Dissertations / Theses: 'Analyse des infiltrations'

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Väyrynen, J. (Juha). "Immune cell infiltration and inflammatory biomarkers in colorectal cancer." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2014. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526206417.

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Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies and causes of cancer deaths in Finland. Increased number of tumor-infiltrating immune cells has been associated with improved survival in CRC. However, accurate, reproducible analysis methods, as well as better understanding of the interrelationships between different inflammatory markers would be important in order to establish a valuable prognostic and potentially predictive tool. In these studies, a computer-assisted method for the analysis of the densities of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and a quantitative method for the evaluation of CRC-associated lymphoid reaction (CLR) were adopted and validated. Utilizing the new methods, the inflammatory cell infiltration was characterized in independent groups of 418 (Cohort 1) and 149 (Cohort 2) CRC patients. Serum matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) levels were measured in Cohort 2 and in a control group of 83 healthy age- and gender-matched controls. The automated cell counting method was found accurate and reproducible. In the tumor samples, there were high positive correlations between different types of immune cells, with the exception of mast cells and CD1a+ immature dendritic cells. High numbers of T cells predicted improved disease-free survival. High CLR density correlated with low tumor stage, but also with better survival regardless of stage. The median serum MMP-8 level of the patients was more than three times higher than that of the healthy controls. In conclusion, the present studies provide insight into the significance of various immune cell types and inflammatory markers in CRC and validate new methods for the analysis of immune cell infiltration in CRC. The results suggest that, especially, the densities of tumor-infiltrating T cells and CLR represent relevant prognostic indicators in CRC. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential value of serum MMP-8 as an aid for CRC diagnostics, surveillance, or prognostication
Tiivistelmä Kolorektaalisyöpä on yksi yleisimmistä pahanlaatuisista kasvaintaudeista ja syöpäkuolemien aiheuttajista Suomessa. Tulehdussolujen korkean määrän kasvainnäytteissä on havaittu olevan yhteydessä potilaiden parempaan ennusteeseen. Tarkat ja luotettavat analyysimenetelmät sekä tieto eri tulehdusmerkkiaineiden keskinäisistä yhteyksistä olisivat tärkeitä, jotta tulehdussolukon määritystä voitaisiin luotettavasti käyttää potilaiden ennusteen arviointiin. Tutkimuksessa otettiin käyttöön ja validoitiin uusi tietokonepohjainen menetelmä kasvaimen tulehdussolukon arviointiin sekä uusi menetelmä kolorektaalisyövän imukeräsreaktion arviointiin. Kasvainnäytteiden tulehdussolukon määrää ja laatua analysoitiin itsenäisissä 418 (Kohortti 1) ja 149 (Kohortti 2) kolorektaalisyöpäpotilaan aineistoissa uusia menetelmiä hyödyntäen. Lisäksi kohortilta 2 sekä 83 terveeltä ikä- ja sukupuolivalikoidulta verrokilta määritettiin seerumin matriksin metalloproteinaasi-8 (MMP-8) -taso. Tietokonepohjaisen kuva-analyysin tarkkuus ja toistettavuus todettiin erinomaiseksi. Kasvainnäytteistä analysoitujen tulehdussolutyyppien määrät olivat riippuvaisia toisistaan mast-soluja ja CD1a+ epäkypsiä dendriittisoluja lukuun ottamatta. T-solujen runsas määrä oli yhteydessä taudin vähäisempään uusiutumisriskiin. Korkea imukerästiheys kasvainnäytteissä oli yhteydessä matalaan levinneisyysasteeseen sekä potilaiden parempaan ennusteeseen levinneisyysasteesta riippumatta. Seerumin MMP-8-tason mediaani oli potilailla yli kolme kertaa korkeampi kuin terveillä verrokeilla. Tutkimus tuo lisätietoa eri tulehdussolutyyppien ja tulehdusmerkkiaineiden merkityksestä kolorektaalisyövässä, ja sen tuloksena validoitiin uusia tulehdussolukon analysointimenetelmiä. Tulosten perusteella erityisesti kasvaimen alueen T-solujen ja imukerästen tiheys tuovat hyödyllistä tietoa potilaiden ennusteesta. Lisätutkimuksia tarvitaan seerumin MMP-8:n mahdollisesta soveltuvuudesta kolorektaalisyövän diagnostiikan, seurannan tai ennusteen määrittämisen apuvälineeksi

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Mubarak, Ibrahim. "Caractérisation des paramètres hydrodynamiques du sol sous irrigation localisée : analyse de leur évolution spatio-temporelle : application à la modélisation." Grenoble INPG, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPG0046.

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Les propriétés hydrodynamiques du sol jouent un rôle essentiel dans le transfert d’eau en micro-irrigation. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont d’évaluer l’évolution spatio-temporelle des paramètres hydrodynamiques de parcelles irriguées en goutte à goutte, GàG, et d’analyser leurs impacts sur le transfert d’eau au moyen de la modélisation. Les paramètres hydrodynamiques, déterminés à l’aide de la méthode Beerkan, évoluent tout au long du cycle cultural sous l’effet de l’irrigation et de la croissance racinaire. L’analyse géostatistique a permis de vérifier la stabilité de la structure spatiale de ces paramètres, indépendante de la méthode d’infiltration et dépendante de la méthode de calcul. La modélisation analytique et numérique ont indiqué que l’impact de ces deux variabilités sur l’évolution des profils d’humidité, est négligeable dans notre contexte agro-pédoclimatique. Le rôle hydrodynamique du sol semble ainsi limité à un simple facteur d’échange entre le goutteur et les racines
Soil water flows under drip irrigation are heavily reliant on soil hydraulic properties. The main objectives of this thesis are to assess the spatio-temporal change in soil hydraulic properties on drip-irrigated fields, and to analyze their impacts on the water flow through modelling. Soil hydraulic properties, determined by the Beerkan method, underwent changes during the drip-irrigated cropping cycle. These changes were defined as irrigation effects and root growth. A geostatistical analysis was used to examine the stability of the spatial structure of soil hydraulic properties, independent of the infiltration method but dependent on the method of soil hydraulic parameterization. The analytical and numerical simulations show that spatio-temporal changes in topsoil hydraulic properties has no significant effect on soil moisture distribution under our agro-pedo-climatic conditions. The role of soil seems limited to that of a simple exchange factor between the emitters and the roots

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GARCIA, ARISTIZABAL Edwin Fabian. "Numerical Analysis of the Rainfall Infiltration Problem in Unsaturated Soil." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/126786.

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Rousseau, Marie. "Propagation d'incertitudes et analyse de sensibilité pour la modélisation de l'infiltration et de l'érosion." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00788360.

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Nous étudions la propagation et la quantification d'incertitudes paramétriques au travers de modèles hydrologiques pour la simulation des processus d'infiltration et d'érosion en présence de pluie et/ou de ruissellement. Les paramètres incertains sont décrits dans un cadre probabiliste comme des variables aléatoires indépendantes dont la fonction de densité de probabilité est connue. Cette modélisation probabiliste s'appuie sur une revue bibliographique permettant de cerner les plages de variations des paramètres. L'analyse statistique se fait par échantillonage Monte Carlo et par développements en polynômes de chaos. Nos travaux ont pour but de quantifier les incertitudes sur les principales sorties du modèle et de hiérarchiser l'influence des paramètres d'entrée sur la variabilité de ces sorties par une analyse de sensibilité globale. La première application concerne les effets de la variabilité et de la spatialisation de la conductivité hydraulique à saturation du sol dans le modèle d'infiltration de Green--Ampt pour diverses échelles spatiales et temporelles. Notre principale conclusion concerne l'importance de l'état de saturation du sol. La deuxième application porte sur le modèle d'érosion de Hairsine--Rose. Une des conclusions est que les interactions paramétriques sont peu significatives dans le modèle de détachement par la pluie mais s'avèrent importantes dans le modèle de détachement par le ruissellement

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Östblom, John. "Utredning av Valboåsens grundvattenmagasins förbindelse med Gavleån : En analys av halten löst syre genom mätningar." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-19859.

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Gävle kommuns VA-huvudman Gästrike Vatten AB ansvarar för dricksvattenproduktionen i Gävle. För Gävles tätort tas vatten från Valboåsen som sträcker sig från öster om staden, genom staden och vidare norrut. Denna rapports syfte är att genom mätning av halten löst syre undersöka Valboåsens förbindelse till Gavleån. Detta kommer ge en ökad förståelse för åsens komplexitet. Resultatet kommer också att användas för att verifiera och utveckla den konceptuella modellen över flödena i åsens grundvattenmagasin som tagits fram av Midvatten AB. För att kunna mäta halten löst syre har en provtagning skett på grundvattenrör. I provtagningen ingick även så kallade slugtest där rörens kapacitet och anslutning till grundvattenmagasinet säkerställdes. Efter mätningen sammanställdes resultatet för att kunna jämföra halten löst syre i grundvattenrören mot den konceptuella modellen. Resultatet visade att halten löst syre i vattnet i de olika grundvattenrören stöder den konceptuella modellen till stora delar och gav även mer information om områden längs åsen där kunskap om flödesförhållandena tidigare var osäkra. Metoden i den utförda studien har visat stor användbarhet för att påvisa flödesförhållanden och ytvattenpåverkan i Valboåsen vilket visar att mätning av syrehalt kan vara mycket användbart i grundvattenutredningar angående ytvattenpåverkan. För att utöka studien av Valboåsen i framtiden behövs mer provtagning i grundvattenmagasinet på områden som inte ingick i denna studie.
Gävle municipality's water company is Gästrike Vatten AB. They manages the drinking water production for the City of Gävle. The production starts in the ridge of Valbo which extends between Överhärde (located in the south part of Valbo) and Strömsbro (located in the north part of Gavle). Purpose of this report is to measure the dissolved oxygen content in the aquifer throughout the whole area to investigate where the infiltration from the nearby Gavle River occurs. The aim of the study is to get a better understanding of the complexity of the Valbo ridge. The measurements will help to verify or modify the conceptual model of the directions of water flow in the Valbo ridge, developed by Midvatten AB. Dissolved oxygen content was measured through ground water pipes. To assess the pipes’ capacity and connection to the aquifer, slug tests were performed. The dissolved oxygen data were analyzed and compared with the conceptual model. The results showed that the dissolved oxygen content in the water supported the conceptual model to a large extent and also gave previously unknown information on some stretches of the ridge. The method shows great potential for additional future studies in Valbo ridge and elsewhere. To expand the study further, a need for more sampling of the aquifer throughout the areas that were not included in this study.

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Féron, Olivier. "CVD/CVI du pyrocarbone : analyse in situ de la phase gazeuse ; études cinétique et structurale." Bordeaux 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR10540.

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Dans le cadre de la determination des mecanismes du depot chimique en phase vapeur des pyrocarbones laminaires, une etude experimentale a ete conduite. Celle-ci comprend (i) l'analyse de la composition de la phase gazeuse (par spectrometrie infrarouge a transformee de fourier in-situ et par spectrometrie de masse), (ii) l'etude cinetique in-situ de la formation du pyrocarbone (microbalance) et (iii) l'analyse de la structure du carbone depose (microscopie optique en lumiere polarisee et microscopie electronique en transmission). Les parametres experimentaux etudies sont la temperature et le temps de sejour, afin de mettre en evidence l'effet de l'avancement des reactions homogenes (maturation) sur la vitesse de depot et sur la structure du carbone. Les experimentations concernent essentiellement le depot (cvd) dans le cas de la pyrolyse du propane. Cependant d'autres systemes gazeux (benzene, methane / tetrachlorure de carbone) ont egalement ete examines et les aspects lies a l'infiltration (cvi) ont ete pris en compte. Les correlations qui s'etablissent notamment entre les etudes cinetique et structurale realisees avec le precurseur propane, ont conduit a la proposition d'un modele qualitatif qui explique les transitions entre regimes cinetiques et entre types microtexturaux par l'existence de deux voies paralleles pour la formation du pyrocarbone laminaire. Ces deux modes de depot impliqueraient deux familles d'especes gazeuses differentes et meneraient a la formation des deux types de pyrocarbone les plus frequemment rencontres en cvi, a savoir les carbones dits laminaire lisse et laminaire rugueux.

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Hautier, Mathieu. "Analyse des réparations des matériaux composites : mise en œuvre d'un procédé par infiltration et étude du comportement mécanique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00550139.

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Ces travaux ont pour objectif de proposer une réparation de mise en œuvre simple et adaptée au défaut sur matériaux composites de type « impact faible énergie » très courant au sein des structures aéronautiques. Une méthode d'infiltration de résine dans le dommage est proposée. Après une étude analytique du principe, un banc d'essai a été réalisé pour valider la capacité d'infiltration évaluée notamment par CND. Dans un deuxième temps, une démarche globale (numérique et expérimentale) de validation mécanique des réparations composites est mise en place. Des essais classiques et plus originaux sont proposés pour l'analyse de la ténacité de l'interface réparée à l'échelle du matériau (DCB, ENF, Traction rainurée) puis à une échelle représentative de structure (CAI, re-poinçonnement).

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Hautier, Mathieu. "Analyse des réparations des matériaux composites : mise en œuvre d'un procédé pas infiltration et étude du comportement mécanique." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1128/.

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Ces travaux ont pour objectif de proposer une réparation de mise en œuvre simple et adaptée au défaut sur matériaux composites de type " impact faible énergie " très courant au sein des structures aéronautiques. Une méthode d'infiltration de résine dans le dommage est proposée. Après une étude analytique du principe, un banc d'essai a été réalisé pour valider la capacité d'infiltration évaluée notamment par CND. Dans un deuxième temps, une démarche globale (numérique et expérimentale) de validation mécanique des réparations composites est mise en place. Des essais classiques et plus originaux sont proposés pour l'analyse de la ténacité de l'interface réparée à l'échelle du matériau (DCB, ENF, Traction rainurée) puis à une échelle représentative de structure (CAI, re-poinçonnement)
"Conventional" or certified repair procedures for composite structures (i. E. Patches) are usually time-consuming, performed by highly qualified staff and seem immoderate regarding the most common damage found in aeronautics due to low energy impact. A cost-effective and simple repair method based on liquid resin infiltration in the induced crack net is proposed. An analytical model based on damage geometry and physical chemistry properties, is developed to verify the resin infiltration capabilities. An experimental protocol has been developed to identify those properties with conditions similar to the infiltration process (roughness, temperature,. . . ). An experimental set up has been manufactured and different configurations (injection pressure level, infiltration resin toughness. . . ) are studied. Non destructive testing, like ultrasonic inspection, combined to micrographic inspection show good experimental infiltration capabilities. To initiate the validation procedure of this repair, the second part of this work deals with the mechanical behaviour and strength of the repair with experimental tests campaign. Numerical models are used for analysis and understanding. Two different scales are considered at interface (material) and structural level. Fracture Mechanics tests are performed with classical tests such as DCB or ENF, and a new original one, Tensile Flexure test on Notched Specimen (TFNS test), to characterize and identify the repaired interface properties. For their severity regarding composite materials behaviour, both CAI and re-indentation (in-plane and out-of-plane solicitation representative of real loading conditions) were performed on repaired samples. Those complementary tests show that this infiltration repair method restores mechanical properties when proper toughened resins are used

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Renault, Daniel. "Modélisation hydrologique en irrigation de surface : analyse de la vitesse de la linéarisation de la vitesse du front d'avencement : alive." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20224.

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Une solution analytique du bilan en debit des ecoulements en irrigation de surface met en relation une loi de vitesse d'avancement en double exponentielle pour une loi d'infiltration de horton. L'analyse des donnees de terrain conduit a une remise en cause des hypotheses habituellement prises dans les modeles d'irrigation de surface. Le modele alive permet de mieux integrer la variation de debit, de section et d'infiltration

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Qvick, Erika. "How can Inflow & Infiltration be effectively and sustainably managed? : MCA as a tool for decision support in planning Inflow & Infiltration." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299746.

