Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Analyse des voies métaboliques'
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Moulin, Cécile. "Analyse des voies métaboliques au cours du cycle cellulaire : application au métabolisme du cancer." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASG022.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to study how the mammal cell adjusts its metabolism to the steps of the cell cycle. The cell cycle is the series of events leading a cell to divide itself. The purpose of the metabolism is to supply the cell with all the elements and the energy it needs to work. In particular, at every step of the cell cycle, the cell needs different elements to properly divide itself. So, it is crucial for the cell to coordinate the metabolism and the cell cycle and in particular to control what the metabolism produces through the cell cycle. To have a better understanding of the links between these two processes, we studied how a mathematical model representing the metabolism answered to different variations imposed by the cell cycle and we compared those answers to the literature. Satisfied by the results, we therefore built a hybrid model representing the evolution of the metabolism through the cell cycle. We recover in this hybrid model the main known variations of the metabolism through the cycle’s phases as well as experimental variations of the energetic and redox metabolites. Encouraged by these results, we finally disturbed our hybrid model to recover metabolic tendencies due to cancer, a set of diseases affecting both the metabolism and the cell cycle
Dupont, Pierre-Yves. "Conception d'outils bioinformatiques pour la modélisation de voies métaboliques et de leur régulation." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF1MM27/document.
Full textCurrent systems biology relies on high-throughput biological analysis techniques such as transcriptomics or metabolomics. However, these techniques may generate errors. By crossing results from different analysis techniques, we hope to avoid at least part of these limits. For that purpose, we started to develop a modeling platform, MPSA (Metabolic Pathways Software Analyzer). MPSA allows integrating biological data on metabolic pathways. MPSA also ensures the display of metabolic pathways graphs, the simulation of models based on ordinary differential equations systems solving and the study of network structures using elementary flux modes. We have developed several web applications allowing on the one hand to interpret biological results by using databases, and on the other hand to export these data to MPSA. The main database of this work is myKegg. It includes all human KEGG metabolic pathways and a list of synonyms for human KEGG entries. This base allows to identify metabolic pathways from a list of biological compounds and to import them in MPSA. Another database, BioNMR, has been developed to organize the data extracted from NMR spectra. Another web application named GeneProm has been developed to analyze gene promoters. A promotology protocol was developed and tested on a set of four genes coding for the four ANT (adenine nucleotide translocator) protein isoforms. Each ANT isoform has a specific expression profile and role in cell bioenergetics. The promotology study of these four genes led us to construct specific regulatory models from identified regulatory elements in their promoter sequence. Potentially co-regulated genes were deduced from these models. Then they can be exported to our MPSA platform. This whole development will be included in the project of Integrative Biology platform in the INRA Human Nutrition Unit
Rabatel, Andréane. "Développement embryonnaire du puceron Acyrthosiphon pisum : caractérisation de voies métaboliques et gènes clé dans les interactions trophiques avec Buchnera aphidicola." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00673174.
Full textGabriel, Andréa-Wiktor. "Le pluralisme des voies d’écologisation de la gestion des biomasses résiduaires en agriculture : analyse à partir des réseaux métaboliques et étude de cas dans la vallée de la Drôme." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASB017.
Full textAbstract: Residual biomass (RB) (e.g. livestock effluents, crop residues, green and urban waste) plays a key role in agriculture. The modernization of agriculture since the 19th century has profoundly transformed their metabolism, leading to soil impoverishment, pollution and loss of autonomy of farms and territories in terms of fertilization.Today, solid scientific facts prove the need for an ecologization of RB management, but the nature of this ecologization is debated. Radically different visions of what should be the biophysical basis of the functioning of our societies coexist and put our human and scientific communities in tension. This thesis aims to provide an analytical framework for a dialogue between the multiple pathways of ecologization: the metabolic networks. The study was conducted in the Drôme valley, a region well knowned for the development of organic agriculture. The cartography of production and flows of RB as well as the description of the multiple values given by farmers to the metabolism of RB allow us to think the tensions and complementarities between two contrasting paths of ecologization: the engineering path of optimization and "closing the loop" (industrial ecology) and cultivating bounds with the rest of the living through multiple values, beyond economic utilitarianism (the earthbound).This thesis draws up the perspectives of a more pragmatic path towards ecologization
Mahout, Maxime. "Logic programming tools for metabolic fluxes analysis and biological applications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASG086.
Full textIn systems biology, metabolic pathways analysis is an essential method to study metabolism and improve the understanding of biological systems. Key concepts include Elementary Flux Modes (EFMs), describing metabolic networks in terms of minimal pathways, and Minimal Cut Sets (MCSs), representing minimal cutting sets of reactions affecting network flux. In the scope of this thesis, we developed a logic programming method for the computation of Elementary Flux Modes: aspefm. The tool is an automatic reasoning method based on Answer Set Programming (ASP), extended by linear constraints. This approach allows one to get minimal pathways when classical methods are unable to, and to directly query the network, helping with memory usage considerations. Important biological constraints of many different kinds can be integrated into the program, which we illustrated on a central metabolic model of Escherichia coli. The method is also applicable to genome-scale metabolic models, showing better performance than linear programming-based methods on enumeration of large-size solutions. The method was applied to the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) found in 80% of chronic wounds. PA uses different ecological strategies than model bacteria. PA is commonly co-isolated from wounds with another opportunistic pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus (SA), and it is hypothesized the metabolisms of the two bacteria are complementary enabling higher biomass production and increasing wound bioburden leading to poor patient outcomes. We extended our tool aspefm to the analysis of MCSs on a consortium model of these two bacteria, permitting us to retrieve exchanged metabolites involved in the recovery of growth after several intervention strategies, and leading to insights about potential therapeutic targets against the two bacteria. Furthermore, in an other context, we applied our computation method to cancer cell metabolism and tumoural stroma formation
Scalabre, Aurélien. "Étude clinique des modifications du profil métabolique urinaire secondaires à une anomalie congénitale de l’écoulement des urines par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire et analyse métabolomique." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1272/document.
