Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Analyse de paysage d’optimisation'
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Cosson, Raphaël. "Multi-Objective Landscape Analysis and Feature-based Algorithm Selection." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILB038.
Full textThis thesis focuses on landscape analysis for multi-objectivecombinatorial optimization problems. Solving such problems is adifficult task, especially in a multi-objective setting, due to theconflicting nature of the involved objectives. Moreover, in a black-box setting,no knowledge about the problem can be assumed, and one can only probethe objective functions to evaluate the quality of solutions. In such a setting,evolutionary algorithms constitute a popular solvingapproach. However, one can find different evolutionary algorithms, with differentcomponents and parameters, leading to different performances depending on the problem being solved.Understanding the difference in performance, and determining the mostinteresting algorithm (or component) for a given problem instance requires studying itsintrinsic characteristics. In this context, fitness landscape analysis has a fundamental interestas it helps to gain a fundamental understanding of what makes a problem difficult to solve. In addition,it offers new opportunities for automated algorithm selection, when one has to decide the best algorithmto execute for an unseen problem.In this thesis, we propose a new landscape analysis methodology using thedecomposition paradigm for multi-objective problems. We study thisapproach for a set of optimization problems with knowncharacteristics. The method is subsequently investigated on morecomplex tasks, in particular for solving the algorithm selection problem. Then, we push ourexperiments further with a study on the cost of the landscape analysis it-self.Further cost reduction is achieved by modifying the sampling methodsnecessary for landscape analysis while maintaining a degree ofrobustness of the proposed landscape features. Finally, a new collection of multi-objectivecombinatorial problems is proposed, bringing a new challenge foralgorithms by including heterogeneity between objectives. We show thatthis property is observable through decomposition-based landscapeanalysis
Baga, Yohan. "Analyse de Flux de Trames AFDX en Réception et Méthode d’Optimisation Mémoire." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CERG0957/document.
Full textThe rise of AFDX networks as a communication infrastructure between on-board equipment of civil aircraft motivates many research projects to reduce communication delays while guaranteeing a high level of determination and quality of service. This thesis deals with the effect of the back-ot-back frame reception on the reception End System, in particular, on the internal buffer, in order to guarantee a non-loss of frames and optimal memory dimensioning. A worst-case modeling of the frame flow is carried out according to a first pessimistic method, based on a periodic frame flow. Then a more optimistic method is presented based on the reception intervals and an iterative frame placement. A probabilistic study implements Gaussian distributions to evaluate the occurrence probabilities of the worst back-to-back frames and provides an illumination that opens a discussion on the relevance of not considering the worst-case modeling to size the reception buffer. Additional memory gain can be achieved by implementing LZW lossless compression
Leobon, Alain. "Analyse psycho-acoustique du paysage sonore urbain." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR10012.
Full textThe matter of this research is the perception of space through the surrounding sound world. This suggests an important factor of space appropriation by passers-by or residents, as well as the existence of a micro-psychology of the daily sound perception. "sound events" and "sound scenes" make up the texture of the town "soundscape". Their nature and their occurence build the city sound pattern. We develop here a methodology for the psycho-acoustical analysis of sound surroundings. So, we have recorded "soundwalks" that reveal the different ambiences of a district soundscape. The analysis of these sound walks is made through: 1) the sound balance triangle, that gives information about the temporal variations of the different sound patterns of a place ; 2) the spectral density integrator, that gives acoustic information concerning the sound atmosphere of these patterns. The morpho-typological description of sound objects is made through sonagraphy and sonoscopy (the study of shapes and spectral colouring of sound events). The psycho-perceptive and sensorial analysis of the recorded sound sequence is made through tests in "acousmatic" listening conditions and through interviews of resident. The procedure is as follows : we establish pregnancy listings, sound mental maps, a semantic differential profile (with 14 variables), and then we analyze the typical different ways of listening that determin the different perceptions of a same soundscape
Thibault, Fabien. "Méthode d’optimisation de procédés hybride associant une analyse thermodynamique et des méthodes algorithmiques." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0088.