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Inflow and infiltration (I/I) water in the sewer network originates from groundwater, precipitation, seawater as well as over-leakage from drinking water pipes. It is the proportion of water in the sewer system that is not wastewater and causes problems both at the treatment plant as well as in the sewer network. Through overflows, floods and bypassing at the treatment plant I/I causes discharges of wastewater to recipients and nature and thus have negative environmental effects. I/I also stand for an overload in the system which, in addition to environmental consequences, also has social, economic and technical consequences. Despite efforts to reduce and mitigate the effects of I/I water for a long time, the problem remains and a large proportion of all the wastewater in the network and the treatment plan still is I/I. Historically, and for many cases at present, there is little to no methodology for how the work with I/I water takes place and is prioritized in the municipalities and responsible water and sewerage organizations. Measures have instead been implemented with a reaction based approach, in other words when something has broken down or there is a failure in the system. A new discussion about I/I water has arisen in recent years due to new requirements from supervisory authorities. As there is not much follow-up or methodology around the work with I/I water, the process of developing a strategy to meet these new requirements for municipalities has shown to be difficult. In cases where analysis of measures against I/I water has been carried out, cost and effects in the treatment plant (i.e. the proportion of I/I water) have most often been used and dimensions other than economic have been left out of the analysis. As I/I water affects social and environmental factors to a great extent, this should be taken into greater account. In this work, a multi-criterion analysis has been performed in a case study where similar measures to reduce I/I water and its effects in two different areas have been analysed. The included measures were separation, lining, pipe bursting and installation of a stormwater cassette. The results of the case study show that measure A2 has the greatest positive effect. However, there are major uncertainties in the case study conducted and the results are not considered to be robust enough to be used. However, what has been important to include from the work is that by defining and using criteria from all sustainability dimensions, a comprehensive action choice analysis is created and that it is a structured approach to apply. Here, the importance of opening up for discussion within the municipality/organization is emphasized to achieve a coherent view of the prioritization of I/I water and to achieve efficient management. Problems and amounts of I/I water are complex issues and vary from place to place, and are strongly linked to local geohydrological and climate conditions and design of local sewage systems. Therefore, it is important to coordinate the planning of I/I water to use a workflow that is general and can be used, regardless of conditions, in a simple way where adjustments in accordance with local conditions are possible. This work has shown that multi-criteria analysis is a clear and adaptable tool for meeting the difficulties that exist.
Tillskottsvatten härstammar från grundvatten, nederbörd samt havsvatten genom felaktiga anslutningar eller läckage i ledningsnätet samt från överläckage från dricksvattenledningar. Det är andelen av vatten i avloppsnätet som inte är spillvatten och orsakar, genom bräddning, översvämningar och förbiledning i reningsverket, utsläpp av avloppsvatten till recipienter och natur samt står för en överbelastning i systemet. Trots att man arbetat med att minska och lindra effekterna av tillskottsvatten under lång tid så kvarstår problemet och en stor andel av allt samlat vatten i ledningsnätet och som kommer till reningsverket är just tillskottsvatten. Historiskt, samt för många fall i nuläget, så existerar det lite till ingen metodik kring hur arbetet med tillskottsvatten sker i kommunerna och ansvariga VA-organisationer utan åtgärder har implementerats på måfå eller när något har gått sönder. En ny diskussion kring tillskottsvatten har uppstått de senaste åren på grund av uppkomna nya kravställningar från tillsynsmyndigheter. I och med att det inte finns mycket uppföljning eller metodik kring arbetet med tillskottsvatten så har processen med att ta fram en strategi för att möta dessa nya krav för kommuner ofta varit svår. I de fall som analys av åtgärder mot tillskottsvatten har utförts så har kostnad och effekter i reningsverket (det vill säga andel mängd tillskottsvatten) oftast används och andra dimensioner än ekonomiska har lämnats utanför analysen. Då tillskottsvatten påverkar sociala samt miljömässiga faktorer i hög grad bör detta tas större hänsyn till. I det här arbetet så har en multikriterieanalys utförts i en fallstudie där liknande åtgärder för att minska tillskottsvatten och dess effekter i olika områden har analyserats. De ingående åtgärderna var separering, infodring, rörspräckning samt anläggning av en dagvattenkassett. Resultatet av fallstudien visar att åtgärdsalternativ 2 har störst positiv effekt. Det finns dock stora osäkerheter i den fallstudie som utförts och resultatet anses inte vara tillräckligt robust för att användas. Det som dock har varit viktigt att ta med från arbetet är att genom att definiera och använda kriterier från alla hållbarhetsdimensioner skapas en heltäckande åtgärdsvalsanalys och att det är ett strukturerat arbetssätt att applicera. Här understryks vikten av att öppna upp för diskussion inom kommunen/organisationen för att nå en sammanhållen syn på prioriteringen av tillskottsvatten samt för att nå en effektiv hantering. Problem och mängder tillskottsvatten i olika ställen är komplext och starkt kopplat till lokala klimat och geohydrologiska förhållanden samt lokala avloppssystem. Därför är det viktigt för att samordna planeringen av tillskottsvatten att använda en arbetsgång som är generell och kan användas, oavsett förutsättningar, på ett enkelt sätt där justeringar i enlighet med lokala förutsättningar är möjligt. Det här arbetet har visat att multikriterieanalys är ett tydligt och anpassningsbart verktyg för att möta de svårigheter som finns.

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Chendra, Edwin. "Examination of regression modeling for estimating airbone [sic] fungal infiltration loss factor." Oklahoma City : [s.n.], 2005.

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Vandervaere, Jean-Pierre. "Caracterisation hydrodynamique du sol in situ par infiltrometrie a disques. Analyse critique des regimes pseudo-permanents, methodes transitoires et cas des sols encroutes." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10186.

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Le travail presente dans ce memoire est consacre a la caracterisation hydrodynamique in situ des sols, au voisinage de la saturation, par l'utilisation des infiltrometres a disques a succion controlee. L'etude s'articule autour de trois parties. La premiere partie fait l'inventaire des methodes existantes fondees sur l'analyse des regimes permanents d'infiltration axisymetrique appliquee a la solution de wooding. On montre que celle reposant sur l'application d'une serie de potentiels imposes est la plus stable et n'est pas limitee aux sols quasi-lineaires. La deuxieme partie montre comment exploiter, dans la pratique, une equation simple du regime transitoire axisymetrique pour determiner la sorptivite capillaire et la conductivite hydraulique des sols non satures sans atteindre le regime permanent. Dans cet objectif, une nouvelle methode de determination de la sorptivite aux temps courts est proposee, prenant en compte les effets de la couche de sable de contact. Diverses methodes sont ensuite proposees, testees numeriquement et comparees avec l'approche classique, pour l'estimation de la conductivite. On montre que les ordres de grandeur comparables entre effets gravitaire et capillaire lateral sur l'ecoulement, pour la plupart des sols en place, autorise la determination a la fois de la sorptivite et de la conductivite. Une nouvelle echelle de temps caracteristique, prenant en compte la combinaison de ces deux effets, peut etre calculee pour les infiltrometres a disque. La troisieme partie traite le cas des sols encroutes pour lesquels les methodes classiques ne peuvent etre appliquees. L'utilisation d'un minitensiometre couple avec l'infiltrometre permet de discriminer les phases d'infiltration dans la croute et dans le sol sous-jacent. La conductivite hydraulique de la croute est ensuite estimee a partir d'une serie de mesures de sorptivite. Les valeurs ainsi obtenues sont validees, par comparaison de mesures de ruissellement, avec les predictions fournies par un modele d'infiltration bi-couche reposant sur le principe de green et ampt. On montre l'impact considerable de la presence de croutes d'epaisseur centimetrique sur les volumes ruisseles

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Franz, Torsten. "Spatial classification methods for efficient infiltration measurements and transfer of measuring results." Doctoral thesis, Dresden : Inst. für Siedlungs- und Industriewasserwirtschaft, Techn. Univ, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1181687412171-65072.

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Franz, Torsten. "Spatial classification methods for efficient infiltration measurements and transfer of measuring results." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2006. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24942.

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A comprehensive knowledge about the infiltration situation in a sewer system is required for sustainable operation and cost-effective maintenance. Due to the high expenditures of infiltration measurements an optimisation of necessary measurement campaigns and a reliable transfer of measurement results to comparable areas are essential. Suitable methods were developed to improve the information yield of measurements by identifying appropriate measuring point locations and to assign measurement results to other potential measuring points by comparing sub-catchments and classifying reaches. The methods are based on the introduced similarity approach “Similar sewer conditions lead to similar infiltration/inflow rates” and on modified multivariate statistical techniques. The developed methods have a high degree of freedom against data needs. They were successfully tested on real and generated data. For suitable catchments it is estimated, that the optimisation potential amounts up to 40 % accuracy improvement compared to non-optimised measuring point configurations. With an acceptable error the transfer of measurement results was successful for up to 75 % of the investigated sub-catchments. With the proposed methods it is possible to improve the information about the infiltration status of sewer systems and to reduce the measurement related uncertainty which results in significant cost savings for the operator.
Für den nachhaltigen Betrieb und die kosteneffiziente Unterhaltung von Kanalnetzen ist eine genaue Bestimmung ihrer Fremdwassersituation notwendig. Eine Optimierung der dazu erforderlichen Messkampagnen und eine zuverlässige Übertragung der Messergebnisse auf vergleichbare Gebiete sind aufgrund der hohen Aufwendungen für Infiltrationsmessungen angezeigt. Dafür wurden geeignete Methoden entwickelt, welche einerseits den Informationsgehalt von Messungen durch die Bestimmung optimaler Messpunkte verbessern und andererseits Messresultate mittels Vergleichen von Teileinzugsgebieten und Klassifizierungen von Kanalhaltungen zu anderen potenziellen Messstellen zuordnen. Die Methoden basieren auf dem Ähnlichkeitsansatz “Ähnliche Kanaleigenschaften führen zu ähnlichen Fremdwasserraten” und nutzen modifizierte multivariate statistische Verfahren. Sie haben einen hohen Freiheitsgrad bezüglich der Datenanforderung. Die Methoden wurden erfolgreich anhand gemessener und generierter Daten validiert. Es wird eingeschätzt, dass das Optimierungspotenzial bei geeigneten Einzugsgebieten bis zu 40 % gegenüber nicht optimierten Mess-netzen beträgt. Die Übertragung der Messergebnisse war mit einem akzeptablen Fehler für bis zu 75 % der untersuchten Teileinzugsgebiete erfolgreich. Mit den entwickelten Methoden ist es möglich, den Kenntnisstand über die Fremdwassersituation eines Kanalnetzes zu verbessern und die messungsbezogene Unsicherheit zu verringern. Dies resultiert in Kostenersparnissen für den Betreiber.

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Björkdahl, Molly. "En effektiv brottsbekämpning på bekostnad av grundläggande fri- och rättigheter? : En analys av tillåtligheten av den okonventionella spaningsmetoden infiltration i ljuset av Europakonventionen." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-417209.

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Chau, Ngoc An. "Analyse de l'influence des caractéristiques mécaniques et hydrauliques sur le comportement des barrages en terre et en enrochement." Grenoble INPG, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPG0005.

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Ce memoire est consacre a l'analyse de l'influence des parametres hydrauliques et mecaniques sur la diffusion de la surpression interstitielle dans le corps d'un barrage en remblai lors de la variation du niveau d'eau du reservoir. Il approfondit plus particulierement la determination de la stabilite du barrage en terre au cours de la vidange rapide, qui est le point delicat et le plus meconnu dans comportement des barrages en remblai. Differents codes de calcul ont ete utilises et testes : gefdyn, ns2d, talren et flac. Les analyses de leurs resultats ont ete effectuees pour evaluer la stabilite et comparer aux approches traditionnelles. Avec une configuration hydraulique pure, des calculs ont permis d'etudier l'influence de la permeabilite du sol, de la compressibilite de l'eau et de la desaturation sur la diffusion de la pression au cours des phases de remplissage et de vidange de la retenue. A partir d'une configuration couplee hydraulique-mecanique et dans le cadre de l'elasticite, d'autres calculs ont permis de mettre en evidence l'influence du module de compressibilite du sol sur l'evolution de la pression interstitielle dans l'ouvrage. La variation de la pression interstitielle est egalement fonction du comportement non-lineaire des materiaux constituant l'ouvrage, et notamment de la forme la surface de charge, comme montre la comparaison des lois de comportement mohr-coulomb et hujeux. Les calculs non-lineaires couples sont effectues, interpretes avec differents criteres de rupture et compares aux approches classiques pour l'estimation de la stabilite du parement amont pendant la vidange rapide d'un barrage avec quatre materiaux argileux compactes, utilisant deux lois de comportement de mohr-coulomb et de hujeux. La comparaison de ces resultats est exploitee utile pour mieux connaitre les limites de chacune des methodes.

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Schernus, Martin [Verfasser]. "In-situ-Analyse der Infiltration kolorektaler Karzinome durch FOXP3+ regulatorische T-Zellen, CD3+ und CD8+ T-Zellen : Zusammenhänge mit der TAA-spezifischen T-Zell-Antwort, dem Stadium und dem Überleben / Martin Schernus." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1026265304/34.

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Mori, Yoshitomo. "The factor analyses concerning the infiltration of radioactive Cs for the effect of forest decontamination activities and the development of the evaluation method for the residual radioactive Cs on surfaces." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232027.

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Pohlers, Michael. "Generierung und Analyse EMA/E2F-6-defizienter Mäuse." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15393.

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The present study focuses on the biological functions of the transcription factor EMA/E2F-6, a member of the E2F-family of transcription factors that play an import role in cell cycle progression, differentiation and apoptosis. EMA/E2F-6 functions as a transcriptional repressor by recruiting a large protein complex, that includes polycomb group proteins, to specific target genes in order to silence their expression. To identify the biological functions of EMA/E2F-6 mice lacking this factor were developed and subsequently analysed. EMA/E2F6-/- mice are born with the expected frequency, are fertile and develop normally up to 18 months of age. Then about 25 % of these mice develop a paralysis of the hind limbs and present with a severe primary myelination defect of the spinal cord (and in part of peripheral nerves, too) that is accompanied by a massive infiltration of macrophages. Importantly, the histological findings were also detected in EMA/E2F-6-/- mice lacking clinical symptoms albeit to a lesser extend. With respect to EMA/E2F-6 association with polycomb group (Pc-G) proteins there were no significant findings such as skeletal transformations. In addition, only a mild proliferation defect of T-lymphocytes was observed that, in a more severe form, is typical for Pc-G mutations in the mice. Surprisingly, embryonic fibroblasts from EMA/E2F-6-/- mice have no obvious cell cycle defects. Accordingly, gene expression profiles showed that classical E2F target genes were normally regulated in these cells. However, EMA/E2F-6-/- fibroblasts ubiquitously express genes like alpha-tubulin-3 and -7 that are normally expressed in a strictly testis-specific manner. All EMA/E2F-6-dependent target genes identified contain a conserved E2F-binding site in their promoters that is required both for EMA/E2F-6 binding and regulation.

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Jonsson, Martin. "A performance investigation of stormwater accommodations in Stockholm : A multi-criteria decision analysis." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-210753.

