Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Analyse et identification moléculaire'
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Balloul, Jean-Marc. "Identification, analyse biochimique, et clonage moléculaire d'un antigène protecteur de Schistosoma mansoni." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10130.
Full textVerdier, Yann. "Sélection, identification et caractérisation partielle d'antigènes du spermatozoïde du renard (Vulpes vulpes) en vue de leur utilisation dans un vaccin contraceptif." Nancy 1, 2002. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2002_0307_VERDIER.pdf.
Full textGautier, Nicolas. "Caractérisation et analyse d'un épitope T CD4 de la protéine IE1 du cytomégalovirus, et des fonctions effectrices de clones T CD4 anti-IE1." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30216.
Full textGlasser, Anne-Lise. "Contribution à l'étude des relations structures-fonctions des acides ribonucléiques de transfert de cellules eucaryotes : analyse, identification et rôle de nouveaux nucléosides hypermodifiés." Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOS019.
Full textTrape, Sébastien. "Les Mugilidae des côtes ouest-africaines : identification moléculaire, phylogénie et bio-écologie du recrutement des juvéniles dans un estuaire hypersalé." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20163.
Full textThe persistence of the drought since the 1970s in West Africa has particularly affected the functioning of coastal ecosystems. This perturbation has conducted to reverse salinity gradients in some estuaries and the appearance of hypersaline areas (salinity > 60). To get some insights about the consequences of these environmental changes on the recruitment and the growth of juveniles in estuarine ecosystems, spatio-temporal patterns of recruitment (size structures and abundance distributions) of all Mugilidae species have been studied in the inverse Sine Saloum estuary (Senegal). The growth has been measured using otolith daily microincrements. The taxonomy of West African Mugilidae being confused and the morphological criteria necessary for identifying juveniles yet unknown, in a first step we have (1) carried out a molecular phylogeny of the mullet species, (2) developed a genetic method for identifying juveniles and finally (3) developed a morphometric identification key for juveniles. Molecular analyses have revealed the existence of a new mugilid species along the West African coasts (Chelon bandialensis) and shown that Mugil ashanteensis and Mugil metzeleaari previously confounded with Mugil cephalus and Mugil curema are valid species. The spatio-temporal patterns of recruitment of juveniles have revealed that Liza dumerili largely dominated the assemblage, representing 89% of the total catches. The gaps between recruitment periods of the species explain the colonisation of a same environment by close related species. The juvenile growth of L. Dumerili, higher in low salinities (mean 36), highlights constraints associated with hypersalinity
Gervais, Julie. "Identification et analyse fonctionnelle des effecteurs tardifs impliqués dans la colonisation systémique du colza par Leptosphaeria maculans." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS346/document.
Full textLeptosphaeria maculans is a pathogenic fungus, responsible for one of the main diseases of oilseed rape (Brassica napus), the stem canker disease. The infectious life cycle of L. maculans is especially complex. After the primary infection of leaves and cotyledons, the fungus develops a long endophytic stage in the stem. This infection stage, which is entirely asymptomatic, lasts several months before necrosis develops at the stem base, responsible of yield loss. At this stage, the oilseed rape may exhibit "adult resistance" limiting the onset and severity of symptoms. While the fungal genes expressed during the primary infection are extensively studied, very little knowledge was available concerning the systemic colonization. To explain the ability of the fungus to colonize the stem without inducing symptom, we have therefore hypothesized that L. maculans expressed effectors, i.e. small secreted proteins, interfering with the plant defense system.The objective of my thesis was to identify such effectors and to characterize them to better understand the systemic colonization of oilseed rape by L. maculans. One of the underlying challenges of this thesis was also to identify new resistances allowing the specific recognition of these effectors expressed during stem colonization, and which may explain, at least in part, the adult resistance observed in some varieties.Using a transcriptomic approach, I was able to identify 307 "late" effector candidates specifically expressed during stem colonization and 107 "early" effector candidates specifically expressed during cotyledon colonization. I confirmed that the genes encoding early effectors of L. maculans are specifically localized in gene-poor regions and rich in repeated elements of the fungal genome. Conversely, late candidate effectors are absent from these regions and are located in regions rich in genes of the genome. L. maculans effectors have thus a distinct genomic localization based on their expression profile.A detailed analysis of five of these late effectors showed their conservation in the natural populations of L. maculans and their involvement in the suppression of plant cell death. These results, associated with the analysis of their expression profile in stem samples from the fields during a growing season, allowed us to propose the following model: L. maculans would colonize systemically the oilseed rape stem by secreting effectors suppressing cell death and thus interfering with plant defenses. At the end of the growing season, the decreased expression of these effectors would allow the fungus to switch from a biotrophic to a necrotrophic lifestyle and to induce stem canker. This transition between the two ways of life would therefore be based on a balance between effectors suppressing and effectors inducing cell death.In order to identify new specific sources of resistance and / or to facilitate the identification of quantitative resistances in plant material, I created fungal strains over-expressing late effectors during cotyledon colonization. With these transformed strains I evaluated by cotyledonary test a large collection of oilseed rape genotypes to identify potential gene-for-gene. A variety with a hypersensitive response to a late effector was thus identified, the monogenic control of this response was validated and its genetic mapping carried out in two progenies. This approach therefore effectively enables the identification of new sources of resistance for effective control of L. maculans
Taupin, Vanessa. "La différenciation sporale chez les microsporidies : imagerie 3D et isolement des stades de développement, analyse de l'expression différentielle de protéines structurales et première identification des glycanes." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00702783.
Full textRouhan, Germinal. "Systématique phylogénétique du genre Elaphoglossum Schott ex J. Sm (Elaphoglossaceae, Monilophytes) : approches morphologique, moléculaire, et implications biogéographiques pour la région de l'Océan Indien." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0029.