Full textThe prenatal finding of unilateral Urinary Tract Dilatation (UTD) can be transient or represent a significant urinary flow impairment that would lead to progressive deterioration of renal function. Identifying urinary biomarkers could help to differentiate uropathy requiring surgical management from transient dilatation at an early stage.Metabolic phenotyping studies provide untargeted quantification of all detectable low molecular-weight molecules by profiling without any a priori the metabolic signatures of biological samples in connection to physiopathological events.The main objective of this study is to identify diagnosis and prognosis urinary markers for uropathy in newborns with prenatally diagnosed unilateral UTD using 1H-NMR spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical analyses.A total of 70 newborns with unilateral UTD and 90 controls were included in this prospective study. First, the usefulness of different ultrasound grading systems in predicting the need for surgical intervention is evaluated. Then, we report the absence of significant difference between the urinary metabolic profiles of newborns with UTD and controls. In thethird part, the influence of age, weight and height on the urinary metabolic profiles of healthy newborns is highlighted for the first time, and key-metabolites responsible for this evolution are identified. Finally, we demonstrate the influence of age on the urinary metabolic profiles of children with UTD. This work allows a deeper understanding of the metabolic maturation of healthy newborns. It contributes to identify potential confounding factors for metabolomics investigations in neonatology. It represents a step toward a better comprehension of thephysiopathology of UTD
Boyer, Frédéric. "Reconstruction ab initio de voies métaboliques." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE10076.
Full textReconstructing the metabolic pathways of an orgnanism is a task of major importance and several approaches have already been proposed in order to help biologists in this task but more exploratory approaches are needed. The first part of this thesis emphasis on what we call ab initio metabolic pathway reconstruction. This is the problem of finding a reaction network connceting two or more compounds relying only on a database of feasible reactions. We propose here a new formulation for this problem. Given a set of biochemical reactions together with their substrates and products, we consider the reactions as transfers of atoms between the chemical compounds and we look for sequences of reactions transferring a maximal (or preset) number of atoms between a source and a sink compound. We state this problem as the one of finding a composition of partial injections that maximises the image size. The theoretical complexity of this problem has been studied and a practical algoritm to solve it is presented. Ths second part presents a formalization of a problem concerning graphs comparison. The particular case treated in this thesis concerns the comparison of a network of reactions with the spatial organization of genes on the genome. This comparison permits to identify operons encoded metabolic pathways
Meurice, Guillaume. "Reconstruction in silico de voies métaboliques : application aux voies glycolitiques de Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NSARI041.
Full textGambert, Ségolène. "Rôle du glycérol dans la régulation des voies métaboliques cardiaques." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA114817.
Full textFatty acids (FA) represent the main substrate for ATP production in the heart. A balance between FA and carbohydrate utilization ensures that energy supply matches demand. This study was carried out glycerol (gly) implication on this balance. Used models are spontaneously beating neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in culture and rat working perfused isolated heart. Our results showed that the synthesis of phospholipids and the oxidation of gly increased proportionally to extracellular gly concentrations. Conversely, extracellular gly significantly reduced the palmitate oxidation and didn't modified glucose oxidation. At high concentration of gly, increased heart rate (reflected cardiac energetic demand) lead to increased complex lipids incorporation. These results clearly demonstrate the importance of gly in regulating the cardiac metabolic pathways and energy balance
Bayle, Kevin. "Développements méthodologiques RMN 13C isotopique pour l'étude de voies métaboliques." Nantes, 2014. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=30bc90dd-d09e-4983-ac96-8f8ae6202686.
Full textThe aim of the study has been the determination of isotope effects associated with three metabolic pathways (Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas, Entner-Doudoroff and phosphoketolase) using fermentation by yeasts and microorganisms bio-transforming glucose into ethanol and lactic acid. Initially, a study was conducted on the analytical parameters required for the analysis of carboxylic acids by 13C iq-NMR. Doubts raised in relation to the analysis of acetic led to the study being expanded to include a wider range of molecules. This section of the work is therefore composed of an assessment of the conditions for obtaining accurate measurements of 13C iq-NMR regardless of the spectrometer used. The current strategy to access the site-specific 13C measurements (δ13Ci) is dependent on the δ13Cg, obtained by IRMS, coupled with the determination by 13C iq-NMR of the molar fraction for each carbon measured. The implementation of the same methodology for 13C iq-NMR has required many factors to be taken into consideration. Establishing an analytical protocol for the implementation of an internal standard for 13C iq-NMR has required significant development, with the quantitative validation of a new 1H NMR sequence aiming to eliminate radiation damping. Thanks to the accurate methodology established, we have been able to detect the presence of relatively small intramolecular kinetic isotope effects associated with the metabolic pathways studied. Each pathway gives a characteristic isotopic signature, consistent with the formation of metabolites produced by the specific enzymatic reactions. The 13C isotope effects obtained are in agreement with the reactions that characterise each pathway
Barba, Matthieu. "Modules réactionnels : un nouveau concept pour étudier l'évolution des voies métaboliques." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00657359.
