Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Analyse de similarité de séquence'
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Lannes, Romain. "Recherche de séquences environnementales inconnues d’intérêt médical/biologique par l’utilisation de grands réseaux de similarité de séquences." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS232.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was to identify as yet unknown microorganisms present in various environments and to characterize some of their metabolisms. This unidentified diversity, both taxonomic and functional, is commonly referred to as microbial dark matter. I have used and developed new network methods, including sequence similarity networks, to exploit very large sequence datasets from metagenomic projects. In particular, my work has highlighted the ecological role of ultra-small micro-organisms in some autotrophic metabolic pathways in the oceans. It also shows that CPR and DPANN, recently discovered ultra-small bacteria and archaea, participate in the dynamics of microbial communities through quorum sensing systems similar to those of better characterized organisms. An application of sequence similarity networks to meta-barcoding data also revealed a previously unknown diversity of Holozoans, which could allow us to better understand the transition to multicellularity of Metazoans. Finally, I have developed a method and software for searching for remote homologs of proteins of interest in very large datasets, such as those from metagenomics. This method, now validated, should make it possible to search for sequences belonging to still unknown and very divergent organisms, in the hope of discovering new deep branching phyla, or even new domains of life
Jachiet, Pierre-Alain. "Étude de l'évolution combinatoire des gènes par l'analyse de réseaux de similarité de séquence." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066358/document.
Full textThe recent accumulation of genomic sequence data has shown that gene evolution is not strictly tree-Like. Many evolutionary processes, like exon shuffling, gene fusion or nonhomologous recombination remodel genes by creating composite structures that are made from parts with different evolutionary histories. The development of sequence similarity networks provides an analytical framework to study the impact of these processes on molecular evolution, by structuring the resemblance relationships between sequences and by formalizing, in terms of graph theory, the detection of composite genes (intransitive triplets) and gene families (clique minimal separators). The size of current data sets, typically several million sequences, has also required the development of new tools and methods: sequence comparison parallelization, large networks visualization with Louvain communities and large cycles identification. When applied to eukaryotic and viral genome data sets, these methods have shown that composite genes are found throughout cellular organisms and mobile genetic elements. Proportionally, composite genes are more numerous in eukaryotic genomes; in absolute number, they are more numerous in viruses. In the latter, composite genes functional distribution is biased (enrichment of genes families that are essential for the perpetuation of the viral cycle), and the various parts of composite genes sometimes even originate from the genetic material of different viral classes. More generally, the extent of combinatorial processes, by unravelling other evolutionary bonds than homology bonds in the strictest sense, legitimates a pluralistic study of similarity relationships between sequences
Chilowicz, Michel. "Recherche de similarité dans du code source." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587628.
Full textLe, Sage Daniel. "Poursuite d'objets par analyse d'une séquence d'images couleur." Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPG0040.
Full textColombo, Tristan. "Algorithmes pour la recherche de classes de gènes en relations fonctionnelles par analyse de proximités et de similarités de séquences." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008447.
Full textColombo, Tristan [Renaud Guillaume]. "Algorithmes pour la recherche de classes de gènes en relations fonctionnelles par analyse de proximités et de similarités de séquences." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22075.
Full textGautier, Christian. "Analyse statistique et évolution des séquences d'acides nucléiques." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO19034.
Full textRoux, Stéphane. "Analyse en ondelettes de l'auto-similarité de signaux en turbulence pleinement développée." Aix-Marseille 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX22086.
Full textRossi, Sabina. "Analyse pollinique de la séquence lacustre Pléistocène de Piànico-Sèllere (Italie)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX30044.
Full textPollen analysis of the sedimentary succession of Piànico-Sèllere, integrated with stratigraphical, sedimentological, paleontological, geochronological studies, provided evidence of environmental changes during a complex interglacial of the Middle Pleistocene. The succession includes lacustrine deposits (Piànico Formation) consisting of 4 units, of which one annually laminated (calcite varves). The time span represented by the lacustrine deposits is about 18,000 years. These deposits contain a tephra layer, which has a K/Ar date of 779±13 ka. Pollen analysis indicates the presence of a long time period dominated by mesothermophilous forest vegetation, followed by alternating conifers/steppic grasslands and broad-leaved forests. The transitions between different vegetation assemblages occurred over 200-300 years. The interglacial represented by the varved sequence has been correlated with the marine oxygen isotopic stage 19 and with the Cromerian complex of the continental stratigraphy
Bicep, Cédric. "Métagénomique intégrative : étude de la diversité génétique par des méthodes de réseaux de similarité de séquence et application au microbiome intestinal humain." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066778.