Full textThe pinch analysis has been developed and exploited in the petrochemical sector. There are numerous heat fluxes and energy consumption is a strong decision criterion. Other energy-intensive sectors such as metallurgy, pulp and paper and food & drink industry can benefit from this systemic approach. Moreover, integration of complex thermodynamic utilities such heat pumps or Combined Heat and Power units can significantly reduce the energy consumption of a process, without having to interfere with the process technology.An algorithm for heat exchangers network design from heat fluxes was chosen in the literature and two features were added to it: Ability to pick different heat exchanger technology and creation of "availabilities" heat fluxes whose outlet temperature is variable. Preselection tool has been developed from grand composite curve and exergetic criterion to propose and pre-size thermodynamics utilities. It is used upstream of the heat exchangers network design step.These two algorithms have been integrated into a software for energy integration of process unit operations heat fluxes. Several validations were made on study cases from the literature as well as on industrial cases which require process modelling. The both algorithms sequence allows achieving practical and technologically feasible results. Improvement on energy consumption provided by the solutions can be calculated at each step
Bou, Malham Christelle. "Méthodologie d’optimisation hybride (Exergie/Pinch) et application aux procédés industriels." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM082.
Full textIn the perspective of the prevailing and alarming energy scene, this doctoral work puts forward a methodology that couples pinch and exergy analysis in a way to surpass their individual limitations in the aim of generating optimal operating conditions and topology for industrial processes. A global methodology, a hybrid of the two thermodynamic methods in an intertwined approach with heuristic rules and numerical optimization, is therefore evoked. Using new optimizing exergy-based criteria, exergy analysis is used not only to assess the exergy losses but also to guide the potential improvements in industrial processes structure and operating conditions. And while pinch analysis considers only heat integration to satisfy existent needs, the proposed methodology allows including other forms of recoverable exergy and explores new synergy pathways through conversion systems. After exhibiting the guidelines of the proposed methodology, the entire approach is demonstrated on two industrial systems, a vacuum gasoil hydrotreating process and a natural gas liquefaction process. The application of the methodological framework on realistic processes demonstrated how to adjust each process operating conditions and how to implement conversion systems ensuing substantial energy savings
Tantar, Emilia. "Analyse du paysage en optimisation combinatoire multi-objectif." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10168.
Full textThe majority of real-life optimization problems (e.g. managing large infrastructures, the planning of resources for communities, cities or enterprises, etc.) are combinatorial by nature and imply the use of several objectives, often conflicting or different by type. As determined by the conflicting nature of the objectives, there exists no single "ideal" best compromise solution, on a general basis, the goal being set on attaining a set of best compromise solutions. The results of this thesis are part of the effort of improving Multi-Objective Combinatorial Optimization (MOCO) methods capabilities, for large instances.The thesis proposes the use of landscape analysis as guiding tool for optimization methods, but also as mean of quantifying the difficulty of problems based on topological analysis. The present study is mainly based on landscape analysis studies that provide information about the distribution of feasible solutions in the objective space. The proposed landscape analysis approaches tackle a somewhat new aspect of MOCO problems, i.e. the topological studies performed over the set of feasible solutions or for specific sets of interests as the Pareto set (the set of best compromise solutions) or the e-Pareto set. These techniques are seen as a priori techniques, providing useful information for the design of approximation methods. Furthermore, the structurality studies are integrated in online interactive techniques in order to help the search process and to provide performance guarantees even for stochastic searches in the multi-objective combinatorial case
Bouvier, Vincent. "Analyse visuelle dynamique des formes dans le paysage : Premières approches à l'aide du suivi du regard." Angers, 2007. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01784578.
Full textFoltête, Jean-Christophe. "Production sociale et dimension visible du paysage : analyse géographique." Besançon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BESA1001.
Full textA theoretical analysis of the production of landscape led us to tackle two questions related to land use: social production and visible dimension. We used socio-economic data produced by general census and corine land cover concurrently. The process, which is based on statistical modeling, was applied principally to the french department of Doubs, and then extended to the departments of Jura and Lozère. In an initial phase, land use is considered within the communal zoning. Different experiments show a strong correlation with social data, linked primarily to the distance from urban centers and to the altitude. The substitution of corine land cover by satellite data produced similar results. Mesological parameters did not improve the prediction of landscape types. In a second phase, land use is at the origin of a simulation of visible landscape from each point of the image, in combination with a digital elevation model. A number of spatial parameters, calculated over neighborhood variables, are compared to visual data ; they allow to recognize the most characteristic landscape types. The integration of visual data within communal zoning data allows to identify discrepancies between social, spatial and visible gradients which are determined from the urban centers all the way to rural areas. Finally, the measurement of the relationship between social and landscape data in the Jura as well as the correlation of spatial and visual data in the Lozère shows similar results, which validates the results obtained for the Doubs. In the region of Besançon (capital of the Doubs), a diachronic approach gives an improved perception of the social production
Momboisse, Benoît. "Analyse fractale du paysage latéritique : évolution géochimique et morphologique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STR13243.