Full textAncelin, Marie-Laure. "Phospholipides de l'érythrocyte impalude : voies métaboliques, régulation, localisation et interférences pharmacologiques." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20218.
Full textAmbrosetti, Damien. "Carcinomes rénaux : caractérisation moléculaire et des voies métaboliques dépendant des mécanismes hypoxiques." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4143/document.
Full textRenal carcinomas (RCC) are divided into several subtypes, defined by histological, genetic and phenotypic criteria. The differential diagnosis of these tumors is important with prognostic and therapeutic implications. Genetics and diagnosis: We studied the clinical, histological, immunohistochemical and genetic of papillary RCC (PRCC) type 1 and 2 cohort. An extensive genomic characterization completed by NGS has allowed us to classify type 2 PRCC in several groups of variable clinical evolution. Our results provide new information on the pathogenesis of PRCC that provide perspectives for personalized treatment. Metabolism, tumor grade and phenotype: In a series of clear cell RCC (ccRCC), we analyzed the characteristics of these tumors and the expression of proteins involved in the metabolism and isoforms of HIF. This study allowed us to demonstrate quantitative correlation between the expression of MCT1, GLUT1 and CA XII and Fuhrman grade, and qualitatively peripheral HIF2alpha localization and co-localization of proteins HIF2alpha and HAF. Theranostic strategies: In order to define the most appropriate treatment for patients with RCC, we made a parallel between sensitivity to targeted therapies of patients (in vivo), and cells derived from the original tumor (in vitro). We have demonstrated that the response in patients and in cells and was similar, thus in vitro assays are a way to define personalized treatment for ccRCC
Issa, Razanne. "Analyse symbolique et inférence de modèles métaboliques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0100/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to propose a new method of constructing metabolic models in the context of comparative genomics. We have developed a tool, abpantograph, allowing the inference of metabolic models based on the Abductive logic. To do this, we have introduced a logical representation of minimal enzymatic metabolic models and from a metabolic model called reference, we derived an explicit enzymatic minimal model accompanied by gene association. Finally, by coupling this metabolic modele with the genome of a target organism, we infer abductively a model enzyme for this target organism accompanied by a set of gene associations, pattern one wants congruent to that which is could have obtained by having all the information to the target organism. The proposed tool, ab-pantograph, has been developed using constraint logic programming and Hyprolog
Even, Sergine. "Régulation des voies centrales chez Lactococcus lactis : Intégration des profils métaboliques et transcriptionnels." Toulouse, INSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ISAT0009.
Full textCentral metabolism of Lactococcus lactis was investigated in a global manner by integrating both biochemical and molecular approaches. A global and quantitative method of measurement of glycolytic transcripts was developed for this purpose. This approach was used to characterise the influence of sugar (glucose or galactose) and of the medium complexity on carbohydrate metabolism of L. Lactis IL 1403, which was recently sequenced by INRA. This strain showed novel physiological behaviour compared with the model strain L. Lactis NCDO 2118 : catabolic limitation occurred at the transport level and the metabolism remained homolactic, irrespective of the sugar. However, the transcript profile revealed a higher expression of mixed-acid metabolism genes on galactose. A correlation was established between transcriptional and enzymatic profiles by integrating growth dynamics. A translation efficiency was found to be higher on glucose than on galactose, irrespective of the medium richness. This approach was then extended to growth conditions closer to those used industrially, i. E. Carbon starvation and acid stress. Moreover, the effects of pH and growth rate, whose evolution is concomitant during a fermentation in which pH is not regulated, were dissociated during chemostat cultures, where only one parameter varied
Brunelliere, Jérôme. "Caractérisation des voies métaboliques d'une souche de Streptomyces impliquée dans la production de vanilline." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF21947.
Full textCombes, Adrien. "Influence des perturbations métaboliques sur des voies de signalisation impliquées dans la biogenèse mitochondriale." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S045/document.
Full textWestern life evolution is associated with an increase in sedentary behaviours and metabolic diseases leading to health alteration. This evolution affects the skeletal muscle, which is characterized by a decrease in its ability to produce aerobic energy. However, skeletal muscle is a highly malleable tissue, capable of considerable metabolic adaptations in response to physical activity. Mitochondria produce the aerobic energy within the skeletal muscle. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and its function is necessary to improve physical activity prescription.The intermittent exercise is currently used in rehabilitation programs. Several arguments are put forward to utilizing this method: 1) the time spent at high oxygen consumption, 2) the high intensity of exercise and 3) the metabolic disturbances induced by variations of intensity during exercise. However, the influence of metabolic disturbances on muscle oxidative capacity has not been clearly demonstrated. The purpose of my thesis work has therefore focused on these metabolic perturbations and their effects on signalling pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. In order to characterize the influence of metabolic disturbances on the signalling pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, we compared the influence of acute exercises. We realized two protocols to investigate the influence of metabolic disturbances. The first study compared three intermittent exercises in order to identify the optimal duty-cycle duration to induce the biggest metabolic disturbances and to compare metabolic responses of intermittent and continuous exercise performed at 70%WRpic. The second protocol evaluated the influence of the repetition of metabolic disturbances on signalling pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.In order to identify the duty-cycle duration producing more metabolic fluctuations, we analysed the changes of oxygen consumption and quantified metabolic variations. We used three parameters: 1) a quantitative parameter, 2) a qualitative parameter, and 3) an index combining quantitative and qualitative parameters. Comparison of three different duty-cycle durations (30s work:30s passive recovery; 60s:60s, and 120s:120s) revealed that the 60s:60s modality induces more metabolic fluctuations for a same energy expenditure.Our second study compared 30 minutes of pedalling at 70%WRpic realized by two different modalities: continuous (30min 1 block) and intermittent (30 1min block interspersed by 1min of passive recovery). Repetition of transitions from rest to exercise during the intermittent exercise creates higher metabolic disturbances and leads to a higher phosphorylation of AMPK, p38 MAPK and CaMKII. These kinases are upstream of PGC-1α, an important regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. All together, these results demonstrate that metabolic disturbances are involved in mitochondrial signalling pathways activation.This work opens up new perspectives on exercise training prescription for sedentary or chronic pathology people. Future work will aim to confirm our results in chronic interventions and explore these effects in different populations
Claudel-Renard, Clotilde. "Inférence fonctionnelle et prédiction de voies métaboliques : application à la bactérie fixatrice d'azote Sinorhizobium meliloti." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30170.
