Academic literature on the topic 'Analyse en cellule unique'
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Journal articles on the topic "Analyse en cellule unique"
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Halitim, P., A. Tissot, L. Boussamet, A. Garcia, C. Fourgeux, P. Lacoste, B. Marie, J. Poschmann, S. Brouard, and L. Berthelot. "Étude de la physiopathologie de la dysfonction chronique du greffon pulmonaire par analyse transcriptomique sur cellule unique d’explants pulmonaires." Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 41, no. 3 (March 2024): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmr.2024.01.044.
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Melzi, Silvia, Guillaume Marcy, Cyril Degletagne, and Christelle Peyron. "Analyses transcriptomiques à cellule unique et à noyau unique de l’hypothalamus dans un état neuro-inflammatoire induit par le LPS." Médecine du Sommeil 20, no. 1 (March 2023): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msom.2023.01.155.
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Galatanu, Olga. "Analyse du discours." Diversité 140, no. 1 (2005): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/diver.2005.2370.
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«Cellule d’innovation», «pôle académique de l’innovation», «recherche et innovation en Pays de la Loire», «action et/ ou structure innovante», «projet de loi d’orientation de la recherche et de l’innovation», «Pourquoi innover ? Un discours sur quelles pratiques ?»… La construction discursive du concept d’innovation par une linguiste.
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Granier, Sébastien. "Compter les protéines d’une cellule unique." médecine/sciences 23, no. 5 (May 2007): 478–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2007235478.
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Hellbacher, E., V. Van Hoef, A. Johansson, A. Knight, I. Gunnarsson, A. Bruchfeld, P. Eriksson, et al. "POS1438 ANALYSIS OF THE PLASMA PROTEOME PROVIDES MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ANCA-ASSOCIATED VASCULITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 82, Suppl 1 (May 30, 2023): 1073.2–1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2023-eular.5500.
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BackgroundThe pathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) remains largely unknown. Proteinase 3 (PR3)- and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-AAV are two cateogories of AAV with distinct genetic background, but mechanistic differences between the two are poorly characterized. We hypothesized that in-depth studies of the plasma proteome in patients with active AAV would provide clues to the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind these disorders.ObjectivesTo improve our understanding of the disease mechanisms behind AAV and pathophysiological differences between PR3- and MPO-AAV.MethodsPlasma samples were collected at six Swedish rheumatological and/or nephrological centers from 42 PR3-AAV- and 25 MPO-AAV patients with active disease prior to commencement of therapy and from 138 healthy matched controls. All patients were classified into granulomatosis with polyangiitis or microscopic polyangiitis according to the European Medicines Agency algorithm. Samples were analysed for the relative levels of 181 proteins associated with inflammation or cardiovascular disease, using proximity extension assay (OLINK Proteomics). Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between groups were analyzed using ANOVA, where proteins with a fold change ≥ 1.5 and adjusted P value < 0.05 were considered as significant DEPs. Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to identify proteins contributing most to PR3-AAV/MPO-AAV separation from healthy controls. The STRING database was used to analyse protein–protein interaction networks. Gene ontology, KEGG and Reactome databases were used for pathway enrichment analyses using ClueGO.ResultsIn comparison with healthy controls, 63 DEPs were identified for PR3-AAV and 62 for MPO-AAV; of these, 49 DEPs were common to both AAV groups. Pathway enrichment analysis of the 49 common DEPs identified IL-17-, IL-10-, TNF-α- and NF-kappa B signaling and neutrophil chemotaxis among the significantly enriched processes. The 14 DEPs unique for PR3-AAV formed a functional and physical protein-protein interaction network in STRING analysis, with significant enrichment for regulation of B cell proliferation, activation of matrix metalloproteinases, collagen degradation and IL-17- and TNF-α signaling pathways. The 13 DEPs unique for MPO-AAV did not show any significant functional enrichment. Of the top 15 proteins contributing most to group separation in the PLS-DA analysis, 11 proteins where common to both PR3- and MPO-AAV and 4 proteins were unique for PR3-AAV and MPO-AAV, respectively (Table 1).ConclusionCombining quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analyses, we have identified a large group of DEPs characterizing both active PR3- and MPO-AAV and have determined their associated biological mechanisms. DEPs unique for PR3-AAV formed an interconnected protein network associated with biological processes of high relevance for AAV-pathogenesis. In conclusion, these findings may provide new insights into similarities and differences in the pathogenesis of MPO- and PR3-AAV.Table 1.PLS-DA results showing the top 15 proteins contributing most to separation of PR3-AAV and MPO-AAV patients, respectively, from healthy controls.Common for MPO-AAV and PR3-AAV vs healthy controlsUnique for MPO-AAV vs healthy controlsUnique for PR3-AAV vs healthy controlsCCL23EPHB4EN-RAGECD40LTBRMCP-3IL2-RAPLCPRTN3OPNRETNST2TGF-alphaTIMP-1TNF-R1TNF-R2TNFRSF14U-PARVEGFAREFERENCES:NIL.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.
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Tyml, Tomáš, Shailesh V. Date, and Tanja Woyke. "A single-cell genome perspective on studying intracellular associations in unicellular eukaryotes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1786 (October 7, 2019): 20190082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0082.
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Single-cell genomics (SCG) methods provide a unique opportunity to analyse whole genome information at the resolution of an individual cell. While SCG has been extensively used to investigate bacterial and archaeal genomes, the technique has been rarely used to access the genetic makeup of uncultivated microbial eukaryotes. In this regard, the use of SCG can provide a wealth of information; not only do the methods allow exploration of the genome, they can also help elucidate the relationship between the cell and intracellular entities extant in nearly all eukaryotes. SCG enables the study of total eukaryotic cellular DNA, which in turn allows us to better understand the evolutionary history and diversity of life, and the physiological interactions that define complex organisms. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Single cell ecology’.
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Chin, Venessa T., James Conway, Adnan Nagrial, Lorraine A. Chantrill, Angela Chou, Angela Steinmann, Anthony Gill, et al. "Targeting the Rho-ROCK pathway to treat pancreatic cancer: The use of unique preclinical models to ascertain the effects on cancer growth and metastasis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 3_suppl (January 20, 2015): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.3_suppl.312.
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312 Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly lethal and genetically heterogenous disease. Genomic sequence data from the Australian Pancreatic Cancer Genome Initiative (APGI) has identified a subset of patients with ROCK-1 amplification. ROCK-1 is a downstream target of Rho, a small GTPase that plays an important role in regulating proliferation, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Our aim was to analyse the effects of inhibiting ROCK-1 using specific small molecule inhibitors (Fasudil and Y-27632) in well annotated and robust pre-clinical model systems generated as part of our APGI efforts. Methods: Patient derived cell lines (PDCL) and xenografts (PDX) were used to test the effectiveness of ROCK-1 inhibitors (RI). Colony formation and 3-D organotypic assays tested cellular proliferation and invasion. In vivo, pre-clinical trials assessed the effect gemcitabine (G) +/- RI on a range of PDXs with varying tumour ROCK expression, including one G resistant model. A PDCL shown to form metastases when injected orthotopically into mice has been labeled with firefly luciferase. The effect of RI on metastasis formation will be assessed in vivo using real time imaging. Results: ROCK inhibition has a differential effect on colony formation on PDCLs in vitro, and inhibits cellular invasion. A statistically significant increase in median survival in the G + RI group compared with G alone, was seen in 3 PDXs, including the G resistant tumour. 1 PDX showed a decrease in tumour size at 200 days in the G + RI group. Conclusions: ROCK inhibition has a differential effect in vitro, but an anti-tumour effect in vivo, including overcoming resistance to G. This suggests that effects on the tumour micro-environment are an important mechanism of action. RI have the potential to be an effective therapy in PC.
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Bajaj, Anubha. "The Flowing Cellule-Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma." Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Investigation 1, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.52916/jcbi21404.
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Astroblastoma is an uncommon, controversial neoplasm of the Central Nervous System (CNS) emerging from the glia. “Astroblastoma” as a terminology was initially coined in 1924 for a tumefaction characteristically emerging as a unique astrocytic glioma comprised of tumour cells configuring perivascular pseudo-rosettes and appearing immune reactive to Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP). Bucy and Bailey in 1930 delineated diverse macroscopic and microscopic features of the neoplasm with description of individual astroblasts as unipolar cells with broad “feet” amalgamating adjacent to vascular articulations. Subsequently in 1933, Cox categorized astroblastoma as a neoplasm transitioning between astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme.
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Delahaye-Duriez, Andrée, Brigitte Benzacken, Michael Johnson, and Enrico Petretto. "Intégration des données de RNAseq sur cellule unique du cerveau." Morphologie 101, no. 335 (December 2017): 240–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.morpho.2017.07.006.
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Senadeera, Wijitha, Jasmine Banks, Giuseppina Adiletta, and Kate Brewer. "Microstructural Approach Application for Morphological Change Determinations of Grapes during Drying." Processes 12, no. 4 (April 2, 2024): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12040720.
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Grape dehydration is practiced widely in the food industry with large yields of sultanas produced globally. This paper proposes an investigation into the microstructure changes of grapes as they are dried by imaging specimens at intervals during dehydration at two temperatures using scanning electron microscopy. Two main methods were developed to obtain the complex boundaries of cells present in grape tissue in over 36 SEM images. Segmentation of the binary image using an adapted watershed function obtained the most consistent and accurate morphological shape. This was compared to a secondary method which used Canny’s edge detection function, morphological closing and skeletonizing to outline the cellular microstructure. MATLAB was utilised to convert these boundaries into measurable areas so that quantitative data on average cell area, perimeter and cell axis lengths were acquired. It was found that over the drying time, the cell area and perimeter were reduced as expected. Some variability in the data was clear due to only single samples being analysed for each temperature and time combination. Trends in cell perimeter, diameter and shape will be used to demonstrate relationships between morphological structure, drying temperature, and duration. Detailed images of the microstructure were obtained, and a unique image processing algorithm was developed to quantitatively analyse the properties of this microstructure. The development of automatic image processing techniques and algorithms will enable quantitative data to be extracted from any image and extend to any plant/food material.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Analyse en cellule unique"
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Bontoux, Nathalie. "Analyse du transcriptome d'une cellule unique à l'aide d'une puce microfluidique." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066600.
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Lu, Cong. "Analyse microélectrochimique du stress oxydant à l'échelle de la cellule unique : application aux cellules cancéreuses du sein." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00828217.