Full textThe number of completely sequenced genomes and metagenomes keeps growing, and reaches several thousands. The sequences from eukaryotes, prokaryotes and mobile genetic elements they contain are full of information about microbial evolution. The comparative methods that are used for studying such a large amount of data are however still rather limited. In this thesis, I have developed new tools and new protocols that exploit the topological properties of sequence similarity networks. These methodological novelties have allowed (i) detecting and visualizing lateral gene transfers between bacterial strains and mobile genetic elements, (ii) analyzing the combinatorial evolution of a marine prophage, found in the DNA of a bacterium that was predated by a protist cell isolated from the environment, (iii) improving several steps of the analysis of massive data from high-throughput sequencing, with a protocol that estimates the biological quality of reads assembly in metatranscriptomics and with sorting methods that allow the comparison of several hundreds of thousand sequences within the same similarity network. I have also applied these methods to sequence data from human gut microbiome, analyzed the functional interaction between mobile genetic elements and their bacterial hosts and suggested that mobile genetic elements from the intestinal flora play a role in human health that is still underestimated
Bernacchi, Serena. "Analyse de la déstabilisation de la séquence TAR et de sa séquence complémentaire par la protéine NCp7 de VIH-1." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13164.
Full textDue to its critical involvement in several key steps of the retroviral cycle, the nucleocapsid protein, NCp7, represents an ideal target for a chemotherapy against HIV-1. Due to its chaperone activity, NCp7 dramatically stimulates HIV-1 minus strand transfer during genomic RNA reverse transcription. During this step, in a reaction mediated by base-pairing of the TAR sequence with its complementary sequence cTAR, localized at the 3' ends of RNA and DNA reactants, these highly stable stem-loops sequences have to be unfolded. In order to examine the nature and the extent of the helix detabilizing activity of NCp7 upon TAR and its derivatives by fluorescence and absorbance techniques, we have used doubly labelled sequences. Here we report that in the closed form of the stem, the two probes are held close together, inducing the formation of a ground state intramolecular heterodimer and leading to important spectral changes. This heterodimer can be used to investigate short-range modifications of the stem structure. Taken together our data show that a saturating amount of NCp7 activate the transient opening of base-pairs in the least stable parts of the stem, and shift the equilibrium toward open species, suggesting that NCp7 enhances fraying of the stem terminus. This destabilisation effect clearly depends on zinc-fingers motifs
Petitcunot, Pierre. "Problèmes de similarité et spectre étendu d'un opérateur." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10046/document.
Full textLn this thesis, we study some similarity problems and the extended spectrum of an operator. ln the first part, we give criteria of similarity to some classes of partial isometries. For example, we obtain the following result. Let T be an operator on H an Hilbert space. T is similar to the direct sum of a Jordan operator and an isometry if and only if T is power-bounded, T has a finite as cent and there exists a power~bounded operator S E B(H) so that TnsnTn = Tn, for all n of No This results can be seen as partial results to an open problem of Badea and Mbekhta (2005) . ln the second part, we obtain a criterion of joint similarity to two contractions that we apply to have results of pertubation of operators jointly similar to contractions. The extended spectrum is the subject of the last part. Some of its links with other spectra of an operator are proposed before studying the behaviour of the extended spectrum of sorne classes of operators. Finally we use the extended spectrum to give criteria of hypercyclicity that we will compare to a criterion of Godefroy and Shapiro
Crouzil, Alain. "Perception du relief et du mouvement par analyse d'une séquence stéréoscopique d'images." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30228.
Full textLefèvre, Sébastien. "Détection d'évènements dans une séquence vidéo." Tours, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUR4023.
Full textHere we are concerned by multimedia data indexing by use of pertinent sample searching. Our work focuses on video sequence analysis in order to detect some predefined events. This search being contextual, we propose an architecture and some rapid tools, both generic, for building specific indexing systems. We deal in particular with the following problems : data temporal segmentation, background and object separation, background structure extraction, object tracking (rigid or non-rigid objects, with or without learning) and audio data analysis. In order to solve these different problems, the generic tools we are proposing are based on semi-local analyses, multiresolution approaches, hidden Markov models, and the active contour method. The architecture and the tools introduced here have been validated through several applications
Ravot, Nicolas. "Analyse et diagnostic de réseaux filaires complexes par réflectométrie." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112142.
Full textThe evolution of technologies and the communication modules involve a growing complexity of the embedded systems. These systems are smarter and use more and more sensors and others components. The increase of embedded systems implies the increase of wired network that is the physical support for the data transfer and devices supply. A wired network is composed of several kinds of cables and connectors. These systems can operate in different environments and conditions that can induce failures, because of a defective cable. Nowadays, several problems begin to appear in the wired networks. A tool for diagnosing a wired network would be greatly helpful for maintenance and monitoring. The proposed solution in this thesis allows analysing and diagnosing the health of a wired network without ambiguities. We have developed a new method, called distributed reflectometry by M-sequences, which is more effective and more reliable for analysing wired networks and which considers different aspects such as integration, precision and performance. Indeed, the diagnosis function distribution in a wired network allows apprehending a complete network and guarantees a simple reflectograms analysis without incorrect interpretations. This original method, purely numerical, is an adequate solution for embedded applications
Ruiz, Manuel. "Analyse bioinformatique standardisée IMGT des relations séquence-structure des immunoglobulines et récepteurs T." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20166.