Full textComplete genomes of bacteria are sequenced in growing number. At the same time, programs for systematic analysis of genes and proteins expression in different conditions are set up. The understanding of organisms functions requires the annotation of genes functions and the integration of that data into a functional diagram. Metabolic pathways constitute classes of functions allowing to tackle the integration issue. They are well identified in numerous organisms and are available to experimentation. In a first time, we have developed an automated method for enzyme function detection. This method, named PRIAM (PRofils pour l'Identification Automatique du Métabolisme), is based on the classification of enzymes in the ENZYME database and relies on sets of position-specific scoring matrices ("profiles"), automatically tailored for each ENZYME entry. Then, the method allows to identify enzymes in a complete genome and to visualize the results on KEGG graphs. In a second time, that method has been applied on the complete genome of the nitrogen fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, in order to facilitate the interpretation of specific metabolic pathways of that symbiotic organism
Perquin, Magali. "Etude épidémiologique et moléculaire des voies métaboliques associées au glutathion dans le cancer du sein." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN11322.
Full textGlutathione S-transferases (GST) and glutathione peroxidases, (GPX), together with glutathione reductase (GSSR) catalyse essential reactions for cell defence from toxic agents such as anticancer drugs and/or reactive oxygen species. With glutathione as the central component, this metabolic pathway is activated in most tumours and linked to resistant phenotype. Two approaches have been developed in this work. 1) An epidemiological study, on 41 patients, showed higher glutathione contents and an increase of the above-mentioned glutathione-dependent enzymes in the breast tumours, resulting in the improvement of the intracellular redox status. The numerous correlations between the components of the glutathione system observed only in non-cancerous breast suggest a highly coordinated and organised system that is disrupted in cancerous breast. The increased levels of GSH contents and its related enzymes activities are correlated with various prognostic factors linked to cell proliferation, suggesting the incidence of these inductions in resistance and tumour aggressiveness in breast cancer. 2) A molecular study was performed on human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7 sensitive or resistant to doxorubicin and/or vincristine. GST as well as GPX activities and expressions were increased according to cellular resistance levels, whereas GSSR and glutathione contents decreased. We focused on the one hand on the role of GPX, that we selectively induced with selenium, which nonetheless did not improve the antioxidative defence and, on the other hand, on GSTT2 subunit overexpressed in vincristine resistant cells and whose 5' regulatory gene region was isolated in order to further study its expression. Resistant phenotype could result from a concomitant variation of parai lei metabolic pathways, distinct from the early adaptive response to a defined cytotoxic agent
Sancho, Alain. "Mesure par résonance magnétique nucléaire du fractionnement isotopique de l'hydrogène : application à l'étude des voies métaboliques." Toulouse, INPT, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPT033G.
Full textArnould, Jean-Marie. "De la carcirine des crabes à la carnosine des vertébrés : De nouvelles voies métaboliques de l'histamine." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10126.
Full textFouchard, Swanny. "Étude des voies métaboliques de production d'hydrogène chez la microalgue Chlamydomonas reinhardtii et transposition en photobioréacteur." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2016.
Full textConsidering the recent increase in energy consumption and associated environmental risks, new trails are followed today to develop the use of clean and renewable alternative energies, and in this context hydrogen seems to be a serious solution. The aim of this work is then to exploit microalgae photosynthetic capacities in order to devise a process for hydrogen production from only water and solar energy without greenhouse gas release. Experiments for the comprehension of the metabolic pathways implied in hydrogen production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii species were thus carried out and the results obtained were scaled up to the level of a torus photobioreactor specifically developed for this application
Gouirand, Victoire. "Etude de la reprogrammation des voies métaboliques des acides aminés au cours de la carcinogenèse pancréatique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0673.