Full textChauche, Catherine. "Grammaire géopoétique du paysage contemporain." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040236.
Full textThe landscape is the place where the relation of man to nature unfolds in its spatial temporal dimension. Hence, the groundwork of a geopoetical grammar of contemporary landscape can be seen as consisting in pinpointing the various ways of being - or existential - defined by Heidegger on the time-chart- or chronogenesis - drawn by the linguist Gustave Guillaume (part 1). On the phenomenological basis of this potential landscape, the commentary of literary texts (in part 2) permits the reader to assess man's capability to face the various forms of potentiality for authentic being; the emphasis is laid on fragmentation as the main feature of contemporary landscapes devastated by the anarchic development of one-sided techniques. In part 3, a close reading of significant poems locates the grammatical elements of being there (da-sein) in a particular historical landscape, and confirms the hypothesis that the manifold meaning of being may be reduced to a basic oneness
Ehrström, Sabine. "Analyse de la performance en trail courte distance : Déterminants physiologiques, spécificité de la sollicitation musculaire et stratégies d’optimisation." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ4104.
Full textThis thesis project aimed at improving scientific knowledge in the field of short distance trail running, a “booming” outdoor activity. Situated between "traditional" road races and ultra-trail races, limited research has focused on the analysis of short distance trail running. The first objective was to characterize the physiological determinants of performance during short distance trail running races in a population of highly trained runners, using an experimental setting between laboratory protocols and an official event, in order to establish a performance model more suited than the traditional endurance road running model, by including specific variables. Thus, the identification of muscular endurance as a major factor in performance led to consider the wearing of compression textiles as an external strategy for muscle function preservation during exercise. The second objective was therefore to study the acute and delayed impact of wearing a compression garments during a short distance trail or during an intense eccentric exercise (ie. downhill running) on the vibrations of the soft tissues, the neuromuscular and energetics parameters and acute and delayed muscle soreness in highly trained trail runners. The attenuation of soft tissue vibrations induced by wearing high intensity compression garments may contribute, at least in part, to the reduction of the voluntary activation deficit measured immediately after the trail or downhill run and to the improvement of neuromuscular function in the recovery phase. Our results suggest that the use of garments with high compression intensity during exercise could exert a “mechanical protective effect”, which could therefore constitute an external strategy to tolerate a high training load or optimize the recovery process in multi-stage races
Jomaa, Ihab. "Analyse diachronique de la fragmentation des forêts du Liban." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00341842.
Full textUne analyse critique de l'ensemble des sources qui prend en compte leur mode de constitution a permis de constituer un référentiel géographique et sémantique commun pour comparer les cartes et les images satellites. Une modélisation des paysages reposant sur plusieurs indices fondés sur la caractérisation de « patches » est utilisée pour évaluer l'emprise du développement urbain, les processus de dégradation/régénération, l'impact des facteurs abiotiques (topographie, pédologie, ...), les pratiques agricoles, le rôle des routes ... sur la fragmentation des îlots forestiers.
Les forêts du Liban apparaissent clivées en deux grandes entités : la zone côtière et la zone intérieure. En zone côtière, les peuplements de chênes sont denses et présentent une bonne régénération durant la période étudiée tandis qu'en zone intérieure, ils témoignent d'une importante dégradation due à la création de carrières ou à un déboisement laissant la place à des cultures et à des espaces herbacés. Les forêts de Genévriers semblent fortement dégradées sur l'ensemble du territoire bien que leur type de formation arborée lâche permette mal de quantifier leur évolution
Abo, Al-Kheer Abd Al-Kareem. "Intégration des concepts d’optimisation et de fiabilité dans la conception des machines agricoles." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAM0024/document.
Full textAgricultural machines should be designed to be optimal, reliable and have thecapacity to resist failure by fatigue. Although, the deterministic design approach does not guarantee these requirements, it is traditionally applied in the design of agricultural machines. This is due to the difficulties to model the stochastic nature of the forces acting on agricultural machines, especially the forces acting on tillage machines which work in irregular environment and under varying conditions. Therefore, the main objective of this dissertation is to develop a general framework for the design of agricultural machines by integrating the optimization, the reliability and the fatigue tools. We aim to provide an alternative to the traditional deterministic design one. First, this dissertation proposes methods and models for modeling the variability in tillage forces considering both thevariability in tillage system parameters and the soil failure. Second, based on the available methods in reliability-based design optimization and fatigue analysis approaches, itproposes methodologies for the design of agricultural machines. Throughout the dissertation, the developed approaches are applied to the design of the shack of a chisel plough
Lelong, Benjamin. "La dissémination du roseau commun (Phragmites australis) dans le paysage québécois : une analyse spatio-temporelle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25735/25735.pdf.