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Les quantités et flux infinitésimaux de biomolécules électroactives émises par une cellule unique isolée en boite de Pétri peuvent être mesurés en temps réel par une ultramicroélectrode placée au contact de la cellule sécrétrice. Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit a pour but d'étendre cette méthodologie analytique d'utilisation des microélectrodes de carbone platiné à l'étude du lien entre stress oxydant et l'effet de substances anti-cancéreuses (FcdiOH, DP1 et Fc-OH-TAM) sur des cellules tumorales du sein. Le signal ampérométrique est collecté par une microélectrode de carbone platiné positionnée à une centaine de nanomètres au-dessus d'une cellule tumorale du sein et incubée en présence d'espèces anticancéreuses de type ferrocifènes. La libération in situ des espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ROS) et de l'azote (RNS), i.e., H2O2, ONOO-, NO et NO2-, par ces cellules (MCF7 et MDA-MB-231) est analysée. Les études morphologiques montrent que les produits FcdiOH, DP1 et Fc-OH-TAM présentent un effet anti-prolifératif significatif. Le traitement avec Fc-diOH et surtout DP1 augmente significativement la production de ROS. Par contre, Fc (témoin) et Fc-OH-TAM n'ont pas ou très peu d'effet. Cela est assez surprenant pour Fc-OH-TAM, qui a l'effet anti-prolifératif le plus fort parmi les ferrocifènes testés. Fc-diOH et DP1, quant à eux, semblent induire une surproduction de NO° et/ou de NO2-, ainsi que du peroxyde d'hydrogène. Cette comparaison inédite entre études morphologiques et électrochimiques tend à montrer que les ferrocifènes agissent par deux voies qui sont complémentaires, soit via la formation de quinone méthide (Fc-OH-TAM), soit par réaction directe (DP1, Fc-diOH).
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Meistermann, Dimitri. "Modélisation du développement préimplantatoire humain à partir de données de transcriptome de cellule unique." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT1019.
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Le développement préimplantatoire humain s'étend de la fécondation à la nidation de l'embryon dans la paroi utérine. C'est au cours de cette période que les cellules embryonnaires font leur premier choix de destin cellulaire, passant d'une cellule à un embryon stratifié par trois types cellulaires. Cependant, la séquence d'événements au cours de ces toutes premières spécifications reste inconnu. Pour la comprendre, nous avons tout d'abord établi des lignées induites de cellules souches pluripotente naïves humaines. Grâce à des analyses transcriptomiques, nous avons montré que ces lignées in vitro étaient un modèle représentatif de l'épiblaste humain préimplantatoire. Nous avons ensuite construit des modèles in silica du développement préimplantatoire humain et murin à partir de données transcriptomiques en cellules uniques. Le coeur de l'analyse consiste en une inférence des trajectoires cellulaires par un algorithme de pseudo-temps. Nous montrons que la première spécification chez l'homme n'est achevée qu'à partir du stade blastocyste, et non au stade morula comme chez la souris. Enfin le partitionnement du transcriptome en modules de gènes couplé au pseudo-temps permet de décrire les vagues d'expression qui rythment le développement préimplantatoire. Ceci nous a permis de démontrer que le trophectoderme polaire évolue plus rapidement que le trophectoderme mural. Ces approches ont contribué de manière significative à notre compréhension du développement préimplantatoire, ouvrant de nouvelles voies de recherche dans les domaines de l'assistance à la procréation et de la médecine régénérativeCe travail de thèse est consacré à l’étude de nouveaux mélanges gazeux pour la gravure plasma du CdHgTe, à savoir : CH₃NO₂/H₂/Ar, CH₃OH/H₂/Ar et CH₄/NO₂/H₂/Ar. L’objectif est de graver sans polarisation du substrat pour limiter l’énergie déposée sur les surfaces gravées. Une première partie portant sur l’analyse de ces plasmas par sondes électrostatiques et spectroscopie d’émission optique a permis de montrer que la substitution de nitrométhane ou méthanol au méthane a un effet sur la composante chimique de la gravure. Pour ces nouveaux mélanges hydrocarbonés, l’apparition de molécules telles que CO et CN est corrélée à l’annihilation du dépôt spontané de polymère. La seconde partie, consacrée à la gravure du CdHgTe avec ces nouveaux précurseurs a prouvé la faculté de graver sans polarisation du substrat avec les mélanges CH₃NO₂/H₂/Ar et CH₄/N₂O/H₂/Ar et ainsi réduire les dommages engendrés au matériau, notamment la rugosité en surface. Une étude plus poussée de la gravure en mélange CH₄/N₂O/H₂/Ar montre notamment une augmentation de la vitesse de gravure pour les faibles polarisations jusqu’à un certain seuil, avant qu’elle ne stagne, correspondant au passage d’une gravure à dominance chimique à une gravure à dominance physique. De plus, la rugosité est indépendante de la puissance d’excitation du plasma, de la température du substrat ainsi que de la durée de gravure. Enfin, la gravure de tranchées a permis de mettre en évidence la gravure chimique et isotrope à faible polarisation avec les mélanges CH₄/N₂O/H₂/Ar et CH₃NO₂/H₂/Ar mais qui, à plus forte polarisation présente une meilleure passivation latérale que les gravures en plasma CH₄/H₂/Ar
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Crozatier, Cécile. "Contrôle et analyse électrochimique de la réactivité biologique à l'échelle de la cellule unique dans un dispositif microfluidique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00178656.
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Les systèmes d'analyse miniaturisés sont particulièrement adaptés pour les analyses de cellules en faible nombre ou de cellules isolées. Une telle diminution du volume d'analyse permet une augmentation de la concentration locale et par conséquent une augmentation de la sensibilité des mesures effectuées. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse se positionnent dans ce cadre en proposant un outil analytique novateur, couplant le contrôle dynamique des micro-environnements de la cellule par la microfluidique et l'analyse instantanée et locale des espèces en solution par l'électrochimie.Grâce au développement d'outils modulables de culture cellulaire et de manipulation de cellules vivantes dans des dispositifs microfluidiques, nous avons mis en place le contrôle dynamique stable de stimulations chimiques sur une population de cellules souches mésenchymateuses (CSM) en culture et poursuivons cette étude dans le but d'induire la réactivité cellulaire des CSM vers la voie de différenciation neuronale.
Le développement d'un microsystème intégré de détection électrochimique du stress oxydant sur cellules uniques est mis en oeuvre à travers la réalisation d'un dispositif microfluidique intégré consistant en un réseau de chambres de mesures, contenant des microélectrodes fonctionnelles, et permettant d'isoler des macrophages uniques et de les maintenir en survie pendant plusieurs dizaines de minutes, durée suffisante pour réaliser nos mesures électrochimiques. En faisant varier les conditions de mesure, comme le nombre de cellules sondées dans le même micro-environnement, la nature du stimulus ou la présence ou non de communication cellulaire avec une population voisine, nous posons les bases d'une analyse originale jamais réalisée jusqu'à présent.
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Martineau, Eugénie. "Linking single cell directionality to dynamic multicellular transitions in Myxococcus xanthus : a multiscale analysis." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0089.
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La δ-proteobactérie Myxococcus xanthus est étudiée depuis des décennies pour sa capacité à s’auto-organiser en réponse à des stimuli environnementaux. Cette bactérie colonise des niches écologiques favorables grâce à sa capacité à se mouvoir sur des surfaces. Cette motilité lui permet d’avoir un comportement prédateur envers des organismes proies, alors qu’en absence de nutriments, elle met en place un processus développemental permettant la formation de corps fructifères contenant des myxospores résistant aux stress environnementaux. Tous ces comportements multicellulaires requièrent un contrôle dynamique de la polarité de la cellule, établi par trois protéines polaires : MglA, MglB et RomR. Ensemble, elles définissent la direction de la cellule, qui peut être rapidement inversée sous l’action du système chimiotactique Frz (réversion). Dans ce travail de thèse, à travers une approche expérimentale et computationnelle, nous avons mis en évidence que le système de régulation forme un nouveau type d’oscillateur protéique, contrôlé par deux protéines RomR et FrzX, qui agissent ensemble et de manière complémentaire pour déclencher la réversion à l’arrière des cellules. L’architecture unique de ce système permet une réponse très large à différents stimuli, essentielle pour de nombreux comportements multicellulaires. Afin de comprendre l’importance de ces transitions, nous avons mis au point un outil à haute résolution spatiale et temporelle afin de connecter les cellules individuelles aux comportements multicellulaires, et ainsi comprendre le rôle du système Frz dans un modèle multicellulaire de prédationThe δ-proteobacteria Myxococcus xanthus has been a model of study for decades for its self-organized behavior as a response of environmental stimuli. It colonizes favorable ecological niches by using surface motility. In particular, this motility allows M.xanthus to predate collectively over prey microorganisms, while under starvation they start a developmental process to form macroscopic fruiting bodies, filled with environmental resistant myxospores. All these multicellular behaviors require a dynamic control of the cell polarity established by the polarity proteins MglA, MglB and RomR. Together, they define the direction of movement of the cell, which can be rapidly inverted by the Frz chemosensory system (reversion). In this thesis work, through combined computational/experimental approaches, we highlight that the regulation system forms a new type of biochemical oscillator, controlled by two proteins RomR and FrzX, which act together through complementary action to trigger the reversion at the lagging pole. The unique architecture of this system allows a wide response to various stimuli, which could be very beneficial for collective cell behaviors. To understand the importance of these transitions, we have developed a new high-resolution single cell assay linking single cMARTINEAU EUGENIE 2018AIXM0089/016ED62 2018/03/21 62 SCES SCHell behaviors to multicellular structures at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions. This way, we have investigated the role of the newly identified biochemical oscillator in the multicellular model of predation
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Ben, Meriem Zacchari. "Memory of stress response in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC311.