Full textThe malignant progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is accompanied by a profound desmoplasia, depriving tumor cells from oxygen and nutrients, which forces tumor cells to adapt their metabolism to proliferate. The thesis purpose is to define the metabolic changes related to ADKP. Using a transcriptomic analysis of PDAC from mice model, we established the PDAC metabolic profile. Focusing on amino acid metabolic pathways, we identified the metabolic pathways of proline and the branched-chain amino acid, especially the leucine catabolism, as the most deregulated in ADKP compared to the normal pancreas. We demonstrated that tumor cells take up collagen-derived fibroblasts, thanks macropinocytosis, when they are nutrient deprived. Once collagen is internalized, its subsequent digestion supplies TCA with proline. Also, inhibition of proline degradation leads to a decrease in tumor proliferation in vitro and in vivo. We have shown leucine catabolism is specific to tumor cells and the final degradation products: the β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) appears as a key element of this metabolism. To produce βOHB, tumor cells use HMGCL, a crucial enzyme involved in leucine degradation. In our work we demonstrated that HMGCL suppression in PDAC cells decreases their oncogenic and metastatic capacities in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we have demonstrated in vivo that βOHB increases tumor growth and metastasis formation. Thus, our works show 1/ the metabolic plasticity of cells, 2/the influence of microenvironment on tumor cell metabolism, 3/ the importance to study tumor metabolism for the finding of new therapeutic targets
Bacca, Hélène. "Étude des voies métaboliques des sucres chez l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas : implication dans les mortalités estivales." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S079.
Full textGlycogen, the main form of glucose reserve in bivalves, is know to play a key energetic role in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) annual reproduction cycle. The aim of this work was to study the pathways of glycogen synthesis and utilization in order to explain the relationships between energy, reproduction and oyster summer mortality events. We first characterized full length mRNA sequences of glycogen synthase (Cg-GYS) and glycogen phosphorylase (Cg-GPH). Biochemical determination of enzymatic activities and adjustment of a RNA absolute quantification method allowed us to study several regulation levels for both markers. Quantities of Cg-GYS and Cg-GPH mRNAs showed seasonal variations, with opposite maximum periods, corresponding to glycogen accumulation or utilization. However, no difference was detected in the enzymatic activities of glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP), thus suggesting that several levels of regulation may exist in the control of C. Gigas glycogen metabolism. Moreover, glycogen synthesis was up regulated in vivo by increasing algal diet but neither glucose nor porcine insulin had any effect in vitro on GS and GP activities. Finally, in contribution to the French project MOREST (C. Gigas summer mortality), we extended this work by analyzing mRNAs quantities and enzymatic activities of several elements insolved in the glucose metabolism. Oysters genetically selected for Resistance (R) or Susceptibility (S) to summer mortality may have different strategies of glucose utilization. The potential energetic advantage of R oyster compared to S oyster is discussed
Dominguez, Hélène. "Croissance et flux métaboliques de Corynebacterium glutamicum sur divers sucres : interactions entre transporteurs PTS et voies métaboliques : [thèse en partie soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Toulouse, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAT0051.
Full textBennani, Dosse Mohammed. "Analyses métriques à trois voies." Rennes 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REN20010.
Full textProximity relationships such as similarity, dissimilarity, and distance are usually defined for pairs of objects. Models such as individual differences multidimensional scaling attach a third subscript to the proximities, but that subscript belongs to a member of a different set. This work describes three-way distances, defined on triples, and using five axioms generalized from the usual metric axioms for two-way distance measure. We discuss several examples of such three-way dissimilarities : the semi-perimeter of a triangle formed by three points in space, the three-way star distance and the three-way ultra metric in which the distance is the height of the lowest node on a dendrogram at which three objects join. One important feature of this work is that the approach, introduced by Joly-Le Calve, embraces not only three-way one-mode data but three-way three-mode data as well in which the distance is defined for three objects belonging to three distinct sets. We give new methods which represent the objects of the three sets by a set of points located in a p-dimensional Euclidean space, optimizing a simultaneous representation, such methods are then applied to several real data
Isabelle, Sébastien. "Exploiter la diversité génétique des cultivars de tomates pour mieux comprendre les voies métaboliques des composés volatils." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68540.
Full textTomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is widely appreciated by consumers. The distinctive flavor of tomatoes comes from the interactions between acids, sugars and a complex mixture of volatile compounds. These volatiles are mainly derived from nutrients such as carotenoids, fatty acids and amino acids. Although tomato is considered a model for fruit development, most of the metabolic pathways leading to volatiles synthesis are not yet fully understood. In order to better understand these metabolic pathways, we quantified about 100 volatile compounds in 254 accessions of heirloom, modern and wild tomatoes. We selected 64 tomatoes cultivars based on their aroma profile and performed a transcriptomic analysis. We used a linear regression model and a genome-wide association study to evaluate the relationship between volatile compounds and gene expression, in an effort to better understand the genetic regulation of the various metabolic pathways. The volatiles profile varied considerably among tomatoes cultivars. Volatile compounds within the same metabolic pathway were strongly correlated with each other. On the other hand, the strength of these correlations differed considerably, indicating the presence of limiting steps. Strong correlations between unrelated volatile compounds also indicate possible links between different biosynthetic pathways. The differential emission of several volatiles in the tomato cultivar population strongly correlates with the expression of characterized genes and other candidate genes. A genome-wide association study was used to target short chromosomal regions associated with the emission of certain groups of volatiles in the fruits. Our results demonstrate the potential of these different approaches to better understand the metabolic pathways leading to the biosynthesis of volatile compounds and to uncover new candidate genes.
Madoui, Mohammed-Amine. "Identification d'effecteurs du pouvoir pathogène et de voies métaboliques chez l'oomycète Aphanomyces euteiches par une approche génomique." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/632/.
