Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Analyse des précipitations'
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Roux, Christian. "Analyse des précipitations en hydrologie urbaine - Exemple de la Seine-Saint-Denis." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529474.
Full textDelahaye, Florian. "Analyse comparative des différents produits satellitaires d'estimation des précipitations en Amazonie brésilienne." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00824885.
Full textKacou, Modeste Huberson Ahiba. "Analyse des précipitations en zone sahélienne à partir d'un radar bande X polarimétrique." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2560/.
Full textThis PhD work is on Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) based on Active Remote-Sensing in Africa. As part of the Megha-Tropiques Satellite Ground Validation (MTGV) field campaigns a X-band dual-polarization Doppler radar was deployed in Sahel, West-Africa : during 2010 in Niamey, Niger and during 2012-2013, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Altogether 200 convective systems were observed jointly by the radar and by a network of rain gauges. Based on this data set, a comparative study of several rainfall estimators that use X-band polarimetric radar data is presented. In tropical convective systems as encountered in Sahel, microwave attenuation by rain is significant and QPE at X-band is a challenge. Here, four algorithms based on the combined use of reflectivity, differential reflectivity and differential phase shift are evaluated against rain gauges. The comparisons are carried out for a range of space-time scales. Several comparison methods are proposed. Classical statistical scores are used to evaluate the rainfall time series derived from the radar by comparison with the rain gauges. The spatial structure of the fields and the frequency distributions of the rain rates are also compared. These are important parameters to consider when the rain-fields are to be used for hydrological applications or for satellite validation. The results show that the best performances are for the estimator based on the differential phase shift (KDP); another acceptable solution is the estimation based on the specific attenuation (AH). The overall agreement between the radar derived rainfields and the gauges is high. This PhD work confirms that X-band polarimetric radar is a (relatively) cost effective and quality option for monitoring hydro-meteorological risks in the Tropics
Sun, Xun. "Analyse propabiliste régionale des précipitations : prise en compte de la variabilité et du changement climatique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00934476.
Full textMichot, Véronique. "Analyse spatiale et temporelle de la variabilité des régimes de précipitations dans le bassin amazonien." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN20050/document.
Full textPrecipitations are the main seasonal climate marker between the tropics and largely determine surface hydrolosy as well as many anthropogenic activities. The Amazon Basin is characterized by various regional rainfall patterns, whose spatial and temporal variability is high. Numerous studies have shown that this variability is related to large scale external forcing, such as sea surface temperatures. The analysis of precipitation in this region is generally related to trends or extreme of rainfall. However, the detection of similar years associated with regional sub-regimes and the analysis of their links with a specific ocean-atmosphere configuration has only been fewly addressed until now. The main objective of this thesis is to create a typology of regional precipitation sub-régimes in the Amazon Basin and to link them to ocean-atmosphere areas able to partly explain them. For that purpose data from 205 raingauges in 5 countries of the Amazon Basin were selected and submitted to a series of statistical tests and reconstruction. Outgoing longwave radiation, specific humidity, sea surface temperature, as well as satellite data (TRMM 3B42 version 7) were also used with the aim of improving the understanding of the spatial rainfall variability.Within each of the seven Amazon regions identified in this work, two to four precipitation sub-regimes were detected. Among the twenty six sub-regimes, twenty are associated with specific humidity and sea surface temperature anomalies. The precipitation sub-regimes of the northern half and the westernmost Andes of the Amazon Basin are most closely related to oceanic anomalies. Moreover, as previously described in the literature, reduction or surplus of rain often correspond to El Niño or La Niña phases, but this thesis also highlights the important role of the Atlantic, more specifically the southern part, on the move of the ITZC and on specific humidity. This work also stresses the link between the temporality of ocean events anomalies and rainfall anomalies.The TRMM 3B42 v7 product allows to enhance the analysis of the spatial variability of rainfall at the intra-regional scale of the North region of the Amazon Basin and to relativize the spatial coherence of its precipitation sub-regimes
Pradier, Stéphanie. "Caractéristiques de l'écoulement et des précipitations observés durant MAP : une analyse par radar et simulation numérique." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30149.
Full textPradier, Stephanie. "Caractéristiques de l'écoulement et des précipitations observés durant MAP: une analyse par radar et simulation numérique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00090330.
Full textLes travaux de recherche effectués durant cette thèse sont basés sur l'analyse de plusieurs d'entre elles, ceci au moyen de données de radars Doppler sole et aéroportés, et du modèle numérique méso-échelle non-hydrostatique Méso-NH. Ces travaux visent à établir le scénario et les processus fondamentaux qui ont mené à leur occurrence. Différents types d'évènements pluvieux ont été étudiés : 2 cas de précipitations convectives, le premier à fort cumul de pluie dans la région du Lac Majeur (ouest des Alpes, POI 2B), et un autre sur la région du Frioul (est des Alpes, POI 5) ; puis des conditions pour lesquelles les précipitations se sont révélées plus modérées sur la région du Lac Majeur (POIs 4, 8, 9 et 15) permettant d'étudier un autre mécanisme lié au relief ou non : le processus de blocage.
Sur ces 6 cas d'étude, le facteur dominant responsable du cumul de pluie au sol est le facteur durée : la persistance des précipitations associée au ralentissement du système dépressionnaire au niveau des Alpes mène aux plus forts cumuls. Ceux-ci ont été enregistrés pour les POIs 2B et 8, soit des évènements convectif et stratiforme respectivement. Dans le cas de la POI 2B, c'est un système quasi-stationnaire d'altitude qui est responsable du ralentissement, alors que pour la POI 8 il s'agit de la nature stable du flux incident sur les flancs alpins, et par la suite de son blocage au niveau du relief. Les POIs 4 et 15, caractérisées également par la stabilité du flux d'alimentation des précipitations, illustrent des acs pour lesquels l'arrivée du front froid associé au système dépressionnaire, et par conséquent d'un flux post-frontal antagoniste au flux d'alimentation, est responsable du déplacement des cellules précipitantes. La POI5 est une situation caractérisant le passage rapide du front froid, et l'évolution d'une ligne de cellules convectives associée.