Full textFrançois, Édouard. "Interprétation qualitative du mouvement à partir d'une séquence d'images." Rennes 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991REN10062.
Full textNakouné-Yandoko, Emmanuel. "Orthobunyavirus de la République Centrafricaine : détection, séquençage et analyse phylogénétique." Nancy 1, 2007. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2007_0160_NAKOUNE-YANDOKO.pdf.
Full textThe Orthobunyavirus genus is composed of segmented negative sense RNA viruses that are responsible for mild to severe human diseases. To date, no molecular studies of Bunyaviridae of the genus Orthobunyavirus from Central Africa have been reported, and their classification relies on serological testing. We have designed and evaluated four new primer pairs for amplification by RT -PCR and sequencing of the complete genomic small (S) RNA segments often Orthobunyavirus viruses isolated from Central African Republic (CAR) and pertaining to 5 different serogroups. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these 10 viroses belong to the Bunyamwera serogroup. The S segment sequences differ from those of the Bunyamwera virus reference strain by 5-15 % at the nucleotide level, and both overlapping reading frames encoding nucleocapsid (N) and non-structural (NS) protein were evident in sequenced genomes. Partial sequencing of M segment was also performed and inversely to the S fragment, the obtained phylogenetic p-ee was not monophyletic as M'Poko strain was highly divergent. This study should improve diagnosis and surveillance of African bunyaviruses
Buisson, Olivier. "Analyse de séquence d'images haute résolution : application à la restauration numérique de films cinématographiques." La Rochelle, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LAROS016.
Full textRomanet, Patrick. "Prédiction de la structure secondaire des protéines par analyse spectrale de la séquence d'hydrophobicité." Grenoble 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10139.
Full textGuardiola, Mathilde. "Convergence en conversation : La similarité linguistique comme indice d'alignement et d'affiliation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3067.
Full textThis thesis investigates the manifestations of convergence (i.e. the rapprochement between the participants' productions) at the level of interaction. With this aim, the terms of alignment (defined in relation to the current activity) and affiliation (display of the same stance by both participants) are borrowed from Conversation Analysis. The conversational corpus (non-constrained, highly cooperative and globally symmetrical interaction) used is the CID-Corpus of Interactional Data. Firstly, the link between convergence and lexical similarity is investigated thanks to the analysis of a collection of 300 other-repetitions (collected using a tool to assist in the detection of OR). Secondly, storytelling is studied and a quantitative analysis of the evolution of listeners' responses is proposed together with a qualitative analysis of direct reported speech phenomena, which are likely to make affiliation emerge. These analyses show that lexical other-repetitions and "echo" reported speech (reported speech which is produced by the listener of the narrative) can be used by participants to, inter alia, express alignment and affiliation, which, in case of ratification, creates the adequate conditions for the emergence of interactional convergence. The same phenomena can be used to create the temporary disalignment necessary to engage in an oblique (and potentially convergent) sequence. This work then describes the establishment and the conduct of convergent sequences through the analysis of interactional phenomena
Knikker, Ronnie. "Analyse expérimentale de la combustion turbulente prémélangée pour la simulation aux grandes échelles." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ECAP0741.
Full textTetley, Romain. "Analyse mixte de protéines basée sur la séquence et la structure - applications à l'annotation fonctionnelle." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4111/document.
Full textIn this thesis, the focus is set on reconciling the realms of structure and sequence for protein analysis. Sequence analysis tools shine when faced with proteins presenting high sequence identity (≤ 30\%), but are lack - luster when it comes to remote homolog detection. Structural analysis tools present an interesting alternative, but solving structures - when at all possible- is a tedious and expensive process. These observations make the need for hybrid methods - which inject information obtained from available structures in a sequence model - quite clear. This thesis makes four main contributions toward this goal. First we present a novel structural measure, the RMSDcomb, based on local structural conservation patterns - the so called structural motifs. Second, we developed a method to identify structural motifs between two structures using a bootstrap method which relies on filtrations. Our approach is not a direct competitor to flexible aligners but can provide useful to perform a multiscale analysis of structural similarities. Third, we build upon the previous methods to design hybrid Hidden Markov Models which are biased towards regions of increased structural conservation between sets of proteins. We test this tool on the class II fusion viral proteins - particularly challenging because of their low sequence identity and mild structural homology. We find that we are able to recover known remote homologs of the viral proteins in the Drosophila and other organisms. Finally, formalizing a sub - problem encountered when comparing filtrations, we present a new theoretical problem - the D-family matching - on which we present various algorithmic results. We show - in a manner that is analogous to comparing parts of two protein conformations - how it is possible to compare two clusterings of the same data set using such a theoretical model
Chernyshova, Elizaveta. "Expliciter et inférer dans la conversation : modélisation de la séquence d’explicitation dans l’interaction." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2132/document.