Full textGiordano, Emanuele. "Paysage-lumière : constructions et perceptions. Pour une analyse multi-échelle des géographies lumineuses de la ville." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30045.
Full textThe urban night is an emerging theme in both Francophone and Anglophone geography, as illustrated by a series of works that have opened up research areas including temporal urbanism (Mallet, 2009) or the gentrification process of certain neighbourhoods affected by nightlife (Comelli, 2015). One of the most dynamic of these new research areas is the study of urban illumination. However, this literature remains rather fragmented in terms of approaches, methodologies and research interests.Francophone social sciences have concentrated mainly on the evolution of lighting policies, in particular in relation to the evolution of tools and concepts associated with the so called “urbanisme-lumière”. This literature has focused mainly on practices of architectural lighting (Mallet, 2009; Hernandez, 2010). On the other hand, researchers of the English-speaking tradition have developed a growing interest in the effects that light has on the nocturnal experience. In particular, this interest has centered around two lines of research: the relationship between street lighting and fear of crime and, more recently, the experiences produced by temporary lighting installations.Through the crossing of observations on different lightscapes: the illumination of the public space, the illumination of heritage building and temporary forms of illumination within the framework of light festivals this thesis proposes an approach that combines the theoretical and methodological perspectives developed by these two literatures.The scientific and practical interest of this choice meets several criteria. On the one hand, it allows an account of the three main empirical contexts that have been explored in the existing literature on light. At the same time, the joint study of these three types of lightscapes offers the opportunity to analyse the same object at different scales and in different spatial-temporal contexts. More generally, the entire thesis aims to produce a crossing of looks at different levels. On the one hand, we wish to produce a horizontal dialogue between the study of the construction of a lightscape and the experience it produces on a daily basis. On the other hand, we wish to encourage a cross-sectional comparison between the different types of light policies and between the different experiences produced by light in the contemporary city.As such, this thesis contributes to the study of the more recent evolutions of urban lighting policies as well as providing as analysis of the influence that urban illumination has on the spatial and social practices that characterize public space. It shows that the convergence of technical and conceptual logics has resulted in the production of different types of lightscapes that take part in an evolution of urban planning policies towards a growing aestheticization of the contemporary city. More generally, this work contributes to the study of the political dimensions of urban planning, the processes of urban policy construction and the relationship between expert knowledge and the integration of the lived and sensory experience of city users in the construction of public space
De, Blois Sylvie. "Le paysage comme espace conceptuel et fonctionnel en écologie, analyse des composantes végétales de paysages agroforestiers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ61382.pdf.
Full textVignac, Élie. "Le management du risque de noyade dans les piscines publiques de la communauté d'agglomération Caen la mer : analyse organisationnelle et perspectives d’optimisation de la sécurité." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1238.
Full textDrownings occur in PSP (public swimming pool) despite lifeguard supervision.The thesis proposes a systemic and organizational analysis of the drowning risk in PSP based on a combined qualitative methodology : a documentary analysis aimed at quantifying the accidental phenomenon coupled with 9 expert interviews (part C), field observations conducted in 108 PSP in order to objectifying the effectiveness of supervision (part D) and semi-structured interviews to identify the root causes of mismatches : (n = 27) in experimental way for a Grand-Ouest metropolis within the framework of an expertise mission and (n = 30) within the Caen la mer community (part E). The results of the study show that : (1) the production of quantitative data on PSP drowning is hampered by several barriers that make this issue a “blind spot” of the knowledge ; 2) the supervision by lifeguard is degraded half of the observation time and 3) managerial arbitration, organizational dynamics, but also social representations of the actors interfere with the supervision function, exerting influence on its realization and quality. The work highlights the coexistence and redundancy of feedback loops that are relatively efficient but not coordinated, articulated in a contingent way and included into different registers. Monitoring by lifeguards, which is random about its effectiveness, refers to a difficult task, which is highly constrained and, moreover, subject to plural forms of adaptation. This work shows that the management of the drowning risks in these equipment and the current practices are perfectible. Moreover, recommendations were formulated to optimize risk management and pool supervision. Preventive action was also launched (Part F)
Rojas, Jhojan Enrique. "Méthodologie d’analyse de fiabilité basée sur des techniques heuristiques d’optimisation et modèles sans maillage : applications aux systèmes mécaniques." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ISAM0003/document.