L'effet du relief a été mis en évidence, dans les épisodes pluvieux stratiforme et convectif. Dans tous les cas, ce dernier contribue à renforcer/déclencher les précipitations. Il est responsable de la déviation vers l'ouest des flux incidents stables. L'impact de l'orographie de petite échelle a également été démontré à l'aide de tests numériques, en particulier les irrégularités du relief de l'ordre du kilomètre ont joué un rôle important dans la progression du système précipitant de la POI 5.
Mourre, Lise. "Précipitations dans les Andes tropicales : analyse spatio-temporelle, intercomparaison de forçages et impacts dans un modèle glacio-hydrologique. Cas du Rio Santa au Pérou." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU030/document.
Full textGlobal climate change participates in the redistribution of water resources at the global scale. Impacts are particularly important in mountainous regions where precipitation and temperature gradients are important. In high altitude tropical regions, where precipitation spatial variability is significant, the estimation of precipitation over the broad range of scales of interest for climatologists, meteorologists and hydrologists is challenging. Glacio-hydrological modeling aims at understanding current processes in order to have the ability to give answer on possible evolutions of stream flow that will be caused by climatic changes and the development of anthropogenic activities. The issue of such modeling, in a tropical mountain area, is to reproduce not only the evolution of seasonal flow, but the annual and multi-annual evolution of glaciated areas. However, this type of study is limited by the regionalization of meteorological variables. During the hydrological year 2012/2013, three types of precipitation products (in situ data, satellite data, outputs from a regional climate model (RCM)) are first compared over the Rio Santa watershed in Peru, with an area of 10400 km² which 3.3 % is glaciated, then the impacts of those forcing variables on the outputs of a semi-distributed glacio-hydrological model are evaluated.The satellite product is TRMM 3B42 ; RCM outputs are obtained from WRF at three nested resolutions: 27, 9 and 3 km; daily in situ data are interpolated using a kriging with external drift (KED) algorithm, with the altitude or WRF annual amounts as the external drift. WRF outputs largely overestimate the annual totals, compared to TRMM or KED. However, the physics of the model allows to accurately reproduce the seasonal and daily time cycles of precipitation. TRMM performs poorly over ice covered surfaces and overestimate monthly value during the dry season, making it non representative of precipitation patterns in mountainous areas. Kriging products are good interpolators of precipitation at 3 km resolution. Using altitude as the external drift results in an increase of precipitation to the highest peaks of the Cordillera Blanca; using annual totals of WRF benefits from the atmospheric physic of the model to correctly represent orographic precipitation. Despite a strong overestimation of precipitation quantities, climate modeling provides, for sub-sampled complex topographic area, essential information on the temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation. However, in situ measurements remain essential to estimate precipitation in terms of quantities, and develop interpolation or correction methods of atmospheric model outputs.Glacio-hydrological modeling is performed with the DHSVM-GDM model, including the simulation of glaciated areas and of the glacier dynamic. The strength of such model is to assess the overall element of the water balance, at different time steps. However, it remains difficult to properly represent both the glaciated and non-glaciated areas on a watershed such as the Rio Santa. Using various forcing variables show that a comprehensive study on precipitation is needed before any glacio-hydrological modeling to simulate high altitudes area, impacting the modeling results in terms of ice volume loss
Kouame, Kouakou. "Analyse du champ pluviométrique et de son évolution en Afrique occidentale humide et subhumide." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10174.
Full textKabeche, Ahmed. "Analyse stéréo radar pour la correction de la réflectivité et la restitution d'une cellule précipitante : théorie et application à des données réelles." Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA112127.
Full textFéral, Laurent. "Analyse et modélisation des champs de précipitation pour l'optimisation des liaisons micro-ondes terre/espace." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30167.
Full textGaudart, Jean. "Analyse spatio-temporelle et modélisation des épidémies : application au paludisme à P. falciparum." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20692.
Full textLee, Jisun. "Multifractal Analysis on the Rainfall Rate in Typhoon Cases in 2012, Korea." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC1007.
Full textThe main goal of this thesis is develop a new multifractal nowcasting approach based on radar data, particularly for extreme events. Whereas the previous attempts where based on scalar cascades focused on the rain rate, this thesis will take into account the vector velocity field (and its multifractal variability, e.g. of its horizontal divergence), as well the terrain complexity and the consequent orographic effects. It will take hold on recent development of multivariate multifractal techniques (Schertzer and Tchiguirinskaia, 2015) that makes theoretically possible to represent together the advecting velocity field and the advected scalar field. However, there are still large uncertainties on the choice of the adequate class of models and their parameters, comparison with mesoscale models will be therefore quite helpful. The first stage of this thesis will be devoted to drastically reduce these uncertainties with the help of empirical data analyses, as well as possible theoretical insights (e.g. connectivity properties) and comparison with mesoscale models (e.g. selected key mechanism). The second stage will be devoted to develop and test a concrete nowcasting procedure based on these findings and attempting to use at best the radar data (including their Doppler information) and numerical weather prediction products
Derouiche, Sabrine. "Impact du changement climatique dans les modèles numériques à l'échelle régionale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ025.