Full textOomycetes are a group of eukaryotic microorganisms causing devastating diseases on crops. Pea root rot disease caused by the oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches is the causal agent of important damages on legumes. To identify effectors of pathogenicity and metabolic pathways a transcriptomic approach was developped. In silico analysis of 20, 000 cDNAs obtained from the ATCC201684 strain led to the development of a database, AphanoDB, which is an online genomic ressource containing processed A. Euteiches ESTs. Data mining on AphanoDB allowed identifying new putatives effectors, and metabolic pathways, such as a sterol biosynthesis pathway. While most of oomycetes such as Phytophthora are unable to produce their own sterols, all the genes required for sterol synthesis were found in A. Euteiches. Biochemical analysis showed that fucosterol is the major A. Euteiches sterol. Inhibition of sterol synthesis with triazoles, such as tebuconazole and epoxiconazole, led to an inhibition of mycelial growth. This study is the first overview of A. Euteiches genomic, transcriptomic and metabolism that paves the way to the identification of new molecular targets to design anti-Aphanomyces chemicals
Alaoui, Hicham El. "Le métabolisme lipidique des microsporidies : caractérisation des voies métaboliques potentiellement liées à la thérapie chez encéphalitozoon cuniculi." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CLF22233.
Full textCorriveau, Stéphanie. "Étude de l'équilibre entre les voies métaboliques de l'acide arachidonique dans le myomètre de femmes enceintes à terme." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5553.
Full textDebourg, Alain. "La régulation des flux métaboliques au travers des voies de biosynthèse des acides aminés branchés chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212827.
Full textFer, Maude. "Voies métaboliques d'époxydations et d'hydroxylation des acides gras poly-insaturés à longue chaîne par les cytochromes P450 humains." Brest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BRES2002.
Full textSince the discovery of the third catalytic oxidative pathway of arachidonic acid by cytochromes P450, adding to those of lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases, it appeared that these oxylipids (i. E. Lipids containing 3 atoms of oxygen) have important biochemical and biological roles. The goal of this study was to reconsider the epoxidation and hydroxylation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) by 17 human recombinant cytochromes P450 (CYP). The fatty acids studied, 8,11,14-ETA (C20:3 n-6), 5,8,1 1-ETA (C20:3 n-9), AA (C20:4 n-6), EPA (C20:5 n-3) and DHA (C20:6 n-3), were analysed by gas or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry or to a radioactivity detector. We show that CYP2C and 2J2 are the main epoxigenases of these PUFAs. The effect of the number of double bounds and the length of the chain on the activity and the regioselectivity of the reactions depends on the CYP isoform. However, it appears clearly that all CYP2C subfamily members have two binding sites. The others CYPs from families 1 to 3 are also able to epoxidize PUFAs, either by a regioselective pathway, with CYP1A1, 2D6 and 2E1, the epoxydation then being limited to the fatty acids from the ω6 and ω3 families, or by a less regioselective pathway, with CYP1A2 and 3A4, which are able to epoxidize all the studied PUFAs. We also demonstrate that CYP4F are the main hydroxylases of the LC-PUFAs. The ω-hydroxylated compounds are the major products, implicating a strict positionning of the substrate in the active site. For all CYP4 famiiy isoforms, the presence of a double bound in position 14,15 and 17,18 or the absence ofthe 5,6 double bond in the PUFA C20 5,6 decrease the efficiency of formation of the ω-derivatives. This results in a weaker regioselectivity for EPA with a decreased ω/(ω-1) ratio. Similarly, DHA, which belongs to the co3 family, like EPA, shows a smaller ω/(ω-1) ratio than fatty acids from the ω6 and ω9 families. Nevertheless, CYPs from families 1 to 3, known to metabolise drugs, can also hydroxylate LC-PUFAs, preferentially at the (ω-1) position, with the exception of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 that hydroxylate on te bis-allylic positions. Our results are discussed in light of thermodynamic and steric factors that may influence the positioning of the substrate in the enzyme active site
Pérès, Sabine. "Analyse de la structure des réseaux métaboliques : application au métabolisme énergétique mitochondrial." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21282.
Full textMetabolic pathway analysis is essential to study metabolic network behaviour. Theorical approach like elementary flux mode enables to study the network structural properties. Their determination lead to combinatorial explosion of their number when the network is complex. We have applied this formalism to three metabolic networks : mitochondrial energetic metabolism of muscle, liver and yeast. We have elaborate a classification method of elementary modes to analyze the obtained results. This method, based on an agglomeration of commun motifs allows us to interpret classes of elementary modes, to find their biological meaning and to express links between reactions
Al, Shaer Ali. "Analyse des déformations permanentes des voies ferrées : approche dynamique." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2005. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001592.
Full textFetita, Catalin Iulian. "Analyse morphofonctionnelle des voies aériennes en TDM spiralée volumique." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA055021.
Full textCarquet, Marie. "Approches combinatoires pour la reconstruction d'une voie de biosynthèse chez la levure : variation des niveaux d'expression et analyse fonctionnelle d'une étape clé de la voie." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAT0024/document.
Full textTo optimize the production of a value added compound while avoiding toxic consequences on the cell viability, a challenge in the metabolic engineering field is to balance the endogenous metabolic fluxes and the newly consumed fluxes. In this optimization context, combinatorial strategies can generate several variants of synthetic metabolic pathways. This strategy gives precious strategic information on the right combinations of function and regulation choices to be made in the ultimate pathway reconstruction. Our study aimed at the production of the molecules responsible for aroma, dye, and fragrance of saffron (Crocus sativus) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A combinatorial approach was chosen to modulate expression levels of three genes involved in their common precursor biosynthesis: zeaxanthin. This strategy allowed us to describe some unexpected bias in the regulation of the plasmid-encoded genes expression levels. We detected strong transcriptional interference between the different genes in our system, and the ORF nature also seemed to influence the expression levels. These critical factors imposed a stronger regulation of the three genes expression levels than the promoter strength initially chosen to control them. The project was continued toward its final objective by making a detailed functional analysis of the zeaxanthin cleavage reaction leading to the molecules of interest synthesis. This reaction was described to be catalyzed by a specific enzyme, but no activity was observed in our experiments. This result led us to propose some tools to reach the final goal of the project
Soltani, Mohamed. "Distribution lipidique et voies métaboliques chez quatre bactéries Gram-négatives hydrocarbonoclastes : variation en fonction de la source de carbone." Phd thesis, Paris 6, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009276.