Full textElaphoglossum Shott ex J. Sm. (Elaphoglossaceae) is one of the most diversified Monilophyte genera. This great diversity is paradoxically associated to a simple and uniform general morphology. The aim of this thesis is to propose for the first time a supported phylogenetic hypothesis to clarify the taxonomy of the genus. To do that, morphological and molecular characters were analysed from a sample of 123 species. The results confirm the monophyly of the genus and suggest that it contains five well supported main clades. The phylogenetic tree resulting from this analysis was also used to examine biogeography of the genus, especially the origin of species in the Indian Ocean area. Because the genus radiated during the Cenozoic, long-distance dispersal probably best explains sister-group relationships between the diversity center of the Neotropics with the Paleotropical region of the Indian Ocean. Finally, the taxa from the latter region are revised
Saumonneau, Amélie. "Etude d'un complexe de régulation transcriptionnelle du gène d'un transporteur de glucose chez la Vigne : identification de gènes "ASR", analyse fonctionnelle de leurs regions promotrices et caractérisation moléculaire de ces protéines régulatrices." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2279.
Full textThe ASR proteins are involved in plant response to abiotic stresses as well as in developmental processes such as ripening. However, biological functions of these proteins remain unknown. The one-hybrid approach allowed isolating, a grape ASR, VvMSA, witch is a putative transcription factor of VvHT1. In grapevine, cloning of VvMSA genes revealed one polymorphism in this multigenic family. The functional analysis of promoter regions is performed by progressive deletions and their fusion upstream to luciferase reporter gene. The constructions expression in grape protoplasts demonstrated a sugar regulation and ABA/cold stress induction of VvMSA expression. VvMSA Biochemical characterization showed two isoforms of the protein differing by a lack of five amino acids in one of them. In vitro and in vivo experimentation also revealed the phosphorylation of isoforms. VvMSA presents the functional characteristics of a regulatory protein, but does not display any domain specific for transcription factor. This suggests its involvement in a complex for transcriptional regulation. By the means of two-hybrid screening using VvMSA as bait, a partner of this protein is isolated. It is belonging to the DREB proteins family, involved in plant response to water, salt and osmotic stresses. By BiFC approach, we confirmed the interaction between VvMSA and VvDREB and provided the exclusive nuclear localization of their complex. The obtained results allow us to consider grape ASR as non-histone chromosomal proteins, that might act as downstream components of a common signal transduction pathway involved in the responses of plant cells to environmental factors mediated by sugar and ABA signaling
Seesao, Yuwalee. "Caractérisation des Anisakidae dans les poissons marins : développement d’une méthode d’identification par séquençage à haut-débit et étude de prévalence." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S043/document.
Full textAnisakis, Pseudoterranova, Hysterothylacium and Contracaecum genera, members of the Anisakids family, are nematodes which larvae are recovered from numerous fish and cephalopods species. These larvae may induce digestive and/or allergic pathologies in human being. In France, the consumption of fishery products, mostly raw or undercooked is increasing. This PhD work is part of the research program Fish-Parasites funded by the ANR (ANR-10-ALIA-004). It aimed to assess risks related to fishery products consumption and its main goal was to study the distribution of Anisakids in fishery products.The sampling plan was based on a risk-ranking analysis using data on fishery products consumption, fishing areas and prevalence data from previous work on Anisakids. A total of 1 768 fish from 18 species were collected. All the organs were dissected for parasites isolation. Parasites were identified using two approaches : i) single analysis by Sanger sequencing for organs containing less than 11 nematodes ii) pooled analysis by high throughput sequencing (HTS) for the remaining. The development of numerous tools (database creation with reference sequences, primers design, set up of the sequencing template preparation and development of an automatic analytical pipeline) was necessary for the HTS method set up. From the sequencing results, acquisition and structuring of the prevalence data has been carried out on parasites potentially pathogenic for human being and recovered from commonly consumed fishery products.On 1 768 sampled fish, two species were not parasitized at all: plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and aquacultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). 43.30 % of the fish were not infected by Anisakids. Concerning infected fish, 28.62% were contaminated in the visceral organs; 22.96% in both visceral organs and fillets and, finally, 5.49% of the fish were infected by Anisakids only in fillets.The five fish species with an elevated prevalence in their fillets were by decreasing values: blue ling (100 %), megrim (70 %), saithe (63 %), monkfish (61 %) and hake (60 %). The most identified Anisakids were: Anisakis simplex, Anisakis pegreffii, Hysterothylacium aduncum, Pseudoterranova krabbeii.Anisakis has been recovered in all the localisations and generally in higher quantities, Contracaecum has mainly been recovered from the liver, Hysterothylacium from the corporal cavity and Pseudoterranova from both fillets and corporal cavity. Anisakis simplex was isolated from all the fishing areas except for the Lion Gulf and it was the genus with the most important number of individuals. The zone of Feroan waters was the region with the most important diversity of Anisakids into a single sampled fish species (blue ling).The multivariate logistic statistical study showed that the fish species and size affect the prevalence of Anisakis and Pseudoterranova in fish fillets.HTS with the PGM™ Ion Torrent proved to be a powerful and innovative tool for the analysis of large numbers of Anisakids samples with low cost, in a shorter time and with a result equivalent to the individual method of Sanger sequencing
Eb-Levadoux, Yvan. "Identification des ligands biologiques de l’uranium dans les gonades de Danio rerio. : Impact sur leur fonctionnalité." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU3016.
Full textUranium (U) is naturally presents at trace level (µg.L-1) in aquatic environment; its concentration can increase up to a few mg.L-1 due to human activities. Several ecotoxicological studies have shown uranium toxicity in contaminated zebrafishes Danio rerio, e.g. oxidative stress, genotoxicity and reprotoxicity (i.e. lower number of spawn and eggs laid) but mechanisms are not well known.The objective of this study is to contribute to the understanding of uranium reprotoxicity by elucidating the disrupted molecular mechanisms after contamination. Therefore, investigations have been carried out on ovaries from reproduced (R) and non-reproduced (NR) zebrafishes after waterborne exposure in laboratory conditions at environmentally relevant concentrations.This project was divided into two parts. Firstly, analytical investigations were carried out to continue the development of non-denaturing methods for U-protein identification by coupling separative techniques (size exclusion chromatography SEC, off gel electrophoresis OGE) with elemental (ICP MS) and molecular (ESI MS) sensitive mass spectrometry detection. Secondly, studies of U reprotoxicity were investigated by studying i) native U-protein complexes (metallomics approach) and ii) differential analysis of protein expression (proteomics approach)Analytical developments allowed keeping the physiological and non-denaturing extraction buffer for OGE separation step, improving U recovery. In ecotoxicology, the major results showed that ovary is an U accumulating organ and that the reproduction status modifies the accumulation level (R
Ben, Hafsia Khaoula. "Identification des micro-mécanismes de déformation du PET amorphe et semi-cristallin in situ au cours d’un essai mécanique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0081/document.