Full textThe Mediterranean region is considered one of the most vulnerable areas to climate change because of its socio-cultural wealth and its biodiversity. Several studies about the evolution of different parameters found a significant climate variability at the end of the 20th century. Moreover,according to climate projection models, an intensification of this climate change is expected, over the region, to the end of the 21th century.Consequently, their impacts become more dangerous and expensive. Rain is considered to be the most sensitive signature of climate for humans. Thus, its analysis and the characterization of rainfall regimes over the region allow to apprehend its future evolution. This study is mainly based on daily rainfall observations collected from 70 rain gauge stations over 50-year period (1960-2009) on a regional scale covering all of northern Tunisia. On the other hand, daily precipitations produced by ERA-Interim reanalysis model, equally at regional scale, are also considered in this study. These estimated data have the advantage of being complete over the time and the space. They can have an important role in understanding the climate variability, hence it is essential to assess their quality in relation to observations. The rainfall data processing is novel. Indeed, the analysis of spatial and temporal variability analysis was carried out on the rain event scale. Although rainfall in Tunisia has been analysed by several hydrologists and geographers at different scales ranging from a few minutes to years, the division into rainy episodes and dry episodes proposed in this analysis is original. This approach aims to take into account the intermittent nature of the rain which is one of the fundamental properties of the precipitations. The aggregation of rainy days led to consider six descriptors of rainy events for each measurement point over a period of 50 years. The multidimensional space, thus, created was analysed in the first part by a classic factorial method PCA (Principal Component Analysis), then by the non-linear classification method SOM (Self-Organizing Map) combined with Hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC). The two approaches allowed to understand the rainfall data structures and to define a typology. The principal component analysis summarized the six rainfall descriptors adopted into three main components: the first one is an indicator of the rainfall quantity, the second one represents the intermittent character of rain over the season and the third one is a structure indicator. The spatial interpretation divided the study area into three regions of NE-SW orientation, with an opposition between the North-West facade and its hinterland and the South-East facade and its hinterland with an intermediate zone located between these two regions. Moreover, the thesis investigated the correlations between the principal components of PCAs and climate patterns indices. Significant correlations were found for the North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic Oscillation indices. In addition, relationships between sea surface pressure anomalies and principal components were shown by a composite analysis. The combined methods (SOM and HAC) were applied to rainfall descriptors produced by the rain gauge stations network and highlighted 4 classes with different typologies of wet spells structure. Their spatial and temporal variability was, then, analysed. These classes were used as a reference for the analysis of the reanalysis data.The univariate and multivariate analysis of the model data and the comparison with the observations showed that the number of rainy days and the duration of the events are significantly overestimated in the reanalyses. Moreover, the statistical distributions didn't have the same asymmetry. On the other hand, the model showed a good coherence of the temporal structures of the rainfall classes with the observations on a regional scale
Biaou, Angelbert. "De la méso-échelle à la micro-échelle : désagrégation spatio-temporelle multifractale des précipitations." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001573.
Full textYessad, Karim. "Effets de résolution dans le modèle PERIDOT : analyse diagnostique par divergences de flux." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30120.
Full textChapon, Benoît. "Etude des pluies intenses dans la région Cévennes-Vivarais à l'aide du radar météorologique : régionalisation des traitements radar et analyse granulométrique des pluies au sol." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10236.
Full textWe have studied in the present thesis the development of an automated rainfall typing procedure into convective and stratiform regions based on the use of 3D weather radar data. First, we have shown the strong influence of the radar sampling properties for two algorithms already proposed in the literature by Steiner et al. (1995) and Sanchez-Diezma et al. (2000) for the detection of convective and stratiform precipitation, respectively. This problem was partially overcome by a decision tree and a coupling of the rain typing and the vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR) identification. The final algorithm is shown to significantly improve the raintyping at long ranges (e. G. , greater than 60 km). On the other hand, we have conducted an experiment in Alès during the autumn 2004 to document the Cévennes drop size distributions (DSD) at ground level by using an optical disdrometer. We have first implemented various methods to establish the reflectivity - rain rate relationship (Z-R relationship). Their respective merits were assessed through a self-consistency procedure based on DSD data alone. Then we have studied the seasonal, inter-storm and inner-storm variability of the Z-R relationship and shown the major influence of the inner-storm variability. Finally, we have performed a preliminary study of the link between the 3D radar data and the ground-based DSD data through a comparison of DSD-based and radar-based rain typing
Guilbaud, Sophie. "Prévision quantitative des précipitations journalières par une méthode statistico-dynamique de recherche d'analogues : application à des bassins du pourtour méditerranéen." Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0134.
Full textSicard, Pierre Louis. "Caractérisation des retombées atmosphériques en France en zone rurale sous forme de précipitations, gaz et aérosols. Analyse des tendances spatio-temporelles et des séries chronologiques." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00169222.
Full textSicard, Pierre. "Caractérisation des retombées atmosphériques en France en zone rurale sous forme de précipitations, gaz et aérosols : analyse des tendances spatio-temporelles et des séries chronologiques." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Sicard.pdf.
Full textPlaisance, Hervé. "Étude de la composition chimique des précipitations en France à partir du réseau de MEsures des Retombées Atmosphériques MERA." Compiègne, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996COMPD939.
Full textCreutin, Jean-Dominique. "Validation et étalonnage d'images de télédétection à l'aide de mesures ponctuelles selon une approche géostatique : application à la mesure des précipitations et de l'insolation." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1987. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00686393.
Full textDe, Montera Louis. "Etude de la variabilité micro-échelle des précipitations : Application à la propagation des ondes millimétriques en SATCOM." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00384050.
Full textAfin de prédire l'affaiblissement sur la liaison montante à partir de celui sur la liaison descendante qui opère à une fréquence différente, un modèle de similitude en fréquence a été ajouté au modèle de prédiction. La séparation des effets (gaz, nuage, pluie) est réalisée par un réseau de neurones, puis chaque composante est transposée à la fréquence voulue grâce à des coefficients de similitude spécifiques. L'incertitude sur ces coefficients de similitude implique une gestion combinée des erreurs de prédiction et des erreurs dues à la similitude.
Le modèle de prédiction avec similitude en fréquence a été développé avec des mesures de l'affaiblissement des balises 20/30 GHz du satellite OLYMPUS et est ensuite testé avec des données récentes de l'expérience SYRACUSE3 20/44 GHz. Les premiers résultats de cette expérience concernant les statistiques à long terme de l'affaiblissement sont ensuite présentés et comparés aux modèles standard de l'ITU.
Afin de mieux comprendre le lien entre l'affaiblissement et ses causes physiques, une approche basée sur les propriétés multifractales de la pluie est ensuite présentée. En effet, l'analogie entre la pluie et la finance peut être étendue, car ces deux phénomènes sont liés à des processus turbulents et possèdent des propriétés d'invariance d'échelle intéressantes. Malheureusement, l'analyse multifractale directe des séries temporelles d'affaiblissement ne donne pas de résultats satisfaisants. L'analyse multifractale est donc appliquée dans un premier temps à des séries temporelles de taux de pluie. Une évaluation de l'effet de l'intermittence pluie-non pluie sur l'analyse multifractale montre qu'elle provoque une cassure des relations d'invariance d'échelle et peut biaiser considérablement l'estimation des paramètres. L'analyse multifractale est alors réalisée évènement par évènement, c'est-à-dire avec des séries temporelles ininterrompues. Les résultats montrent que la pluie peut être modélisée par un FIF (Fractionally Integrated Flux) auquel on applique un seuil afin de reproduire l'intermittence pluie-non pluie.