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Stormwater management is a problematic area and has during the last 20 years been given an increased attention due to more pollution in the cities. The increased pollution and contaminants in stormwater implicates risks for animals, humans, the ecosystem and receiving recipients. Due to the increased attention, authorities, government and other stakeholders have developed measurements to deal with the problem. Stormwater accommodations and other type of stormwater detainment has been developed with increased modern technology and functionality to fit specific areas where different type of pollutants can vary. Stormwater treatment are necessary because it creates social, environmental and technical advantages combined with protection of ecosystem, increased multifunctionality when combining for example stormwater ponds in nature, parks or urban and rural environment. This report describes seven diverse types of stormwater accommodations systems; rain garden, stormwater ponds, wells, screen basins, infiltration trenches, pipe-/concrete magazine and swales in accordance from Structor Mark Stockholm. From these seven accommodations, three were chosen to be included in Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). The purpose of the MCDA was to evaluate four different categories linked to stormwater, which are environment, social, technology and economical categories. These categories are broad concepts; therefore, parameters were developed to narrow down the areas within the concept, from which the area of investigation was founded within. The parameters created for each category are degree of purification for the environmental category, performance and maintenance for the technological category, aesthetical and social benefits for the social category and costs and risk for the economical category. The criteria developed from these parameters are specific topics that was scored from the scale between 0-5, where 0 = insignificant, 1= Low, 2= Moderate, 3= Major, 4=High, 5= Very high. A reference option was also created, considered as “no commercial treatment of stormwater”, only to transport stormwater. This reference option was also referred to as a zero-alternative and is drainage by piping. The scoring was conducted by stakeholders and citizens of Stockholm. The scoring of the three chosen stormwater accommodations and the reference alternative after calculating the mean value and summarize it resulted in that stormwater pond received the highest overall score of 11.9 followed by rain gardens 11.4, infiltration trench 11.3 and drainage by piping 7.3. The stakeholders are influential people that works either with stormwater, layout and planning or maintenance personnel. Citizens of Stockholm provided inputs only in regards of the social aspects. A total of 20 stakeholders were contacted and 5 stakeholders participated in the scoring procedure. Citizens were interviewed on the street; a total of 60 people was asked to participate and 13 people decided to participate in the scoring procedure of the social aspects. Although, the attendance of stakeholders was low, they are still considered important to this project since they provided the scoring of the criteria for each respective category (environment, technology, social and economic). In regards of the low attendance by stakeholders, this resulted in a way that it became hard to distinguish the result between the different stormwater accommodation. Therefore, it was hard to determine which stormwater accommodation that was the best out ofthe ranking provided by the MCDA. A benefit by using MCDA as a tool in this case, gave an indication that the MCDA can work as a framework to decision makers, even though the result in this case became difficult to manage and distinguish between the different stormwater accommodations. Finally, the method, layout and analysis itself can provide means of measurements for stormwater investigations when the purpose is to choose between the best stormwater systems included in the MCDA. Inputs from stakeholders concluded that depending on what type of existing circumstances, there must be a site-specific evaluation to treat every area as a unique area, before deciding what type of stormwater accommodation to apply to that specific location.
Dagvattenhantering är ett problematiskt område som under de senaste 20 åren har fått allt mer uppmärksamhet då mer föroreningar uppdagats i städerna. Den ökande föroreningen av dagvatten tenderar att orsaka en större risk för djur, människor, ekosystem och recipienter dit dagvatten rinner. På grund av uppmärksamheten som dagvattenhanteringen har fått, har myndigheter, regering och andra intressenter utvecklat dagvatten teknologin ytterligare för att skapa en modern dagvattenstrategi för att handskas med problemet. Dagvattenhantering är nödvändigt eftersom den skapar sociala, miljömässiga och tekniska fördelar samt om dagvattensystemen kombineras med funktionalitet så kan detta ge ökat skydd för ekosystemen samt förbättrad hälsa hos befolkningen i städerna. Den här rapporten beskriver sju olika typer av dagvattensystem så som; rain gardens, dagvattendammar, brunnar, skärmbassänger, svackdiken, rör-/betong magasin samt krossdiken på begäran av Structor Mark Stockholm. Utav dessa 7 dagvattensystem, ingick 3 anläggningar i en så kallad multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Syftet med en MCDA är att utvärdera fyra olika kategorier som kan förknippas med dagvattenhantering. Kategorierna är miljömässiga, sociala, tekniska och ekonomiska. Dessa kategorier utger dock ett brett budskap och för att begränsa analysen så skapades parametrar. Dessa parametrar skapas utifrån varje enskild kategori. För den miljömässiga kategorin skapades parametern grad av rening, för den tekniska kategorin skapades parametern prestanda och underhåll, för den sociala kategorin skapades parametern estetiska och sociala fördelar, och slutligen för den ekonomiska kategorin skapades parametern kostnader och risker. Utifrån dessa parametrar skapades sedan kriterier med specifika huvudämnen som kan bedömas enligt en poängskala från 0-5 där 0 = insignificant, 1=Low, 2= Moderate, 3= Major, 4= High, 5= Very high. Tre dagvattensystem inkluderas i MCDA vilket var; rain gardens, dagvattendammar, krossdiken vars syfte är att rena och fördröja dagvatten. Ett referensalternativ skapades också som ävenkallas ”zero-alternative”, vilket anses inte ha någon rening av dagvatten utan är endast ett transportsystem för dagvatten. Detta referensalternativ kallas drainage by piping. Poängsättningen gjordes av intressenter och invånare i Stockholm. Intressenterna är människor som arbetar med dagvattenhantering antingen på planeringsstadiet eller ute i fält som drift och underhålls personal. Invånare i Stockholm bedömde endast den sociala kategorin eftersom det kan sakna kunskap och insyn i det miljömässiga, tekniska och ekonomiska detaljerna. Totalt kontaktades 20 intressenter där 5 personer valde att medverka i MCDA. Invånare i Stockholm intervjuades på stan, totalt frågades ca 60 personer varav 13 personer valde att medverka i poängsättningen. Poängsättningen av de tre valda dagvattensystemen samt referensalternativet, efter beräkningav medelvärdet samt den totala summeringen resulterade i att dagvattendammar fick den hösta poängen 11,9 hamnade rain garden på andra plats med 11,4, krossdike på tredje plats med 11,3 samt referensalternativet på en fjärde plats med 7,3. De tre dagvattensystemen hade ett relativt liknande slutgiltigt resultat. Dock så skilde sig den individuella kategoriska bedömningen av miljömässiga, tekniska, sociala samt ekonomiska aspekten med större varierande resultat. Även om deltagandet av intressenter var relativt lågt, endast 25 % av det kontaktade intressenterna valde att ställa upp, så anses dessa intressenter vara viktiga för det här projektet då de, utifrån deras kunskap, bedömer det uppsatta kriterierna och det är denna bedömning som resultatet baseras på. Resultaten mellan det olika dagvattenanläggningarna som var inkluderade i MCDA var svåra att särskilja, troligtvis beroende på att ingen viktningsmetod användes. Däremot så är en fördel med MCDA som verktyg i det här fallet, att det gav en indikation på att MCDA kan fungera som ett stödjande verktyg för beslutsfattare även om resultatet i det här fallet var svårt att särskilja. Själva metoden, upplägget och analysen kan användas som medel för att avgöra vilken typ av dagvattenanläggning som passar bäst utifrån de kriterier som är uppsatta. Slutligen så gav intressenterna en påvisning att dagvattenanläggningar ska konstrueras så att hänsyn tas till omkringliggande omständigheter, där varje plats ska ansesvara unik. Det krävs en platsspecifik utredning där hänsyn till geologiska, geotekniska,hydrologiska samt infrastrukturella och miljömässiga aspekter bör utredas innan valet av dagvattensystem bestäms.

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21

Kadiyala, Akhil. "Identification of Factors Affecting Contaminant Levels and Determination of Infiltration of Ambient Contaminants in Public Transport Buses Operating on Biodiesel and ULSD Fuels." Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1221524830.

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Thesis (M.S.C.E.)--University of Toledo, 2008.
Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillments of the requirements for The Master of Science in Engineering." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Bibliography: leaves 81-92.

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Silva, Rodrigo Garozi da. "Estudo de concreto permeável como pavimento /." Ilha Solteira, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182415.

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Orientador: Maria da Consolação Fonseca de Albuquerque
Resumo: Inúmeros problemas sociais e ambientais são causados pela impermeabilização dos solos em decorrência da urbanização descontrolada e sem planejamento. O pavimento em concreto permeável aparece como uma forma de mitigação de enchentes, devido à sua característica de permitir a infiltração total ou parcial de água proveniente de precipitações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar um traço eficiente e empregá-lo de maneira efetiva em uma calçada, para promover a captação total de eventos pluviométricos ocorridos no local e observar, com o decorrer do tempo, a eficiência de manutenção periódica na superfície do pavimento permeável quanto à colmatação. Foram experimentadas três proporções de misturas: 1:3,5; 1:5 e 1:6,5, sendo que em nenhuma foi utilizado agregado miúdo. Também foi observado o comportamento das misturas com duas granulometrias de agregados graúdos de 9,5/25,0 e 4,75/12,5. Ensaios destrutivos e não destrutivos foram realizados, entre eles: resistência à compressão axial, tração por compressão diametral, tração na flexão e taxa de infiltração. A mistura mais eficiente e escolhida para a construção da calçada foi a de teor 1:5, com a utilização do agregado de faixa granulométrica 4,75/12,5. Testes estatísticos ―t Student” foram utilizados para comparar os resultados obtidos na presente pesquisa com trabalhos semelhantes. A calçada foi dimensionada para ter eficiência de caráter pluviométrico, de acordo com incidência pluviométrica regional e mecânico através de análi... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Uncounted social and environmental problems are caused by the waterproofing of soils as a result of uncontrolled and unplanned urbanization. The pervious concrete pavement appears as a form of flood mitigation due to its characteristic of allowing total or partial infiltration of water from rainfall. The aim of this work was to study an efficient mixture and to use it effectively on a sidewalk, to promote the total retention of rainfall events occurring locally and to observe the efficiency of periodic maintenance on the pervious pavement surface, regarding clogging over time. Three proportions of mixtures were tested: 1:3.5; 1:5 and 1:6.5, in which none fine aggregates was used. Furthermore, the behavior in the mixtures of two coarse aggregates gradations of 9.5/25.0 and 4.75/12.5 was observed. Destructive and non-destructive tests were performed, such as: compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and infiltration rate. The most efficient and chosen mixture for the construction of the sidewalk was 1:5, with the use of the aggregate size 4.75/12.5. ―Student’s t‖ statistical tests were used to compare the results obtained in the present research with similar works. The sidewalk was dimensioned to have rainfall efficiency, according to regional rainfall incidence, and mechanical efficiency, through analysis in the EverFE computational program, followed by calculation of fatigue life. The permeability rate of the pavement was monitored weekly over time,... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Ros, William. "Modélisation multi-échelle de l’infiltration chimique à partir de la phase vapeur de composites à renforts fibreux." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14408/document.

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Les composites à matrice céramique ou carbone sont des matériaux de structure pour des applications à haute température. Ils sont constitués d’un renfort fibreux enrobé d’une matrice. Cette dernière est obtenue par infiltration chimique en phase vapeur. Une préforme, fibreuse avec ou sans une première matrice, est placée dans un four dans lequel sont injectés des gaz dit précurseurs. Leur réaction hétérogène avec la préforme est à l’origine de la formation matricielle. Cette thèse a été motivée par la nécessite d’optimiser via une modélisation numérique ce procédé long et couteux.Deux programmes ont dès lors été développés puis validés. Chacun est dédié à une échelle spécifique du matériau : microscopique (fibre) et macroscopique (composite). Ils s’appuient tout deux sur des algorithmes de marche aléatoire et requièrent des représentations tridimensionnelles de la préforme. Dans cette optique, des images tomographiques de préformes de composites C/C et SiC/SiC ont été acquises aux deux échelles souhaitées. Le code propre à l’échelle de la fibre a été utilisé pour déterminer les propriétés géométriques, diffusives et réactives dans plusieurs zones de l’image afférente. Des corrélations entre ces propriétés ont été mises en place puis intégrées dans le code afférent à l’échelle du matériau pour infiltration numérique.Dans le cas des composites C/C, cet outil multi-échelle a été couplé à un modèle chimique permettant d’anticiper, en fonction des conditions opératoires, l’épaisseur ainsi que la microtexture de la matrice déposée. Des prévisions de densification ont également été employées pour qualifier et comparer l’infiltrabilité de plusieurs composites SiC/SiC
Ceramic matrix composites and carbon fiber reinforced carbon composites are dedicated to high temperature applications. They consist of a stacked fibrous arrangement, woven or not, coated by matrix. Chemical Vapor Infiltration (CVI) is a popular processing route, where a preform (fibers with or without a first matrix) is placed inside a furnace. Precursor gases are then injected, enter the preform and generate matrix formation by heterogeneous chemical reaction. Experimental optimization of CVI is long and costly, triggering the need for a numerical model. The creation of such a tool has been the objective set for this thesis.Two programs were first developed and validated. Each is linked to a specific material scale: microscopic (fiber scale) and macroscopic (composite scale). Both are based on a random walk algorithm and require three-dimensional representations of the preform. X-ray tomography scans of C/C and SiC/SiC composite preforms were performed at the desired scales. The fiber scale program was used for computation of geometrical, diffusive and reactive properties in several regions of the relevant image. Correlations between these properties are created and inserted into the composite scale program for numerical infiltration.In the case of C/C composites, this multi-scale tool was coupled to a chemical model for anticipation, under various operating conditions, of matrix thickness and microtexture. Densification previsions on different SiC/SiC composites enabled their direct measure and comparison of their infiltrability

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Bourgeois, Marc. "Le concept de barrière capillaire : étude par modèle numérique." Paris, ENMP, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ENMP0017.

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Peixoto, Vinicius Carvalho. "Análise paramétrica e dimensionamento de poços de infiltração para fins de drenagem urbana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18132/tde-06122011-105856/.

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A combinação entre a falta de planejamento urbano e o crescimento indiscriminado de áreas impermeáveis é responsável pela ocorrência de enchentes em centros urbanos. O emprego de dispositivos de controle do escoamento superficial na fonte geradora, como poços e trincheiras de infiltração, pavimentos permeáveis e jardins de infiltração (rain gardens), é uma alternativa que permite restabelecer o processo de infiltração em áreas urbanas densamente impermeabilizadas. Neste contexto, efetuou-se uma análise paramétrica acerca da influência das funções condutividade hidráulica e das curvas de retenção dos solos no processo de infiltração de água em poços cilíndricos instalados em solos inicialmente não saturados. Para a realização das análises paramétricas, foi empregado o programa SEEP/W do pacote GeoStudio 2004, que utiliza a técnica dos elementos finitos na solução numérica da equação de Richards que rege o fluxo de água em meio não saturado. As análises paramétricas mostraram que o coeficiente de condutividade hidráulica saturada do solo é o parâmetro que apresenta maior relevância no processo de infiltração de água em poços. Com isto, desenvolveu-se uma técnica de dimensionamento de poços de infiltração que permite determinar o volume de água infiltrada em um dado poço em função do tempo de precipitação, do coeficiente de condutividade hidráulica saturada do solo e da área total do poço. Por fim, comparou-se o volume estimado de água infiltrada obtido através da técnica de dimensionamento com o volume medido em um ensaio de infiltração realizado por Lima (2009) em uma trincheira de pequenas dimensões e pôde-se constatar que o a técnica de dimensionamento desenvolvida é consistente com o ensaio de infiltração realizado em campo.
The chief consequence of unplanned urban sprawl is the turning to impervious large tracts of land. Impervious developed areas are prone to floods during heavy rains. Flooding may be mitigated by installation of devices that can control runoff at the source. Examples of control devices are infiltration wells, infiltration trenches, permeable pavement, and rain gardens. By facilitating infiltration, such devices serve to return to the soil below the waterproofed area the waters that would otherwise be lost as runoff, which overloads urban drainage. A study of infiltration wells was conducted through parametric analyses of hydraulic conductivity function and soil-water characteristics curve of unsaturated soils in the process of infiltration. This research used the computer program SEEP/W by GeoStudio 2004 to carry out the parametric analysis. SEEP/W uses the finite element method for the numerical solution of Richards equation, which describes water flow in the unsaturated zone. The parametric analysis showed that the saturated hydraulics conductivity of the soil is the parameter that has greater relevance in the process of infiltration of water into the soil surrounding the wells. Based on the results obtained, a technical procedure was developed to assist the consulting professional to size the infiltration wells. The variables employed in the proposed design procedure consist of time of precipitation, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and total surface area of well. Further, it was compared the estimated volume of infiltrated water obtained through this procedure to the measured volume obtained by Lima (2009) in a small trench. It was observed that the scaling procedure proposed by this work yields results consistent with infiltration field experiments such as that conducted by Lima (2009).