Full textStructural Engineering designs must be adapted to satisfy performance criteria such as safety, functionality, durability and so on, generally established in pre-design phase. Traditionally, engineering designs use deterministic information about dimensions, material properties and external loads. However, the structural behaviour of the complex models needs to take into account different kinds and levels of uncertainties. In this sense, this analysis has to be made preferably in terms of probabilities since the estimate the probability of failure is crucial in Structural Engineering. Hence, reliability is the probability related to the perfect operation of a structural system throughout its functional lifetime; considering normal operation conditions. A major interest of reliability analysis is to find the best compromise between cost and safety. Aiming to eliminate main difficulties of traditional reliability methods such as First and Second Order Reliability Method (FORM and SORM, respectively) this work proposes the so-called Heuristic-based Reliability Method (HBRM). The heuristic optimization techniques used in this method are: Genetic Algorithms, Particle Swarm Optimization and Ant Colony Optimization. The HBRM does not require initial guess of design solution because it’s based on multidirectional research. Moreover, HBRM doesn’t need to compute the partial derivatives of the limit state function with respect to the random variables. The evaluation of these functions is carried out using analytical, semi analytical and numerical models. To this purpose were carried out the following approaches: Ritz method (using MATLAB®), finite element method (through MATLAB® and ANSYS®) and Element-free Galerkin method (via MATLAB®). The combination of these reliability analyses, optimization procedures and modelling methods configures the design based reliability methodology proposed in this work. The previously cited numerical tools were used to evaluate its advantages and disadvantages for specific applications and to demonstrate the applicability and robustness of this alternative approach. Good agreement was observed between the results of bi and three-dimensional applications in statics, stability and dynamics. These numerical examples explore explicit and implicit multi limit state functions for several random variables. Deterministic validation and stochastic analyses lied to Muscolino perturbation method give the bases for reliability analysis in 2-D and 3-D fluidstructure interaction problems. This methodology is applied to an industrial structure lied to a modal synthesis. The results of laminated composite plates modelled by the EFG method are compared with their counterparts obtained by finite elements. Finally, an extension in reliability based design optimization is proposed using the optimal safety factors method. Therefore, numerical applications that perform weight minimization while taking into account a target reliability index using mesh-based and meshless models are proposed
Os projectos de Engenharia Estrutural devem se adaptar a critérios de desempenho, segurança, funcionalidade, durabilidade e outros, estabelecidos na fase de anteprojeto. Tradicionalmente, os projectos utilizam informações de natureza deterministica nas dimensões, propriedades dos materiais e carregamentos externos. No entanto, a modelagem de sistemas complexos implica o tratamento de diferentes tipos e níveis de incertezas. Neste sentido, a previsão do comportamento deve preferivelmente ser realizada em termos de probabilidades dado que a estimativa da probabilidade de sucesso de um critério é uma necessidade primária na Engenharia Estrutural. Assim, a confiabilidade é a probabilidade relacionada à perfeita operação de um sistema estrutural durante um determinado tempo em condições normais de operação. O principal objetivo desta análise é encontrar o melhor compromisso entre custo e segurança. Visando a paliar as principais desvantagens dos métodos tradicionais FORM e SORM (First and Second Order Reliability Method), esta tese propõe um método de análise de confiabilidade baseado em técnicas de optimização heurísticas denominado HBRM (Heuristic-based Reliability Method). Os métodos heurísticos de otimização utilizados por este método são: Algoritmos Genéticos (Genetic Algorithms), Optimização por Bandos Particulares (Particle Swarm Optimisation) e Optimização por Colónia de Formigas (Ant Colony Optimization). O método HBRM não requer de uma estimativa inicial da solução e opera de acordo com o princípio de busca multidirecional, sem efetuar o cálculo de derivadas parciais da função de estado limite em relação às variáveis aleatórias. A avaliação das funções de estado limite é realizada utilizando modelos analíticos, semi analíticos e numéricos. Com este fim, a implementação do método de Ritz (via MATLAB®), o método dos elementos terminados (via MATLAB® e ANSYS®) e o método sem malha de Galerkin (Element-free Galerkin via MATLAB®) foi necessária. A combinação da análise de confiabilidade, os métodos de optimização e métodos de modelagem, acima mencionados, configura a metodologia de projeto