Full textThis dissertation deals with the co-construction of meaning in interaction and the ways in which conversationalists exhibit their interpretative processes. The focus of this study is the process of explicitation, i.e. the process through which an informational content becomes explicit in conversation. By offering a multi-level analysis of conversational sequences engaged in this practice, the study approaches the co-construction of meaning from the point of view of informational transformation and inference.The analyses presented here have been conducted on a corpus of spoken French in interaction, within the setting of informal encounters between friends around a meal or a drink. The explicitation sequence is defined as a conversational pattern where an inference is being submitted for confirmation. Starting from a collection of these sequences, this study offers a twofold approach: that of conversation analysis, and that of modeling of the conversational sequence. The practice of making a content explicit is here being explored according to three analytical lines: (a) the sequential analysis, focusing on the deployment of the explicitation sequence and its components; (b) the analysis according to a device elaborated by means of modeling information management in these sequences; and (c) the analysis of the linguistic designs used when exhibiting the inference. One of themain challenges of the present study is that of a proposition of a conversationalist model, dealing with information management and its enforcement through analysis of talk in interaction
Abbadi, Abdelilah. "Synthèse et analyse conformationnelle de tripeptides dérivés de la séquence signal Asn-Xxx-Ser codant pour la N-glycosylation des protéines." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10058.
Full textSidibe, Assitan. "Effet de ligands de G-quadruplexes sur la séquence terminale des télomères." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0017.
Full textThe role of telomeres in protecting the genome, and their involvement in senescence and cancer make them a prime target in the fight against cancer. An original strategy is to block the access of proteins to the telomeric end necessary for replication and stability, such as telomerase which is activated in 85% of cancers or TRF2 and POT1, proteins that protect the telomeric end. Because of the guanine repetition on the G strand, telomeric ends can form quadruplex structures in guanine (G-quadruplexes) whose stabilization by specific ligands (G4 ligands) blocks the replication of telomeres and alters its integrity. Treatment of tumor cells with G4 ligands causes a dysfunction associated with the dissociation of telomeric proteins POT1 and TRF2 and leads to apoptosis or cell senescence. The analysis of the telomeric end terminal sequence by the STELA method (Single Telomere Length Analysis) shows that the C-terminal sequence of the strand ends mainly by the sequence ATC-5 ʼ. POT1 protein is responsible for the resection of the C strand of telomeres by recruiting an exonuclease capable of creating a single-stranded substrate for telomerase. Depletion of POT1 by RNA interference causes a deregulation of the C strand end. We studied in our work the effect of G4 ligands on the terminal sequence of the telomeric C strand at the telomere of chromosome XpYp and at all telomeres using a modification of the technique of STELA. Our results show that a low concentration of derivatives of the pyridine dicarboxamides series causes a minor but significant effect on the terminal sequence of XpYp telomeres and of all telomeres in HT1080 cell line. On the contrary, a higher concentration does not alter the C strand termination in HT1080, A549 and HeLa cells but induces a replicative stress. The modest effect of these ligands can be explained by an incomplete activity of dissociation of the protein POT1 of telomeres compared to its depletion by RNA interference. Indeed, we also showed that the nearly complete depletion of POT1 by shRNA randomizes the terminal sequence of the C strand
Thomarat, Fabienne. "Analyse phylogénétique du génome complet de la microsporidie Encephalitozoon cuniculi." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10072.
Full textZhang, Xu. "Analyse de la similarité du code source pour la réutilisation automatique de tests unitaires à l'aide du CBR." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29841/29841.pdf.
Full textAutomatically reusing unit tests is a possible solution to help developers with their daily work. Our research proposes preliminary solutions using case base reasoning (CBR), an approach coming from artificial intelligence. This technique try to find the most similar case in a case base to reuse it after some modifications against some new problems to solve. Our works focus on the similarity analysis of a program code with the goal of reusing unit tests. Our main focus will be on the elaboration of a technique to compare classes in the test context. To be more precise, in the thesis, we will discuss: 1. How to find the most similar class for which it will be possible to reuse its tests (main focus); 2. How to find similar methods between the new class and the most similar one; 3. Find which test could be reused considering the similarity of the methods. To achieve this, we will run some experiments to find the bests attributes (characteristics) to compare two classes. Those attributes must be chosen considering the specific context of testing. For example, those characteristics are not the same as for finding duplicated code. This research propose an algorithm to analyze the similarity of classes. Our experiment shows that this algorithm works quite well in the context of the experiment. We also extended the experiment to see if it could possibly work within the whole process of selection and reuse of unit tests. We did this by using some simple techniques that could certainly be refined. In fact, our works demonstrate that it is possible to reuse unit tests despite the fact that our algorithm could be perfected and we suggest some improvements about it.