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Weiss, Philipp. "Enskilda avloppsanläggningar med fosforbindning i Stockholms län : en miljösystemanalys med metodik från livscykelanalys." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88822.

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Modern, small-scale wastewater treatment faces a twofold challenge: On the one hand requirements from legal authorities regarding removal of eutrophying substances have become more demanding. On the other hand high-quality phosphorus reserves are dwindling, which has raised calls for increased recycling. The problem is acute in the county of Stockholm where about 34 000 households are identified to not possess adequate wastewater treatment facilities. In this master’s thesis, four treatment systems, of which three had some phosphorus recycling potential, were compared using life cycle assessment methodology. The small-scale treatment systems analyzed were infiltration, filter beds with Filtralite® P and Filtra P respectively as filter material and a chemical precipitation system. The system boundaries included the extraction of raw materials, production of materials and components, the construction and operation of the systems as well as deconstruction and recycling of the treatment plants. Apart from impacts on human health and acidification potential, which both proved to be of less relevance to the final results, energy usage, consumption of abiotic resources, global warming potential and eutrophication potential were taken into account in this study.

The infiltration system attained the most favourable results in all impact categories save eutrophication potential, which was due to both the low usage of energy and resources as well as the system’s high life expectancy. The filter bed system using Filtralite® P demonstrated the best performance in reduction of eutrophying substances. However, the system’s energy demand and emissions of greenhouse gases by far exceeded the other systems’ results in these categories. Both the filter bed system using Filtra P and the chemical precipitation system fared relatively equal in the overall analysis, with moderate impacts in all categories. The nutrient recycling potential was shown to be limited by the waste products’ relatively high heavy metal content. Sludge from chemical precipitation had higher potential for replacement of fertilizer than filter bed material.

The chemical precipitation system fared best in the overall assessment. Its technical immaturity and limited data foundation put the alternative using Filtra P into second place. The infiltration system’s limited treatment performance and inexistent recycling potential put this alternative into third place. The alternative using Filtralite® P was ruled out entirely because of its high impact on fossil fuel consumption and global warming. Based on this ranking recommendations were made.

Even though the filter bed materials in this study showed excellent phosphorus removal capacity, further research into alternative filter bed materials will have to be made due to the materials’ environmental impacts in other areas. Focus should be on waste material and natural products (such as shell sand) with low environmental impacts from production. Ways of separating heavy metals from plant nutrients need to be explored if nutrient recycling is to be an aim. This study showed that good phosphorus removal characteristics can lead to an increase in other environmental impacts, which in some cases even may outweigh the positive effects of decreased eutrophication.

Modern, småskalig avloppsreningsteknik står inför två utmaningar. Å ena sidan har kraven från lagstiftaren på rening av eutrofierande ämnen ökat. Problemet är akut i Stockholms län där det finns ca. 34 000 hushåll som inte anses uppfylla reningskraven. Å andra sidan minskar fosforförekomsterna av hög kvalitet i allt större takt, vilket har väckt krav på ökad återföring av växtnäring. I detta examensarbete undersöktes fyra olika reningstekniker, varav tre har en viss återföringspotential, med hjälp av metodik från livscykelanalys. Systemen som undersöktes var infiltration, filterbäddar dels med Filtralite® P och dels med Filtra P som filtermaterial, samt ett kemikaliefällningssystem. Systemgränserna omfattade extraktion av råmaterial, produktion av anläggningsmaterial och –komponenter, uppförande och drift av systemen samt avveckling av anläggningarna och återföring av restmaterial. Förutom påverkan på mänsklig hälsa och försurningspotential, som visade sig vara mindre relevanta för slutresultaten, omfattade analysen även en undersökning av energianvändning, förbrukning av abiotiska resurser, potential för global uppvärmning och eutrofieringspotential.

Infiltrationslösningen fick de mest fördelaktiga resultatvärden i alla kategorierna förutom eutrofieringspotential, vilket kan förklaras med systemets låga energi- och resursbehov samt dess höga livslängd. Filterbädden med Filtralite® P som filtermaterial uppvisade den största förmågan att reducera eutrofierande substanser. Systemets energibehov och utsläpp av växthusgaser översteg dock de andra systemens resultat i dessa kategorier kraftigt. Både anläggningen med Filtra P och kemikaliefällningslösningen fick liknande resultat, med måttlig påverkan i alla kategorier. Systemens återföringspotential visade sig vara begränsad av restprodukternas höga tungmetallhalt. Kemikaliefällt slam hade högre återföringspotential än filterbäddsmaterial.

Kemikaliefällning klarade sig totalt sett bäst i studien. Den relativt obeprövade tekniska utformning och det osäkra dataunderlaget ledde till att Filtra P hamnade i rangordningen efter kemikaliefällning. Infiltrationssystemets begränsade reningsförmåga och den obefintliga återföringspotentialen ledde till att alternativet hamnade näst sist. Filtralite® P-alternativet blev placerat sist i rangordningen på grund av dess stora påverkan på förbrukning av fossila bränslen och global uppvärmning. Baserat på rangordningen utfärdades rekommendationer.

Trots att filtermaterialen som undersöktes i denna studie har en utmärkt fosforreningsförmåga, kommer det att krävas fler studier med avseende på alternativa filtermaterial, eftersom materialens användning av icke-förnybara energikällor är mycket stor vid tillverkningen. Fokus borde ligga på återvunna eller naturliga material (som t.ex. snäcksand) med låg miljöpåverkan vid tillverkning. Om återföring av växtnäring ska bli ett mål inom småskalig avloppsvattenrening, måste effektiva sätt att separera tungmetaller från växtnäringsämnen utforskas. Denna studie visade att goda fosforavskiljningsegenskaper kan medföra att andra typer av miljöpåverkan ökar, vilket i vissa fall kan leda till att de negativa konsekvenserna överväger nyttan av minskad eutrofiering.

Moderne, dezentrale Abwassertechnik steht zwei großen Herausforderungen gegenüber. Zum einen sind die Ansprüche von Seiten des Gesetzgebers gestiegen, die effektivere Abwasserreinigungstechniken erfordern. Zum andern werden Phosphorvorkommen von hoher Qualität zunehmend knapper, was Rufe nach verstärkter Rückführung von Phosphor hat laut werden lassen. Im Verwaltungsbezirk Stockholm, in dem es ungefähr 34 000 Haushalte mit unzureichender Abwasserreinigung gibt, ist das Problem von besonderer Bedeutung. In dieser Diplomarbeit wurden vier Abwasserreinigungssysteme, wovon drei ein gewisses Potential für Phosphorrückführung haben, mit Hilfe einer Ökobilanzierung untersucht. Folgende Systeme wurden untersucht: Eine Infiltrationsanlage, zwei Filterbettsanlagen, eine mit Filtralite® P und eine mit Filtra P als Filtermaterial sowie ein System mit Chemikaliefällung. Die Systemgrenzen umfassten die Gewinnung und Verarbeitung von Rohstoffen, das Errichten der jeweiligen Anlage, deren Betrieb sowie Rückgewinnung und Entsorgung von Restmaterialien. Neben Auswirkungen auf die menschliche Gesundheit und Versauerungspotential, die sich im Nachhinein als weniger relevant erwiesen, wurden Energiebedarf, Verbrauch abiotischer Resourcen, Potential für globale Erwärmung und Eutrophierungspotential untersucht.

Die niedrigsten Resultate in allen Kategorien außer Eutrophierungspotential wurden vom Infiltrationssystem erreicht. Filtralite® P erwies sich als am leistungsstärksten, was die Reduktion von eutrophierenden Substanzen angeht. Der Energiebedarf und die Emissionen von Treibhausgasen dieser Alternative überstieg die Ergebnisse der anderen Alternativen in diesen Kategorien doch bei weitem. Filtra P und Chemikaliefällung erzielten moderate Auswirkungen in allen Kategorien. Das Potential für die Rückführung von Pflanzennährstoffen wird, wie die Ergebnisse zeigen, vom relativ hohen Schwermetallhalt in den Restprodukten begrenzt.

Chemikaliefällung ist in dieser Studie die beste Alternative. Filtra P zeigte sich als technisch noch zu wenig ausgereift und die Datenunterlage als zu unvollständig, weswegen diese Alternative an zweiter Stelle steht. Die begrenzte Reinigungsfähigkeit des Infiltrationssystemes und das nicht vorhandene Potential für Rückführung von Phosphor führten dazu, dass diese Lösung an dritter Stelle steht. Das System mit Filtralite® P als Filtermaterial wurde wegen seines großen Verbrauchs von fossilen Brennstoffen für wenig brauchbar befunden und steht damit an letzter Stelle.

Trotz ihrer hervorragenden phosphorreduzierenden Eigenschaften, wird weitere Forschung im Bereich alternativer Filtermaterialien notwendig werden. Hierbei sollten natürliche Materialien (wie Muschelsand) oder Restprodukte im Mittelpunkt des Interesses stehen, um die Umweltauswirkungen gering zu halten. Wenn die Rückführung von Phosphor ein Ziel der Abwasserreinigung sein soll, müssen Lösungen, Schwermetalle von Pflanzennährstoffen zu trennen, gefunden werden. Diese Studie hat gezeigt, dass gute phosphorreduzierende Eigenschaften zu verstärkten Umweltauswirkungen in anderen Bereichen führen können, welche in manchen Fällen sogar die Vorteile einer verringerten Eutrophierung übersteigen können.

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Santos, Cláudio Rodrigues dos. "Análise paramétrica da infiltração e sua influência na estabilidade de taludes em solo não saturado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18132/tde-22032010-104230/.

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Apresenta-se um estudo paramétrico acerca da infiltração de água e sua repercussão no Fator de Segurança de talude em solos não saturados. Na análise adota-se um talude de referência com geometria fixada conforme a inclinação típica para taludes em areia argilo siltosa, característica do Centro-Oeste do estado de São Paulo. A análise paramétrica foi desenvolvida a partir de uma simulação de fluxo em regime transiente utilizando o programa SEEP/W, que utiliza o método de elementos finitos, e posteriormente uma análise de estabilidade do talude de referência utilizando o método de Bishop simplificado conforme apresentado no programa SLOPE/W. Foram analisados taludes homogêneos compostos por três diferentes tipos de solo, uma areia, um silte argiloso e uma areia argilo siltosa. Os parâmetros analisados compreendem a curva de retenção de água, a função condutividade hidráulica do solo e a intensidade de precipitação. Verificou-se que a função condutividade hidráulica e a pressão de entrada de ar são os principais determinantes do comportamento da infiltração e conseqüentemente da estabilidade do talude. As simulações de fluxo evidenciaram que os taludes em solos mais arenosos apresentam taxas de infiltração maiores que as apresentadas pelos taludes compostos por solos siltosos. Consequentemente, os escorregamentos ocasionados pela perda da contribuição da sucção para a resistência ao cisalhamento ocorrem primeiramente nos taludes compostos por solos arenosos e posteriormente naqueles compostos por solos siltosos, fato este que pôde ser confirmado pelas análises de estabilidade do talude de referência.
A parametric study is presented about water infiltration and its repercussion in the safety factor of unsaturated soil slopes. In the analysis it is adopted a reference slope with determined geometry according to the typical inclination for slopes in silty clayey sand, characteristic of the mid-western region of São Paulo State, in Brazil. The parametric analysis was developed from a flux simulation in transient regime using the SEEP/W software, which uses the finite elements method, and thereafter, a stability analysis of the reference slope using simplified Bishop method, as presented in the SLOPE/W software. Homogeneous slopes composed by three different types of soil (sand, clayey silt and silty clayey sand) were considered. The analyzed parameters include the water retention curve, the hydraulic conductivity function and the precipitation intensity. It was verified that the hydraulic conductivity function and the air entry value are the main determinants of the infiltration behavior and, subsequently, of the slope stability. The flux simulations have evidenced that coarser soils slopes show higher infiltration rates than the ones presented in finer soil slopes. Consequently, the slides caused by the loss of the suction\'s contribution to shear strength occur primarily in coarser soil slopes than in fine soil slopes, what could be verified in the stability analysis of the reference slope.

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Gonzalez, Camacho Juan-Manuel. "Modélisation stochastique d'une irrigation à la raie." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20302.

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Le present travail est une contribution a la modelisation mathematique d'une irrigation a la raie en vue de son evaluation a l'echelle parcellaire. Nous avons etudie l'incidence de la variabilite spatiale de l'infiltration entre raies infiltration identifiee a partir de mesures de surface et les consequences de cette variabilite sur la qualite d'un arrosage. Une approche basee sur la theorie de la similitude nous a permis de decrire la variabilite l'infiltration entre les raies a l'aide des facteurs d'echelle. Le chapitre ii rappelle les principes de l'ecoulement d'une irrigation a la raie, et les criteres de qualite d'un arrosage. Le chapitre iii rappelle les differentes approches utilisees pour decrire une irrigation a la raie. On y etudie une methode d'identification des parametres de la loi d'infiltration de parlange et al. , 1982. Le chapitre iv enonce les principes de la mise en facteur d'echelle et developpe une methode d'identification de ces facteurs. Nous presentons, dans le chapitre v, la methodologie experimentale mis en uvre durant 1989 et 1990, dans le sud-est de la france. Dans le chapitre vi nous presentons le traitement des donnees permettant de quantifier la variabilite et de valider la methodologie proposee. Une comparaison entre une approche non stochastique et une approche stochastique est enfin effectuee

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29

Lipinský, Vít. "Detekce infiltrace srážkové vody metodou EIS." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225719.

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The master‘s thesis deals with the detection of rainwater infiltration in soils using the method of electrical impedance spectrometry. Its aim is to assess the suitability of this method and equipment for measuring the role of water infiltration in soils.

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30

Gandola, Franck. "MMéthodologie de visualisation des écoulements en milieux non saturés : théorie et expériences." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10178.

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La caracterisation hydrodynamique de la zone non saturee du sol est devenue une priorite majeure dans des domaines d'etudes divers tels que l'agronomie, le genie civil et tous ceux orientes vers la protection de l'environnement. Si les nouvelles techniques d'infiltrometrie de terrain telles que les infiltrometres a disques ou le permeametre de guelph sont desormais largement utilisees, elles necessitent cependant la prise en compte du caractere multidirectionnel de l'ecoulement (relatif a ces appareils) dans le depouillement des mesures. Or, l'etude des phenomenes d'infiltration tridimensionnelle reste difficile a aborder avec les moyens classiques dont on dispose (sondes tdr combinees avec des tensiometres pour la mesure de la succion). Outre la lourdeur de cet equipement, la presence de sondes dans un volume restreint pourrait perturber l'ecoulement. La methodologie de laboratoire developpee repose sur la visualisation des phenomenes d'infiltration realisee en condition d'axisymetrie, en utilisant simultanement un traceur et une condition d'eclairage en lumiere bleue. La premiere analyse proposee est basee sur la morphologie binaire pour le traitement des images. L'utilisation simultanee d'un filtre bleu en condition d'eclairage et jaune devant la camera assure un contraste suffisamment marque entre la zone infiltree et le fond de l'image pour la binarisation de l'image. Cette technique permet de suivre l'evolution du front d'humectation avec une grande precision durant l'infiltration. La deuxieme approche est basee sur l'analyse des images en couleur. La condition d'eclairage en lumiere bleue fait apparaitre differentes zones colorees au sein de la zone infiltree. La procedure d'etalonnage proposee consiste a preparer differents echantillons de materiau a des teneurs en fluide connues (et pour une concentration en colorant fixee) et a filmer l'ensemble sous les memes conditions. L'utilisation simultanee d'une palette colorimetrique limitee et de la regle d'etalonnage permet de quantifier l'etat de saturation en fluide dans le massif infiltre. D'une maniere generale, les principaux avantages de cette methode de visualisation adaptee a la caracterisation des transferts hydriques reside dans la non intrusivite mais egalement dans la possibilite d'automatiser le traitement des images.

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31

Muthineni, Srinivas. "Two Dimensional Numerical Modelling Of Variably Saturated Flows." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/255.