La modélisation multifractale de la pluie est ensuite utilisée afin de simuler une liaison Terre-Satellite et de générer des séries synthétiques d'affaiblissement par la pluie. L'analyse de ces séries simulées permet de mieux comprendre pourquoi l'affaiblissement est difficile à modéliser. En particulier, bien que le champ pluie soit multifractal, les séries temporelles d'affaiblissement ne présentent pas de propriétés d'invariance d'échelle stables et peuvent même présenter un redressement du spectre de puissance aux hautes fréquences. Ces résultats montrent que le redressement du spectre observé empiriquement n'est pas dû uniquement au bruit de scintillation.
Verrier, Sébastien. "Modélisation de la variabilité spatiale et temporelle des précipitations à la sub-mésoéchelle par une approche multifractale." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00734327.
Full textBerne, Alexis. "Précipitations méditerranéennes intenses en milieu urbain : interprétation physique et analyse statistique de mesures à fines échelles spatio-temporelles, impact de la variabilité spatiale sur la réponse de bassins versants." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE10200.
Full textPatou, Maximilien. "Analyse temporelle des propriétés optiques, microphysiques et macrophysiques de systèmes nuageux fortement précipitants à partir de SEVIRI/MSG." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R006/document.
Full textFormation of precipitation and its intensity are the result of the microphysical processes that contribute to the growth of precipitating hydrometeors. Macrophysical features of cloud formation and growth provide a framework of environmental conditions constraining microphysical processes. Cloud observations at high temporal resolution can highlight microphysical processes to better understand them which is essential for short-term prediction of heavy rainfall events within the context of nowcasting. A new methodology to track convective cloud systems with a time resolution of five minutes was developed from SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) on board Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) geostationary satellite. A temporal analysis of cloud top microphysical properties (cloud top phase, cloud effective radius), cloud optical properties (cloud optical thickness), cloud top macrophysical properties (perimeter to area ratio, mean temperature) and ground based precipitation estimation was conducted. Particular temporal trends of cloud top properties was observed over a 30 minutes to 2h rainfall enhancement period. This result provides an analytical basis to determine future precursors of heavy rainfall events
Thériault, Nathalie. "Analyse de sensibilité et amélioration des simulations d’albédo de surfaces enneigées dans les zones subarctiques et continentales humides à l’est du Canada avec le schéma de surface CLASS." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6946.
Full textAbstract : The surface energy balance of northern regions is closely linked to surface albedo (fraction of solar radiation reflected by a surface) variations. These variations are strongly influenced by the presence, depth and physical properties of the snowpack. Climate change affects significantly snow cover evolution, and decreases surface albedo and snow albedo with positive feedback to climate. Despite the importance of the albedo, many models empirically compute it, which can induce significant biases with albedo observations depending on studied surfaces. The Canadian Land Surface Scheme, CLASS (used in Canada into the Canadian Regional Climate Model, and the Global Climate Model), simulates the spatial and temporal evolution of snow state variables including the albedo. The albedo is computed according to the depth of snow on the ground as well as the accumulation of snow in trees. The albedo seasonal evolution for snow on ground is estimated in CLASS from an empirical aging expression with time and temperature and a “refresh” based on a threshold of snowfall depth. The seasonal evolution of snow on canopy is estimated from an interception expression with trees type and snowfall density and an empirical expression for unloading rate with time. The objectives of this project are to analyse albedo behavior (simulated and measured) and to improve CLASS simulations in winter for Eastern Canada. To do so, sensitivity test were performed on prescribed parameters (parameters that are used in CLASS computation, their values are fixed, and determined empirically). Also, albedo evolution with time and meteorological conditions were analysed for grass and coniferous terrain. Finally, we tried to improve simulations by optimizing sensitive prescribed parameters for grass and coniferous terrain, and by modifying the refresh albedo value for grass terrain. First, we analysed albedo evolution and modelling biases. Grass terrain showed strong sensitivity to the precipitation rate threshold (for the albedo to refresh to its maximum value), and to the value of the albedo refresh. Both are affected by input data of precipitation rate and phase. The modification of precipitation threshold rate generates daily surface albedo to vary mainly (75 % of data in winter) between 0.62 and 0.8, which is a greater fluctuation than for a normal simulation over winter. The modification of the albedo refresh value generates surface albedo to vary mainly (75 %) between 0.66 and 0.79, but with extreme values, 25 % of data, from 0.48 to 0.9. Coniferous areas showed small sensitivity to studied prescribed parameters. Also, comparisons were made between simulated and measured mean albedo during winter. CLASS underestimates the albedo by -0.032 (4.3 %) at SIRENE (grass in Southern Quebec), by -0.027 (3.4 %) at Goose Bay (grass in arctic site) and by -0.075 (27.1 %) at James Bay (boreal forest) (or -0.011 (5.2 %) compared to MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data). A modelling issue in grass terrain is the small and steady maximum albedo value (0.84) compared to measured data in arctic condition (0.896 with variation of an order of 0.09 at Goose Bay, or 0.826 at SIRENE with warmer temperatures). In forested areas, a modelling issue is the small albedo increase (+0.17 in the visible range, +0.04 in NIR) for the part of the vegetation that is covered by snow (total surface albedo gets to a maximum of 0.22) compared to events of high surface albedo (0.4). Another bias comes from the albedo value of the snow trapped on canopy which does not decrease with time in opposition to observed surface albedo which is lower at the end of winter and which suggests snow metamorphism occurred. Secondly, we tried to improve simulations by optimizing prescribed parameters and by modifying the albedo’s maximum value computation. Optimisations were made on sensitive prescribed parameters or on those that seemed unsuited. No significant RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) improvements were obtained from optimisations in both grass and coniferous area. Improvements of albedo simulations were tried by adjusting the maximum value (normally fixed) with temperature and precipitation rate, in grass terrain. Results show that these modifications did not significantly improved simulations’ RMSE. Nevertheless, the latter modification improved the correlation between simulated and measured albedo. These statistics were made with the whole dataset which can reduce the impact of modifications (they were mainly affecting albedo during a precipitation event), but it allows to overview the new model performance. Modifications also added variability to maximum values (closer to observed albedo) and they increased our knowledge on surface albedo behavior (simulated and measured). The methodology is also replicable for other studies that would aim to analyse and improve simulations of a surface model.