Full textAccording to their formulations and forming processes and thanks to the complexity of their induced microstructure, thermoplastic polymers show a wide range of thermomechanical properties. However, the identification of the evolution of the microstructure of these materials during their use remains difficult. To better understand the microstructural changes occurring during thermomechanical loadings, various in situ and non-destructive techniques of characterization have been used. In this context, a Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) amorphous and semi-crystalline was studied in order to highlight the effect of the microstructure on the macroscopic properties of the material. This way, different coupling systems combining several experimental characterization techniques have been implemented such as Raman spectroscopy and X-rays diffraction/scattering coupled to the VidéoTraction™ system or Raman spectroscopy coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for the characterization of the deformation micro-mechanisms and the thermal behavior of the material respectively. Monitoring specific vibrational bands thoroughly identified allowed the establishment of a new robust criterion which enables to accurately measure the crystallinity ratio of the material and the identification of the characteristic temperatures of its morphology (Tg, Tc, Tcc, Tm). In addition, a relaxational characterization system by coupling dynamic dielectric spectroscopy to a tensile test has been used in order to highlight the effect of molecular mobility on the elasto-visco-plastic deformation of PET. From a mechanical point of view, the main deformation micro-mechanisms have been studied in real time during a tensile test at different temperatures and constant true strain rates: macromolecular orientation, volume damage, development of mesophase and strain induced crystallization were observed and quantified in situ using the coupled characterization technics presented previously at Petra III (Hambourg) and Elettra (Trieste) synchrotrons. In parallel, a study of the molecular mobility (a determining parameter for the predominance of one deformation micromechanism to another) was conducted via relaxational analysis performed during the deformation of the material. In addition to in situ experiments, post mortem analysis by the previously mentioned technics and by X radiography, scanning electron microscopy and X tomography were performed to assess the influence of the mechanical relaxation of the polymer
Rimelen, Valérie. "Analyse moléculaire et phénotypique du myélome multiple." Besançon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BESA3011.
Full textThe multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the accumulation of tumoral plasma cells in bone marrow. Our objective was to determine the nature of the tumoral precursors in the MM while focusing on the circulating B lymphocytes. The molecular analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangement shows that the circulating B lymphocytes might not belong, for most of them, to the neoplasic clone. However, the quantitative IgH PCR we developed seems to be an indicator for the MM clinical evolution. Our phenotypic analysis shows that the CD19+CD27- naive B cells have decreased in MM patients when compared with the witness group. After validation in various celllines of the expression quantification of the 7 genes implied in the B-cell differentiation, we have identified the decrease of the pax-5 gene expression at the CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells level of the MM leukapheresis
Nadeau, Larochelle Corinne. "Identification de la base moléculaire de l'antigène érythrocytaire de haute fréquence PEL." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30375/30375.pdf.
Full textChapy, Hélène. "Identification fonctionnelle et moléculaire d'un transporteur de psychotropes et substances d'abus." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05P603.
Full textThe central nervous system is a privilege organ protected by histological barriers between the blood and the nervous tissue. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) separate cerebral parenchyma and retina from the circulating blood and both express tight junctions and membrane transporters, allowing a precise regulation of the exchanges between the blood and nervous tissues. We studied a new cationic transporter functionally evidenced at the mouse BBB. This molecularly unknown transporter belong to the solute carrier super family (SLC) and is a proton antiporter. It could constitute a new actor in the cerebral permeability and may be a new brain access pathway. First, we worked on the functional identification studying new substrates and new localization. Psychotropic brain transport was studied in vivo by brain in situ perfusion on mouse and in vitro with human immortalized endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). We showed that cocaine brain entry depends on passive diffusion but also mainly on a proton antiporter. Brain entry rate of drugs of abuse is associated with modulation of addiction liability, making this transporter a new component of brain entry of cocaine, and also nicotine and some amphetamines such as ecstasy and MDPV. This proton antiporter appears to be a new potential target in addiction. Various chemical entities interact with this transporter; however concentrations used to inhibit the transporter are much higher than the one possibly found in the blood. In order to help find or design new selective and potent inhibitors, we developed a pharmacophore model of the proton antiporter inhibitors using in vitro data and the FLAPpharm approach. The model predicts well new possible inhibitors of this transporter. We also studied the impact of the ABC transporters and the proton antiporter at the BBB and the BRB using specific or multi-specific substrates such as verapamil. The proton antiporter is functionally expressed at the BRB and transports clonidine, DPH and verapamil. However, for the multi-specific (P-gp and SLC) compound verapamil, influx transport by the proton antiporter is visible at the BBB only when P-gp efflux is neutralized. On the contrary, at the BRB, the proton antiporter influx is always visible. This is certainly due to the lower impact (by 6.3 fold) of P-gp at the BRB compared to the BBB. These results show the difficulty to predict the functional impact of a transporter for multi-specific compounds and a probable transport prioritization. Finally we worked on the molecular identification of the proton antiporter using a photolabeling method. This work evidenced the importance of the proton antiporter in the brain distribution of psychotropic and drugs of abuse and opened toward new perspectives in addiction and transport comprehension
Cibik, Recep. "Leuconostocs isolés de fromages traditionnels francais : identification classique et moléculaire, caractérisation biochimique et moléculaire du système autolytique." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOS017.
Full textMasquida, Benoît. "Identification, caractérisation et études structurales d'ARN non-codants." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00271873.
Full textOuazzani, Chahdi Abdeljawad. "Les plasmides IncHI1: analyse moléculaire du réplicon RepHI1B." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212394.
Full textChapuis, Julien. "Identification de déterminants génétiques impliqués dans la composante vasculaire de la MA, par analyses transcriptomiques, génétiques et moléculaires." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00326304.