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Abstract:

The prediction of moisture and contaminant transport through unsaturated soil to ground water is becoming increasingly important in the fields of hydrology, agriculture and environmental engineering. Computer aided simulation techniques enables one to conduct a series of systematic numerical experiments to analyze flow phenomenon in subsurface hydrology under various physical and chemical processes. The flow movement depends upon medium characteristics, initial and boundary conditions, which reflect, physical processes occurring below the ground. To understand the effects of physical process an efficient and accurate model is needed. Thus the model developed must be able to handle varied initial and boundary conditions. In this regard, infiltration into a very dry soil becomes a very important problem of study. Most of the earlier numerical models developed are concentrated on the development of an efficient algorithm or the modelling of a particular process which govern the flow in unsaturated or saturated-unsaturated homogeneous medium. Not much work has been done on the analysis of variably saturated flow in layered soil medium. Models to simulate unsaturated flow through dry soils, especially through layered soils with varied boundary conditions are very limited. Further, not much studies have been reported in the literature on the prediction of seepage face development and the phreatic surface movement in variably saturated media with layering. These aspects are very important in determining the flow field and the discharge from the domain. A detailed literature review covering above aspects has been made and is reported in this thesis. In the present work, two dimensional numerical models to predict the movement of wetting front in unsaturated domain and the movement of the phreatic surface in homogeneous and layered porous media under various initial and boundary conditions are developed based on finite difference and finite volume techniques. These models can handle flow in both rectangular flow domains and radial flow domains. The initial condition settings include the handling of very dry soil medium without any transformation of the governing equation, handling of infiltration and constant head conditions at the boundaries under steady state as well as transient scenarios. The models are also able to handle various soil moisture characteristics which depict the nonlinear behaviour between hydraulic conductivity, moisture content and pressure head in a soil media. A mixed form of the governing partial differential equation is used in the present study as it leads to better mass conservation. The finite difference model uses a central difference approximation for the space derivatives and an Eulerian backward difference approximation for the time derivative. The fully implicit formulation is solved iteratively using Strongly Implicit Procedure after making Picard approximation for the highly nonlinear coefficients. The process of infiltration into an initially dry soil leads to the development of a steep wetting front. As the finite volume technique is naturally an upwind method, it is expected to play a positive role in modelling such processes accurately. Hence, a finite volume model is also developed by approximating the convective part using a MUSCL approach and a fully implicit central difference method for the diffusive part of the governing equation. The models developed are validated using both experimental data and numerical solutions for problems reported in the literature. The validation problems cover a wide range of physical scenarios such as: infiltration into a very dry soil, infiltration into a dry soil column with gravity drainage, development of water table mound, steady state drainage in a sand filled wedge shaped tank with seepage face development and transient seepage face development in a rectangular domain. Five test problems are used for the validation of the models. The developed models perform very well for the test problems considered, indicating the models' capability in handling such situations. The results obtained by using the present models for simulating flow through highly unsaturated (very dry) soils show that the models perform very well when compared with models which use transformation techniques to handle such problems. The performance of the present models in comparison with the experimental data and numerical models available in the literature show the suitability of the present models in handling such situations. The present models are also used to analyse various types of unsaturated flow problems with varying initial and boundary conditions. The boundary conditions considered are no flow and /or free flow conditions along the left, right and bottom boundaries with infiltration condition along a part of the top boundary. For the various cases considered in the present study, infiltration rate varies from 5 cm/day to 50cm/day through an initially very dry soil of -15000 cm pressure head in homogeneous and layered soils. Different types of soil media considered vary from sandy loam, loam and clay with horizontal and vertical layering of these soils. A total number of 14 cases are analysed. The results are discussed in terms of pressure head variation in the flow domain along with moisture redistribution for all the cases under consideration. It is observed from these studies that the infiltration rate play an important role on the wetting front movement through layered soils depending on the type of layering and the boundary conditions considered. The soil properties of various layers affect the movement of wetting front by changing the direction of movement. Even though the wetting front movement is predominantly vertical, there is a tendency for the wetting front to move in the horizontal direction as it moves from a coarse soil to fine soil. It is also observed that the vertical layering of soils with different hydraulic conductivity helps in redirecting the flow towards the bottom boundary through the neighboring coarser layers. As finite volume method is more suitable for simulating sharp fronts, it is expected to perform better than finite difference method for simulating infiltration into very dry soils. So, a comparison is made between the performance of these two models by using the above test problems. It is observed from these studies that the performance of both the models are same except that the finite volume method takes much more CPU time than the finite difference model. Considering the type of problems tested, it is observed that for modelling unsaturated and saturated-unsaturated flows, finite difference method is better in comparison to finite volume method. It may be due to the predominant diffusive characteristics of the governing equation even while modelling flow through very dry soils. Proper estimation of the seepage height is an important aspect in finding the discharge through the porous medium. It is observed from the literature that the use of a saturated flow model in such situations can lead to an underestimation of the discharge through the porous medium. This effect is more important when dealing with small dimension problems. It is also observed that various parameters which govern the moisture movement through saturated-unsaturated regions affect proper estimation of the seepage face height and there by discharge. Various factors like effect of boundary conditions, type of soil layering, problem dimension and aspect ratio on seepage face development and the associated phreatic surface formation is studied in the present work. It is seen from the present study that the seepage face development is more in rectangular flow domain than in radial flow domain for both homogeneous and layered soils. It is also seen that the seepage face development in rectangular problems are more sensitive than radial flow problems for various factors considered. The seepage height is also influenced by the tail water level. It is seen from the present study that as the tail water level increases the seepage face reduces with no seepage face development for some of the cases studied. This influence is relatively less for radial flow problems. As the length of the domain increases the seepage height decreases. It is seen that for different cases with same horizontal dimension, as the height of the domain increases the seepage face height also increases. This phenomenon is observed for both homogeneous and layered soil medium. The influence of the aspect ratio, which is the ratio of the length to height of the domain indicate that as the aspect ratio increases the seepage height decreases. The type of the soil layering is observed to have a very strong influence on the seepage face development. The study for understanding the effect of soil layering on the development of seepage face and phreatic surface suggest that as the coarseness of the material increases, the phreatic surface become flatter and its steepness increases with the fineness of the soil. The present model is also used for studying the transient phreatic surface movement and the seepage face development. This is studied for homogeneous and layered rectangular soil medium. The present study is used to understand the effect of specific storage on the phreatic surface movement and the seepage face development. The studies indicate that the influence of specific storage on the seepage face development is insignificant in homogeneous soils with only very little effect in the early time for longer domains. It is also observed that the influence of the specific storage is significant in the case of layered soils. This effect depends on the type of layering and the problem dimension and is observed to have influence for relatively longer period. This observation suggests the importance of specific storage on transient seepage face development. When the specific storage effect is considered the drainage of the soil become faster resulting in a faster decline of the phreatic surface with time. The influence of specific storage is also studied considering the problem dimension effect. It is seen that as the aspect ratio increases, the effect of specific storage on the phreatic surface development decreases. The studies with change in the upstream boundary condition from a constant head to a no flow condition indicate that the effect of specific storage has no significant influence on the phreatic surface development for both homogeneous and layered soils.

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32

Muthineni, Srinivas. "Two Dimensional Numerical Modelling Of Variably Saturated Flows." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/255.

Full text

Abstract:

The prediction of moisture and contaminant transport through unsaturated soil to ground water is becoming increasingly important in the fields of hydrology, agriculture and environmental engineering. Computer aided simulation techniques enables one to conduct a series of systematic numerical experiments to analyze flow phenomenon in subsurface hydrology under various physical and chemical processes. The flow movement depends upon medium characteristics, initial and boundary conditions, which reflect, physical processes occurring below the ground. To understand the effects of physical process an efficient and accurate model is needed. Thus the model developed must be able to handle varied initial and boundary conditions. In this regard, infiltration into a very dry soil becomes a very important problem of study. Most of the earlier numerical models developed are concentrated on the development of an efficient algorithm or the modelling of a particular process which govern the flow in unsaturated or saturated-unsaturated homogeneous medium. Not much work has been done on the analysis of variably saturated flow in layered soil medium. Models to simulate unsaturated flow through dry soils, especially through layered soils with varied boundary conditions are very limited. Further, not much studies have been reported in the literature on the prediction of seepage face development and the phreatic surface movement in variably saturated media with layering. These aspects are very important in determining the flow field and the discharge from the domain. A detailed literature review covering above aspects has been made and is reported in this thesis. In the present work, two dimensional numerical models to predict the movement of wetting front in unsaturated domain and the movement of the phreatic surface in homogeneous and layered porous media under various initial and boundary conditions are developed based on finite difference and finite volume techniques. These models can handle flow in both rectangular flow domains and radial flow domains. The initial condition settings include the handling of very dry soil medium without any transformation of the governing equation, handling of infiltration and constant head conditions at the boundaries under steady state as well as transient scenarios. The models are also able to handle various soil moisture characteristics which depict the nonlinear behaviour between hydraulic conductivity, moisture content and pressure head in a soil media. A mixed form of the governing partial differential equation is used in the present study as it leads to better mass conservation. The finite difference model uses a central difference approximation for the space derivatives and an Eulerian backward difference approximation for the time derivative. The fully implicit formulation is solved iteratively using Strongly Implicit Procedure after making Picard approximation for the highly nonlinear coefficients. The process of infiltration into an initially dry soil leads to the development of a steep wetting front. As the finite volume technique is naturally an upwind method, it is expected to play a positive role in modelling such processes accurately. Hence, a finite volume model is also developed by approximating the convective part using a MUSCL approach and a fully implicit central difference method for the diffusive part of the governing equation. The models developed are validated using both experimental data and numerical solutions for problems reported in the literature. The validation problems cover a wide range of physical scenarios such as: infiltration into a very dry soil, infiltration into a dry soil column with gravity drainage, development of water table mound, steady state drainage in a sand filled wedge shaped tank with seepage face development and transient seepage face development in a rectangular domain. Five test problems are used for the validation of the models. The developed models perform very well for the test problems considered, indicating the models' capability in handling such situations. The results obtained by using the present models for simulating flow through highly unsaturated (very dry) soils show that the models perform very well when compared with models which use transformation techniques to handle such problems. The performance of the present models in comparison with the experimental data and numerical models available in the literature show the suitability of the present models in handling such situations. The present models are also used to analyse various types of unsaturated flow problems with varying initial and boundary conditions. The boundary conditions considered are no flow and /or free flow conditions along the left, right and bottom boundaries with infiltration condition along a part of the top boundary. For the various cases considered in the present study, infiltration rate varies from 5 cm/day to 50cm/day through an initially very dry soil of -15000 cm pressure head in homogeneous and layered soils. Different types of soil media considered vary from sandy loam, loam and clay with horizontal and vertical layering of these soils. A total number of 14 cases are analysed. The results are discussed in terms of pressure head variation in the flow domain along with moisture redistribution for all the cases under consideration. It is observed from these studies that the infiltration rate play an important role on the wetting front movement through layered soils depending on the type of layering and the boundary conditions considered. The soil properties of various layers affect the movement of wetting front by changing the direction of movement. Even though the wetting front movement is predominantly vertical, there is a tendency for the wetting front to move in the horizontal direction as it moves from a coarse soil to fine soil. It is also observed that the vertical layering of soils with different hydraulic conductivity helps in redirecting the flow towards the bottom boundary through the neighboring coarser layers. As finite volume method is more suitable for simulating sharp fronts, it is expected to perform better than finite difference method for simulating infiltration into very dry soils. So, a comparison is made between the performance of these two models by using the above test problems. It is observed from these studies that the performance of both the models are same except that the finite volume method takes much more CPU time than the finite difference model. Considering the type of problems tested, it is observed that for modelling unsaturated and saturated-unsaturated flows, finite difference method is better in comparison to finite volume method. It may be due to the predominant diffusive characteristics of the governing equation even while modelling flow through very dry soils. Proper estimation of the seepage height is an important aspect in finding the discharge through the porous medium. It is observed from the literature that the use of a saturated flow model in such situations can lead to an underestimation of the discharge through the porous medium. This effect is more important when dealing with small dimension problems. It is also observed that various parameters which govern the moisture movement through saturated-unsaturated regions affect proper estimation of the seepage face height and there by discharge. Various factors like effect of boundary conditions, type of soil layering, problem dimension and aspect ratio on seepage face development and the associated phreatic surface formation is studied in the present work. It is seen from the present study that the seepage face development is more in rectangular flow domain than in radial flow domain for both homogeneous and layered soils. It is also seen that the seepage face development in rectangular problems are more sensitive than radial flow problems for various factors considered. The seepage height is also influenced by the tail water level. It is seen from the present study that as the tail water level increases the seepage face reduces with no seepage face development for some of the cases studied. This influence is relatively less for radial flow problems. As the length of the domain increases the seepage height decreases. It is seen that for different cases with same horizontal dimension, as the height of the domain increases the seepage face height also increases. This phenomenon is observed for both homogeneous and layered soil medium. The influence of the aspect ratio, which is the ratio of the length to height of the domain indicate that as the aspect ratio increases the seepage height decreases. The type of the soil layering is observed to have a very strong influence on the seepage face development. The study for understanding the effect of soil layering on the development of seepage face and phreatic surface suggest that as the coarseness of the material increases, the phreatic surface become flatter and its steepness increases with the fineness of the soil. The present model is also used for studying the transient phreatic surface movement and the seepage face development. This is studied for homogeneous and layered rectangular soil medium. The present study is used to understand the effect of specific storage on the phreatic surface movement and the seepage face development. The studies indicate that the influence of specific storage on the seepage face development is insignificant in homogeneous soils with only very little effect in the early time for longer domains. It is also observed that the influence of the specific storage is significant in the case of layered soils. This effect depends on the type of layering and the problem dimension and is observed to have influence for relatively longer period. This observation suggests the importance of specific storage on transient seepage face development. When the specific storage effect is considered the drainage of the soil become faster resulting in a faster decline of the phreatic surface with time. The influence of specific storage is also studied considering the problem dimension effect. It is seen that as the aspect ratio increases, the effect of specific storage on the phreatic surface development decreases. The studies with change in the upstream boundary condition from a constant head to a no flow condition indicate that the effect of specific storage has no significant influence on the phreatic surface development for both homogeneous and layered soils.

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Smati, Abdenasser. "Contribution à l'étude des transferts de chaleur et de masse dans le matériau de remplissage d'un stockage de déchets haute activité." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066143.

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La connaissance des phénomènes d'hydratation du matériau de remplissage est essentielle pour une prédiction des transferts dans les barrières ouvragées des stockages de déchets radioactifs en milieu géologique. On a développé, dans le cas isotherme, une méthode thermique de mesure continue de l'humidité sur des échantillons d'argile compactée. Cette méthode a été utilisée pour déterminer le coefficient de diffusion et la perméabilité d'un matériau argileux non gonflant (kaolinite). Son application à la bentonite (smectite) demande des développements supplémentaires du fait de la complexité du comportement de ce matériau.

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Quadri, Marintho Bastos. "L'infiltrométrie multi-disques pour la caractérisation hydro-dispersive des sols non saturés : modélisation des transferts et applications." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10100.