Verdier, Yann. "Sélection, identification et caractérisation partielle d'antigènes du spermatozoïde du renard (Vulpes vulpes) en vue de leur utilisation dans un vaccin contraceptif." Nancy 1, 2002. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2002_0307_VERDIER.pdf.
Full textBornot, Aurélie. "Analyse et prédiction de la relation séquence - structure locale et flexibilité au sein des protéines globulaires." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00583885.
Full textFoglino, Maryline. "L' aminopeptidase d'Escherichia coli : séquence nucléotidique du gène PEPN et analyse fonctionnelle de sa région régulatrice." Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX22012.
Full textJoly, Alexis. "Recherche par similarité statistique dans une grande base de signatures locales pour l'identification rapide d'extraits vidéo." La Rochelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LAROS144.
Full textContent-based video indexing deals with techniques used to analyse and to exploit video databases without needs of any additional textual description. The work presented in this report is focused more precisely on content-based video copy detection, which is one of the emerging multimedia applications for which there is a need of a concerted effort from the database community and the computer vision community. To overcome the difficulties due to the use of very large databases, both in terms of robustness and speed, we propose a complete original and efficient strategy. The first part of this report presents the particular context of copy detection and the signatures used to describe the content of the videos. The originality of our method is that it is based both on local signatures and on a global similarity measure computed after the search in the signatures database. This similarity measure is not only a vote like other classical local approaches but it includes a registration step between candidate objects and objects retrieved by the search. The second part presents the main contribution of the thesis: A new indexing and retrieval technique belonging to the approximate similarity search techniques family. Recent works shows that trading quality for time can be widely profitable to speed-up descriptors similarity search. Whereas all other approximate techniques deal with K Nearest Neighbors search, the principle of our method is to extend the approximate paradigm to range queries. The main originality consists in determining relevant regions of the space according a theoritical model for the distortions undergone by the signatures. The method allows to determine the optimal region of the space with a high controlled probability to contain the good answer. This search paradigm is called statistical query. In practice, to simplify the access to signatures, the relevant regions are determined by using an Hilbert space filling curve and the space partition that induces. The experiments show that the technique is sublinear in database size with an assymptotically linear behavior (but only for huge databases) and that the quality performances are stable. Furthermore, they highlight that statistical queries provide a very high speed-up compared to classical exact range queries. The third part is focused on the global system assessment and the description of three applications. The experiments show that the simple theoretical distortion model is efficient enough to control the effective probability to retrieve a descriptor. They also point out that approximate similarity search is particularly profitable when using local signatures since the lost of some search results does not affect the global robustness of the detection. Furthermore, the detection results are almost invariant to strong database size growing (three orders of magnitude). The proposed approach was integrated in a difered real-time TV monitoring system which is able to control 40 000 hours of videos. The high quantity and variability of the results of this system open new data mining perspectives
Meng, Arnaud. "Étude de la symbiose dans le plancton marin par une approche transcriptome et méta-transcriptome." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066478/document.
Full textSymbiotic associations between organisms are essentials in biodiversity evolution and ecosystems functioning. In terrestrial environments or in the benthic marine environment, the symbioses encountered are fairly well described and studied. In the marine plankton, photosymbioses are phenomena described and observed since the 19th century. However, if the actors of these associations begin to be identified, the fundamental functional mechanisms for the establishment and the maintenance of these symbioses remain largely unknown. This is particularly true for the symbiotic association between symbiotic radiolarians and their dinoflagellate photosymbionts, two unicellular eucaryotes, which I was interested in during this thesis. These two organisms are known to be widespread in the oceans and for their key role in marine ecosystems, and it is therefore important to characterize these symbiotic events in order to deepen our knowledge of these organisms. Thanks to high-throughput sequencing technologies it is now possible to obtain an unprecedented amount of data for these unicellular organisms that are not cultivable and need to be directly isolated from the environment. These new technologies represent a unique opportunity to better characterized the mechanisms involved in these intimate cellular interactions. My Ph.D. work has combined the implementation of bioinformatics protocols and tools dedicated to the assembly and analysis of RNA-seq data as well as to the study of holobiont transcriptomes of radiolarians and dinoflagellates. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms of functional and evolutionary adaptation of marine photosymbiotic organisms
Cayèré, Cécile. "Modélisation de trajectoires sémantiques et calcul de similarité intégrés à un ETL." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS042.