Full textStentelaire, Christelle. "Contrôle des voies métaboliques fongiques impliquées dans la biotransformation de la fraction féruloylée de coproduits agricoles en vanilline naturelle." Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX11082.
Full textVila, Nova Meryl. "Détection et identification des mutations et des voies métaboliques associées à l'adaptation à l'hôte dans le pangénome de Salmonella." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC0057.
Full textThe evolution of the genus Salmonella has led to the appearance of species and sub-lineages adapted to different hosts that have a major role in understanding the biological mechanisms of bacterial adaptation. Due to the heavy health and socio-economic burden of salmonellosis, the genus Salmonella is therefore controlled by hospital and food safety laboratories. We have therefore developed two analytical approaches to detect and identify mutations associated with Salmonella host adaptation without a priori on the explanatory genomic elements, identifying the fixed coregenome variants at each node of the phylogenomic inference or identifying pangenomic mutations associated with host adaptation independently of considered bacterial sublineages (GWAS). These two approaches have been linked to the enrichment of corresponding metabolic pathways (GOEA). Because of selection pressures from natural environment of animals, their feeding diets or supplements administered by humans, our results show that the host adaptation of Salmonella may have occurred inside sublineages or between them. These results reinforce the necessity to integrate clonal and panmictic sublineages in order to identify causal mutations associated with host adaptation. In a context of FBO control throughout the food chain, the identification of its recent mutations would improve the attribution models of Salmonella animals’sources and confirm the results of FBO investigations at genomic scale
Tavernier, Patricia. "Etude de la biosynthèse de polymères chez Sinorhizobium Meliloti. Caractérisation par RMN du carbone 13 des voies métaboliques impliquées." Amiens, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AMIE0116.
Full textBurguière, Pierre. "Régulation du transport de la cystine et des voies métaboliques de la biosynthèse de la cystéine chez Bacillus subtilis." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077081.
Full textBacillus subtilis is an aerobic sporulating bacterium living in the ground. It serves as a model for the study of Gram-positive bacteria. In this work, we identified and characterized the three Systems involved in cystine uptake in B. Subtilis : TcyP (symporter cystine::cation), TcyJKLMN and TcyABC (ABC transporters). TcyP and TcyJKLMN are high affinity cystine transporters whereas TcyABC is a minor System. The expression of the tcyABC gènes is weak and constitutive whereas that of the tcyP and tcyJKLMN genes is repressed in the presence of cysteine. The expression of thé ytml operon, which contains the tcyJKLMN genes, is positively controlled by a LysR-type transcriptional regulator, Ytll which specifically binds the DNA sequence located upstream of the operon promoter. The Ytll activity is not modulated by an effector molecule but its synthesis is controlled by CymR, a repressor of the Rrf2 family. Transcriptome experiments showed that CymR is a pleiotropic regulator which controls the expression of almost all the metabolic pathways leading to cysteine in B. Subtilis (transport and biosynthesis) in response to sulfur availability. CymR specifically binds a poorly conserved consensus sequence located in the promoter region of target genes. The different cystine uptake Systems and the pleiotropic repressor are conserved in several bacteria of clinical interest like the Staphilococca and Listeria
Al, shaer Ali. "Analyse des déformations permanentes des voies ferrées ballastées - Approche dynamique." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001592.
Full textCoat, Rémy. "Caractérisation des voies métaboliques et des marqueurs précoces de l'altération microbiologique des ovoproduits au cours de leurs procédés de fabrication." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4038/document.
Full textEgg products are complexes biological matrix constituted of proteins, lipoproteins, lipids and many micronutrient (vitamins, mineral, etc…). However, once broken and mixed, the liquid egg product looses a great deal of its keeping properties, thus becoming an excellent growth media for many bacteria. This uncontrolled bacterial development induces, beside the involved health risks, biochemical alterations which modify the product’s organoleptic qualities. This manuscript aims to study the involved biochemical mechanisms using combined metabolomics approaches (Metabolic profiling by GC-MS and metabolic fingerprinting by GC-MS and NMR). This approach will allow the description and understanding of certain mechanisms which characterization was previously absent or limited. It will also allow the identification of early prediction biomarkers of these biological alterations
Le, Boulch Malo. "Taxonomie et inférence fonctionnelle des procaryotes : développement de MACADAM, une base de données de voies métaboliques associées à une taxonomie." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0131.