Gires, Auguste. "Analyses et simulations multifractales pour une meilleure gestion des eaux pluviales en milieu urbain et péri-urbain." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00780472.
Full textAyina, Ludos-Hervé. "Etude des modes de variabilité de l'océan Atlantique tropical et de leur sensibilité à l'impact des décharges fluviatiles et des précipitations." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066019.
Full textLeroy-Dos, Santos Christophe. "Variabilité du cycle hydrologique atmosphérique en régions polaires à partir de mesures des isotopes stables de l'eau dans la vapeur, les précipitations et les carottes de névé." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASJ006.
Full textIn a global warming context, understanding the evolution of sea level rise is a major challenge. It is key to estimate the evolution of the atmospheric hydrological cycle in the polar regions, which directly influences the surface mass balance of the Arctic and Antarctic ice caps (the two largest freshwater reservoirs on the planet). Records are available from satellite data for the last 50 years and a few rare weather data since the 50's in Antarctica, but these records are too short to study the patterns of interannual variability and the difference between anthropogenic and natural signals. One of the best ways to access longer records is to use climate proxies in snow cores. The water isotopic composition in these cores is widely used to reconstruct past temperature variations. However, the link between temperature and isotopic composition is not very well constrained because many other parameters influence the isotopic composition of snow at the time of its formation (i.e. temperature, altitude, humidity, origin of the air mass) or after snow deposition on the surface (i.e. atmosphere-snow exchange, signal scattering, sublimation of surface snow).The objective of this thesis is to better understand the atmospheric hydrological cycle and its influence on the isotopic composition of vapour and precipitation in polar regions with the idea of improving the interpretation of snow core records in these regions. This work is divided into 3 parts.Firstly, we developed a technical solution to meet the challenge of measuring the vapor isotopic composition all year round in polar regions. Indeed, winter being very dry in these regions (down to 10 ppmv at Dome C in winter), the use of a Picarro laser analyzer is limited because it is very sensitive to humidity variations below 2000 ppmv. Winter is a key season in the polar regions as it is associated with significant climate variability due to numerous synoptic events. During this thesis, the fabrication of 2 prototypes of low humidity level generator (LHLG) allowed the calibration of the Picarro analyzers over a range of 200 to 2500 ppmv.Then, I analyzed the longest series of vapor and precipitation isotopic composition measurements ever performed in a polar region: 4.5 years continuously at 78°N in Svalbard. I showed that the water isotopic composition at this measurement site was unsignificantly influenced by local processes. Thanks to this, I was able to attribute the observed winter variability to synoptic events and thus assign a different isotopic signature to the air masses according to their origin (North Atlantic or Arctic).Finally, I installed the new calibration instrument (LHLG) built at the beginning of my PhD at Dumont D'Urville (DDU), on the coast in Terre Adélie. Thanks to this, the first continuous measurement campaign of the vapor isotopic composition at DDU initiated in January 2019 is still ongoing. I present here the first 22 months of this new record. This unique series makes possible to document the isotopic signature of the atmospheric hydrological cycle in Terre Adélie all year round. I have studied the influence of katabatic winds, sea ice and atmospheric rivers on the signal recorded in the vapor. These preliminary results open perspectives for the interpretation of recently drilled cores from the ASUMA program
Ducrocq, Véronique. "Etude de l'énergétique de bandes précipitantes simulées à l'aide du modèle PERIDOT." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30205.
Full textKamsu, Tamo Pierre Honoré. "Analyse de la variabilité atmosphérique à l'échelle intrasaisonnière et de sa prévisibilité au dessus de la côte guinéenne et de l'Afrique Centrale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066401.
Full textIn this study we document the intraseasonal variability of the tropical convection and its predictability during the rainy season over the Central Africa and the Gulf of Guinea. Here, our study mainly focuses on seasons of the year for which the ITCZ is north of the equator. Based separate studies carried out on March to June and September to November seasons, we are able to identify three main modes of variability that modulate tropical convection and rainfall in West and Central Africa. During these two seasons, while individual rain-producing systems move westward, their activity is highly modulated by eastward propagating subregional and regional scale systems. Results of detailed analysis indicate the coupling between tropical convection and equatorial Kelvin wave in the region. The phases of these eastward propagating signals play an important role by regulating the organization of convective systems. Moreover, the role played by westward propagating signals (Rossby wave in particular) and Mediterranean air intrusion needs to be taken into account. These systems by interacting with Kelvin wave, may modulate the phases of convective activity in the region. Therefore, external forcing associated with these systems can be useful to the predictability of the intraseasonal modes the region. A multi model diagnostic study is performed using data available from the TIGGE project in order to evaluate the predictability of each of the main modes of variability. For a typical phase of these modes, there seems to be a statistically significant skill associated with predictability of beyond 10 days, especially for predictions initiated from active main sources
Al-Sakka, Hassan. "Contribution à l'étude de la couche limite en ciel clair et sous la précipitation à partir du radar en bande X, CURIE (Canopée Urbaine Radar pour l'étude des Interactions et des Echanges)." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00681678.
Full textFontin, Mickaël. "Contribution à la génération de séries synthétiques de pluies, de débits et de températures." Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT117H.
Full textKamsu, Tamo Pierre Honoré. "Analyse de la variabilité atmosphérique à l'échelle intrasaisonnière et de sa prévisibilité au dessus de la côte guinéenne et de l'Afrique Centrale." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066401/document.