Full textOver the last decade, we have seen a rise in popularity of mobile applications based on phone location. These applications collect mobility tracks which describe the movement of users overtime. In the DA3T regional project, we hypothesise that the analysis of tourists’ mobility tracks can help planners in the management and enhancement of tourist areas. The objective is to design methods and tools to help analyse these tracks. This thesis focuses on the processing of mobility tracks and proposes a modular platform for creating and executing processing chains on these data. Throughout the modules of a processing chain, the raw mobility track evolves into semantic trajectories. The contributions of this thesis are: (i) a multi-level and multi-aspect semantic trajectory model and (ii) two measures that compute the similarity between two semantic trajectories along spatial, temporal and thematic dimensions. Our model (i) is used as a transition model between modules of a processing chain. We tested it by instantiating semantic trajectories from different datasets of various domains. Our two measures (ii) are integrated in our platform as processing modules. These measures present originalities: one is the combination of sub-measures, each allowing to evaluate the similarity of trajectories on the three dimensions and according to three different levels of granularity, the other is the combination of two bidimensional sub-measures centred around a particular dimension. We evaluated our two measures by comparing them to other measures and to the opinion of geographers
Cabestaing, François. "Détection de contours en mouvement dans une séquence d'images : conception et réalisation d'un processeur câblé temps-réel." Lille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL10010.
Full textTourancheau, Alan. "Analyse bio-informatique de données de séquençage de nouvelle génération pour l'étude transcriptomique d'enzymes du métabolisme." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27295.
Full textUDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) catalyze the reaction of glucuronidation. These enzymes are involved in the metabolism of many endogenous (e.g. bilirubin and steroid hormones) and exogenous substrates (e.g. many anticancer agents and drugs of other classes). They are expressed, among others, in the tissues of drug metabolism of such as the liver, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract tissues. A comprehensive and detailed view of the human UGT transcriptome emerges as a key condition for the establishment of the metabolic signature of an individual. As part of my PhD research project, we uncover the transcriptome landscape of the 10 human UGT gene loci in normal and tumoral metabolic tissues by targeted RNA next-generation sequencing (Capture-Seq). For this, liver tissues, kidney, small intestine and colon as well as endometrial tissues, breast and prostate were analyzed. Alignment on the human hg19 reference genome identifies 234 novel exon-exon junctions. We recover all previously known UGT1 and UGT2 enzyme-coding transcripts and identify over 130 structurally and functionally diverse novel UGT variants. Our work establish for the first time that all UGT genes are subject to alternative splicing. We further expose a revised genomic structure of UGT loci and provide a comprehensive repertoire of transcripts for each UGT gene. Finally, the entire transcriptome of UGT genes was quantified in the major drugs metabolism tissues (liver, kidney and intestine). The results indicate that alternative transcripts represent a significant part of the UGT transcriptome varying from 6-100% of UGT gene expression. Data also uncover a remodelling of the UGT transcriptome occurring in a tissue- and tumor-specific manner. The complex alternative splicing program regulating UGT expression and protein functions is likely critical in determining detoxification capacity of an organ and stress-related responses, with significant impact on drug responses and diseases.
Kachi-Akkouche, Djemaa. "Une approche géométrique pour l'analyse d'une séquence d'images monoculaires." Compiègne, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996COMP878S.
Full textDeret, Sophie. "Analyse des particularités structurales des chaînes isolées d'immunoglobulines monoclonales responsables de complications rénales et multiviscérales." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2353.
Full textPenaud, Stéphanie. "Analyse de la séquence génomique et Etude de l'adaptation à l'acidité de L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC11842." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002283.
Full textPenaud, Stéphanie. "Analyse de la séquence génomique et étude de l'adaptation à l'acidité de L. Delbrueckii ssp. Bulgaricus ATCCC11842." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INAP0013.
Full textTu, Xiao-Wei. "Détection et estimation des objets mobiles dans une séquence d'images." Compiègne, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987COMPD063.
Full textBounliphone, Wacha. "Tests d’hypothèses statistiquement et algorithmiquement efficaces de similarité et de dépendance." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC002/document.