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L' attention, tout au long de ce mémoire est principalement dirigée vers l'infiltrométrie multi-disques appliquée aux problèmes de transfert multidirectionnel d'eau et de solute partiellement satures en eau. Les aspects étudiés, notamment pour les applications in-situ, englobent la précision et la sensibilité de la méthode, le phénomène de l'encroutement des sols, et le problème du contact hydraulique entre l'infiltromètre et le sol. Actuellement, la méthode appelée trims (triple ring infiltrometers at multiple succion), selon la dénomination introduite par le lthe, est utilisée avec trois disques de rayons différents. Ce contexte impose l'étude de la solution quasi-linéaire de l'infiltration en régime stationnaire proposée par Wooding (1968). Afin de vérifier l'applicabilité de cette solution lorsque les hypothèses de linéarisation ne sont pas respectées, les équations de transfert macroscopiques sont résolues par la méthode des différences finies en considérant une géométrie axisymétrique. Une fois examiné l'aspect hydrodynamique, le transport d'un solute non interactif (traceur) est modélisé en tenant compte des mécanismes de dispersion-convection. L'introduction d'un solute dans l'écoulement à l'aide de l'infiltromètre apparaît comme une approche séduisante pour l'étude des propriétés hydro-dispersives et pour la caractérisation plus fine du régime d'écoulement. On conclut que l'infiltrométrie multi-disques couplée (ou non) à des techniques complémentaires d'échantillonnage et de mesures en laboratoire constitue une approche incontestablement intéressante pour l'étude suscitée. De plus, le modèle-simulateur semble constituer un outil d'aide à la méthode de caractérisation dans la mesure où il peut conférer une plus grande crédibilité aux estimations expérimentales. Il reste encore à souligner que l'approche adoptée ici représente néanmoins une vue très simpliste face à l'énorme complexité de la réalité physique. Toutefois, il parait évident que, dans les limites d'applicabilité du modèle, les résultats obtenus ont permis de mettre en évidence certaines tendances tout à fait réalistes

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Vallin, Hanna. "Utvärdering av multikriterieanalys som verktyg för spatial resursallokering av dagvattenåtgärder för tillskottsvatten i spillvattennät." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-297734.

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Utbyggnation av städer och allt större andel hårdgjorda ytor leder till problem med dagvattenhanteringen. Flödena blir snabbare samtidigt som större mängder än tidigare bildar avrinning och då är det viktigt att de befintliga systemen klarar av att hantera dem. Dagvatten från tak och hårdgjorda ytor och dräneringsvatten från källarfastigheter kan vara kopplat till spillvattennätet och leda till att vattenflödena i ledningarna vid stora regn kan bli betydligt större än de är dimensionerade för, med kapacitetsproblem som följd. En lösning som många VA-huvudmän har implementerat är att använda öppna dagvattenlösningar istället för att välja det mer kostnadskrävande alternativet att bygga ut ledningssystemet. Att koppla om stuprör, brunnar och dräneringsledningar och gräva diken för att leda om vattnet är både kostnads- och resurskrävande. Syftet var därför att undersöka om multikriterieanalys kan fungera som ett lämpligt verktyg för att allokera resurserna till de områden som ger mest nytta per satsad krona. Detta genom att ta fram en metodik för detta syfte och testa dess robusthet för att avgöra om den är lämplig att applicera eller om osäkerheterna i parametervärdena blir för stora för att några slutsatser ska kunna dras. Metodiken som togs fram testades på Bjursås, ett litet samhälle två mil utanför Falun, eftersom omfattande utredningar gjorts i området tidigare, vilket innebar att mycket data fanns att tillgå. Undersökningar gjordes av var mängderna kunde förväntas bli stora, var det fanns stor risk för källaröversvämningar och vilka områden som bidrog mest till bräddningar. Detta utvärderades tillsammans med förväntade åtgärdskostnader och en samlad bedömning gjordes av var nyttan per satsad krona bör bli störst. Stora osäkerheter återfanns i bedömningen. Slutsatsen blev att metoden kan fungera som stöd vid beslutsunderlag, men att den inte är tillräckligt robust för att kunna användas uteslutande utan att efterföljande utvärderingar och kritisk granskning av resultaten måste göras. Detta kan lämpligtvis ske genom en känslighetsanalys. För att resultaten ska utgöra ett användbart verktyg för VA-huvudmannen måste också kostnaderna utvärderas noggrannare än de har gjorts i den här studien.
Urbanization along with a greater amount of hardened surfaces affects the storm water management. When the flows get faster and larger amounts create runoff, it is crucial that the available systems are able to handle the water. Storm water from roofs and asphalt surfaces and drainage water can be connected to the sewage water pipelines and make the flows in the conduits at rainfall much greater than they are designed for, leading to capacity issues. Many municipalities have implemented open storm water solutions instead of choosing the more cost-ineffective way of expanding the conduit system. Reconnecting downspouts, wells and drainage pipelines and digging trenches to lead the water is both cost and resource demanding. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate whether multi criteria analysis can be used as an appropriate tool in order to allocate the resources to the most beneficial areas. This was done by developing a method for this aim and testing its robustness in order to determine if it is suitable to use in this context or if the uncertainties make the method too unreliable. The robustness in the method developed can be questioned since the uncertainties can be substantial. To be able to use this method, a lot of data is needed and the method needs to be updated relatively often in order to contain relevant information. It is recommended that a sensitivity analysis is performed along with the method, since the use of only one set of parameters can make the result relatively arbitrary. Using a Monte Carlo procedure with the uncertainties defined can reduce the time needed to measure and identify the values. The sensitivity analysis showed that the parameters that have the largest impact on the results are the number of residents living in every real estate with a basement, the catchment areas, the roughness parameters of the pipelines and the use of energy and chemicals in the system. In the future, the urbanization is expected to increase as well as the amount of rainfall and problems related to inflow and infiltration are expected to become more common. The hope is that the method used and its results will be useful for the municipalities’ future planning and to inspire to more studies on this topic.

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Durin, Bertrand. "Transfert et transport colloïdal de polluants métalliquesApplications en assainissement routier." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00104567.

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L'impact des infrastructures de transport sur l'environnement est une des préoccupations du ministère en charge de l'environnement. Le ruissellement des eaux de pluie sur les surfaces urbanisées engendre un effluent complexe plus ou moins pollué. L'objet de ce travail était de préciser le rôle de la fraction colloïdale sur la mobilité des éléments traces en assainissement routier. Pour cela nous avons procédé à deux échelles, d'une part d'une manière globale en instrumentant un bassin d'infiltration des eaux pluviales, afin de collecter et de qualifier l'effluent au cours de la chaîne d'infiltration depuis la route jusqu'aux eaux interstitielles ; d'autre part en simulant à l'échelle de la colonne de laboratoire, les sollicitations subies par le sédiment au cours de l'année, c'est à dire des variations de force ionique et des variations de charge hydraulique. L'isolement de la fraction colloïdale a été assurépar un protocole d'ultrafiltration et la caractérisation a été réalisée en couplant les analyses physicochimiques (ICP-AES, SAA, MEB, MEBE, MET, XPS) et un code de calcul géochimique. Les résultats obtenus sur le terrain mettent en évidence l'existence et la grande variabilité de la fraction colloïdale. Seul le cuivre y est toujours présent entre 4 et 59 % de sa concentration totale. Une méthodologie visant à réduire l'incertitude a été mise au point. La chute de la force ionique entraîne une mobilisation colloïdale d'aluminium, de cuivre, de plomb et de matière organique, alors que les cycles d'arrêt-reprise du débit mobilisent le cuivre, le fer, le zinc, le nickel et des composés organiques. La caractérisation colloïdale des éluats montre que les éléments traces sont associés à des oxydes d'aluminium et de fer accompagnés de substances organiques issues de la dégradation biologique mais qui sont à identifier.

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Jayo, Vidal Piero, and Machado Julio César Santiago Vélez. "Análisis numérico del control de infiltración de la fundación de la presa Coltani mediante el uso de pantalla de pilotes secantes." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655856.

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En este artículo, se realizó un análisis de infiltración de agua en la presa de tierra Coltani ubicada en el departamento de Tacna, Perú. Primero, se realizó un análisis de infiltración mediante el programa Slide el cual permite evaluar flujos de agua por medio de la hipótesis flujo permanente, de manera bidimensional y con un suelo isotrópico. Luego, se estudió la infiltración del agua subterránea de la presa Coltani tanto en su condición inicial como en su condición con muro pantalla. En esta última, se consideró como referencia el caudal de infiltración máximo permisible para proponer las alternativas en relación a su ubicación. Se consideró un diámetro de 1.5 metros y una profundidad de 30 metros con posibles ubicaciones al inicio, centro y final de la presa. Finalmente, se obtuvieron diversos resultados de caudales de salida en el primer estrato del suelo demostrando el impacto generado por las diversas ubicaciones de los pilotes secantes como muro impermeable. Se obtuvo como principal resultado, la ubicación ideal de los pilotes secantes al final de la presa Coltani con un valor de infiltración del agua subterránea de 0.00276 m3/s en el estrato inicial, verificándose en relación al caudal de infiltración máximo permisible (Qfmp).
In this article, a water seepage analysis was performed in the Coltani earth dam located in the department of Tacna, Peru. First, a seepage analysis was carried out using the Slide program, which allows to evaluate water flows through the permanent flow hypothesis, in a two-dimensional way and with an isotropic soil. Subsequently, the seepage of the underground water from the Coltani dam was studied, both in its initial condition and in its condition as a barrier wall. The maximum allowable seepage flow was considered as a reference to propose the alternatives in relation to its location. A diameter of 1.5 meters and a depth of 30 meters were considered with possible locations at the beginning, center and end of the dam. Finally, various outflow results were obtained in the first soil stratum, demonstrating the impact generated by the various locations of the secant piles as an impermeable wall. The main result was the ideal location of the secant piles at the end of the Coltani dam with a groundwater seepage value of 0.00276 m3/s in the initial stratum, verified in relation to the maximum allowable seepage flow (Qfmp).
Trabajo de investigación

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Almadi, Alaa. "Investigating mechanical properties of ordinary portland cement : investigating improvements to the mechanical properties of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) bodies by utilizing the phase transformation properties of a ceramic (zirconia)." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7315.

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The effects of metastable tetragonal zirconia on the properties of Ordinary Portland Cement were observed during which the effect of crystallite size pH on the preparation solution, precursor salt, and the presence of co-precipitates, Fe(OH)3, SnO2 and SiO2 on the crystallization temperature, enthalpy and crystal structure, immediately following the crystallization exothermic burst phenomenon in ZrO2 were measured. Thermal analysis and x-ray methods were used to determine crystallite sizes and structures immediately following the exothermic burst. Comparisons were made for zirconias prepared from oxychloride, chloride and nitrate solutions. The existence of tetrameric hydroxidecontaining ions in oxychloride precursor is used to rationalise low values of crystallization enthalpy. The position of the crystallization temperature, Tmax was not dependent on crystallite size alone but also on the pH at which the gel was made, the surface pH after washing, and the presence of diluent oxides. Enthalpy v r1/2 and Tmax v (diluent vol)1/3 relationships indicate that surface coverage effects dominate a surface nucleated phenomenon. The data established for ZrO2 systems was used to develop tetragonal-ZrO2-SnO2 powders capable of improving the mechanical properties of Ordinary Portland Cement discs. The ZrO2-OPC discs were prepared by powder mixing, water hydration and uniaxial pressing. Vicat needle tests showed that tetragonal-ZrO2 increases the initial setting rate. Microscopy indicated that porosity distribution changes near to ZrO2 particles. Zirconia has also been introduced into OPC discs by vacuum infiltration methods developed for solutions and colloidal suspensions. Comparisons between OPC discs and the OPCtetragonal ZrO2 composites have been made on the basis of diametral compression strength, Young’s modulus, hardness and toughness (K1c), as estimated by the cracked indentation method. Bell-shaped curves are found for the way the mechanical properties are changed as a function of Zirconia content.

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Gutierrez, Lorena Avelina Rojas. "Avaliação da qualidade da água de chuva e de um sistema filtro-vala-trincheira de infiltração no tratamento do escoamento superficial direto predial em escala real em São Carlos SP." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4314.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3915.pdf: 17290672 bytes, checksum: c7489012356ceda8babd81cf7b6b6a88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-24
Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
Several studies cite the pollution of stormwater as equivalent and sometimes even superior to those found in the sewers. According to this premise and thinking about environmental issues, especially in the contamination of groundwater and the spread of waterborne diseases, the quality of rainwater has become an important focus of study. This work concerns the monitoring of an infiltration system consisting of grass filter, trench and infiltration trench, built in full scale on the campus of University Federal of São Carlos - UFSCar, located in São Carlos - SP, from the assessment water quality of runoff directly before and after passing through the proposed infiltration system, parallel to monitoring the quality of rain water, through analysis of the physico-chemical and bacteriological established in legislation and international experiences, compared the conditions of the study area, and exploratory data analysis by two chemometric techniques: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). According to the analysis of the results variation, especially the quality of atmospheric water and quality of direct runoff results were obtained as concentrations low significantly to parameters Turbidity, Color, ST, STD, Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonia nitrogen, Sulfate, Chloride, Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc in the water samples analyzed directly from rain, compared with previous studies in the literature and standards and legislation existing about water resources, and the efficiency of the infiltration trench in the removal of Zinc (90,89%), Cooper (88,31%), Electrical Conductivity (31,40%), Ammonial nitrogen (24,32%) and Chloride (5,88%) compared with the predial direct runnof in the channel. With regard to PCA analysis, proves the characteristics between samples according to the conditions of sampling (day, month, place and time) and analysed variables, dividing into groups of samples and contributing to the extraction and interpretation of information unlikely to be viewed directly in the data matrix. The analysis complemented by HCA analysis by PCA.
Diversos estudos citam a poluição das águas pluviais como equivalente e, às vezes, até superior àquelas presentes nos esgotos. De acordo com tal premissa e pensando na problemática ambiental, especialmente na contaminação de águas subterrâneas e disseminação de doenças por veiculação hídrica, a qualidade da água pluvial tornou-se um foco importante de estudo. Este trabalho visa o monitoramento de um sistema de infiltração constituído de filtro de grama, vala e trincheira de infiltração, construído em escala real no campus da Universidade Federal de São Carlos UFSCar, localizado na cidade de São Carlos SP, a partir da avaliação da qualidade da água do escoamento superficial direto predial antes e após passar pelo sistema de infiltração proposto, paralelo ao monitoramento da qualidade da água de chuva, mediante análise de parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos estabelecidos em legislação e em experiências nacionais e internacionais, comparadas às condições da área de estudo, e análise exploratória dos dados por duas técnicas quimiométricas: Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) e Análise Hierárquica de Agrupamentos (HCA). De acordo com a análise da variação dos resultados obtidos, sobretudo, da qualidade da água atmosférica e da qualidade da água do escoamento superficial direto, obtiveram-se como resultados concentrações sensivelmente menores dos parâmetros Turbidez, Cor, ST, STD, Nitrato, Nitrito, Nitrogênio Amoniacal, Sulfato, Cloreto, Cádmio, Cobre, Chumbo e Zinco analisados nas amostras de água diretamente da chuva, comparando-se com estudos precedentes na literatura e normas e legislações de recursos hídricos vigentes. O sistema filtro-vala-trincheira de infiltração removeu os seguintes parâmetros analisados, comparando-se com a água do escoamento superficial direto predial no canal: Zinco (90,89%), Cobre (88,31%), Condutividade Elétrica (31,40%), Nitrogênio Amoniacal (24,32%) e Cloreto (5,88%). Com relação às análises por PCA, evidenciaram-se as características entre as amostras de acordo com as condições de amostragem (dia, mês, local e tempo) e variáveis analisadas, dividindo em grupos de amostras e contribuindo para a extração e interpretação das informações que dificilmente seriam visualizadas diretamente na matriz de dados. As análises por HCA complementaram as análises por PCA.

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Gorski, Jacob J. "Evidence Supporting Treatment Practice Based Delineation of Stormwater Runoff Zones." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1423.

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Particles mobilized by stormwater negatively affect receiving surface waters. Stormwater best management practices (BMPs) can reduce solids along with associated pollutants in runoff but engineers and environmental managers have been long vexed by the problem of choosing the optimal BMP for a given situation. A common BMP process for solids removal is sedimentation. This thesis addresses the question of whether the effectiveness (and thus choice) of a sedimentation device can be estimated (and thus optimized) from the particle size properties of runoff, which, in turn, could be associated with specific runoff zones or land uses. Presented here is a series of experiments to determine the solids-removal capabilities of a manufactured oil-water separator that also removes solids via sedimentation. A statistical model developed from the experimental data shows that, under normal operating conditions, influent particle size can be used to accurately estimate effluent total suspended solids (TSS) for BMPs of this type. Relationships between particle size and particle-bound metal concentrations for Cu, Zn and Pb were then obtained from the literature and incorporated into the model to allow estimates of metal removal efficiencies based on TSS and PSD. The model can be used with an arbitrary particle size distribution (PSD); this allows effluent quality predictions to be made considering that particle sizes entering stormwater BMPs could vary due to anthropogenic, hydraulic or hydrologic factors. To place these experimental and modeling results in the context of an urban environment, samples of deposited stormwater solids were collected from residential areas, commercial areas and an industrial zone in Portland, Oregon, and the PSD of each sample was determined using light obstruction particle sizing. PSDs ranging over sizes from 3μm to 200μm vary among these locations. Areas with high anthropogenic impact were found to have PSDs skewed toward the smallest particle sizes. The statistical model developed here was then used to show that the effluent quality of the BMP tested would differ depending on the locations where solids were collected. The evidence presented in this thesis thus indicates that device performance will correlate with geographic locations or land use zone and validates further investigation into delineating the City of Portland's characteristic runoff zones and using the runoff characteristics of each zone to map it to the most desirable treatment practices.