Full textLa maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) est une maladie dégénérative du cerveau qui provoque la démence, avec une perte graduelle de mémoire, du jugement, et des fonctions cognitives. Cette maladie apparaît généralement chez les personnes âgées de plus de 65 ans, mais certaines formes moins fréquentes peuvent apparaître plus précocement. Les bases génétiques et moléculaires de la MA sont encore mal connues. L'hérédité des formes à début précoce est liée à des mutations dans trois gènes différents: le gène du précurseur de la protéine amyloïde (APP) sur le chromosome 21, le gène de la préséniline 1 (PS1) sur le chromosome 14 et le gène de la préséniline 2 (PS2) sur le chromosome 1. Cependant, ces mutations expliquent moins de 1% des cas de MA. Dans la grande majorité des cas, la génétique apparaît beaucoup plus complexe car résultant de l'interaction entre des facteurs environnementaux et divers gènes de susceptibilité. Malgré le consensus sur l'importance de la composante génétique de la MA, seul l'allèle ε4 du gène de l'apolipoprotéine E (APOE) a été retrouvé comme un facteur constant de vulnérabilité. Toutefois, plus de 200 gènes ont déjà été proposés comme déterminants génétiques de la MA, mais aucun consensus n'a pu être obtenu pour l'un d'entre eux en raison du manque de robustesse des associations observées au sein de populations indépendantes. Tout d'abord, nous avons cherché à reproduire l'association entre la MA et des polymorphismes localisés dans 3 gènes candidats (VEGF, PON1 et GAB2). Deuxièmement, afin la sélection de nouveaux gènes candidats, nous avons combiné les informations issues de carte génétique avec le profil d'expression de gènes. Cette stratégie résulte de deux grandes observations: (i) l'expression de nombreux gènes est modifiée au cours de l'étiologie de la MA, (ii) les polymorphismes dans les promoteurs de l'APOE, PS1, PS2 et APP gènes ont été associés à l'apparition de la MA. Par conséquent, nous avons supposé que les gènes situés dans les régions chromosomiques définies par des études de liaisons génétiques et présentant une expression différentielle entre des patients et des témoins, pourraient constituer des gènes candidats implique dans la MA. Nous avons effectué l'analyse transcriptomique de 2741 gènes situés dans les régions chromosomiques d'intérêt définies dans le cadre de la MA. Les niveaux de l'expression génique ont été évalués à partir d'ARN totaux provenant de tissus cérébraux post-mortem de malades et de témoins. Cent six gènes ont été retrouvés différentiellement exprimés. Ensuite, nous avons évalué, au sein de ces gènes, l'impact de polymorphismes sur le risque de développer la MA. Le polymorphisme le plus intéressant, situé sur le gène IL33, a été associé à la MA dans 3 populations cas-témoins indépendantes. En outre, nous avons pu montrer une implication de ce gène dans un processus physiopathologie touchant le réseau vasculaire cérébral au cours de la MA. De façon intéressante, IL33 est préférentiellement exprimé dans les cellules vasculaires. En effet, un nombre croissant de données suggèrent un rôle central des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire, de la modification des parois artérielles, amenant à une hypoperfusion chronique du cerveau et au développement de la physiopathologie de la maladie. Ces données sont basées sur des études épidémiologiques, physiopathologiques, de neuro-imagerie, de neuropathologiques et d'études pharmacologiques. Toutes ces observations indiquent qu' une altération du réseau vasculaire pourrait être un facteur important dans le processus conduisant à la neurodégénérescence chronique dans la MA.
Djelouadji, Zoheira. "Identification moléculaire et génotypage des mycobactéries du complexe Mycobactérium tuberculosis." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20700.
Full textThe Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) comprises seven host-associated bacterial species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium canettii, Mycobacterium microti, Mycobacterium caprae and Mycobacterium pinnipedii responsible for human and animal tuberculosis. These seven species exhibit DNA: DNA hybridization value ≥ 90% and an average nucleotide identity ≥ 99%. They are indistinguishable by 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequencing. These data suggest that MTC members form an unique bacterial species comprising clones with preferred host species. Cross-species transmission of MTC clones is driven by the opportunities of contacts between various mammal species. Several genetic families of M. Tuberculosis population responsible for major outbreaks have been identified such as the Beijing family which is highly prevalent in Asian countries and is spreading worldwide with hyper-virulent clones concurrent with the accumulation of evolutionary events. Identification of MTC organisms currently relies upon a few phenotypic traits, and the detection of species-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms in a few genes. Also, Variable Tandem Repeats (VNTR) and Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU) have been used for MTC organisms identification and genotyping, based on the analysis of restriction or amplification profiles. These methods are timeconsuming and require a large amount of infectious materials. In this work, we developed the exact tandem repeat D (ETR-D) sequencing as a single–step method for the identification of MTC organisms at the species level. This method offers a new rapid tool which circumvents the current expensive and polyphasic approaches. We then developed a Multispacer Sequence Typing (MST) for M. Tuberculosis, a genotyping method based on the sequencing of several intergenic regions. The method proved to be sensitive, accurate and reproducible and allowed the assignment of isolates into phylogeographical lineages. MST helped to resolve crosscontamination episode in the laboratory and nosocomial transmission in paediatric ward. 4 MTC identification and genotyping are now transferred into routine diagnosis in the laboratory. Our work constitutes the basis for on-going further developments using new technologies
Fournier, Pierre-Edouard. "Identification et phylogénie des rickettsies du groupe boutonneux." Aix-Marseille 2, 1999. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/1999AIX20657.pdf.
Full textChapuis, Julien. "Identification de déterminants génétiques impliqués dans la composante vasculaire de la Maladie d'Alzheimer, par analyses transcriptomiques, génétiques et moléculaires." Lille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL2S013.
Full textVanhoye, Damien. "Analyse évolutive, moléculaire et fonctionnelle des peptides antimicrobiens des amphibiens." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066326.
Full textMisson, Julie. "Le signal phosphate chez "Arabidopsis thaliana" : analyse génétique et moléculaire." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX11060.