Full textThe dissertation presents novel statistically and computationally efficient hypothesis tests for relative similarity and dependency, and precision matrix estimation. The key methodology adopted in this thesis is the class of U-statistic estimators. The class of U-statistics results in a minimum-variance unbiased estimation of a parameter.The first part of the thesis focuses on relative similarity tests applied to the problem of model selection. Probabilistic generative models provide a powerful framework for representing data. Model selection in this generative setting can be challenging. To address this issue, we provide a novel non-parametric hypothesis test of relative similarity and test whether a first candidate model generates a data sample significantly closer to a reference validation set.Subsequently, the second part of the thesis focuses on developing a novel non-parametric statistical hypothesis test for relative dependency. Tests of dependence are important tools in statistical analysis, and several canonical tests for the existence of dependence have been developed in the literature. However, the question of whether there exist dependencies is secondary. The determination of whether one dependence is stronger than another is frequently necessary for decision making. We present a statistical test which determine whether one variables is significantly more dependent on a first target variable or a second.Finally, a novel method for structure discovery in a graphical model is proposed. Making use of a result that zeros of a precision matrix can encode conditional independencies, we develop a test that estimates and bounds an entry of the precision matrix. Methods for structure discovery in the literature typically make restrictive distributional (e.g. Gaussian) or sparsity assumptions that may not apply to a data sample of interest. Consequently, we derive a new test that makes use of results for U-statistics and applies them to the covariance matrix, which then implies a bound on the precision matrix
Torkamaneh, Davoud. "Analyse de la variation nucléotidique et structurale chez le soja par une approche de re-séquençage." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27878.
Full textNext-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized plants and animals research in many ways, including the development of new high-throughput genotyping methods to accelerate considerably the composition of genomes and their functions. As part of the SoyaGen project, funded by Genome Canada, we are seeking to better understand the genetic diversity and underlying architecture governing major agronomic traits in soybeans. Soybean is the world's largest oilseed crop in economic terms. In this study, we sought to exploit NGS technologies to help elucidate the genomic characteristics of soybeans. To this end, three main research topics have formed the core of this thesis: 1) low-cost genome-wide genotyping, 2) exhaustive characterization of genetic variants by whole-genome resequencing, and 3) identification of mutations with high functional impact on the basis of a strong selection within the elite lines. A first challenge in genetic or genomic analysis is to make possible a rapid and inexpensive characterization of a large number of lines with a very large number of markers distributed throughout the genome. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) allows simultaneous identification and genotyping of several thousand SNPs on a genome-wide scale. One of the major challenges in GBS analysis is to extract a large catalog of high quality SNP from a mountain of sequencing data and minimize the impact of missing data. As a first step, we have greatly improved the GBS by developing a new bio-informatics analysis pipeline, Fast-GBS, designed to produce a more accurate and faster call of genotypes than existing tools. In addition, we have optimized tools for imputing missing data. For example, we were able to obtain a catalog of 60K SNP markers from a collection of 301 accessions that were representative of soybean diversity in Canada. Second, all missing data (~ 50%) were imputed with a very high degree of accuracy (98%). This genetic characterization was performed at a low cost, less than $ 15 per line. Second, to fully characterize the nucleotide and structural variations (SNV and SV, respectively) in the soybean genome, we sequenced the whole genome of 102 Canadian soybean accessions. We have identified nearly 5M of nucleotide variants (SNP, MNP and Indels) with a high level of accuracy (98.6%). Then, using a combination of three different approaches, we detected ~ 92K SV (deletions, insertions, inversions, duplications, CNVs and translocations) and estimated that more than 90% were accurate. This is the first time that a complete description of the diversity of SNP and SV haplotypes has been carried out in a cultivated species. Finally, we have developed a systematic analytical approach to greatly facilitate the identification of genes whose alleles have undergone a very strong selection during domestication and selection. This approach is based on two recent advances in genomics: (1) whole-genome sequencing and (2) predicting mutations resulting in loss of function (LOF). Using this approach, we identified 130 candidate genes related to domestication or selection in soybean. This catalogue contains all of the previously well-characterized domestication genes in soybean, as well as some orthologues from other domesticated crop species. This list of genes provides many avenues of investigation for studies aimed at better understanding the genes that contribute strongly to shaping cultivated soybeans. This thesis ultimately leads to a better understanding of the genomic characteristics of soybeans. In addition, it provides several tools and genomic resources that could easily be used in future genomic research in soybeans as well as in other species.
Banine, Fatima. "Clonage et analyse fonctionnelle des éléments régulateurs de la transcription hépatique du gène de l'α2-HS glycoprotéine humaine." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES092.
Full textChenouard, Alexis. "Analyse des lymphocytes T folliculaires helper chez les patients tolérant leur greffon rénal." Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT1017/document.