Full textIn this study we document the intraseasonal variability of the tropical convection and its predictability during the rainy season over the Central Africa and the Gulf of Guinea. Here, our study mainly focuses on seasons of the year for which the ITCZ is north of the equator. Based separate studies carried out on March to June and September to November seasons, we are able to identify three main modes of variability that modulate tropical convection and rainfall in West and Central Africa. During these two seasons, while individual rain-producing systems move westward, their activity is highly modulated by eastward propagating subregional and regional scale systems. Results of detailed analysis indicate the coupling between tropical convection and equatorial Kelvin wave in the region. The phases of these eastward propagating signals play an important role by regulating the organization of convective systems. Moreover, the role played by westward propagating signals (Rossby wave in particular) and Mediterranean air intrusion needs to be taken into account. These systems by interacting with Kelvin wave, may modulate the phases of convective activity in the region. Therefore, external forcing associated with these systems can be useful to the predictability of the intraseasonal modes the region. A multi model diagnostic study is performed using data available from the TIGGE project in order to evaluate the predictability of each of the main modes of variability. For a typical phase of these modes, there seems to be a statistically significant skill associated with predictability of beyond 10 days, especially for predictions initiated from active main sources
grazzini, jacopo. "Analyses multiéchelle et multifractale d'images météorologiques: Application à la détection de zones précipitantes." Phd thesis, Université de Marne la Vallée, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005940.
Full textcaractérisation, sur des images météorologiques infrarouges, des systèmes convectifs
susceptibles d'engendrer de fortes pluies.
L'étude des propriétés statistiques des phénomènes
observés révèle une évolution chaotique, mise en évidence par l'invariance d'échelle de
certaines grandeurs significatives. Pour les étudier, nous introduisons des méthodes
multiéchelles de traitement d'image dérivées de concepts
thermodynamiques et qui constituent un prolongement des méthodes
d'analyse de la turbulence. Nous utilisons tout d'abord un modèle
multifractal afin de détecter les singularités du signal et d'extraire,
dans une décomposition hiérarchique de l'image, des structures
pertinentes pour la compréhension des mécanismes atmosphériques.
Nous proposons ensuite une extension de ce modèle
permettant d'exhiber les zones de diffusion de la
luminance dans l'image et d'identifier les zones de convection associées aux
précipitations.
Hanhoun, Mary. "Analyse et modélisation de la précipitation de struvite : vers le traitement d'effluents aqueux industriels." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPT0037/document.
Full textThe reduction of phosphorus contribution in wastewater, governed by the European directive of 1991 (91/271/EEC) is regarded as the key factor of the fight against pollution of rivers and lakes. This work concerns exclusively the study of the controlled struvite formation (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) by precipitation as an alternative removal of phosphorus and, consequently, of ammonium from waste-water discharges. The valorization of the precipitate as a fertilizer constitutes an asset of the process. In this general context, the objective consists in developing a methodology combining an experimental approach with struvite precipitation modelling. A synthetic effluent containing phosphorus, magnesium and ammonium was used as a model solution to study the role of temperature, concentration in reagents and pH on struvite precipitation efficiency as well as on particle size distribution in a stirred tank reactor. Various analysis methods of both solid and liquid phases (spectrophotometry, atomic absorption, laser granulometry, MEB and Morphology) were used. The residual concentration of magnesium, ammonium and phosphorus allows to determine the conversion rate of these compounds and to study a likely formation of a co-product. The proposed framework is based on a two-level modelling approach. The former level, based on an equilibrium prediction of the study system Mg-PO4-NH4, involves, on the one hand, the computation of the final conversion rate of phosphate as a function of equilibrium pH at different temperatures and, on the other hand, the temperature impact assessment on struvite solubility product. The numerical strategy implies a genetic algorithm (NSGA II) to initialize a traditional algorithm of resolution (Raphson Newton) and to guarantee the robustness of the process. In the second stage, a population balance-based model coupled with the thermodynamic one predicts the particle size distribution. This approach turns out to be particularly numerically stable for the identification of nucleation and particle growth kinetics parameters that are then used to predict the size distribution, typical of a nucleation - growth model, using a method of reconstruction. The proposed methodology is particularly interesting for the treatment of industrial waste-water discharges that may be of variable quality as well as for the prediction of the process efficiency for which pH control and supersaturation constitute key parameters
Niang, Aliou. "Contribution à l’étude de la précipitation des phases intermétalliques dans l’alliage 718." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0008/document.
Full textMany structural alloys are strengthened by the presence of precipitates in the grains or at grain boundaries. Nickel based superalloys often present an austenitic γ matrix in which ordered intermetallic phases precipitate. In the alloy Inconel 718, one can find γ’ L12 cubic ordered precipitates together with the compound Ni3Nb in its metastable form γ" (D022 - tetragonal) or the stable phase δ (D0a - orthorhombic). The incidence of those precipitates on macroscopic properties of the alloy 718 is well known and widely used in industrial applications. However the mechanisms responsible for the precipitation and transformation of these phases are not fully understood, which motivated the present study. The alloy microstructure has been observed by optical microscopy (OM) and electron microscopy (scanning and transmission, SEM and TEM) in the as received state as well as after heat treatment (isothermal and anisothermal). Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to determine the precipitation and dissolution temperatures of the phases γ', γ" and δ. Various precipitation microstructures were obtained by heat treatments based on available TTT diagrams. Some of the structural defects present in γ" and δ precipitates have been characterised by lattice imaging TEM observations. It is shown that stacking faults in γ’’ phase can act as a seed for the germination of . The structure of the δ/γ interface and the orientation defects in δ lamellae suggest that the growth of δ phase occurs directly from the matrix (and not by transformation of the γ’’ phase)
Kopp, Viktor. "Analyse et modélisation de transformations de phase par précipitation dans des alliages de magnésium modèles." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00582337.
Full textKopp, Viktor. "Analyse et modélisation de transformations de phase par précipitation dans des alliages de magnésium modèles." Phd thesis, Rouen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ROUES029.