Full textPhosphate is an essential nutrient for plant development and metabolism. Plants have developed numerous responses in order to grow in soils often limiting in this element. In order to have a global vision of these responses, we have performed a transcriptional analysis on "Arabidopsis thaliana" to identify the targets of phosphate. The 700 genes found modulated by Pi have been classified following their functions and their regulation (induction/repression by Pi starvation, root/leaves expression, « early » or « late » modulation using transfer experiments). A Pi-starvation-induced gene, the high affinity Pi transporter Pht1;4 has been characterized. Using insertion mutants lines, we have shown the role of this transporter among its homologues from the Pht1 family. It contributes to 40% of Pi uptake capacity of the Pi starved plant. One of the insertion line, pht1;4-1, contains a GUS reporter gene fused to the Pht1;4 promoter, allowing the determination of the expression pattern of this gene in external cell layers of the root only in Pi limiting condition. We have used this line as a visual control of Pht1;4 regulation in a genetic screen to identify mutants deregulated in Pi signal transduction pathway. In the progeny of pht1;4-1 mutagenized seeds, we have isolated five mutants par (phosphate abnormal response), which exhibited a constitutive expression of Pht1;4 independently of the Pi supply condition. Their characterization shows that they are affected in various Pi starvation responses and are probably mutated in the transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation of this gene
Kaas, Quentin. "Analyse structurale des récepteurs d'antigènes dans IMGT et modélisation moléculaire." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20168.
Full textSéropian, Audrey. "Analyse de document et identification de scripteurs." Toulon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOUL0010.
Full textThe axe of our study is limited to forms some areas of which are filled by cursive handwriting. After we elaborated a model of form used in a context of finite number of writers, our aim is here to create a process of identification of writer through fractal analysis of handwritten style writer. The identification of each writer depends on the extraction of a set of features that have to be intrinsic of the author of the document. The properties of autosimilarity in the handwriting are used. Some invariant patterns are extracted by the process of fractal compression to characterize the handwriting of the writer. These patterns are organized in a reference base to allow the analyse of an unknown handwriting through a Pattern matching process. The results of this analyze are evaluated by the signal to noise ratio. We can identify the text of a writer that we look for the identity of the author according to the set of reference bases
Bettenfeld, Glazunova Olga. "Identification moléculaire et étude phylogénétique des bactéries appartenant au genre Streptococcus." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20717.
Full textBacteria included in the genus Streptococcus are Gram-positive cocci, catalase negative. They are commensal or pathogenic bacteria in humans and animals. At the present time, 69 species and 12 subspecies have been described. Streptococci were first classified on the basis of haemolysis type. Presently, this criterion is only used to direct identification. Lancefield classification, still used in clinical, distinguishes 20 serological groups (designated by letters A to H and K to W) defined on antigenic properties of polysaccharide C present in the bacterial wall. Some species are devoid of this antigen and cannot be classified using this method. On the other hand, isolates belonging to different serogroups can be included in the same species and same serogroup can be found in different species. The classification has been completed through metabolic character study. But the commercialized systems do not always allow identification at the species level. This lack of discrimination is because the number of biochemical characters is considered limited, some isolates have characteristics different from the type strain and systems used sometimes lack reproducibility. More, many newly described species are not included in the database of the manufacturer or species profiles are identical to those of other species leading to a misidentification at the species level or unidentified isolate. Currently, two genetically different species (genomospecies) have DNA-DNA relationships that result in hybridization values < 70 % andm(e) value ≤ 5°C and/or homology percentage between 16S rRNA gene sequences < 97 %. But DNA-DNA relatedness is a labor intensive technique whose results are sometimes discordant between laboratories. This problem has given rise to controversial discussions on the definition of some streptococci, for example Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus constellatus, streptococci included in the "bovis" or the "mitis" groups. Moreover, it was shown that the percentage of homology between the 16S rRNA gene sequences used to define bacterial species varied according to the considered genera and was often > 97 %. The bacterial identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison provides a good definition to the genus level but is often deficient at the species level because this gene is somewhat variable and so therefore not discriminator. Other more variable genes were therefore used to obtain a better identification of bacterial isolates and potentially a definition of the bacterial species. Regarding the streptococci, the genes most commonly used before we started our work were sodA (superoxyde dismutase encoding gene) and rpoB ( subunit RNA polymerase encoding gene). But the sequences were not available for all recognized species. Our first task was therefore to complement the existing databases. We also chose to sequence a fragment of gyrB (B subunit of DNA gyrase) and groEL (60 kDa heat shock protein) genes. We then studied the gene recN (recombination/repair protein encoding gene). We have to date 6 databases for identification and phylogenetic analysis of streptococci, the sequences of the genes groEL and recN being the most discriminatory. We applied these different approaches to 39 isolates of the "anginosus group" (S. Anginosus, S. Intermedius, S. Constellatus) and we have shown that identification of isolates within this group was complex and wherever possible should be based on the sequencing of several genes. We also described a new species Streptococcus massiliensis isolated from a blood sample on the basis of phenotypic and genotypic criteria
Nectoux, Boris. "Analyse spectrale et analyse semi-classique pour l'étude de la métastabilité en dynamique moléculaire." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1228/document.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to the study of the sharp asymptotic behaviour in the low temperature regime of the exit event from a metastable domain $Omegasubset mathbb R^d$ (exit point and exit time) for the overdamped Langevin process. In practice, the overdamped Langevin dynamics can be used to describe for example the motion of the atoms of a molecule or the diffusion of interstitial impurities in a crystal. The obtention of sharp asymptotic approximations of the first exit point density in the small temperature regime is the main result of this thesis. These results justify the use of the Eyring-Kramers law to model the exit event. The Eyring-Kramers law is used for example to compute the transition rates between the states of a system in a kinetic Monte-Carlo algorithm in order to sample efficiently the state-to-state dynamics. The cornerstone of our analysis is the quasi stationary distribution associated with the overdamped Langevin dynamics in $Omega$. The proofs are based on tools from semi-classical analysis. This thesis is divided into three independent chapters. The first chapter (in French) is dedicated to an introduction to the mathematical results. The other two chapters (in English) are devoted to the precise statements and proofs
Vinit, Stéphane. "Plasticité post-lésionnelle du réseau nerveux respiratoire : analyse fonctionnelle et moléculaire." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30073.
