabolomics is mass spectrometry (MS). Recent technological developments have significantly increased the size and complexity of data. This thesis focused on two bottlenecks in the processing of these data, the extraction of peaks from raw data and the annotation of MS/MS spectra. The first part of the thesis focused on the development of a new peak detection algorithm for Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) data, a high-throughput metabolomics technique. A model derived from the physics of the mass spectrometer taking into account the saturation of the instrument has been proposed. This model includes a peak common to all metabolites and a specific saturation phenomenon for each ion. This model has made it possible to create a workflow that estimates the common peak on well-behaved signals, then uses it to perform matched filtration on all signals. Its effectiveness on real data has been studied and it has been shown that proFIA is superior to existing algorithms, has good reproducibility and is very close to manual measurements made by an expert on several types of devices. The second part of this thesis focused on the development of a tool for detecting the structural similarities of a set of fragmentation spectra. To do this, a new graphical representation has been proposed, which does not require the metabolite formula. The graphs are also a natural representation of MS/MS spectra. Some properties of these graphs have then made it possible to create an efficient algorithm for detecting frequent subgraphs (FSM) based on the generation of trees covering graphs. This tool has been tested on two different data sets and has proven its speed and interpretability compared to state-of-the-art algorithms. These two algorithms have been implemented in R, proFIA and mineMS2 packages available to the community
Birer, Caroline. "Le microbiote bactérien cuticulaire des fourmis de Guyane : pouvoir antibiotique et écologie des communautés." Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0003/document.
Full textThe bacterial microbiota of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is known to have a defensive role in social insects, particularly for leaf-cutting ants (Formicidae: Attini) due to the use of antimicrobial molecules produced by cuticular actinobacteria. In this thesis, we studied the bacterial microbiota of ants in French Guyana using different approaches based on natural products chemistry and molecular ecology. The first chapter describes the isolation, identification, culture and biological evaluations of 43 cuticular actinobacteria. Antagonism bioassays of isolated strains and antibiotic activities of the culture extracts against human pathogens are presented as well as the identification of an antimicrobial cyclic dipeptide (Cyclo (LPro-LPhe)) isolated from a strain close to Streptomyces thioluteus. Moreover, the implementation of molecular networks applied to UPLC/MS/MS analysis of actinobacterial cocultures allowed us to explore the diversity of metabolites produced under these conditions. The second chapter presents a methodological study to evaluate the capacity of four DNA extraction methods, in terms of richness and composition of the cuticular bacterial microbiota, in high-throughput sequencing from Atta cephalotes and Pseudomyrmex penetrator. The results of metabarcoding highlight two methods of extraction and reveal inter- and intraspecific differences in the composition of cuticular bacterial communities. Finally, chapter three describes the composition of the cuticular bacterial microbiota of Camponotus femoratus and Crematogaster levior in ant garden and the results reveal the acquisition in the environment of a part of the microbiota. In parallel, metabolomic analyses of ant’s cuticle show, on the contrary, a greater specificity related to the ant species. Future researches focusing on statistical analysis strategies combining metabarcoding and metabolomics data are discussed
Kouloura, Eirini. "Phytochemical investigation of Acronychia species using NMR and LC-MS based dereplication and metabolomics approaches." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P636/document.
Full textMedicinal plants constitute an unfailing source of compounds (natural products – NPs) utilised in medicine for the prevention and treatment of various deceases. The introduction of new technologies and methods in the field of natural products chemistry enabled the development of high throughput methodologies for the chemical composition determination of plant extracts, evaluation of their properties and the exploration of their potentials as drug candidates. Lately, metabolomics, an integrated approach incorporating the advantages of modern analytical technologies and the power of bioinformatics has been proven an efficient tool in systems biology. In particular, the application of metabolomics for the discovery of new bioactive compounds constitutes an emerging field in natural products chemistry. In this context, Acronychia genus of Rutaceae family was selected based on its well-known traditional use as antimicrobial, antipyretic, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent. Modern chromatographic, spectrometric and spectroscopic methods were utilised for the exploration of their metabolite content following three basic axes constituting the three chapters of this thesis. Briefly, the first chapter describes the phytochemical investigation of Acronychia pedunculata, the identification of secondary metabolites contained in this species and evaluation of their biological properties. The second chapter refers to the development of analytical methods for the identification of acetophenones (chemotaxonomic markers of the genus) and to the dereplication strategies for the chemical characterisation of extracts by UHPLC-HRMSn. The third chapter focuses on the application of metabolomic methodologies (LC-MS & NMR) for comparative analysis (between different species, origins, organs), chemotaxonomic studies (between species) and compound-activity correlations
Azar, Ashraf. "Metabolomics analysis in rats with thiamine deficiency identifies key metabolites in vulnerable brain regions and suggests neural stem progenitor cells play a role in ameliorating metabolic dysfunction." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13866.
Full textEndogenous neural-stem progenitor cells (NSPC) have been documented to be found in the subventricular and subgranular zones, the dentate gyrus, and suggestions of the possibility of these cells being found in the spinal cord and neocortex in adult mammalian brain have been postulated. Thiamine deficiency (TD) is the major cause of Wernicke's Encephalopathy, a reversible neurological disorder that results in cerebral dysfunction and impairment. Recent evidence suggests factors involved in neural NSPC proliferation and differentiation are involved during TD. By means of a current approach for profiling metabolic changes occurring in focal areas of the TD rat brain, specifically the thalamus and the inferior colliculus (IC), it was hypothesized that new metabolites that might offer a better understanding into the sequel and/or mechanism of TD could be identified. It was also considered that the use of NSPC transplantation could offer new information into the involvement of NSPC and potential therapeutic benefit in TD. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis, fluorescences microscopy, and scanning election microscopy (SEM) analysis visualization was performed on samples of the focal areas (thalamus and IC) of pyrithiamine induced TD rats (PTD), pair-fed controls (PFC) rats, and NSPC transplanted TD and PFC rats. Various key metabolites were identified in rats with TD, including previous undocumented metabolites such as bile acids, kynurenic acid, and 1,9-dimethyluric acid in the thalamus and taurine and carnosine in the IC. The study also demonstrated a possible involvement of endogenous NSPC in focal areas of the thalamus and IC identifying key metabolites targeting NSPC and showed tissue amelioration (observed through SEM) following NSPC transplantation. The findings suggested that NSPC could offer a therapeutic alternative to alleviate some of symptomatic degeneration of TD.