Full textKinetics of first stages of precipitation in Mg-RE alloys have been studied by means of Atom Probe and by Transmission electron microscopy techniques. Formation and development of ordered coherent β''-precipitates from the HCP solid solution of a binary Mg-2. 6Nd and a ternary Mg-2. 6Y-2. 7Nd (wt. %) alloys were investigated at 150°C. In the binary alloy, the β''-precipitates form as plates on the {1010} prismatic planes. They grow in [0001] and [1120] directions, whereas the thickening of plates is insignificant or absent. Investigation of the ternary alloy showed that additions of Yttrium significantly slow down the kinetics. Only plate-like solute-rich atomic heterogeneities were observed at long aging times. The present work also makes a contribution to the determination of the binary Mg-Nd diagram ascertaining the high temperature solubility of Nd in Mg. In parallel, simulation of the kinetics of the formation of the DO19 phase from the hcp solid solution has been undertaken in A–5. 5% at B by Atomistic Kinetic Monte-Carlo method. Main attention has been paid to the investigation of the influence of the atom-vacancy mobility, controlled by the asymmetry parameter u, on the kinetic pathways. It was shown that u only influences short range ordering in the first shell during the very early stages. Overall kinetics is independent on the value of u. Coarsening of DO19 precipitates proceeds by the evaporation-condensation mechanism whatever the value of u. The mean precipitate size increases according to the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner law
Roy, Marc-André. "Rivière Coaticook : 1960-1982 : analyse de la relation précipitation - débit d’inondation pour l’ensemble du bassin-versant." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7890.
Full textGrazzini, Jacopo. "Analyses multiéchelle et multifractale d'images météorologiques : application à la détection de zones précipitantes." Marne-la-Vallée, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005940v2.
Full textWe are interested with the characterization, on meteorological infrared images, of convective clouds responsible for hard weather situations like rainfalls. The study of the statistical and physical properties of atmospherical phenomena reveals a chaotic and turbulent behaviour, characterized by the scale invariance of some relevant quantities defined on the system. In this context, we use multiscale image processing tools derived from thermodynamical concepts that were initially introduced for turbulent data analysis. First, a multifractal model allows us to detect the strongest transitions in the signal and provides a hierarchical decomposition of the image. We show that the exhibited geometrical structures are related with the atmospherical mecanisms. Then, we propose to extend the multifractal formalism to extract the foci of diffusion of the luminance in the image. We finally identify those foci in infrared images with convective areas associated with rainfalls. Keywords : image processing, multiscale analysis, scale invariance, multifractal formalism, multifractal
Baillon, Fabien. "Procédé de synthèse du dioxyde de titane : analyse et modélisation des solutions titane-sulfate; influence des ultrasons sur la précipitation." Paris, ENMP, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENMP1046.
Full textQuarello, Annarosa. "Développement de nouvelles méthodes d’homogénéisation des données atmosphériques GNSS. Application à l’étude de la variabilité climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS457.
Full textHomogenization is an important and crucial step to improve the use of observational data for climate analysis. This work is motivated by the analysis of long GNSS Integrated Water Vapor (IWV) data which have not yet been used in this context. These series are affected by inhomogeneities linked to changes in the instrumentation, in the environment, and in the data processing procedure. Due to the natural variability of the series we actually work on the time series of differences, using ERA-Interim reanalysis as reference for the climate signal. A base assumption is that the differences contain only the signature of the abrupt changes from the GNSS series which can be detected by means of a segmentation algorithm. Careful analysis of the segmentation results allows to sort the cases when this assumption is actually not true. The main contribution of this thesis was the development a novel segmentation method dedicated to detecting changes in the mean of the GNSS-ERA-Interim IWV difference series. This segmentation model integrates a periodic bias and a heterogeneous, monthly varying, variance to properly fit the characteristics of the series. The method consists of first estimating the variance using a robust estimator and then estimating the segmentation parameters (the positions of the change-points, the means of the segments) and the periodic bias model in a sequential way. The segmentation parameters and the periodic bias model are estimated iteratively for a fixed number of change-points. The inference is achieved by the classical maximum likelihood procedure using the dynamic programming algorithm for the estimation of the segmentation parameters which provides the exact solution in a reasonable amount of time. The procedure is repeated for all the numbers of change-points tested between 0 and a maximum (about 30). Finally, the optimal number of change-points is chosen using a penalized model selection strategy. Several criteria are tested. The method is implemented in the R GNSSseg package available on CRAN. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated by numerical simulations. An application for a real dataset of 120 global GNSS stations in the global IGS network is presented for the period from January 1995 to December 2010. Inspection of the results reveals that the detected change-points contain a fraction (~ 20 %) of outliers which are characterized by double detections with two large offsets, generally of opposite signs, close together, e.g. a few tens of days apart. In order to detect and eliminate the outliers a screening method was developed. The final set of change-points is validated with respect to GNSS metadata which contain information on equipment changes that occurred at the stations. The percentage of validation remains moderate at the level of 20 % despite all the changes are statistically significant. Some of the change-points may actually be due to the reference series (ERA-Interim). Finally, the segmentation information (dates of the change-points) is included in a linear regression algorithm which is used to estimate the GNSS IWV trends. The estimated trends are tested for significance and compared to the ERA-Interim trends. Higher spatial consistency in the GNSS trends and improved consistency is found after homogenisation with ERA-Interim in regions where the reanalysis is known to perform well. [...]
Zamrane, Zineb. "Recherche d’indices de variabilité climatique dans des séries hydroclmatiques au Maroc : identification, positionnement temporel, tendances et liens avec les fluctuations climatiques : cas des grands bassins de la Moulouya, du Sebou et du Tensift." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT181/document.