Full textThis doctoral work focuses on anatomo-functional and/or molecular plasticity processes after unilateral high spinal cord injury leading to respiratory deficit. A spinal cord injury restricted to the lateral area was sufficient to abolish hemidiaphragm activity. However, after short post-lesional time-lapse (7 days), an ipsilateral phrenic activity was detected that depends on crossed spinal pathways located laterally in the contralateral spinal cord and on ipsilateral afferents. After 3 months post-injury, this phrenic activity was reinforced by new active median bulbospinal pathways. At the molecular level, the respiratory axotomized neurons (and some non-axotomized neurons) express c-Jun after a spinal cord injury, revealing an intrinsic plasticity potential. Around the spinal injury, the levels of plasticity associated proteins (GAP-43 and BDNF) decreased. These results demonstrate that the respiratory system is endowed with an important plasticity potential after spinal cord injury with interesting potentialities for testing repair strategies
Dard, Laetitia. "Analyse bioénergétique et moléculaire de la physiopathologie du Syndrome de Costello." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0444.
Full textGermline activating mutations of the RAS pathway are responsible for rare diseases grouped under the name of RASopathies: Noonan Syndrome, Noonan Syndrome with multiple Lentigines, Type 1-neurofibromatosis, Capillaries malformations and arteriovenous malformations syndrome, Cardio-Facio-Cutaneous Syndrome, Legius Syndrome and Costello Syndrome. This Ph.D thesis focuses on Costello syndrome that is caused by a heterozygous de novo mutation of the HRAS gene. This syndrome is revealed in the first months of life and is characterized by postnatal growth retardation, thick facial features, intellectual deficit, skin abnormalities, and a predisposition to developing tumors. In addition, patients with Costello syndrome develop hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypertension, hypotonia and myopathy of unknown molecular origin. In connection with a patients association and the genetics department of Bordeaux University Hospital, we conducted an exploration of proteomic abnormalities in the tissues of a mouse model of the Costello syndrome as well as in patients’ fibroblasts and cell models expressing mutated forms of HRASG12S and HRASG12A. This global and unbiased analysis revealed alterations in energy metabolism and more particularly in the composition of mitochondria. The functional deficiency of mitochondria, energy plants of the human body, has been characterized by biochemistry, bioenergetics and cell biology approaches. In addition, the 'omic' analysis of Costello syndrome suggested a new pathophysiology hypothesis that considered the involvement of a microRNA, miR-221* in the alteration of oxidative metabolism. Functional genetic analyzes performed on patient cells and cell models demonstrated the inhibition of the expression of the major mitochondrial metabolism regulator AMPK protein by miR-221* under the control of HRASG12S and HRASG12A. These findings led to the development of a preclinical therapeutic strategy to reduce cardiomyopathy in Costello syndrome. Preclinical investigations performed on the cellular models and the murine model made it possible to evaluate the efficacy of a pharmacological stimulation of mitochondrial metabolism. This thesis thus reveals the involvement of mitochondria in Costello syndrome and the molecular analysis carried out makes available a series of 'Omics' data that will allow progress in the understanding of this rare disease
El, Hafidi Ali. "Analyse et identification du comportement dynamique de rotors." Besançon, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BESA2026.
Full textRuiz, Pascal. "Identification de sources par analyse spectrale et multispectrale." Grenoble INPG, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPG0073.
Full textDavesne, Donald. "La phylogénie des téléostéens acanthomorphes : approches paléontologique et moléculaire." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MNHN0017.
Full textAcanthomorpha is a group a mainly marine teleosts including more than 15 000 extant species. Acanthomorph interrelationships were almost unknown until the first analyses using cladistic methodology on morphological characters in the beginning of the nineties. The relationships supported by morphology were largely contradicted when molecular phylogenetic studies became available a decade later. The new, "molecular" relationships have never been tested with morphology, which implies that today, several classifications coexist. Moreover, the phylogenetic hypotheses on the first dichotomies of the tree (that is, the first diversification of the group in the early Late Cretaceous) are contradictory from one molecular study to another. For example, some molecular studies based on mitogenomes reject acanthomorph monophyly. My objective during this PhD was to obtain a consensual phylogenetic hypothesis for the base of the acanthomorph tree, allowing reconciling molecular results together and with morphology. In order to obtain this, I constituted morphological datasets with a broad taxonomic sampling covering acanthomorph diversity enough for the molecular hypotheses to be tested by morphology – which previous morphological datasets did not allow. These datasets included fossil taxa for the first time, among which some of the oldest acanthomorphs known on record, that show character state combinations that are extinct today. In parallel, I built molecular dataset using numerous mitochondrial and nuclear markers, in order to better characterize the sources of the incongruence between results. The analysis of my morphological, mitochondrial and nuclear data yielded largely congruent topologies. The clades recovered from one analysis to another have then an increased reliability. For example, Gadiformes (cods) and Zeiformes (dories) are grouped together. Acanthomorph monophyly is supported by all data. The inclusion of fossil taxa is critical to obtain relevant results. In this PhD I obtained a synthetic phylogenetic hypothesis for acanthomorphs, proposing synapomorphies for the "molecular" clades. This phylogeny is replaced in a timeframe thanks to fossil data. The integrative approach I used in my PhD is promising to resolve many other complex phylogenetic questions, especially for deep nodes
Afdel, Karim. "Conception d'outils d'analyse quantitative d'images pour la biologie moléculaire et la dermatologie." Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30072.
Full textHozé, Nathanaël. "Modélisation et méthodes d'analyse de la diffusion et agrégation au niveau moléculaire pour l'organisation sous-cellulaire." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066695.