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Ringqvist, Anna. "Utläckage från vattennät – en betydande källa till tillskottsvatten i spillvattennät? : Linjär regressionsanalys av VA-data från svenska kommuner." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-433773.

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Infiltration and inflow of non-sewer water to wastewater systems (I/I water) poses a significant problem to health, economy, and the environment by affecting the capacity of the wastewater system. To determine effective measures to reduce the amount of I/I water, it is essential to identify its most important sources. In this thesis, the relationship between leaked drinking water and I/I water was investigated by using ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regression. The first question is whether there is a statistical relationship between the amount of drinking water leakages and the amount of I/I water in wastewater treatment plants in Swedish municipalities. Data from 207 Swedish municipalities were included in the analysis. The amount of unaccounted water, i.e. the difference between produced and charged drinking water, was used as a measure of water leakage. The second question treats the feasibility of statistically comparing municipalities to determine the importance of I/I water sources. The result of the OLS linear regression shows a statistically significant relationship between the level of unaccounted water and the level of I/I water in Swedish municipalities. This could be explained by a causal process where leaked drinking water infiltrates the wastewater system. Another explanation could be simultaneous problems in the water system and the wastewater system, potentially caused by the quality of the pipelines. However, caution should be exercised when drawing conclusions from statistical comparisons between water and wastewater flows in different municipalities. Variations in other aspects such as natural conditions and infrastructure, must also be considered.

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Taha, Ammar. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de la contribution des eaux infiltrées à la formation des débits des crues en zone méditerranéenne : application à un versant du Real Collobrier." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10052.

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L'objectif de ce travail est de contribuer a la comprehension du fonctionnement hydrologique d'un bassin versant mediterraneen, notamment a l'occasion de ses crues. Il est compose d'un premier volet experimental destine a l'observation du comportement des eaux souterraines. Ce volet inclut des mesures de pression de l'eau dans le sol et de niveaux des nappes (fugitives ou perennes) sous un versant (ligne de plus grande pente perpendiculaire a la riviere), et une analyse approfondie des sols du versant: granulometries, conductivites hydrauliques in situ mesurees a l'aide de differents appareillages, mesures de la retention en eau des sols etc. Les proprietes hydrodynamiques des sols en place sont egalement decrites. Utilisant cette description hydrodynamique, on tente ensuite de modeliser le comportement du versant lorsqu'il est soumis a la pluie. La modelisation cherche a reproduire les infiltrations et les mouvements de nappes observes. Pour ce faire on developpe un modele d'infiltration et de montee de nappe dans une zone inclinee d'un sol multicouche. Pour resoudre l'equation de richards differentes methodes ont ete developpees. La meilleure, dans notre travail, s'avere etre celle qui utilise les differences finies avec un procede iteratif des directions alternees. Les resultats de la modelisation confirment qu'en cas de pluies importantes, une nappe peut s'elever relativement rapidement a proximite de la riviere et l'alimenter. Toutefois, les forts debits ne peuvent s'expliquer que par la saturation de l'ensemble du profil du sol qui engendre la montee de ces nappes et par les ecoulements de surface que ces aires saturees entrainent

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Vengeon, Jean-Marc. "Déformation et rupture des versants en terrain métamorphique anisotrope : apport de l'étude des ruines de Séchilienne." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10232.

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La rupture des versants rocheux est une source de risque majeur dans toutes les regions montagneuses. Les terrains metamorphiques anisotropes presentent tout l'eventail des mecanismes de deformation, lesquels sont analyses dans la premiere partie de ce travail a partir d'exemples europeens. L'etude pluridisciplinaire des ruines de sechilienne, presentee en seconde partie, revet un interet particulier du fait de la complexite du phenomene et par l'ampleur des moyens d'auscultation et de surveillance mis en uvre pendant une decennie (1988-1998). Nous avons menees trois approches complementaires : geologique, geomecanique, hydrogeologique. L'approche geologique a permise une description fine de la structure du versant a toutes les echelles. L'approche geomecanique a consiste a elaborer un modele structural simplifie et a tester numeriquement differentes hypotheses par la methodes des elements distincts. Ceci nous autorise a proposer un mecanisme en accord qualitatif avec les observations de terrain et les mesures de deplacement. Ce mecanisme de rupture interne, controle par les grandes familles de discontinuites preexistantes, induit des concentrations de contrainte et des efforts de traction pouvant provoquer un endommagement progressif et irreversible du massif. Enfin, l'approche hydrogeologique s'est attachee a analyser le debit, la temperature ainsi que la composition chimique et isotopique des eaux du massif, pour preciser leur origine et leur mode d'ecoulement. En couplant les trois approches, on a pu proposer un modele hydromecanique global expliquant l'influence de la pluviometrie sur le rythme de la deformation du versant. Des pistes sont avancees pour etudier la geometrie probable de la rupture. Par contre, la prevision de la date de la rupture reste hors d'atteinte. Enfin, l'observation du versant sud de la toura, a saint-christophe-en-oisans, suggere que le mecanisme de rupture interne pourrait etre plus repandu qu'on ne le croit.

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Xu, Shan. "Caractérisation de l’environnement karstique de la grotte de Lascaux par couplage de méthodes géophysique, statistique et géostatistique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0244/document.

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La grotte de Lascaux (inscrite au patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO et l’une des plus connues au monde) nécessite, dans le cadre de sa conservation et suite aux aléas subis depuis sa découverte, une attention particulière tant pour elle-même que pour son environnement. L’utilisation d’une méthode géophysique, la Tomographie de Résistivité électrique (TRE) qui est une méthode non intrusive par excellence, est donc proposée pour la reconnaissance du milieu karstique l’environnant.Un suivi temporel par TRE a été mise en oeuvre pour caractériser l’amont hydraulique de la grotte et surveiller la variation temporelle de la résistivité des terrains. A l’aide d’analyses statistiques, et en couplant les données microclimatiques aux résultats d’un suivi temporel de vingt-deux mois, nous avons montré la capacité de ce type de mesures à caractériser l’environnement épikarstique de la grotte, particulièrement les zones d’alimentation et celles permettant l’infiltration des eaux pluviales. Une modélisation du débit d’un écoulement situé à l’entrée de la grotte est proposée à partir des données de résistivité dans la zone d’alimentation identifiée au cours du suivi. Ce modèle a la capacité de prédire les arrêts et les reprises des écoulements dans la grotte, éventuellement des évènements journaliers.A partir des données de résistivité issues d’une prospection 3D du site, des modélisations géostatistiques par krigeage ordinaire et par indicatrice ont été effectuées permettant des représentations spatiales en fonction de la résistivité des terrains. Ces modèles se sont révélés extrêmement instructifs par l’imagerie de l’environnement karstique de la grotte de Lascauxqui en a résulté. Les limites des formations détritiques et des calcaires sont identifiées à l’est et l’ouest du site. A l’intérieur des calcaires, on retrouve, bien sûr, les anomalies conductrices déjà identifiées au cours du suivi temporel mais aussi leur extension spatiale. Ainsi, on a pu mettre en évidence la continuité spatiale de certaines anomalies.Le suivi temporel par TRE a permis la compréhension de la structure et du fonctionnement de l’alimentation de l’épikarst. Les modèles géostatistiques 3D ont montré leur efficacité pour la caractérisation de l’environnement de la grotte. Les résultats aideraient à proposer des conseils pour la protection du milieu environnant la grotte et ainsi pour la préservation de cette dernière
The Lascaux cave, one of the most important prehistoric caves in the world, located in Dordogne (24, France) needs particular attention both for itself and for the environment interms of conservation and vulnerability since its discovery. Geophysical methods in particular Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) enable us, in a non-invasive way, to monitor the karsticenvironment.A Time-Lapse monitoring by ERT was carried out next to the cave. Together with analysis of the local effective rainfall (ground water recharge) and the flow in the cave, the monitoringhelped us to identify an area where upstream underground water is probably stored e.g. arecharge zone. There is a large electrical contrast between the surrounding limestone and theprobable recharge zone. Then, a multivariate analysis through the resistivity values allowed usto characterize the model blocks, showing a specific behavior over time, especially the blockswith the lowest electrical resistivity. A prediction model of the flow in relation with the recharge zone succeeded to predict the beginning and the end of flow, even the daily event withextremely high value of flow.In order to visualize the environment in 3D condition, a geostatistical modelling was then applied to the resistivity values. The geostatistical models can emphasize the limit betweenthe limestone promontory and the clayey/sandy formations to the east/west part of the site. In the limestone promontory, the models also showed the possible connection between theanomalous conductive areas that may have a special consequence in this karstic environment.The Time-Lapse monitoring by ERT allows us to understand the karstic structures andrecharge phenomena. The 3D geostatistical modeling showed efficiency for the characterization of the cave environment. Those results can help to provide advices for the cave preservation

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Grunberger, O. "Étude géochimique et isotopique de l'infiltration sous climat tropical contrasté : massif du Piton des neiges, île de la Réunion." Paris 11, 1989. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/H/Orsay_Grunberger.pdf.

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L'étude chimique et isotopique des éléments dissous des eaux de pluie, de l'eau du sol et des eaux souterraines permet la mise en évidence des caractères principaux du cycle hydrique sur une île volcanique tropicale à climat contrasté comme la Réunion (21°7S, 52°32W). La variation des teneurs chimiques dans les pluies montrent une influence marquée de la présence marine qui diminue avec le relief. La répartition des teneurs isotopiques des précipitations montre une distribution similaire en situation "normale" et fortement perturbée lors de la forte dépression tropicale Clotilda où les teneurs sont très appauvries. Cette variation naturelle des teneurs, due aux pluies à forte ascendance, constitue un signal que l'on s'est efforcé de retrouver dans l'eau des profils de sols et dans les points d'eau. L'examen des teneurs des eaux dans les sols montre, qu'en bas de pente, dans le secteur aride de l'île, se produit une évaporation irréductible alimentée par les nappes libres. Plus haut, sur les versants, il se produit une infiltration que l'on a pu également quantifier. Les analyses chimiques et isotopiques des eaux souterraines montrent que la minéralisation globale est bien représentée, loin de l'océan, par la minéralisation carbonatée essentiellement d'origine biogénique. La composition cationique des eaux reflète les compositions chimiques des roches qu'elles ont lessivées. D'autre part, les circulations souterraines ne suivent pas obligatoirement la pente générale du volcan. Les aquifères côtiers montrent une hydrochimie où l'influence marine est prédominante mais où apparaît un pôle de minéralisation carbonaté et sulfaté. L'analyse des isotopes du carbone et des sulfates a permis de mettre en évidence une influence non négligeable de la culture de la canne à sucre et des temps de transit des aquifères probablement inférieurs à 35 ans. Les aquifères de la côte ouest sont peu protégés de la pollution de bas de versant et toute mise en valeur de cette côte devra tenir compte de la sensibilité des aquifères aux sources de pollution
Reunion Island is located in the Indian ocean (21° 7 S, 52 °32 W) in the intertropical zone. Chemical and isotopic natural contents in rain waters, soil waters and groundwaters allow to study the water cycle upon the "Piton des Neighs" massif, which is an inactive strato-volcano. Chemical contents in rain show a marine influence pondered by effects of the relief. Isotopic abundances of 180 and 2H have similar distributions which are strongly disturbed during the tropical hurricanes. These natural variations determine an "input" function and can be found in soils and aquifers. The distribution of the abundances of 180 in soil water in the west part of the island allows to quantify the evaporation rate from the groundwater table at a steady state. At higher altitude infiltration occurs and has also been quantified. Groundwaters chemical analysis show that global salinity is related to the carbonate mineralization from biogenic C02. Cation contents can be related to the geochemistry of weathered lavas. Groundwater flow patterns do not necessary follow the general slope of the volcano. Chemical contents of ground water from costal aquifers not only show marine influence but also a carbonated and sulfated source of mineralization. Carbone and sulfate isotopic contents illustrate the influence of cane sugar cultivation. The mean transit times are probably less than 35 years. All developing managements to come should take into account that western costal aquifers are not protected from pollution

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Petitprez, Florent. "Integrated analysis and clinical impact of immune and stromal microenvironments in solid tumors Quantitative analyses of the tumor microenvironment composition and orientation in the era of precision medicine Transcriptomic analysis of the tumor microenvironment to guide prognosis and immunotherapies Tumor microenvironment quantification tool draws a comprehensive map of the tumor microenvironment of non-hematologic human cancers The mMCP-counter method to estimate abundance of tissue-infiltrating immune and stromal cell populations using gene expression in murine samples Immune sub-classes in sarcoma predict survival and immunotherapy response Intra-tumoral tertiary lymphoid structures are associated with a low risk of hepatocellular carcinoma early recurrence Association of IL-36γ with tertiary lymphoid structures and inflammatory immune infiltrates in human colorectal cancer Immune-based identification of cancer patients at high risk of progression Tumor-infiltrating and peripheral blood T-cell immunophenotypes predict early relapse in localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma PD-L1 expression and CD8+ T-cell infiltrate are associated with clinical progression in patients with node-positive prostate cancer Intratumoral classical complement pathway activation promotes cancer progression." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB104.