Full textProkaryotes are ubiquitous organisms living in communities, whose extreme metabolic diversity iscorrelated with their ubiquity. To contribute to a better understanding of the functional role ofprokaryotes, we developed MACADAM: a database of metabolic pathways associated with aprokaryote-centric taxonomy. The aim is to provide the scientific community with open access tofunctional information data which has been selected for its genomic and annotation quality, whichis interoperable and simply structured, thereby enabling updates to be made to the data gatheredfrom data sources such as MetaCyc, MicroCyc and RefSeq by MACADAM. MACADAM meetsthese criteria. MACADAM includes PGDBs (Pathway/Genome DataBases) assembled fromRefSeq genomes meeting the complete genome quality criteria, by using the Pathway Toolssoftware made available by MetaCyc, a metabolic pathway database. In order to enrich thedatabase and increase the quality of functional information in MACADAM, a collection of expertcurated PGDBs named MicroCyc was added. Its PGDBs are favoured over those of RefSeq.Functional information sourced from the literature contained in FAPROTAX and IJSEM phenotypicdatabases was also added. MACADAM contains 13 509 PGDBs (13 195 bacterial PGDBs and314 archaeal PGDBs) and 1 260 unique metabolic pathways. Built using interoperabletechnologies (Python 3, SQLite), in a downloadable format and with open-source code,MACADAM can be integrated into tools requiring the pairing of functional and taxonomicinformation. To improve its visibility among the microbiology community, MACADAM is availableonline (http://macadam.toulouse.inra.fr). By using the taxonomy of the NCBI Taxonomy database,MACADAM makes it possible to link any taxon—ranging from phylum to species—to its functionalinformation. Each metabolic pathway is associated with two completeness scores (a PS: PathwayScore and a PFS: Pathway Frequency Score). With each update, MACADAM integrates the newversions of RefSeq, NCBI Taxonomy and MicroCyc, allowing any corrections made to thetaxonomy to be promptly amended and to add information on recently-submitted genomes. Twoexamples of ways in which to use MACADAM, and a comparison with an inference approachbased on metagenomic readings allowed for a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses (i)MACADAM and (ii) of inference by a prior taxonomic identification approach. The identification ofindividuals within the prokaryotic community benefits greatly from advances in sequencingtechnology and the refinement of bioinformatics analysis pipelines. The analysis of readings frommetagenomic sequencing leads to the reconstruction of putative genomes and metagenomicspecies. In this context, we examined the problem of correcting taxonomic assignments ofmetagenomic species, by using a phylogenetic tree reconstruction approach on the one hand, andby using an overall genome relatedness index (ANI) on the other hand. This work allowed us toclarify the positioning of nine groups of metagenomic species, and highlighted errors in referencegenome affiliation in Megasphaera and Blautia Obeum. It also allowed us to confirm thereclassification of Ruminococcus gauvreauii into the genus Blautia. To limit errors and preventtheir replication, it is important to ensure the quality of the information contained in the databases.In this context, the scientific community should have better knowledge of the rules of nomenclatureand systematic methods. Further efforts should be made to advocate the merits of correctingdatabase data. Finally, although metagenomics provides a better understanding of the microbialcommunities around us, an effort to cultivate organisms that are said to be uncultivable wouldincrease the knowledge and diversity of prokaryotic organisms in databases. These efforts willhave a direct impact on the quality of functional information and the coverage of MACADAM'sprokaryotic diversity
Peltzer, Juliette. "Établissement de nouvelles lignées murines myogéniques, en vur de l'étude in vitro des régulations coordonnées des voies métaboliques et contractiles." Paris 12, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA120030.
Full textOur objective is to elucidate of factors involved in coordinated regulations of metabolic and contractile pathways of myofibres. We have established myogenic clones derived from satellite cells of the transgenic immortomouse. 1- We have analysed metabolic and contractile markers of clones derived from slow-oxidative and fast-glycolytic adult muscles as well as from newborn muscles. Our data suggest that, only satellite cells from slow muscles are predetermined, yielding differentiated myofribes of a slow phenotype. The WTT clone, derived from newborn muscles will differentiate into a mixed phenotype. This WTT clone was chosen to direct its mixed phenotype towards a more homogeneous slow OR fast phenotype. 2- To reach a slow phenotype, we have selected stably infected WTT clones overexpressing the PPARδ transcription factor involved in the control of oxidative energy metabolism. PPARδ overexpression appears to enhance slow phenotype of the WTT clone. 3- To reach a fast phenotype, we tried to stabilize the HIF-1α protein of WTT cells by using cobalt chloride (CoCl2). Hypoxia will induce stabilisation of HIF-1α, a key regulator involved in response to hypoxic signals. HIF-1α activate enzymes of the glycolytic pathway. 24h treatment favour the accumulation of fast MHC. 96h treatment induces a decrease in expression of the slow phenotypic markers. These results strongly suggest that HIF-1α might regulate fast and slow myofibre phenotypes through independent pathways. Our results suggest that these new myogenic clones will be useful to determine precise molecular mechanisms, implicating PPARδ and HIF-1α in coordinated metabolic and contractile regulations of striated myofribes
Salou, Patrick. "Fermentation malolactique chez Leuconostoc oenos : aspects cinétiques, métaboliques et énergétiques." Toulouse, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAT0018.
Full textGrosse, Yann. "Détermination des voies métaboliques impliquées dans la génotoxicité de la mycotoxine ochratoxine A, par la mise en évidence d'adduits à l'ADN." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT013A.
Full textAbdallahi, Ould Mohamed Salem. "Implication du stress oxydant, du monoxyde d'azote et des voies métaboliques associées, dans la pathogénie de la bilharziose à Schistosoma mansoni." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX22074.
Full textNicoloff, Hervé. "Biodiversité et expression des voies métaboliques chez les bactéries lactiques : biosynthèse du carbamylphosphate chez Lactobacillus plantarum - Régulation de deux protéines homologues." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13204.
Full textTruquet, Rémy. "Variations cycliques et dégagements de chaleur : analyse et voies de controle." Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT065H.
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