Full textIn the present PhD thesis, we study diffusion and aggregation in the context of cellular biology. Our goal is to obtain physical laws of several processes such as particle assembly or laws of diffusion in microdomains, in order to determine how subcellular processes are constructed from elementary molecular organization. This change of scale can be formulated and analyzed using several tools such as partial differential equations, statistical physics, stochastic processes and numerical simulations. We present here several methods and we apply them to study questions in biophysics, neurobiology and cellular biology. Examples are receptors trafficking on cellular membrane, nuclear organization and the dynamics of viral assembly. In the first part, to obtain an estimation of the effective diffusion coefficient of a Brownian particle moving in between obstacles, we compute the mean time for a Brownian particle to arrive to a narrow opening defined as the region of minimal distance between two disks of identical radius. The method relies on M\"obius conformal transformation applied to the Laplace equation. Using this result, we develop statistical methods to solve a reverse engineering problem which consists in recovering parameters of a stochastic equation from a large number of short trajectories. Applying this method to superresolution data of receptor trafficking, we identify novel molecular organization, which are described as potential wells (deterministic part of the SDE). We next solve a different question: how is it possible to reconstruct surfaces from a large sample of short stochastic trajectories? By using Ito's formula, we derive a new class of nonlinear partial differential equations that allow us to reconstruct the surface. This section is illustrated with numerical examples. In the second part, we focus on an aspect of nuclear organization and our goal is to model and analyze telomere dynamics (ends of the chromosomes) in the cell nucleus. Early experimental findings reveal that yeast telomeres organize dynamically in a small numbers of clusters, yet this process remains poorly understood. Thus, we use a statistical physics approach to study the joint dynamics of the 32 telomeres, that we model as independent Brownian particles that can also form aggregates. We estimate the number of clusters and the number of telomeres per cluster using exact formula that we derive from our model. We identify the relevant parameters by comparing our results with experimental data. In particular, we show that a single parameter - the ratio of the association to the dissociation rate - is sufficient to account for telomere clustering in various conditions. Finally, we develop an empirical model to study particle aggregation to a single nucleation site. The distribution of particles in small clusters before arriving is a key ingredient to derive kinetic laws. We derive these laws using first a deterministic model and then a stochastic jump process, which allows us to obtain also an explicit expression for the mean time that the nucleation site is filled. We discuss some applications to HIV capsid formation
Burrus, Vincent. "Identification d'éléments intégratifs et potentiellement conjugués chez Streptococcies thermophilus : évolution par échange-acquisition de modules et de domaines." Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10027.
Full textDanioux, Chloe. "Régulateurs transcriptionnels chez les archées hyperthermophiles et leurs virus : analyse moléculaire, fonctionnelle et génétique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00966549.
Full textBrosseau, Olivier. "Phylogénie moléculaire et analyse morphométrique des pédicellaires et du test des Cidaroida (Echinodermata, Echinoidea)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0023.
Full textThe last revision of the Cidaroida (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) dates back to the beginning of the 20th century (Mortensen, 1928). In this work, Mortensen stressed the use of characters of the pedicellariae for classificatory purpose at every level of the taxonomy. Since Mortensen efforts to clarify the taxonomy of the Cidaroida, this group remained seldom studied (Smith et Whright, 1989). It seemed therefore necessary to revaluate the relevance of the morphological characters classically used in the classification of the Cidaroida. In the present study, I explored three main research approaches based on different exploratory methods in order to come to a better understanding of the systematics and evolutionary history of the Cidaroida. First, I investigated the variation and ontogenesis of a number of morphological characters of the pedicellariae. Secondly, I examined the post larval growth in different populations of Stylocidaris affinis. Finally, I used molecular sequences (28S-D1 and COI) to perform the first phylogenetic reconstruction of 27 taxa, representative of the whole group, using the parsimony criterion. Using a morphometric approach, I showed that the observed variability in shape of the globiferous pedicallariae can be explained by static allometries. I also showed that the different types of pedicellariae observed on Stylocidaris affinis and Prionocidaris sp. Can be interpreted in term of heterochronic processes. As a consequence I discussed the taxonomic implication of these results. The test growth was explained by growth allometry that may lead to significant morphological differences. Moreover, drastic changes in allometric patterns were shown to be related to the development of the genital pores at sexual maturity. The phylogenetic reconstruction showed the monophyly of the order Cidaroida. However, the family Cidaridae was monophyletic whereas the genus Goniocidaris was well supported by both Jackknife and Bremer indices
Karsenty-Mathonnet, Florence. "Identification et conséquences fonctionnelles des mutations sur les gènes du fibrinogène." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA114807.
Full textGuigou, Véronique. "Analyse de l'expression des gènes des immunoglobulines humaines en situation physiologique et pathologique." Aix-Marseille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX22012.
Full textEl, Kassis Elie. "Identification et caractérisations génétique, physiologique et moléculaire de mutants d'"Arabidopsis thaliana" résistants au sélénate." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20021.
Full textFrancq, Christian. "Identification et minimalité dans les séries chronologiques." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20210.
Full textTouzani, Lotfi. "Mesure et analyse des intensités des transitions Raman de la molécule 12CE4." Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOS029.
Full textZaragüeta, Bagils René. "Tests morphologique et moléculaire des hypothèses de phylogénie des Clupeomorpha (Teleostei)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MNHN0019.
Full textThe cladistic concept of character is loosely defined and every systematicist seems to have its own. The formalisation of the concept of character proposed here makes the distinction between the source of the conjectures of homology and their validation, abandoning ancestor-descendant relationships and abductive interpretation. Three-taxon analysis maximises the homology as defined here, the severity of the test of congruence and the precision of the method. The retention index, the only relevant measure of fit, is used in two original approaches. NoiseSnapper allows the detection of noise in cladistic analysis by identifying the threshold under which characters have no explanatory power. The second application deals with the problem of the fit of cladograms to stratigraphy. All the hitherto defined indices are refuted and a new hierarchical fit index (HIFI) is proposed. A third development is the application of the analysis of saturation to morphological data that allows the detection of artefacts caused by long-branch attraction and by missing data optimization. In the second part of this work, the methodological results are applied to the phylogenetic hypothesis of the Clupeomorpha. The molecular test shows that Clupeomorpha and Ostariophysi are sister-groups and proposes a redefinition of the Protacanthopterygii, with a sister-group relationship between esocoids and salmonids. The morphological test resolves the relationships between the most inclusive clades of the Clupeomorpha and redefines the Ellimmichthyiformes
Hanns, Elodie. "Analyse et caractérisation moléculaire de l'hypoxie intratumorale de carcinomes épidermoïdes de l'oropharynx." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ063/document.