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La mémoire cellulaire est une capacité critique dont font preuve les micro-organismes pour s'adapter aux fluctuations environnementales potentiellement néfastes. Chez l'eucaryote unicellulaire S. cerevisiae, il a été montré à l’échelle d’une population que la mémoire cellulaire peut prendre la forme d'une réponse plus rapide ou moins prononcée suite à des stress répétés. Nous présentons ici une étude sur la façon dont les levures réagissent à des stress hyperosmotiques de courte durée à l’échelle de la cellule unique. Nous avons analysé le comportement dynamique du promoteur STL1, exprimé en condition de stress osmotique, et fusionné à un rapporteur fluorescent en faisant usage de microfluidique et de microscopie à fluorescence. Nous avons établi que pSTL1 présente une variabilité dynamique dans ses activations successives après deux stress courts. Malgré cette variabilité, la plupart des cellules présentent une mémoire des stress passés caractérisée par une diminution de l'activité de pSTL1. Nous avons montré que cette mémoire ne nécessite pas de nouvelle synthèse de protéines. L'emplacement génomique est important pour cette mémoire puisque le déplacement du promoteur vers un domaine chromatinien péricentromérique entraîne une diminution de sa force transcriptionnelle ainsi que la perte de la mémoire. Nos résultats indiquent aussi une implication non rapportée du complexe SIR sur l'activité de pSTL1 lorsqu'il est déplacé dans le domaine péricentromérique, dans nos conditions expérimentales. Cette étude fournit une description quantitative d'une mémoire cellulaire qui inclut la variabilité cellulaire et prend en compte la contribution de la structure de la chromatine sur la mémoire du stress. Nos travaux pourraient servir de base à des études plus larges sur le positionnement des gènes de réponse au stress en positions subtélomériques dans la levure, tant d'un point de vue génétique qu'évolutifCellular memory is a critical ability displayed by micro-organisms in order to adapt to potentially detrimental environmental fluctuations. In the unicellular eukaryote S. cerevisiae, it has been shown at the population level that cellular memory can take the form of a faster or a decreased response following repeated stresses. We here present a study on how yeasts respond to short, pulsed hyperosmotic stresses at the single-cell level. We analyzed the dynamical behavior of the stress responsive STL1 promoter fused to a fluorescent reporter using microfluidics and fluorescence time-lapse microscopy. We established that pSTL1 displays a dynamical variability in its successive activations following two short and repeated stresses. Despite this variability, most cells displayed a memory of past stresses through a decreased activity of pSTL1 upon repeated stresses. We showed that this memory does not require do novo protein synthesis. Rather, the genomic location is important for the memory since promoter displacement to a pericentromeric chromatin domain leads to its decreased transcriptional strength and to the loss of the memory. Interestingly, our results points towards an unreported involvement of the SIR complex on the activity of pSTL1 only when displaced to the pericentromeric domain in our experimental conditions. This study provides a quantitative description of a cellular memory that includes single-cell variability and points towards the contribution of the chromatin structure in stress memory. Our work could serve as a basis to broader studies on the positioning of stress response genes at subtelomeric positions in the budding yeast, from a genetic point of view as well as an evolutionary one
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Dufour, Adrien. "Déchiffrer le réseau moléculaire contrôlant la pluripotence du porc." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL035.
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Les changements globaux actuels nous obligent à repenser nos systèmes de production et la manière dont nous sélectionnons et phénotypons les animaux. L'utilisation des cellules souches pluripotentes capables de s'autorenouveler et de se différencier en une multiplicité de types cellulaires est un atout qui permettra de mieux évaluer des phénotypes difficilement mesurables en élevage. Pour améliorer nos connaissances sur la biologie des cellules pluripotentes porcines, j'ai réalisé une analyse du transcriptome à l'échelle de la cellule-unique sur des embryons porcins. Cette analyse m'a permis d'identifier de nouvelles sous-populations cellulaires dans les tissus extra-embryonnaires, de mettre en évidence des voies de signalisation et des interactions cellulaires propres à chaque population et de les relier à des modules de régulation génique. À partir de ces données et de la bibliographie, nous avons pu dériver et amplifier des lignées cellules souches embryonnaires porcines (pESC). J'ai ensuite réalisé une analyse du transcriptome et de l'épigénome à l'échelle de la cellule sur des embryons porcins et nos lignées pESC, me permettant de faire le lien entre les différences épigénétiques et transcriptionnelles des populations embryonnaires et d'étudier leur évolution au cours du développement. J'ai également pu comparer le phénotype des pESC à l'épiblaste de l'embryon porcin, ce qui m'a permis d'identifier leurs différences et similarités pour les voies de signalisation et les modules de régulation génique. J'ai également mis en évidence dans les lignées ESCs deux sous-populations présentant des signatures épigénétiques et des modules de régulation génique spécifiques. L'ensemble de ces résultats a permis de mettre en évidence l'importance des interactions cellulaires pour le développement de l'embryon et pour la biologie des cellules pluripotentes et d'identifier de nouveaux modules de régulation génique associés à la pluripotence. Enfin, l'identification de deux sous-populations cellulaires pluripotentes dans nos cultures soulèvent la question de l'hétérogénéité de ces lignées et des conséquences possibles sur leur devenir et leur potentielCurrent global changes are forcing us to rethink our production systems and the way we select and phenotype animals. The use of pluripotent stem cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into a multiplicity of cell types is an asset that will make it easier to assess phenotypes that are difficult to measure in livestock farming. To improve our knowledge of the biology of porcine pluripotent cells, I carried out a transcriptome analysis at the single-cell level on porcine embryos. This analysis enabled me to identify new cellular subpopulations in extra-embryonic tissues, to highlight signalling pathways and cellular interactions specific to each population, and to link them to gene regulation modules. Based on these data and the literature, we were able to develop a culture medium for the amplification and maintenance of porcine embryonic stem cells (pESC). I then carried out a transcriptome and epigenome analysis at cell level on porcine embryos and our pESC lines, enabling me to establish the link between epigenetic and transcriptional differences between embryonic populations and to study their evolution during development. I was also able to compare the phenotype of pESCs with the epiblast of the porcine embryo, which enabled me to identify their differences and similarities in terms of signalling pathways and gene regulation modules. I also identified two subpopulations in the ESC lines with specific epigenetic signatures and gene regulatory modules. Taken together, these results highlighted the importance of cell-cell interactions for embryo development and pluripotent cell biology, and identified new gene regulatory modules associated with pluripotency. Finally, the identification of two pluripotent cell subpopulations in our cultures raises the question of the heterogeneity of these cell lines and the possible consequences for their fate and potential
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Bonnaffoux, Arnaud. "Inférence de réseaux de régulation de gènes à partir de données dynamiques multi-échelles." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN054/document.
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L'inférence des réseaux de régulation de gènes (RRG) à partir de données d'expression est un défi majeur en biologie. L’arrivée des technologies de mesure de transcriptomique à l’échelle de la cellule a suscité de nombreux espoirs, mais paradoxalement elles montrent une nouvelle complexité du problème d’inférence des RRG qui limite encore les approches existantes. Nous avons commencé par montrer, à partir de données d'expression en cellules uniques acquises sur un modèle aviaire de différenciation érythrocytaire, que les RRG sont des systèmes stochastiques à l'échelle de la cellule et qu'il y a une évolution dynamique de cette stochasticité au cours du processus de différenciation (Richard et al, PLOS Comp.Biol., 2016). C'est pourquoi nous avons développé par la suite un modèle de RRG mécaniste qui inclus cette stochasticité afin d'exploiter au maximum l'information des données expérimentales à l'échelle de la cellule (Herbach et al, BMC Sys.Biol., 2017). Ce modèle décrit les interactions entre gènes comme un couplage de processus de Markov déterministes par morceaux. En régime stationnaire une formule explicite de la distribution jointe est dérivée du modèle et peut servir à inférer des réseaux simples. Afin d'exploiter l'information dynamique et d'intégrer d'autres données expérimentales (protéomique, demi-vie des ARN), j’ai développé à partir du modèle précédent une approche itérative, intégrative et parallèle, baptisée WASABI qui est basé sur le concept de vague d'expression (Bonnaffoux et al, en révision, 2018). Cette approche originale a été validée sur des modèles in-silico de RRG, puis sur nos données in-vitro. Les RRG inférés affichent une structure de réseau originale au regard de la littérature, avec un rôle central du stimulus et une topologie très distribuée et limitée. Les résultats montrent que WASABI surmonte certaines limitations des approches existantes et sera certainement utile pour aider les biologistes dans l’analyse et l’intégration de leurs donnéesInference of gene regulatory networks from gene expression data has been a long-standing and notoriously difficult task in systems biology. Recently, single-cell transcriptomic data have been massively used for gene regulatory network inference, with both successes and limitations.In the present work we propose an iterative algorithm called WASABI, dedicated to inferring a causal dynamical network from timestamped single-cell data, which tackles some of the limitations associated with current approaches. We first introduce the concept of waves, which posits that the information provided by an external stimulus will affect genes one-byone through a cascade, like waves spreading through a network. This concept allows us to infer the network one gene at a time, after genes have been ordered regarding their time of regulation. We then demonstrate the ability of WASABI to correctly infer small networks, which have been simulated in-silico using a mechanistic model consisting of coupled piecewise-deterministic Markov processes for the proper description of gene expression at the single-cell level. We finally apply WASABI on in-vitro generated data on an avian model of erythroid differentiation. The structure of the resulting gene regulatory network sheds a fascinating new light on the molecular mechanisms controlling this process. In particular, we find no evidence for hub genes and a much more distributed network structure than expected. Interestingly, we find that a majority of genes are under the direct control of the differentiation-inducing stimulus. Together, these results demonstrate WASABI versatility and ability to tackle some general gene regulatory networks inference issues. It is our hope that WASABI will prove useful in helping biologists to fully exploit the power of time-stamped single-cell data
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Bost, Pierre. "Decoding cellular communications and interactions between immune cells by using single-cell approaches." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2020SORUS020.pdf.
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Les communications cellulaires sont indispensables au bon fonctionnement des organismes multicellulaires, notamment pour s’adapter à un environnement changeant en permanence. Les cellules du système immunitaire n’échappent pas à cette règle mais les interactions entre cellules immunitaires restent peu connues et compliquée à étudier. La récente apparition des technologies de séquençage dites ‘cellules uniques’ représente une opportunité unique pour étudier ces communications. Dans cette thèse, différentes approches expérimentales et analytiques ont été développées pour étudier ces communications à une échelle de cellules uniques. Ces stratégies ont ensuite été appliquées à différents contextes pathologiques, incluant le COVID-19, la maladie d’Alzheimer ou une immunisation par des pathogènes inactivés, et ont permis d’identifier des voies de communications cellulaires jusqu’ici inconnues ou mal comprises. Néanmoins, l’efficacité de ces approches est limitée par l’absence d’informations sur la localisation des cellules et des travaux supplémentaires intégrant ce genre de données est essentiel pour aller plus loin dans la dissection des communications entre cellules immunitairesCellular communications are essential to the proper functioning of multi-cellular organisms, particularly in order to adapt to a constantly changing environment. The cells of the immune system are no exception to this rule, but the interactions between immune cells remain little known and complicated to study. The recent emergence of 'single cell' sequencing technologies represents a unique opportunity to study these communications. In this thesis, different experimental and analytical approaches have been developed to study these communications on a single cell scale. These strategies were then applied to different disease contexts, including COVID-19, Alzheimer's disease or immunisation with inactivated pathogens, and identified previously unknown or poorly understood cellular communication pathways. However, the effectiveness of these approaches is limited by the lack of information on cell location and further work integrating such data will be essential to go further in the dissection of immune cell communications
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Aquino, Yann. "Bases génétiques et évolutives de la variabilité interpopulationnelle de la réponse immunitaire au SARS-CoV-2." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS488.