Full textThis work is to characterize the temporal and spatial variability of hydroclimatic time series (rainfall, flow) at three large basins in Morocco; (basins of the Sebou and Moulouya Tensift) and look links between the hydrologic variability and climate fluctuation materialized by various climate indices, NAO, SOI, WMOI. The approach to study is based on statistical analysis of time series, related to time and space dimensions.The great watershed of continental scale as Tensift, Sebou and Moulouya in Mediterranean climate under oceanic influence, integrate over large areas the hydrological response to climate and environmental changes (climate fluctuations, precipitation, flows) not only to large spatial and temporal scales, but also to changes in the physical environment anthropogenic (land use changes, developments ...), which sometimes makes difficult to identify the links between hydrological variability and climate variability. The main objective of this work is to determine and quantify the relationships between hydrological variability and climate fluctuations (regionalised precipitation, climate change indexes) across each studied basin and its main sub-basins, via using spectral analysis methods adapted to the study of non-stationary processes (continuous wavelet analysis, coherence analysis wavelet). Many modes of variability are identified from the station analysis (rainfall and flow rates), the annual cycle to 16-22 years, this analysis will be complemented by a grid analysis, the data come from a (SIEREM) file covering the period from 1940 to 1999, which will allow a better understanding of the spatial variability of signals set highlighted. Which is identified frequencies the 1 year 8-16 years, distinguished different time periods at each basin, three main discontinuities identified in 1970, 1980 and 2000. The contribution of climatic indices is important enough it is between 55% and 80%
Thao, Nguyen Thi Phuong. "Analyse statistique et analyse spatiale des valeurs extrêmes de précipitation : application de cette méthode pour cartographie des caractéristiques pluviométriques de la région Cévennes-Vivarais." Grenoble INPG, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPG0034.
Full textMaisse, Éric. "Analyse et simulations numériques de phénomènes de diffusion-dissolution - précipitation en milieux poreux, appliquées au stockage de déchets." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10021.
Full textIchiba, Abdellah. "Données radar bande X et gestion prédictive en hydrologie urbaine." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1007/document.
Full textThe main goal of this thesis was to achieve a reliable management tool of storm water storage basins using high resolution X-band radar. It turned out that it required several research developments. The analysed case study includes a retention basin of 10000 m3 located in Val de Marne county downstream of a 2.15 km2 urban catchment. It has a twofold goal: storm water decontamination and flood protection by volume storage. Operationally the management strategies associated with these two aims are conflicting; hence, a predictive management has been set up: a routine exploitation of the basin in the anti-pollution mode, and a switch to the flood protection mode when needed. It should be based a reliable knowledge of short-term rainfall forecasts. A common way to respond to operational needs of the predictive management is to set up a warning system based on the use of radar data. For example, the CALAMAR system relies on the use of single-polarization raw radar data, coming from Meteo-France radar network, being processed with the conventional Z-R conversion methods followed by a calibration with rain gauge. However, the reliability of such warning systems has been subject to debate, often due to a questionable quality of the resulting radar rainfall estimates, compared to local rain gauges. Therefore a new methodology for more meaningful comparison of radar rainfall field products was developed during this PhD project. Being rooted to the multifractal theory, it allows a comparison of the structure and the morphology of rainfall fields in both space and time through scales. It was initially tested on CALAMAR and Meteo-France rainfall products before being applied for results confirmation on initial data from a X band radar, acquired by Ecole des Ponts ParisTech in the framework of the European project RainGain and providing data at higher resolution (up to 100 m in space and 1 min in time). The obtained results not only highlight the crucial influence of raw data processing on the scaling behaviour, but also permit to pre-define the conditions when the CALAMAR optimization may worsen the quality of rainfall estimates. Such conditions would be very difficult to detect with widely used conventional methods, which rely on a very limited number of radar pixels (only those containing rain gauges). Further extensions of the proposed methodology open new horizons for the rainfall data merging. While the scientific literature, notably around the TOMACS experiment in Japan and CASA one in the United States, highlights the operational benefits of higher resolution rainfall measurements thanks to X-band radars, its impact on the performance of hydrological models still remains a subject of debate. Indeed previous research, mainly based on conceptual models remains inconclusive. To overcome these limitations, we used two models relying on two very distinct modelling approaches: CANOE (semi-distributed and conceptual) and Multi-Hydro (fully distributed and physically based research model developed at ENPC). An operational version of CANOE and a new much finer configuration, which increases the sensitivity of the model to spatio-temporal variability of small-scale rainfall, were used. Several extensions of the Multi-Hydro were developed, including an optimization of its resolution, which greatly improves its whole functionality. It appears from this work that by taking into account the spatial and temporal variability of small-scale rainfall, the performance of hydrologic models can be increased up to 20%.Overall, we believe that this dissertation contributes to the development of new, reliable, operational tools to use in their full extent the high-resolution X-band data
Pambrun, Vaitea. "Analyse et modélisation de la nitrification partielle et de la précipitation concomitante du phosphore dans un réacteur à alimentation séquencée." Toulouse, INSA, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ISAT0049.
Full textFor highly concentrated ammonia effluents (containing 300 to 1000 mg NH4 +-N. L-1), partial nitrification can be used to optimize the treatment process. The most challenging aspect is to maintain a long term stable nitrite accumulation. A sequencing batch reactor allows a total conversion of ammonia to nitrite. The main control parameters are pH, applied load and cycle duration time (aerated periods). Process control, based on on-line oxygen uptake rate, allowed to optimize the process cycle duration time, whatever was the influent ammonia concentration or the biological activity. With this system, a high loading was reached (2 kg NH4 +-N. M-3. J-1), with complete removal of ammonia and a maximal conversion of nitrogen into nitrite. The main biological mechanism was the inhibition of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria by free ammonia (NH3). A mathematical model was developed, calibrated and validated for the description of the two-step nitrification. The effluent used in this work contained a high phosphate concentration and a low COD/N ratio, and produced a sludge enriched in mineral matter and autotrophic bacteria. The concomitant precipitation of phosphorus showed a minimal phosphorus removal efficiency of 40%, reaching 90% when the ammonium concentration in the reactor was high. This adaptive process control offers a promising way to simultaneously treat nitrogen and phosphorus in the same reactor, minimizing energy needs and favoring the possible valorisation of the phosphorus present in the sludge
Djoufack, Viviane. "Étude multi-échelles des précipitations et du couvert végétal au Cameroun : Analyses spatiales, tendances temporelles, facteurs climatiques et anthropiques de variabilité du NDVI." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690359.
Full text