Full textImmunosuppressive drugs largely contributed to a better graft survival over time in transplantation, but induced serious side effects (cancer, nephrotoxicity, infections…). In this context, some researchers focused on rare renal transplanted recipients, who maintain a good graft function without any immunosuppressive drugs during several years. These patients are named operationally tolerant patients and are of considerable interest to immunologists. Studies on these patients reveal a critical role of B cells, with particularly an in vitro B cell differentiation defect reported in tolerant patients. Based on this report, we focused on blood T follicular helper cells (TFH) which are known to be crucial for supporting B cell differentiation. At first, we reported a qualitative and quantitative TFH defect in tolerant patients compared to transplanted patients with stable graft function under immunosuppression. Moreover, we suggest a potential role of TFH in post graft immunization with donor-specific antibodies (DSA), which could explain the low incidence of post-graft DSA immunization reported in tolerant patients. Secondly, based on a transcriptomic analysis of purified TFH by RNA Sequencing, we have highlighted several TFH genes potentially interesting in tolerant patients, concerning the TFH regulation and the cooperation between TFH and B cells
Dexter, Émilie. "Modélisation de l'auto-similarité dans les vidéos : applications à la synchronisation de scènes et à la reconnaissance d'actions." Rennes 1, 2009. ftp://ftp.irisa.fr/techreports/theses/2009/dexter.pdf.
Full textThis PhD work deals with action recognition and image sequence synchronization. We propose to compute temporal similarities of image sequences to build self-similarity matrix. Although these matrices are not strictly view-invariant, they remain stable across views providing temporal descriptors of image sequences useful for synchronization as well as discriminant for action recognition. Synchronization is achieved with a dynamic programming algorithm known as Dynamic Time Warping. We opt for “Bag-of-Features” methods for recognizing actions such as actions are represented either as unordered sets of descriptors or as normalized histograms of quantized descriptor occurrences. Classification is performed by well known classification methods as Nearest Neighbor Classifier or Support Vector Machine. Proposed methods are characterized by their simplicity and flexibility: they do not require point correspondences between views
Quaeybeur, Clément. "Entre urbanisme et paysage : des territoires de projets. : Analyse d’une séquence urbaine : Euralille 1, Euralille 2, Saint-Sauveur." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10218.
Full textIn France, some urban design general discussions focus on the border between the projects made by the urban designer and the one made by the landscape architects (Champy, 2000): between concurrency and complementary (Donadieu, 2012). In the 2000s, we can give a mark on a movement involved in some disciplinary crosses, between landscape and urban design. It takes place into an historic development of the landscape architect profession since the late 1960s (Estienne, 2010). Others observe what they call sub-urbanism (Marot, 1995, 1999, 2006), or “urbanisme de révélation” (Fromonot, 2011). In urban design practices, what kind of exchanges can lay out the interface between landscape and urbanism? This thesis analyses a local urban sequence, one territory in the city of Lille made by three projects over a quarter of a century (1989-2013): Euralille 1, Euralille 2, Saint-Sauveur. The investigation highlights the relations in the works made by the landscape architects and the urban designer. The analysis looks mainly on the opening works and designs, and study as much as graphic documents produced in the studios than the discourse logic associated to the projects. The work shows the exchanges that could organize the synaptic interface between urbanism and landscape design or planning. It opens directions for the consideration of the landscape architect work and the landscape thinking method, in the development of our contemporary cities
Gouy, Manolo. "Origine et fonction de l'utilisation de la dégénérescence du code génétique chez Escherichia coli : structuration en banque de données et analyse statistique des séquences nucléotidiques." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10052.
Full textThoisy, Benoît de. "Implication des singes amazoniens dans la circulation et l'évolution des arbovirus et herpesvirus." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077200.
Full textCirculation of three amazonian arboviruses: Dengue, Mayaro Fever, Yellow Fever, was investigated in a community of wild forest mammals in French Guiana. Dengue virus does not have any strictly sylvatic cycle in South America, but fauna in periurban areas may act as incidental hosts. On the other hand, monkeys are main hosts for Mayaro and Yellow Fever viruses. But most of other species using the microhabitat of potential vectors may also be infected, and could serve as reservoir. Ubiquity of these viruses may be an adaptation to ecological constraints of amazonian ecosystems, where mammal communites are highly diverse, with low densities of many species. Then, as soon as habitats are facing anthropogenic pressures, this diversity decreases: a lower number of potential hosts may favor infection of most efficient reservoir species. The direct consequence is the increase of virus circulation and virulence, expected to directly contribute to disease emergence. Four new Lymphocryptovirus have aIso been identified and partially sequenced in Platyrrhines. Crossing phylogenetic relationships of viruses and their hosts partially support coevolution process, a major feature in Herpesviridae diversification. Cospeciation is oberved between virus and Platyrrhines vs. Catarrhines, but not fully at more recent evolution steps. Nevertheless, phylogeny of neotropical monkeys remains unclear, and diversification of herpesvirus may help to understand taxonomic relationships between their host species
Ben, Kilani Chiraz. "Analyse des conceptions d'élèves et d'étudiants en cinétique chimique et en catalyse, proposition et test d'une séquence de remédiation." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10246.
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