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Tous les humains ne sont pas égaux face au SARS-CoV-2. Les bases génétiques et immunologiques de ces différences inter-individuelles commencent à être déchiffrées, mais les prédicteurs de différences immunitaires face au SARS-CoV-2 entre populations restent méconnus. Dans ce contexte, nous rapportons des données de séquençage d'ARN en résolution cellule unique sur des cellules mononucléaires du sang périphérique provenant de 222 donneurs sains de diverses origines, qui ont été stimulées par le SARS-CoV-2 ou le virus de la grippe. Nous montrons que le SARS-CoV-2 induit une activité moins forte, mais plus hétérogène, des gènes stimulés par l'interféron par rapport au virus de la grippe, ainsi qu'une signature pro-inflammatoire unique dans les cellules myéloïdes. Les réponses transcriptionnelles aux virus présentent des différences marquées entre populations, principalement dues à des changements dans la composition cellulaire, y compris une différenciation lymphoïde accrue associée à une infection latente par le cytomégalovirus. Les loci associés à des traits quantitatifs d’expression (eQTLs), ainsi que les analyses de médiation, révèlent un large effet de la composition cellulaire sur les disparités de réponses immunitaires entre populations, avec des variants génétiques exerçant un fort effet sur des loci spécifiques. De plus, nous montrons que la sélection naturelle a accru les différences de réponse immunitaire entre populations, en particulier pour les variants associés à la réponse au SARSCoV-2 chez les populations d’Asie de l’Est, et nous montrons les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires par lesquels l'introgression néandertalienne a modifié les fonctions immunitaires, telles que la réponse des cellules myéloïdes aux virus. Enfin, les analyses de colocalisation et d'association transcriptomique à l'échelle du génome révèlent un chevauchement entre la base génétique des réponses immunitaires au SARS-CoV-2 et la gravité de la COVID-19, fournissant des informations sur les facteurs contribuant aux disparités actuelles dans le risque de COVID-19Humans display substantial interindividual clinical variability after SARS-CoV-2 infection, the genetic and immunological basis of which has begun to be deciphered. However, the extent and drivers of population differences in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear. Here we report single-cell RNA-sequencing data for peripheral blood mononuclear cells—from 222 healthy donors of diverse ancestries—that were stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 or influenza A virus. We show that SARS-CoV-2 induces weaker, but more heterogeneous, interferon-stimulated gene activity compared with influenza A virus, and a unique pro-inflammatory signature in myeloid cells. Transcriptional responses to viruses display marked population differences, primarily driven by changes in cell abundance including increased lymphoid differentiation associated with latent cytomegalovirus infection. Expression quantitative trait loci and mediation analyses reveal a broad effect of cell composition on population disparities in immune responses, with genetic variants exerting a strong effect on specific loci. Furthermore, we show that natural selection has increased population differences in immune responses, particularly for variants associated with SARS-CoV-2 response in East Asians, and document the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which Neanderthal introgression has altered immune functions, such as the response of myeloid cells to viruses. Finally, colocalization and transcriptome-wide association analyses reveal an overlap between the genetic basis of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 severity, providing insights into the factors contributing to current disparities in COVID-19 risk
Books on the topic "Analyse en cellule unique"
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Fize-Deneu, Patricia. Français, 3e: Livre unique. Paris: Didier, 2003.
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Sternquist, Brenda. European retailing's vanishing borders. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books, 1994.
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N, McCauley Robert. The euro and the dollar. Princeton, N.J: International Finance Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University, 1997.
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Philip, Norton, ed. National Parliaments and the European Union. London: Frank Cass, 1996.
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Harper, Timothy. Cracking the new European markets. New York: J. Wiley, 1992.
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Carol Geronès, Lídia. Un bric-à-brac de la Belle Époque. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-434-9.
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Fortuny (1983) by Pere Gimferrer is the only novel (at least to date) that the author has written in Catalan and it represents one of the most unique novels of contemporary Hispanic narrative. The aims of the present study are mainly two: to shed light on one of the most important, but least studied, works by Pere Gimferrer, the greatest representative of Hispanic creativity for the Post-War Generation, and to analyse critical reception of the work and show how the novel has evolved from the time of publication in 1983 until today. This essay consists of three major parts: the study of critical reception, the narratological analysis of the text and the unveiling of the textual, but above all visual, references that make up the novel. The latter allows us to explain two essential elements of the novel: the imaginary Fortuny on the one hand and, on the other, the novel’s intertextual concrete figure of speech, its ekphrasis. The study of this intentionally visual character of the novel not only wanted to highlight the importance of two arts to which Gimferrer has always paid special attention – we refer to cinema and painting – but has also demonstrated the desire of the writer to innovate the Catalan narrative scene, using different literary devices to push the limits of the genre novel.
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Le DIEU UNIQUE ET LE RECIT DE JESUS: ANALYSE DES MYTHES FONDATEURS. Paris: Editions L'Harmattan, 2000.
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Kochanek, Patrick M., and Rachel P. Berger. Brain injury biomarkers in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0300.
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A variety of biomarkers of brain injury are being developed in neurocritical care to study secondary injury pathways or aid in diagnostic, prognostic, and/or theragnostic applications. This chapter focuses largely on brain injury biomarkers that can be detected in serum or cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with acute critical brain injury of various causes. Much of the work has been carried using biomarkers of proteins that are relatively unique to the brain, and that reflect damage to important cellular constituents such as neurons, astroycytes, or axons. Novel approaches that employ a panel of markers or novel analytic methods such as trajectory analysis may optimize the utility of these biomarkers in clinical practice. We anticipate that there will soon be one or more protein biomarkers of brain injury available for clinical use.
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Sklar, Larry A., ed. Flow Cytometry for Biotechnology. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195183146.001.0001.
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Flow cytometry is a sensitive and quantitative platform for the measurement of particle fluorescence. In flow cytometry, the particles in a sample flow in single file through a focused laser beam at rates of hundreds to thousands of particles per second. During the time each particle is in the laser beam, on the order of ten microseconds, one or more fluorescent dyes associated with that particle are excited. The fluorescence emitted from each particle is collected through a microscope objective, spectrally filtered, and detected with photomultiplier tubes. Flow cytometry is uniquely capable of the precise and quantitative molecular analysis of genomic sequence information, interactions between purified biomolecules and cellular function. Combined with automated sample handling for increased sample throughput, these features make flow cytometry a versatile platform with applications at many stages of drug discovery. Traditionally, the particles studied are cells, especially blood cells; flow cytometry is used extensively in immunology. This volume shows how flow cytometry is integrated into modern biotechnology, dealing with issues of throughput, content, sensitivity, and high throughput informatics with applications in genomics, proteomics and protein-protein interactions, drug discovery, vaccine development, plant and reproductive biology, pharmacology and toxicology, cell-cell interactions and protein engineering.
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Charney, Dennis S., Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum, eds. Charney & Nestler's Neurobiology of Mental Illness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.001.0001.
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In the years following publication of the DSM-5, the field of psychiatry has seen vigorous debate between the DSM’s more traditional, diagnosis-oriented approach and the NIMH’s more biological, dimension-based RDoC approach. Charney & Nestler’s Neurobiology of Mental Illness is an authoritative foundation for translating information from the laboratory to clinical treatment, and this edition extends beyond its reference function to acknowledge and examine the controversies and thoughts on the future of psychiatric diagnosis. In this wider context, this book provides information from numerous levels of analysis including molecular biology and genetics, cellular physiology, neuroanatomy, neuropharmacology, epidemiology, and behavior. Section I, which reviews the methods used to examine the biological basis of mental illness in animal and cell models and in humans, has been expanded to reflect important technical advances in complex genetics, epigenetics, stem cell biology, optogenetics, neural circuit functioning, cognitive neuroscience, and brain imaging. These established and emerging methodologies offer groundbreaking advances in our ability to study the brain and breakthroughs in our therapeutic toolkit. Sections II through VII cover the neurobiology and genetics of major psychiatric disorders: psychoses, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, dementias, and disorders of childhood onset. Also covered within these sections is a summary of current therapeutic approaches for these illnesses as well as the ways in which research advances are now guiding the search for new treatments. The last section, Section VIII, focuses on diagnostic schemes for mental illness. This includes an overview of the unique challenges that remain in diagnosing these disorders given our still limited knowledge of disease etiology and pathophysiology. The section then provides reviews of DSM-5 and RDoC. Also included are chapters on future efforts toward precision and computational psychiatry, which promise to someday align diagnosis with underlying biological abnormalities.
Book chapters on the topic "Analyse en cellule unique"
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Cinquin, Bertrand, Joyce Y. Kao, and Mark L. Siegal. "i.2.i. with the (Fruit) Fly: Quantifying Position Effect Variegation in Drosophila Melanogaster." In Bioimage Data Analysis Workflows ‒ Advanced Components and Methods, 147–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76394-7_7.
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AbstractMany of the methods developed for the analysis of bioimages focus on microscopy images on the cellular level. However, bioimages can also be used by biologists to assess non-cellular level morphological phenotypes. Collecting non-cellular images and developing image workflows for them is similar to working with microscopic images, but also has its unique challenges.
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Bradbury, Joshua J., Holly E. Lovegrove, Marta Giralt-Pujol, and Shane P. Herbert. "Analysis of mRNA Subcellular Distribution in Collective Cell Migration." In Cell Migration in Three Dimensions, 389–407. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2887-4_22.