Full textHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents the sixth most common malignancy worldwide. The major risk factors for HNSCC identified are tobacco use and alcohol consumption (80% of all HNSCC), which seem to have a synergistic effect. A subgroup of HNSCCs (20% of cases), particularly those of the oropharynx, is caused by infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Human papillomavirus HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma defines a distinct clinical subgroup of head and neck cancer patients with improved prognosis. Currently, one of the several hypothesis studied to account for their improved survival outcomes could be a distinct hypoxia status compared to their HPV-negative counterpart. Indeed, tumour hypoxia is common in solid tumours including head and neck tumours, and hypoxia is a well-known poor prognosis factor. In first part of this thesis, we have performed a molecular characterisation of tumor hypoxia on cohort of oropharyngeal tumours according to HPV status of the patients. The results support the hypothesis that HPV-related tumours display a lesser hypoxia status compared to HPV-negative oropharyngeal tumours. These HPV-related tumours also characterize by an abundant tumour vascularisation, which could be responsible for a lesser hypoxia status. In a second part, we have studied the ability of the adaptation to hypoxia of the HPV-positive SCC90 cell line and HPV-negative SQ20B cell line. Furthermore, HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC xenograft models have been established and have been analysed about tumor hypoxia. Similar to HPV-related HNSCC, tumours-derived HPV positive cell lines display a reduced hypoxic status compared to tumours-derived HPV negative cell lines. The two cell lines adapt also differently to in vitro hypoxia. In the HPV-positive cell line, the hypoxia response pathways could be more dynamics. Indeed, SCC90 cell lines attempt to adapt and to reply to hypoxic environment inducing highly expression of all of the hypoxia related genes compared to SQ20B cell lines
Pele, Manuel. "Caractérisation moléculaire et analyse fonctionnelle de la myopathie centronucléaire du labrador retriever." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066212.
Full textDiene, Seydina Mouhamadou. "Analyse génomique et moléculaire d'isolats cliniques de bactéries multi-résistantes aux antibiotiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5049.
Full textThe increase and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria especially Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter (E.P.A) species have become a major concern worldwide. The hospital-acquired infections caused by MDR bacteria have led not only to an increase in mortality, morbidity, and cost of treatment, but also continue to endanger the life of patients, especially those immunocompromised. Although the frequent misuse of antibiotic drug has greatly contributed to worldwide dissemination and resistance to antibiotics; recent studies have shown that these resistance determinants could emerge from ancient or environmental sources. Front of this worldwide concern, several studies have been reported with significant recommendations to conduct molecular epidemiology, and genomic studies, in order to control the increase and the dissemination of the antibiotic resistance. Moreover, during these last 10 years, we are witnessing the emergence and development of new technologies of high throughput sequencing and coinciding with an exponential increase of number of bacterial genomes sequenced today. Therefore, it is in this context that the project of this thesis was conducted with three essential objectives: (i) the genome sequencing of clinical MDR bacteria, the analysis and the identification of the mechanisms and the genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance (ii) the achievement of molecular epidemiology studies from clinical MDR bacteria responsible of outbreak (iii) the development and implementation of molecular tools for monitoring and diagnosis of potential MDR bacteria
Dumont, Sophie. "Authentification d'arômes naturels par analyse chirale et analyse isotopique du 13C." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO1T225.
Full textLepère-Douard, Charlotte. "Analyse du mécanisme d’entrée du virus de l’hépatite B : identification d’un nouveau déterminant de l’infectivité." Rennes 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00498099.
Full textThe hepatitis B virus is an extremely contagious human pathogen responsible for severe hepatic diseases like cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Even though infection can be prevented by immunization with an efficient vaccine, about 2 billion people have been infected worldwide, resulting in 350 million chronic carriers that are prone to develop liver diseases. Current treatments consist either in the use of interferon, which modulates antiviral defenses and controls infection in 30 to 40% of cases, or in the use of viral polymerase inhibitors that allow a stronger response to treatment but require long-term utilization and frequently lead to the outcome of resistant viruses. A better understanding of the virus life cycle, and particularly of the mechanism by which the virus enters the cell, could provide background for therapeutics that inhibit the early steps of infection. Then, the objective of my PhD work was to study the mechanism of HBV entry. One approach to decipher viral entry is to interfere with the function of envelope proteins. Therefore, we introduced mutations in HBV surface proteins to identify new motives necessary for viral infectivity. This strategy highlighted the role of a new infectivity determinant, in the HBV large envelope protein, which is probably implicated in a fusion process allowing the release of nucleocapsids into the cytosol of infected cells
Hanin, Aurélie. "Identification et caractérisation des gènes induits in vivo chez Enterococcus faecalis." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2065.
Full textEnterococcus faecalis is part of the commensal microbiota of humans and its main habitat is the gastrointestinal tract. Although harmless in healthy individuals, E. Faecalis has recently emerged as a major cause of nosocomial infections. In order to better understand the transformation of a harmless commensal into a life-threatening pathogen, we developed a R-IVET approach (Recombination-based in vivo expression technology) for this microorganism. Two R-IVET systems with different levels of sensitivity have been constructed in a E. Faecalis V583 derivative strain and tested in the insect model Galleria mellonella, in mouse bacteremia and peritonitis models and during growth in urine. Our combined results led to the identification of 79 in vivo activated genes. Among them, the ef_3197/6 operon was shown to be strongly induced in the insect host model. Deletion of this operonic structure demonstrated that this two-component system encoded by these genes was essential to the E. Faecalis pathogenic potential in G. Mellonella. Gene ef_0377, induced in both insect and mammalian models, has also been further analyzed and it has been demonstrated that this ankyrin-encoding gene was also involved in E. Faecalis virulence. Gene ef_3282, encoding the ATP-binding subunit ClpC from the Clp proteolytic complexe, has also been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenic potential of this organism. Thus these different R-IVET screenings led to the identification of new E. Faecalis factors implied in in vivo persistence and pathogenic potential of this opportunistic pathogen