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Les tumeurs sont composées de cellules malignes et d'une grande variété de cellules non-tumorales, en particulier des cellules immunitaires qui forment le micro-environnement tumoral (MET). Il a été démontré que la composition du MET était associée au devenir clinique des patients, en termes de survie et de réponses thérapeutiques. Avec le développement récent des immunothérapies qui ciblent des éléments spécifiques du MET, l'immunité anti-tumorale a soulevé un intérêt majeur. Plusieurs méthodologies ont été mises au point afin d'étudier la composition du MET, avec une précision toujours plus grande. En particulier, des méthodes comme MCP-counter permettent d'exploiter les données transcriptomiques de la tumeur entière afin de quantifier les différentes populations qui composent le MET. Le volet méthodologique de ce travail de thèse a ainsi consisté à proposer une amélioration de MCP-counter, en particulier pour l'analyse de données RNA-Seq. Une adaptation de la méthode pour des données issues de modèles murins (mMCP-counter) est également proposée. MCP-counter permet d'analyser rapidement le MET de larges séries de tumeurs. Un second volet de cette thèse consiste en l'application de cette méthode pour établir une classification immunitaire des sarcomes des tissus mous, un type de cancer rare, hétérogène et agressif. Cette classification immunitaire a permis de mettre en évidence des groupes de tumeurs faiblement ou fortement infiltrés, ainsi qu'un groupe marqué par une forte vascularisation. De manière intéressante, la classification immunitaire permet de prédire la réponse des patients aux immunothérapies. Ce travail a aussi démontré un rôle important des structures lymphoïdes tertiaires (SLT). Les SLT sont des structures de type noeud lymphatique composées de lymphocytes B et T qui se forment dans la tumeur ou à proximité de celle-ci. Au sein des SLT, une réponse immunitaire anti-tumorale peut se former et maturer. L'intérêt porté aux SLT est de plus en plus important pour de nombreux types de cancers. Dans la plupart des types de cancer, une forte infiltration de la tumeur par des lymphocytes T, en particulier CD8+, est associée à une meilleure survie des patients. Cependant, le carcinome rénal à cellules claires et le cancer de la prostate sont des exceptions à cette règle. En effet, dans ces deux cancers urologiques, la présence dans la tumeur de lymphocytes T est associée à une survie plus courte des patients, ainsi qu'à une rechute et une progression plus précoce. Ces exceptions sont détaillées dans une troisième partie de cette thèse, par une description minutieuse du MET, ainsi que par l'analyse de l'implication du système du complément. Dans leur ensemble, les résultats présentés dans cette thèse démontrent qu'en combinant différentes méthodes d'analyse, in silico, in situ et in vivo, il est possible d'obtenir une vision extrêmement complète du MET. La connaissance des types cellulaires présents dans la tumeur ainsi que leur orientation fonctionnelle permet de guider le soin apporté aux patients et d'améliorer leur devenir clinique. La description complète du MET ouvre la voie à une médecine personnalisée pour les patients atteints de cancer
Tumors are composed not only of malignant cells but also contain a vast variety of non-malignant cells, notably immune cells forming the tumor microenvironment (TME). The composition of the TME was shown to be associated with clinical outcome for cancer patients, in terms of survival and therapeutic responses. With the relatively recent development of immunotherapies targeting specific elements of the TME, tumor immunology has risen a strong interest and holds a strong therapeutic potential. Several methodologies have been developed to study the composition of the TME with an increased precision. Notably, some methods such as MCP-counter enable the use of the tumor bulk transcriptome to quantify cell populations composing the TME. The methodological aspect of this PhD project consisted in setting up an enhanced version of MCP-counter that can be readily applied to RNA-Seq data, as well as propose an adaptation of the method for mouse models. Using MCP-counter, the TME of large series of tumors can be easily analyzed. The application part of this PhD work consisted of applying MCP-counter to establish an immune-based classification of soft-tissue sarcoma, a rare, aggressive and heterogeneous cancer type. The immune classification notably allowed to identify immune low and high groups, and a group characterized by a strong vasculature. Interestingly, the classification was notably found to be predictive of the patients' response to immunotherapies. It also highlighted an important role of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). TLS are lymph-node-like structures composed of T and B cells that form within the tumor or in close proximity. They are a site of formation and maturation of antitumoral immune responses. TLS are raising a growing interest in many malignancies. In most cancer types, a strong infiltration by T cells, in particular CD8+ T cells, is associated with a favorable clinical outcome. However, clear-cell renal cell carcinoma and prostate cancer are exceptions to this general rule. Indeed, in these urological cancers, an increased infiltration by T cells is associated with a decreased patient survival and with earlier relapse and disease progression. In a third part of this thesis, these exceptions are investigated with more details by scrutinizing the TME, and questioning the implication of the complement system. Overall, this thesis presents how the combination of several analysis methods, in silico, in situ and in vivo, can help achieve an extremely precise description of the TME. Knowing accurately what cell populations and what their functional orientation can help guide patients care and improve clinical outcome. Complete description of the TME opens the way towards personalized medicine for cancer patients

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47

Ko, Szu-Yu, and 柯思妤. "Stability Analyses of Reinforced Retaining Wall under Rainfall Infiltration Condition." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16703384942881136745.

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碩士
國立中興大學
水土保持學系所
104
Firstly, using the inclinometer monitoring data of a road repair project at Nantou, Taiwan, this study carried out a 3-D numerical simulation to investigate the stabilization mechanism of geogrid reinforcement. Comparing the lateral displacement of geogrid reinforcement from simulation with those from measurement, one can verify the validities of the numerical procedures and material model parameters used in the simulation. Subsequently, a model geogrid reinforcement consists of colluviums was set up for carrying out a series of parametric studies to investigate their effects on the deformation behavior, mechanical properties, and slope stability. In numerical experiments, the numerical variables consist of material and geometry types encompass: geogrid length Ld, geogrid spacing Sv, geogrid configuration, geogrid stiffness, and the angle of reinforcement. Meanwhile, a model geogrid reinforcement consists of colluviums was set up for carrying out a series of rainfall induced seepage analyses and parametric studies on various hydraulic numerical variables to investigate their effects on the degree of saturation S(%), pore water pressure Pwater, and slope stability during rainfall. The numerical variables adopted in parametric studies include: design rainfall pattern, and initial groundwater level (hwo). At last, a model geogrid reinforcement was set up for carrying out a certain rainfall induced seepage analysis to investigate their effects on the degree of saturation S(%), pore water pressure Pwater, and slope stability during rainfall. The numerical variable adopted in parametric studies is drainage configuration. For calibrated and verified simulations, the numerical results of slope stabilized by geogrid reinforcement demonstrate that the lateral displacement shaft from simulations are fairly coincident with those from observations. According to the numerical results of a homogeneous slope stabilized by geogrid reinforcement, following conclusions can be drawn: (1) For a slope with geogrid reinforcement, the FS value increases with the increasing geogrid length (Ld=3.75  4.00  5.00 m). (2) For a slope with geogrid reinforcement, the FS value reduces with the increasing geogrid length (Sv=0.4  0.5  1.0 m). (3) For a slope with geogrid reinforcement, the FS value goes up then down with the increasing distance from toe (Z=0.0→0.5→1.0→1.5 m). In addition, when the distance from toe Z=1.0 m, the FS value will reach the maximun. (4) For a slope with geogrid reinforcement, the FS value reduces with the reducing geogrid stiffness (EA=200→150→100 kN). (5) For a slope with geogrid reinforcement, the FS value increases with the reducing slope degree (=84.3°→73.3°→63.4°). Based on the numerical experiments of rainfall induced seepage analyses for a geogrid reinforcement model, several conclusions are made: (1) For a designated duration of rainfall, the FS value of the slope with geogrid reinforcement is relatively low for a high-intensity rainfall (return period 2 years rainfall  return period 20 years rainfall, FS=5.345  2.296). (2) For a specific duration of rainfall, the FS value tends to be lower when the initial groundwater level becomes higher. For example, a high groundwater level hwo=6 m  low groundwater level hwo=10 m, the factor of safety FS=3.829→4.841. At last, the result of a certain rainfall induced seepage analysis to investigate drainage configuration shows that the drainage volume will effects the dissipation rate of precipitation. As the saturation increases less with the larger drainage volume, the FS value reduces less. Keywords: geogrid reinforcement, rainfall infiltration, degree of saturation, pore water pressure, compaction, drainage, factor of safety (FS value)

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CHANG, KUO-CHING, and 張國欽. "Analyses and Evaluations of Slope Stability Under Rainfall Infiltration Condition." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88744634848010734630.

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碩士
國立中興大學
水土保持學系
93
It’s acknowledged that the geological and hydrological conditions are extremely complicated in the engineering design and theoretical analysis. At the meantime, it is almost impossible to evaluate the actual slope stability of landslide during the rainfall merely employing the conventional analysis or simplified method. This study proposed a numerical procedures to encompass the rainfall infiltration and stability calculation in slope analysis which is commonly encountered in the engineering practice. The Li-San Landslide Restoration Project has been carried out at the end of year 2002. However, the relevant analyses are merely restricted in the conventional analyses which frequently consider the groundwater as a hydrostatic types of distribution rather than a varied groundwater table. The infiltration and seepage effect of rainwater are completely ignored in the analysis. Incorporating two dimensional finite element transient seepage analyses with limit equilibrium analysis of Morgentern-Price slice method, this study investigates the infiltration and seepage effects on the slope stability of Li-San Landslide under the precipitation condition resulted from 4 rainfall events during the typhoon season (Toraji, Bilis, Aere and Mindulle Typhoons). In the seepage analysis, the drainage well (W1, W2 and W3) is successfully simulated by an open boundary, which functions as a collection of seepage flow during the rainfall. Eventually, the pore water pressure distribution resulted from the SEEP/W seepage analysis were imported into SLOPE/W slope stability analysis. From the numerical results, the tendency of time-dependent groundwater table variation of monitoring stations B11 and B13 are compared well with those from the measurements. Meanwhile, the calculated factor safety of 4 specific potential sliding sub-surfaces No.1~No.4 along the Y4 profiles at the Southeast zone of Li-San Landslide are also compared with those from the previous studies. Accordingly, the proposed numerical procedures can be verified based on the aforementioned comparisons. Based on the calculation results of 4 Typhoon Events in Li-San Landslide, two sets of Δhw(T)~ T regression curves can be obtained. The curve correlates the rainfall duration T with the groundwater upwelling in Li-San Landslide and which is suggested for the usage of future prediction. Finally, a fictitious slope was designed for the parametric study of influence factor of slope stability. In which , the influence of rainfall intensity I (=5~20mm/hr), slope inclination tanβ (=30~100%) and friction angle of soil stratum  (=20~40) on slope stability are systematically inspected and a series of analysis chart were also presented as a reference of engineering practice.

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Chein, Shun-Long, and 鄭順隆. "Numerical Simulation of The Mechanism of Rainfall-Infiltration-Seepage and Stability Analyses of Collapsed Land." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37645742429828128250.

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碩士
國立中興大學
水土保持學系所
94
To investigate the landslide mechanism and the associated influence factors on the stability of slope-land, this study performed a systematic rainfall induced seepage and slope stability analyses using two dimensional finite element method and limit equilibrium method. After the establishment of numerical model, the rainfall induced seepage analysis was carried out on the Y4 profile of Li-San landslide area. The numerical results were compared with those from measurements to verify the validity of numerical simulation. Subsequently, several types of fictitious slope were designed for the parametric studies to detect the influence scale and the sensitivity of various influence factors on the slope stability. In parametric studies, the influence factors encompass: Topography factors (slope inclination and slope height), Geological factors (effective cohesion, effective friction angle, unit weight of soil stratum, unsaturated suction friction angle and hydraulic conductivity function), Hydrology (rainfall patterns and initial groundwater table) and Geological structure (thickness of colluviums). Incorporating the dispersal of soaking line, seepage of infiltrated rainwater, variation of groundwater table and change of pore water pressure with the slope stability analyses, it is possible to interpret the landslide mechanism of slope-land in a rational manner. In accordance with the calculation results, several conclusions can be drawn from this study: Rainfall induced seepage analyses were performed on the Y4 profile of Li-San landslide area using the Hyetographs of Typhoon Toraji, Bilis, Aere and Mindulle. It was indicated that Typhoon Toraji can give the most coincidence of the calculated groundwater variation with that from the measurement. In addition, the predicted tendency from other three Typhoons also shows a good agreement to a certain extent. To survey the significance of boundary condition on numerical calculations, this study performed a series of rainfall induced seepage analyses using 4 types of seepage boundary at the lateral side of numerical model. It was found that the influence of boundary condition type is minor if the geometry boundary was located at a distance of 3 times of slope height away from the main slope. As a consequence, it can be deduced that for the identical condition, the influence of boundary condition type on the calculation of factor of safety is also negligible. For a slope with steep inclination or large slope height, the wave front of soaking line beneath the slope toe is capable of infiltrating and dispersing into soil stratum from ground surface with a greater depth during the rainfall. Consequently, the soaking line may join the groundwater table together within short rainfall duration. In general, for P1 instrumentation point located at the depth of 2 m below the slope toe, the initial pressure head is approaching to zero from a negative value during rainfall and eventually turns into positive value due to the overlap of soaking line and groundwater table. This also implies the area adjacent to P1 instrumentation point has been converted from unsaturated to saturated state and the suction of unsaturated zone,vanishes entirely and the equivalent shear strength originated from suction, , becomes valid. At the mean time, for P2 and P3 instrumentation points which located at the depth of 2.5 m below the mid-slope surface and at the depth of 3 m below the slope top respectively, the pressure head remain negative and this indicates both points are still situated at the unsaturated zone in between the soaking line and groundwater table. Moreover, based on the aforementioned discussions, it can be deduced that the potential sliding failure surface may initiate at the area adjacent to slope toe instead of the other areas of slope. For the situation which possesses a Fs >1 at the last time step with rainfall duration of tf-1, the overlap zone of soaking line and groundwater table is merely restricted to a relatively small extent nearby the slope toe. Accordingly, the minimum factor of safety, Fsmin(>1), was calculated based on the potential surface sliding through the entire slope. On the contrary, for the situation which possesses a Fs <1 at the first time step with rainfall duration of tf, the overlap zone of soaking line and groundwater table may expand to a certain extent along the up-slope direction and form a saturated zone at the down-slope. Therefore, the failure factor of safety, Fsfailure(<1), was calculated merely for the potential surface sliding through the particular saturated zone. Since the shear strength of unsaturated soil can be expresses by the modified Mohr-Coulomb equation as, it is apparent the increase of relevant strength parameters such as:can promote the stability of slope during rainfall. However, the increase of unit weight of soil stratum,may decrease the stability. In addition, it was found that the variation of hydraulic conductivity function simply shows very tiny effect on the groundwater table during rainfall. The pressure head of soil stratum below the slope surface is mainly affected by the scatter of soaking line whereas the slope stability is dominated by the development of overlap zone of soaking line and groundwater table along the slope surface. According to the distribution profile of volumetric water content of specific instrumentation points, it was observed that the promotion of entire hydraulic conduction function expands the unsaturated zone while the demotion contracts during rainfall. For both rainfall patterns, Typhoon-Rain and Plum-Rain, higher average rainfall intensity leads to shorter rainfall duration required for the formation of soaking line and earlier occurrence of slope instability. For an identical average rainfall intensity of 20 mm/hr, the slope instability occurs earlier in Plum-Rain pattern (tf=5~6 hr) than that in Typhoon-Rain pattern (tf=7~8 hr). This is due to the fact that the difference of input value of rainfall intensity in the initial stage. The rainfall duration required for the overlap of soaking line and groundwater table is shortened as the initial groundwater table is high (hwo value is low). For 9th hr rainfall duration, the overlap zone of soaking line and groundwater table is formed for hwo=1.5 m, the soaking line and groundwater table is joined together for hwo=3.5 m and no overlap occurs for hwo=7 m. The effect of colluviums thickness on the rainfall duration required for the initiation and the infiltration depth of soaking line is insignificant. However, a thick colluviums layer may retard the combination of soaking line and groundwater table. In conclusion, the most influential factor to the slope stability is slope inclination (β) and slope height (H) is succeeded in sequence.

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Lalonde, Catherine. "Anomalies synthétiques : analyse de modèles d'infiltration artistique en territoire urbain des années '70 à aujourd'hui, suivie de dix semaines d'infiltration aboutissant à la création d'un parcours dans le Centre-Sud de Montréal." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4224/1/M12178.pdf.

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Abstract:

Nous poursuivons ici une réflexion sur la ville en tant qu'espace de représentation et source d'inspiration artistique. Notre mémoire-création rassemblera différentes approches d'infiltration artistique afin de mieux en comprendre les composantes. Nous tenterons de définir une esthétique générale de l'infiltration et poserons la question suivante : l'infiltration artistique ne correspondrait-elle pas à une nouvelle forme de dramaturgie urbaine par la fragmentation et l'articulation d'un récit dans l'espace urbain? Cette recherche présente les mutations de certaines pratiques artistiques qui, depuis les quarante dernières années, ont adopté une approche plus sociale. Notre sélection d'exemples présente des artistes qui ont délaissé les lieux de diffusion institutionnels pour aller vers la création in situ et l'espace public. Ces démarches de création cherchent, entre autres, à rendre l'art plus accessible à l'ensemble de la communauté. Nous nous efforçons également d'utiliser l'art comme moyen pour retrouver un lien collectif et donner aux espaces communs des symboles auxquels nous pouvons nous identifier. La création d'Anomalies synthétiques, œuvre en deux temps, vient appuyer cette recherche. Sur une période de dix semaines, nous avons fait vivre une fiction en utilisant différentes formes d'infiltration. Un parcours urbain présenté sur trois soirs a conclu cet essai. Le spectateur a pu découvrir la fiction urbaine sous forme de marche autoguidée par une carte géographique. Ce parcours se voulait une synthèse des dix semaines d'infiltration, soit l'expérience de la représentation transposée à l'espace urbain. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : infiltration artistique, art interdisciplinaire, théâtre hors les murs, performance, art urbain

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Analyse des infiltrations'

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