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AbstractThe movement of groups of cells by collective cell migration requires division of labor between group members. Therefore, distinct cell identities, unique cell behaviors, and specific cellular roles are acquired by cells undergoing collective movement. A key driving force behind the acquisition of discrete cell states is the precise control of where, when, and how genes are expressed, both at the subcellular and supracellular level. Unraveling the mechanisms underpinning the spatiotemporal control of gene expression in collective cell migration requires not only suitable experimental models but also high-resolution imaging of messenger RNA and protein localization during this process. In recent times, the highly stereotyped growth of new blood vessels by sprouting angiogenesis has become a paradigm for understanding collective cell migration, and consequently this has led to the development of numerous user-friendly in vitro models of angiogenesis. In parallel, single-molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH) has come to the fore as a powerful technique that allows quantification of both RNA number and RNA spatial distribution in cells and tissues. Moreover, smFISH can be combined with immunofluorescence to understand the precise interrelationship between RNA and protein distribution. Here, we describe methods for use of smFISH and immunofluorescence microscopy in in vitro angiogenesis models to enable the investigation of RNA and protein expression and localization during endothelial collective cell migration.
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Pager-McClymont, Kimberley. "Introducing Jane: The Power of the Opening." In Powerful Prose, 111–28. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839458808-008.
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In this article, Kimberley Pager is dedicated to the question »how is Jane's character built from the first page of the novel?«. To answer, a stylistic approach is used to analyse the extract closely and focuses on three powerful elements, all of which contribute to Jane's characterisation: the use of pathetic fallacy, iconicity, and other characters' point of view. It is argued that those implicit elements contribute to readers' first impression of Jane whilst rendering Brontë's style unique and aesthetic.
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Ehsani, Sepehr. "New Horizons in Studying the Cellular Mechanisms of Alzheimer’s Disease." In Future of Business and Finance, 51–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99838-7_4.
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AbstractFollowing an analysis of the state of investigations and clinical outcomes in the Alzheimer’s research field, I argue that the widely accepted ‘amyloid cascade’ mechanistic explanation of Alzheimer’s disease appears to be fundamentally incomplete. In this context, I propose that a framework termed ‘principled mechanism’ (PM) can help remedy this problem. First, using a series of five ‘tests’, PM systematically compares different components of a given mechanistic explanation against a paradigmatic set of criteria and hints at various ways of making the mechanistic explanation more ‘complete’. I will demonstrate these steps using the amyloid explanation, highlighting its missing or problematic mechanistic elements. Second, PM makes an appeal for the discovery and application of ‘biological principles’ that approximate ceteris paribus generalisations or laws and are operative at the level of a biological cell. Although thermodynamic, evolutionary, ecological and other laws or principles from chemistry and the broader life sciences could inform them, biological principles should be considered ontologically unique. These principles could augment different facets of the mechanistic explanation but also allow further independent nomological explanation of the phenomenon. Whilst this overall strategy can be complementary to certain ‘new mechanist’ approaches, an important distinction of the PM framework is its equal attention to the explanatory utility of biological principles. Lastly, I detail two hypothetical biological principles and show how they could each inform and improve the potentially incomplete mechanistic aspects of the amyloid explanation and how they could provide independent explanations for the cellular features associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
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Chevtaeva, Ekaterina. "Coworking and Coliving: The Attraction for Digital Nomad Tourists." In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021, 202–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65785-7_17.
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AbstractThe study facilitates digital nomadism for tourism research and recognizes a unique product offer on the market: the combined coworking and coliving space in compelling or exotic destinations. The aim of the study is to explore the experience of coworking and coliving by digital nomads and identify valuable elements. Qualitative interview data are used to analyse combined coworking and coliving space environments from the perspective of digital nomad tourists. A better understanding of digital nomad preferences may help destinations and business owners to attract digital nomads during and after the pandemic. The study’s findings, perceived advantages and disadvantages of coworking and coliving spaces, may serve as a guideline for targeting digital nomads.
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O’Connor, Gillian, Glykeria Fragkiadaki, Marilyn Fleer, and Prabhat Rai. "The Use of Digital Artifacts to Analyse Science Concept Formation in Very Young Children." In Cultural-historical Digital Methodology in Early Childhood Settings, 91–99. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59785-5_8.
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AbstractResearch examining conceptual development in pre-school age children has relied predominantly on children’s verbal responses and interactions. During infancy, however, immature verbal language skills limit the use of such commonly used methods. Studying infants and toddlers during the pandemic has added new challenges to this unique and highly demanding research area. In this chapter, we showcase how digital visual methods, developed and introduced in response to this methodological ‘crisis’, offer researchers a means through which many of the challenges inherent in studying very young children, can be overcome. To highlight the affordances of using digital artefacts to analyse very young children’s concept formation, the chapter focuses on science concept formation, during infancy and toddlerhood. Indicative examples from the implementation of a Conceptual PlayWorld as an educational experiment (see Chap. 2) offer illustrative examples of digital data analysis with children aged 8 to 36 months. It is shown that using digital artefacts, subtleties of development reflected in physical movement and interactions (e.g., gestures, embodied peer interactions), can be captured and later analysed. Key points researchers using digital artefacts, are able to look for, capture, and dialectically interrelate when analysing concept formation in very young children specifically are highlighted. We argue that digital artifacts allow the digital recreation of the body shading light to new dimensions of the child’s experience in science and opening a space for reflection for researchers. Consequently, adopting a dialectical lens in analyzing digital data, possible insight into the process of concept formation as it occurs for very young, non-verbal children, is afforded.
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Rashid, Amna, and Umar Rashid. "Constitutional and Legal Guarantees for Transgender in Pakistan: Reforms and Failures in Law." In Towards Gender Equality in Law, 79–110. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98072-6_5.
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AbstractTransgender individuals in Pakistan have been excluded from political and economic systems. In 2009, the Supreme Court of Pakistan for the first time recognised the unique gender identity of transgender individuals. This Order initiated reforms for the protection of the rights of transgender individuals and compelled various government departments to devise guidelines for the issuance of National Identification Cards (NICs) to all transgender individuals and created a legal framework for their full and equal participation in society. This chapter will analyse the effectiveness of this reform project in relation to other legal rules and entrenched social norms. It will start with an analysis of the historical discriminatory laws which led to a marginalisation of transgender individuals, and evaluate whether the recent developments in law, particularly the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018, are sufficient to protect the rights of transgender in Pakistan.
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Mahmutaj, Noela. "Russian Government Policy in the Western Balkans." In Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia, 125–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_8.
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AbstractThis article aims to explain the nature of Russian foreign policy towards the Western Balkan states, taking into account the role of other actors such as the European Union, an increasingly important player in this radically changed geopolitical context. Since the fall of the communist regime, the Western Balkans have faced major challenges and have been at the forefront of debates on critical issues such as transatlantic relations (with regard to NATO and EU enlargement, as well as EU defence policy and security). In recent times, the Balkan region has come under the influence of the Great Powers. Therefore, as a Great Power, Russia is building a foothold in the Balkans, a move criticized and not welcomed by other countries or actors. Furthermore, Moscow is unique in terms of its range of capabilities, including its “hard” and “soft power.” This article aims to understand and analyse Russia’s policy and strategy in the Western Balkans.
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Mahler, Balázs. "The meaning of social resilience." In Green and Digital Transitions, 175–91. Szeged, Hungary: Szegedi Tudományegyetem, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/gtk.gdtgiss.2024.11.
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In recent decades, resilience has risen in economic and social sciences, especially after the worldwide financial and pandemic crises. According to the interdisciplinary status, several points of view about resilience are not precisely defined in the studies. Furthermore, resilience indicators are very diverse, and no standard agreeable indicator is set in economic or sociological studies. At the same time, it is arguable whether it needs any proper indicator set. This paper considers the social and economic indicator set of the studies of the last couple of years to cluster them and analyse the meaning of social resilience from a sociological and economic point of view. Based on the analysis, the study’s results aim to enlighten the role of social resilience in the current economic and sociological studies and search for the answer to the following question: Is resilience a new interdisciplinary way or 'just' a unique viewpoint in current social sciences and economics?
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Smith, Marcus, and Seumas Miller. "The Rise of Biometric Identification: Fingerprints and Applied Ethics." In Biometric Identification, Law and Ethics, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90256-8_1.
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AbstractIn the late nineteenth century, it became understood that the patterns on the skin of the fingers were unique and could be used for identification purposes, leading to the development of biometric identification (Smith M, Mann M, Urbas G. Biometrics, crime and security. Routledge, 2018). The ease with which fingerprints can be accessed and recorded, and the ease with which they transfer to surfaces and objects, made them ideal for law enforcement purposes. Today, in digital form, fingerprints and other biometric identification techniques, notably DNA profiles and facial recognition technology, are a widely used means of identification across a range of applications, from accessing personal devices, to banking, border security and law enforcement. However, these uses have raised a raft of ethical or moral (we use these terms interchangeably) concerns, some of the more important of which we discuss in this work.In the first chapter, we discuss general aspects of biometric identification, before focusing on fingerprint identification, including its reliability as form of evidence. Secondly, we provide an overview of applied ethics; and outline a key theoretical notion, relevant to many of the issues discussed throughout the later chapters: collective responsibility. Finally, we analyse the ethical risks and benefits associated with the technique of fingerprint identification.
Conference papers on the topic "Analyse en cellule unique"
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Lefebvre, G., L. Thorax, and J. Ducom. "Une Technique D' Analyse D' Image Par Cellule Sur Ecran Video." In 16th International Congress on High Speed Photography and Photonics, edited by Michel L. Andre and Manfred Hugenschmidt. SPIE, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.967967.
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Steinkamp, John A. "Phase-Sensitive Flow Cytometry: New Technology For Analyzing Biochemical, Functional, and Structural Features in Fluorochrome-Labeled Cells/Particles." In Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/laca.1994.thc.2.
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Flow cytometry (FCM) instruments rapidly measure biochemical, functional, and cytological properties of individual cells and macromolecular components, e.g., chromosomes, for clinical diagnostic medicine and biomedical and environmental research applications. These measurements are based on labeling cells with multiple fluorochromes for correlated analysis of macromolecules, such as, DNA, RNA, protein, and cell-surface receptors. In addition to utilizing the spectral emission properties of fluorescent markers, i.e., different colors/intensities, to measure specific cellular features, the excited state lifetimes also can provide a means to discriminate among the different fluorochromes. A new FCM approach, based on phase-resolved fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy methods (Vesoelova et al, 1970, Lakowicz and Cherek, 1981), recently has been developed to provide unique capabilities for separating signals from multiple overlapping emissions in fluorochrome-labeled cells as they pass across a modulated laser excitation source (Steinkamp and Crissman, 1993). In addition, the measurement of fluorescence lifetime (Pinsky et al, 1993, Steinkamp et al, 1993) also is of importance because it provides information about fluorophore/cell interactions. An important advantage of lifetime measurements is that lifetimes in some case can be considered as absolute quantities. However, the lifetime of fluorophores bound to cellular macromolecules can be influenced by physical and chemical factors near the binding site, such as solvent polarity, cations, pH, energy transfer, excited-state reactions, and quenching. Thus, lifetime measurements can be used to probe the cellular environment, possibly including chemical and structure changes that occur in DNA and chromatin. Table I lists the lifetimes of some typical fluorochromes that are used to quantify cellular DNA, total protein, and antibody-labeling to cellular antigens.
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Paillussière, Lisa. "Analyse sémiotique de discours portant sur les NFT : transition, passage ou inutilité technologique ?" In Actes du congrès de l’Association Française de Sémiotique. Limoges: Université de Limoges, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.25965/as.8623.
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Les NFT (Non-Fungible Token), en tant que figure exemplaire d’une tentative de transition numérique, popularisés en France à partir de juin 2021, sont l’occasion de rediscuter au moins deux problématiques majeures de l’art contemporain dans sa mise en réseau : 1) Peut-on réellement posséder une œuvre d’art numérique en tant qu’occurrence unique et paradoxale d’une série d’exemplaires ? ; 2) La mise en place d’une propriété intellectuelle associée à l’art numérique garantit-elle vraiment sa protection et son respect ? Notre hypothèse départ consiste à poser l’instabilité institutionnelle comme interprétant culturel à la base des conflits d’authentification et de possession de l’œuvre d’art numérique et envisage l’existence préalable aux NFT d’un espace juridique lacunaire justifiant les accusations d’inefficacité qu’on leur applique. Pour tester cette hypothèse, nous procèderons en une analyse sémiotique de l’espace de discours relatif aux NFT à l’appui d’un corpus de discours informels issus de diverses scènes médiatiques.
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Ackroyd, James, Jason Allen, Jo Berry, Lisa Roesch, Martin Barnes, Arnima Bisht, Christian Rohlff, Keith Wilson, Dee Aud, and Robert Boyd. "Abstract 753: The use of proteomics to analyse whole tumors and identify unique stroma cell targets for antibody-based therapeutics." In Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-753.
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Briand, Olivier, and Denis Gieulles. "Analyse d'un ouvrage de bas de plage, le brise-lames de Sainte-Anne à Salins de Giraud : un exemple unique en France." In Journées Nationales Génie Côtier - Génie Civil. Editions Paralia, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.5150/jngcgc.1996.035-b.
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Pauliat, G., A. Slensky, V. Fridkin, and G. Roosen. "Photovoltaic gratings recorded in Praeseodymium doped La3Ga5SiO14 crystals." In Photorefractive Materials, Effects, and Devices II. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pmed.1990.fp1.
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Because of their unique sensitivity to optical polarization during recording of information, photovoltaic crystals are of particular interest for optical data processing. Light induced refractive index changes in La3Ga5SiO15 : Pr3 + piezoelectric crystals [1] was previously studied. Hereafter, we present and analyse the first recording of holograms in one of these samples. La3Ga5SiO15 belongs to the point group symmetry 32. Our sample was grown by the Csochralski method. Its dimensions along the crystallographic xyz directions are 10.5×8.5×1.4 mm3. This sample presents a green color.
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Ordioni, U., G. Labrosse, F. Campana, R. Lan, J. H. Catherine, and A. F. Albertini. "Granulomatose oro-faciale révélatrice d’une maladie de Crohn : présentation d’un cas." In 66ème Congrès de la SFCO. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sfco/20206603017.
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La granulomatoses oro-faciale (GOF) est une entité rare regroupant toutes les pathologies caractérisées par une inflammation granulomateuse non caséeuse de la région oro-faciale. Le diagnostic est histologique. L’étiologie n’est pas connue. L’oedème labial d’abord intermittent, pouvant s’installer de manière permanente, est un symptôme classique de la GOF. D’autres signes cliniques, extra-oraux, peuvent être associées lorsque la GOF s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une pathologie systémique : maladie de Crohn, Sarcoïdose, maladie de Wegener. Nous présentons le cas d’un patient pour qui l’exploration de sa GOF a conduit au diagnostic de maladie de Crohn (MC). Un patient de 29 ans consultait pour une tuméfaction labiale évoluant depuis an après échec de traitement locaux (dermocorticoïdes). On notait des diarrhées chroniques étiquetées maladie coeliaque et un épisode d’hyperplasie gingivale à l’âge de 14 ans (gingivectomie réalisée par un parodontiste mais sans analyse anatomopathologique). L’examen clinique montrait un oedème labial supérieur et inférieur associé à un érythème, une hyperplasie gingivale, une ulcération vestibulaire et une langue géographique associée à une langue plicaturée. On ne notait pas de paralysie faciale. Des biopsies étaient réalisées. La biopsie labiale montrait une muqueuse normokératosique, avec des remaniements spongiotiques, sans micro-abcès. Le chorion sous-jacent était oedémateux avec des vaisseaux dilatés. On observait plus en profondeur un vaisseau altéré avec un granulome lympho-épithéioïde sans cellule géante et sans nécrose. La biopsie gingivale montrait une muqueuse oedémateuse sans granulome. L’examen biologique (NFS, VS, CRP, bilan martial, dosage enzyme conversion angiotensine, sérologie VIH, VHC, VHB) et la radiologie thoracique était sans particularité. Compte tenu de la présente d’une pathologie intestinale et à la vue de ces nouvelles données, un avis gastro-entérologique était demandé. L’examen proctologique montrait des marisques anales. L’entero-IRM confirmait le diagnostic de MC. La macrochéilie a été traité par injection de triamcinolone retard 40ml. Un traitement par anti- TNF était instauré. La MC est une maladie inflammatoire chronique de l’intestin pouvant atteindre le tube digestif de la bouche à l’anus. Les manifestations oro-faciales (macrochéilie, ulcérations buccales, hyperplasie gingivale, pseudo-polypes, erythèmes muqueux, fissures gingivales ou pyostomatite végétante) de la maladie de Crohn peuvent précéder l’atteinte intestinale. Des atteintes extra-intestinales peuvent exister : érythème noueux, uvéite, arthralgie, arthrite entéropathique. Le diagnostic de GOF doit faire rechercher des signes extra-oraux afin de déterminer si elle est isolée ou associée à une MC, à une sarcoidose ou un Wegener. En cas de GOF isolé, la question du suivi de dépistage d’une MC reste non élucidée.
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Schmidtlein, Marie Christin, and Ulle Endriss. "Voting by Axioms (Extended Abstract)." In Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-24}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/941.
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We develop an approach for collective decision making from first principles. In this approach, rather than using a---necessarily imperfect---voting rule to map any given scenario where individual agents report their preferences into a collective decision, we identify for every concrete such scenario the most appealing set of normative principles (known as axioms in social choice theory) that would entail a unique decision and then implement that decision. We analyse some of the fundamental properties of this new approach, from both an algorithmic and a normative point of view.
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Tuladhar, Slesha, Scott Clark, and MD Ahasan Habib. "Controlling Rheological Properties of Hybrid Hydrogel Using Short Fiber for Extrusion-Based 3D Bioprinting Process." In ASME 2023 18th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2023-104233.
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Abstract Among various available 3D bioprinting techniques, extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) bio-printing allows the deposition of cell-laden bio-ink, ensuring predefined scaffold architecture that may offer living tissue regeneration. With a combination of unique characteristics such as biocompatibility, less cell toxicity, and high-water content, natural hydrogels are a great candidate for bio-ink formulation for the extrusion-based 3D bioprinting process. However, due to its low mechanical integrity, hydrogel faces a common challenge in maintaining structural ty. To tackle this challenge, we characterized the rheological properties of a set of hybrid hydrogels composed of cellulose-derived nanofiber (TEMPO-mediated nano-fibrillated cellulose, TONFC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and commonly used alginate. A total of 46 compositions were prepared using higher (0.5% and 1.0%) and lower percentages (0.005% and 0.01%) of TONFC, 1%–4% of CMC, and 1%–4% of alginate to analyze the rheological properties. The shear thinning coefficients of n and K were determined for each composition from the flow diagram and co-related with the 3D printability. The ability to control rheological properties with various ratios of a nanofiber can help achieve a 3D bio-printed scaffold with defined scaffold architecture.
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Jones-Todd, Charlotte, and Amy Renelle. "Virtual Experiments to Teach Experimental Design: A Web-Based Tool for Biostatistics Students Bridging the Gap Between Data Collection and Statistical Analysis." In Bridging the Gap: Empowering and Educating Today’s Learners in Statistics. International Association for Statistical Education, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/iase.icots11.t10b1.
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Biostatistics students expect to graduate with the required tools and knowledge to collect and analyse their own data. Many go on to careers that require them to design their own lab- or field-based experiments. However, the examples introduced throughout their courses are textbook: data have already been collected appropriately, wrangled, and cleaned. Dealing with pre-provided, historic data does little to motivate student engagement with the underlying statistical concepts and fails to bridge the gap between statistical theory and application. Here, we discuss an application that provides students with the experience of designing an experiment and collecting their own unique dataset in a cost- and hassle-free way.
Reports on the topic "Analyse en cellule unique"
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Dudoit, Alain. L’urgence du premier lien : la chaîne d’approvisionnement du Canada au point de rupture, un enjeu de sécurité nationale. CIRANO, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/zjzp6639.
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La création d’une chaîne d'approvisionnement intelligente est désormais une priorité de sécurité nationale urgente qui ne peut être réalisée sans la mobilisation conjointe différentes parties prenantes au Canada. Elle n’est cependant pas une finalité en soi : la réalisation d’un marché intérieur unique, compétitif, durable et axé sur les consommateurs devrait être le résultat ultime du chantier national nécessaire à la mise en œuvre collaborative des recommandations de trois rapports complémentaires de politiques publiques publiés en 2022 sur l’état de la chaine d’approvisionnement au Canada. Le défi de la chaîne d'approvisionnement est vaste, et il ne fera que se compliquer au fil du temps. Les gouvernements au Canada doivent agir ensemble dès maintenant, en conjonction avec les efforts de collaboration avec nos alliés et partenaires notamment les États-Unis et l’Union Européenne pour assurer la résilience les chaînes d'approvisionnement face à l’accélération des bouleversements, conflits géopolitiques, catastrophes naturelles actuels et anticipés. La position géostratégique du Québec représente un atout majeur et l’investit d’un rôle et d’une responsabilité critiques dans la mise en œuvre non seulement du Rapport final du groupe de travail national sur la chaine d’approvisionnement (« ACT »), mais aussi des recommandations contenues dans le rapport publié par le Conseil des ministres responsables des transports et de la sécurité routière (COMT) et celles contenues dans le rapport du Comité permanent de la Chambre des communes sur les transports, l'infrastructure et les collectivités publié à Ottawa en novembre 2022 , « Améliorer l’efficacité et la résilience des chaînes d’approvisionnement du Canada ». La démarche mobilisatrice vers un espace commun des données pour la chaine d’approvisionnement du Canada s’inspire de la vision à terme du corridor économique intelligent d’Avantage Saint-Laurent et repose sur l'expérience acquise grâce à différentes initiatives et programmes mis en œuvre au Canada, aux États-Unis et en Europe, et les intègre tel qu’approprié. Sa mise en œuvre dans une première étape dans le corridor commercial du Saint-Laurent Grands Lacs facilitera l’accès et le partage par la suite des données de l’ensemble de la chaine d’approvisionnement au Canada de manière fiable et sécurisée. Le développement conjoint accéléré d’un espace commun de données changera la donne non seulement dans la résolution des défis critiques de la chaine d’approvisionnement mais aussi dans l’impulsion qu’il générera dans la poursuite de priorités fondamentales au Canada dont celle de la transition énergétique. Ce rapport Bourgogne propose une synthèse en quatre volets : 1. Un survol d’un arrière-plan caractérisé par de nombreuses consultations, annonces de stratégies, mesures et des résultats mitigés. 2. Une analyse croisée des recommandations de trois rapports importants et complémentaires de politiques publiques au niveau fédéral ainsi que de la stratégie québécoise, l’Avantage Saint-Laurent. 3. Une analyse des enjeux fondamentaux de capacité de mobilisation, d’exécution et de sous-utilisation des données. 4. Quelques pistes de solutions opérationnelles pour passer au mode « Action -Collaboration et Transformation (ACT)
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Delmer, Deborah, Nicholas Carpita, and Abraham Marcus. Induced Plant Cell Wall Modifications: Use of Plant Cells with Altered Walls to Study Wall Structure, Growth and Potential for Genetic Modification. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613021.bard.
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Our previous work indicated that suspension-cultured plant cells show remarkable flexibility in altering cell wall structure in response either to growth on saline medium or in the presence of the cellulose synthesis inhibitor 2,-6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB). We have continued to analyze the structure of these modified cell walls to understand how the changes modify wall strength, porosity, and ability to expand. The major load-bearing network in the walls of DCB-adapted dicot cells that lack a substantial cellulose-xyloglucan network is comprised of Ca2+-bridged pectates; these cells also have an unusual and abundant soluble pectic fraction. By contrast, DCB-adapted barley, a graminaceous monocot achieves extra wall strength by enhanced cross-linking of its non-cellulosic polysaccharide network via phenolic residues. Our results have also shed new light on normal wall stucture: 1) the cellulose-xyloglucan network may be independent of other wall networks in dicot primary walls and accounts for about 70% of the total wall strength; 2) the pectic network in dicot walls is the primary determinant of wall porosity; 3) both wall strength and porosity in graminaceous monocot primary walls is greatly influenced by the degree of phenolic cross-linking between non-cellulosic polysaccharides; and 4) the fact that the monocot cells do not secrete excess glucuronoarabinoxylan and mixed-linked glucan in response to growth on DCB, suggests that these two non-cellulosic polymers do not normally interact with cellulose in a manner similar to xyloglucan. We also attempted to understand the factors which limit cell expansion during growth of cells in saline medium. Analyses of hydrolytic enzyme activities suggest that xyloglucan metabolism is not repressed during growth on NaCl. Unlike non-adapted cells, salt-adapted cells were found to lack pectin methyl esterase, but it is not clear how this difference could relate to alterations in wall expansibility. Salt-adaped cell walls contain reduced hyp and secrete two unique PRPP-related proteins suggesting that high NaCl inhibits the cross-linking of these proteins into the walls, a finding that might relate to their altered expansibility.
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O'Leary, Jessica. The Trial of Íria Álvares: Conviviality and Inequality in the Portuguese Inquisition Records. Maria Sibylla Merian Centre Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/oleary.2023.58.
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In this paper, I analyse the Inquisition trial record of Íria Álvares (fl. 1580-1600), an Indigenous woman from the sertão of Bahia. Íria was the only Indigenous woman born to Indigenous parents who was tried by the First Visit of the Inquisition to Brazil in the sixteenth century. For this reason, her trial record represents a unique opportunity to explore the experiences of a freed Indigenous woman who spent her childhood in the sertão and adolescence and adulthood in colonial society. An analysis of her trial suggests that Íria was cognisant of the dynamics of colonial society and used her understanding of idealised convivialities to her advantage when negotiating the legal apparatus of the Portuguese Inquisition.
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Eshed-Williams, Leor, and Daniel Zilberman. Genetic and cellular networks regulating cell fate at the shoot apical meristem. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699862.bard.
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The shoot apical meristem establishes plant architecture by continuously producing new lateral organs such as leaves, axillary meristems and flowers throughout the plant life cycle. This unique capacity is achieved by a group of self-renewing pluripotent stem cells that give rise to founder cells, which can differentiate into multiple cell and tissue types in response to environmental and developmental cues. Cell fate specification at the shoot apical meristem is programmed primarily by transcription factors acting in a complex gene regulatory network. In this project we proposed to provide significant understanding of meristem maintenance and cell fate specification by studying four transcription factors acting at the meristem. Our original aim was to identify the direct target genes of WUS, STM, KNAT6 and CNA transcription factor in a genome wide scale and the manner by which they regulate their targets. Our goal was to integrate this data into a regulatory model of cell fate specification in the SAM and to identify key genes within the model for further study. We have generated transgenic plants carrying the four TF with two different tags and preformed chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay to identify the TF direct target genes. Due to unforeseen obstacles we have been delayed in achieving this aim but hope to accomplish it soon. Using the GR inducible system, genetic approach and transcriptome analysis [mRNA-seq] we provided a new look at meristem activity and its regulation of morphogenesis and phyllotaxy and propose a coherent framework for the role of many factors acting in meristem development and maintenance. We provided evidence for 3 different mechanisms for the regulation of WUS expression, DNA methylation, a second receptor pathway - the ERECTA receptor and the CNA TF that negatively regulates WUS expression in its own domain, the Organizing Center. We found that once the WUS expression level surpasses a certain threshold it alters cell identity at the periphery of the inflorescence meristem from floral meristem to carpel fate [FM]. When WUS expression highly elevated in the FM, the meristem turn into indeterminate. We showed that WUS activate cytokinine, inhibit auxin response and represses the genes required for root identity fate and that gradual increase in WUCHEL activity leads to gradual meristem enlargement that affect phyllotaxis. We also propose a model in which the direction of WUS domain expansion laterally or upward affects meristem structure differently. We preformed mRNA-seq on meristems with different size and structure followed by k-means clustering and identified groups of genes that are expressed in specific domains at the meristem. We will integrate this data with the ChIP-seq of the 4 TF to add another layer to the genetic network regulating meristem activity.
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Spasojević, Dušan. Balancing on a pin: Serbian populists, the European Union and Russia. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/rp0028.
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This report investigates the consequences of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on the Serbian party system. The Serbian case has two unique characteristics. The first is the final status of Kosovo, which Serbia has traditionally relied on Russian support over (as a member of the UN Security Council). However, Ukraine has also respected the territorial integrity of Serbia and did not recognize Kosovo. The second characteristic is Serbia’s ruling party, the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS). Unlike many other Eastern European populist parties, the SNS is formally pro-European Union. Since the beginning of the war, the ruling parties have been under international pressure to join sanctions against Russia; on the other side, the opposition splits between right-wing supporters of Russia and left-wing and liberal parties with weak support for international sanctions. This report aims to analyse the potential change in the ideological positions of Serbian parties — especially the populist ones — due to the significant changes in the international landscape occasioned by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
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Zannella, Marina, and Alessandra De Rose. Fathers’ and mothers’ enjoyment of childcare: the role of multitasking. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.res3.3.
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Using data from the latest edition of the Italian Time Use Survey (ITUS, 2013–2014), we analyse 31,309 childcare episodes to investigate the relationship betweenmultitasking (i.e., the combination of childcare with housework tasks) and parents’enjoyment of the time they spent on childcare, with a gender perspective. To this end,we rely on information from the episode enjoyment scores the respondents used toevaluate the degree of (un)pleasantness associated with the different activities theyrecorded in a daily diary. These episode enjoyment scores are a novelty in the ITUS,and provide a unique measure of the respondents’ momentary assessments of theirsubjective well-being. Our results highlight the existence of a negative relationshipbetween multitasking and parental well-being when spending time on childcare forboth mothers and fathers, regardless of the nature of the childcare activity theywere performing (i.e., routine or recreational childcare). Our findings add to priorresearch by shedding new light on the role of multitasking as a relevant contextualcharacteristic of care that affects the well-being of fathers, as well as of mothers.
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O'Neill, Sharman, Abraham Halevy, and Amihud Borochov. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Pollination-Induced Senescence in Phalaenopsis Orchids. United States Department of Agriculture, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1991.7612837.bard.
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The project investigated the molecular genetic and biochemical basis of pollination-induced senescence of Phalaenopsis flowers. This experimental system offered unique advantages in that senescence is strictly regulated by pollination, providing the basis to experimentally initiate and synchronize senescence in populations of flowers. The postpollination syndrome in the Phalaenopsis orchid system was dissected by investigating the temporal and spatial regulation of ACC synthase gene expression. In the stigma, pollen-borne auxin induces the expression of the auxin-regulated ACC synthase (PS-ACS2) gene, resulting in ACC synthesis within 1 h following pollination. Newly formed ACC is oxidized by basal constitutive ACC oxidase to ethylene, which then induces the expression of the ethylene-regulated ACC synthase(PS-ACS1) and oxidase (ACO1) genes for further autocatalytic production of ethylene. It is speculated that during the 6-h period following pollination, emasculation leads to the production or release of a sensitivity factor that sensitizes the cells of the stigma to ethylene. ACC and ethylene molecules are translocated from the stigma to the labellum and perianth where ethylene induces the expression of PS-ACS1 and ACO1 resulting in an increased production of ACC and ethylene. Organ-localized ethylene is responsible for inrolling and senescence of the labellum and perianth. The regulation of ethylene sensitivity and signal transduction events in pollinated flowers was also investigated. The increase in ethylene sensitivity appeared in both the flower column and the perianth, and was detected as early as 4 h after pollination. The increase in ethylene sensitivity following pollination was not dependent on endogenous ethylene production. Application of linoleic and linoleic acids to Phalaenopsis and Dendrobium flowers enhanced their senescence and promoted ethylene production. Several major lipoxygenase pathway products including JA-ME, traumatic acid, trans-2-hexenal and cis-3-hexenol, also enhanced flower senescence. However, lipoxygenase appears to not be directly involved in the endogenous regulation of pollination-induced Phalaenopsis and Dendrobium flower senescence. The data suggest that short-chain saturated fatty acids may be the ethylene "sensitivity factors" produced following pollination, and that their mode of action involves a decrease in the order of specific regions i the membrane lipid bilayer, consequently altering ethylene action. Examination of potential signal transduction intermediates indicate a direct involvement of GTP-binding proteins, calcium ions and protein phosphorylation in the cellular signal transduction response to ethylene following pollination. Modulations of cytosolic calcium levels allowed us to modify the flowers responsiveness to ethylene.
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Porat, Ron, Gregory T. McCollum, Amnon Lers, and Charles L. Guy. Identification and characterization of genes involved in the acquisition of chilling tolerance in citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587727.bard.
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Citrus, like many other tropical and subtropical fruit are sensitive to chilling temperatures. However, application of a pre-storage temperature conditioning (CD) treatment at 16°C for 7 d or of a hot water brushing (HWB) treatment at 60°C for 20 sec remarkably enhances chilling tolerance and reduces the development of chilling injuries (CI) upon storage at 5°C. In the current research, we proposed to identify and characterize grapefruit genes that are induced by CD, and may contribute to the acquisition of fruit chilling tolerance, by two different molecular approaches: cDNA array analysis and PCR cDNA subtraction. In addition, following the recent development and commercialization of the new Affymetrix Citrus Genome Array, we further performed genome-wide transcript profiling analysis following exposure to CD and chilling treatments. To conduct the cDNA array analysis, we constructed cDNA libraries from the peel tissue of CD- and HWB-treated grapefruit, and performed an EST sequencing project including sequencing of 3,456 cDNAs from each library. Based on the obtained sequence information, we chose 70 stress-responsive and chilling-related genes and spotted them on nylon membranes. Following hybridization the constructed cDNA arrays with RNA probes from control and CD-treated fruit and detailed confirmations by RT-PCR analysis, we found that six genes: lipid-transfer protein, metallothionein-like protein, catalase, GTP-binding protein, Lea5, and stress-responsive zinc finger protein, showed higher transcript levels in flavedo of conditioned than in non-conditioned fruit stored at 5 ᵒC. The transcript levels of another four genes: galactinol synthase, ACC oxidase, temperature-induced lipocalin, and chilling-inducible oxygenase, increased only in control untreated fruit but not in chilling-tolerant CD-treated fruit. By PCR cDNA subtraction analysis we identified 17 new chilling-responsive and HWB- and CD-induced genes. Overall, characterization of the expression patterns of these genes as well as of 11 more stress-related genes by RNA gel blot hybridizations revealed that the HWB treatment activated mainly the expression of stress-related genes(HSP19-I, HSP19-II, dehydrin, universal stress protein, EIN2, 1,3;4-β-D-glucanase, and SOD), whereas the CD treatment activated mainly the expression of lipid modification enzymes, including fatty acid disaturase2 (FAD2) and lipid transfer protein (LTP). Genome wide transcriptional profiling analysis using the newly developed Affymetrix Citrus GeneChip® microarray (including 30,171 citrus probe sets) revealed the identification of three different chilling-related regulons: 1,345 probe sets were significantly affected by chilling in both control and CD-treated fruits (chilling-response regulon), 509 probe sets were unique to the CD-treated fruits (chilling tolerance regulon), and 417 probe sets were unique to the chilling-sensitive control fruits (chilling stress regulon). Overall, exposure to chilling led to expression governed arrest of general cellular metabolic activity, including concretive down-regulation of cell wall, pathogen defense, photosynthesis, respiration, and protein, nucleic acid and secondary metabolism. On the other hand, chilling enhanced various adaptation processes, such as changes in the expression levels of transcripts related to membranes, lipid, sterol and carbohydrate metabolism, stress stimuli, hormone biosynthesis, and modifications in DNA binding and transcription factors.
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Shpigel, Nahum Y., Ynte Schukken, and Ilan Rosenshine. Identification of genes involved in virulence of Escherichia coli mastitis by signature tagged mutagenesis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699853.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Mastitis, an inflammatory response of the mammary tissue to invading pathogenic bacteria, is the largest health problem in the dairy industry and is responsible for multibillion dollar economic losses. E. coli are a leading cause of acute mastitis in dairy animals worldwide and certainly in Israel and North America. The species E. coli comprises a highly heterogeneous group of pathogens, some of which are commensal residents of the gut, infecting the mammary gland after contamination of the teat skin from the environment. As compared to other gut microflora, mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) may have undergone evolutionary adaptations that improve their fitness for colonization of the unique and varied environmental niches found within the mammary gland. These niches include competing microbes already present or accompanying the new colonizer, soluble and cellular antimicrobials in milk, and the innate immune response elicited by mammary cells and recruited immune cells. However, to date, no specific virulence factors have been identified in E. coli isolates associated with mastitis. The original overall research objective of this application was to develop a genome-wide, transposon-tagged mutant collection of MPEC strain P4 and to use this technology to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. In the course of the project we decided to take an alternative genome-wide approach and to use whole genomes bioinformatics analysis. Using genome sequencing and analysis of six MPEC strains, our studies have shown that type VI secretion system (T6SS) gene clusters were present in all these strains. Furthermore, using unbiased screening of MPEC strains for reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in the murine mastitis model, we have identified in MPEC P4-NR a new pathogenicity island (PAI-1) encoding the core components of T6SS and its hallmark effectors Hcp, VgrG and Rhs. Next, we have shown that specific deletions of T6SS genes reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in lactating mouse mammary glands. Our long-term goal is to understand the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions in the mammary gland and to relate these mechanisms to disease processes and pathogenesis. We have been able to achieve our research objectives to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. The project elucidated a new basic concept in host pathogen interaction of MPEC, which for the best of our knowledge was never described or investigated before. This research will help us to shed new light on principles behind the infection strategy of MPEC. The new targets now enable prevalence and epidemiology studies of T6SS in field strains of MPEC which might unveil new geographic, management and ecological risk factors. These will contribute to development of new approaches to treat and prevent mastitis by MPEC and perhaps other mammary pathogens. The use of antibiotics in farm animals and specifically to treat mastitis is gradually precluded and thus new treatment and prevention strategies are needed. Effective mastitis vaccines are currently not available, structural components and effectors of T6SS might be new targets for the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics.
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Ehrlich, Marcelo, John S. Parker, and Terence S. Dermody. Development of a Plasmid-Based Reverse Genetics System for the Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Viruses to Allow a Comparative Characterization of the Function of the NS3 Viroporin in Viral Egress. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699840.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Project Title: "Development of a plasmid-based reverse genetics system for the Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease viruses to allow comparative characterization of the function of the NS3 viroporin in viral egress". Project details: No - IS-4192-09; Participants – Ehrlich M. (Tel Aviv University), Parker J.S. (Cornell University), DermodyT.S. (Vanderbilt University); Period - 2009-2013. Orbiviruses are insect-borne infectious agents of ruminants that cause diseases with considerable economical impact in Israel and the United States. The recent outbreaks of BTV in Europe and of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV) in Israel, underscore the need for: (i) a better comprehension of the infection process of orbiviruses, (ii) the identification of unique vs. common traits among different orbiviruses, (iii) the development of novel diagnosis and treatment techniques and approaches; all aimed at the achievement of more effective control and treatment measures. It is the context of these broad goals that the present project was carried out. To fulfill our long-term goal of identifying specific viral determinants of virulence, growth, and transmission of the orbiviruses, we proposed to: (i) develop reverse genetics systems for BTV and EHDV2-Ibaraki; and (ii) identify the molecular determinants of the NS3 nonstructural protein related to viroporin/viral egress activities. The first objective was pursued with a two-pronged approach: (i) development of a plasmid-based reverse genetics system for BTV-17, and (ii) development of an "in-vitro" transcription-based reverse genetics system for EHDV2-Ibaraki. Both approaches encountered technical problems that hampered their achievement. However, dissection of the possible causes of the failure to achieve viral spread of EHDV2-Ibaraki, following the transfection of in-vitro transcribed genomic segments of the virus, revealed a novel characteristic of EHDV2-Ibaraki infection: an uncharacteristically low fold increase in titer upon infection of different cell models. To address the function and regulation of NS3 we employed the following approaches: (i) development (together with Anima Cell Metrology) of a novel technique (based on the transfection of fluorescently-labeledtRNAs) that allows for the detection of the levels of synthesis of individual viral proteins (i.e. NS3) in single cells; (ii) development of a siRNA-mediated knockdown approach for the reduction in levels of expression of NS3 in EHDV2-Ibaraki infected cells; (iii) biochemical and microscopy-based analysis of the localization, levels and post-translational modifications of NS3 in infected cells. In addition, we identified the altered regulation and spatial compartmentalization of protein synthesis in cells infected with EHDV2-Ibaraki or the mammalian reovirus. In EHDV2-Ibaraki-infected cells such altered regulation in protein synthesis occurs in the context of a cell stress reponse that includes the induction of apoptosis, autophagy and activation of the stressrelated kinase c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK). Interestingly, inhibition of such stress-related cellular processes diminishes the production of infectious virions, suggesting that EHDV usurps these responses for the benefit of efficient infection. Taken together, while the present project fell short of the generation of novel reverse genetics systems for orbiviruses, the development of novel experimental approaches and techniques, and their employment in the analysis of EHDV-infected cells, yielded novel insights in the interactions of orbiviruses with mammalian cells.