proposta nesta tese. A utilização de diferentes métodos de modelagem e de otimização teve por objetivo destacar as suas vantagens e desvantagens em aplicações específicas, assim como demonstrar a aplicabilidade e a robustez da metodologia de análise de confiabilidade utilizando estas técnicas numéricas. Isto foi possível graças aos bons resultados encontrados na maior parte das aplicações. As aplicações foram uni, bi e tridimensionais em estática, estabilidade e dinâmica de estruturas, as quais exploram a avaliação explícita e implícita de funções de estado limite de várias variáveis aleatórias. Procedimentos de validação déterministica e de análises estocásticas, aplicando o método de perturbação de Muscolino, fornecem as bases da análise de confiabilidade nas aplicações de problemas de iteração fluído-estrutura bi e tridimensionais. A metodologia é testada com uma estrutura industrial. Resultados de aplicações bidimensionais em estratificados compostos, modelados pelo método EFG são comparados com os obtidos por elementos finitos. No fim da tese, uma extensão da metodologia à optimização baseada em confiabilidade é proposta aplicando o método dos factores óptimos de segurança. Finalmente são apresentadas as aplicações para a minimização do peso em sistemas modelados pelo método de EF e o método EFG que exigem um índice de confiabilidade alvo
Quaeybeur, Clément. "Entre urbanisme et paysage : des territoires de projets. : Analyse d’une séquence urbaine : Euralille 1, Euralille 2, Saint-Sauveur." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10218.
Full textIn France, some urban design general discussions focus on the border between the projects made by the urban designer and the one made by the landscape architects (Champy, 2000): between concurrency and complementary (Donadieu, 2012). In the 2000s, we can give a mark on a movement involved in some disciplinary crosses, between landscape and urban design. It takes place into an historic development of the landscape architect profession since the late 1960s (Estienne, 2010). Others observe what they call sub-urbanism (Marot, 1995, 1999, 2006), or “urbanisme de révélation” (Fromonot, 2011). In urban design practices, what kind of exchanges can lay out the interface between landscape and urbanism? This thesis analyses a local urban sequence, one territory in the city of Lille made by three projects over a quarter of a century (1989-2013): Euralille 1, Euralille 2, Saint-Sauveur. The investigation highlights the relations in the works made by the landscape architects and the urban designer. The analysis looks mainly on the opening works and designs, and study as much as graphic documents produced in the studios than the discourse logic associated to the projects. The work shows the exchanges that could organize the synaptic interface between urbanism and landscape design or planning. It opens directions for the consideration of the landscape architect work and the landscape thinking method, in the development of our contemporary cities
Näsström, Anna. "Mémoire de licence Quand un paysage naît, un autre meurt : – Une analyse écocritique du roman Naissance d'un pont." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Franska, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-21116.
Full textThis essay consists of an ecocritical analysis of the novel Naissance d'un pont, written by Maylis de Kerangal. The essay's overall purpose is to examine how this novel describes the relationship between humans and nature. Above all, we look at the narrative strategies used by the author to convey the image of this relationship and moreover, we discuss the role of the different landscapes figuring in the novel. Finally, the analysis also includes a brief reflection on the novel's potential to influence the reader's attitude towards ecology. The analysis of narrative strategies focuses on the narrator's role, as well as the presence and function of ethical perspectives, symbolic names and figures of speech. These strategies contribute to depicting a variety of ideas concerning human lifestyles, whereas the descriptions of landscapes demonstrate the complex relationship between the human society and the natural and constructed landscapes respectively. Naissance d'un pont seems to promote a more humble attitude to nature than the one dominating in today's society. In order to evaluate the novel's capacity to transmit these values to the reader, it would however be reasonable to take several factors into account, such as the complexity of the language and the story's credibility level.
Richard, Jean-François. "Le Paysage, analyse et synthèse contribution méthodologique à l'étude des milieux tropicaux, savanes et forêts de Côte d'Ivoire." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37595125w.
Full textManola, Théa. "Conditions et apports du paysage multisensoriel pour une approche sensible de l’urbain : mise à l’épreuve théorique, méthodologique et opérationnelle dans 3 quartiers dits durables : WGT (Amsterdam), Bo01, Augustenborg (Malmö)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1043.
Full textIn a context of growing interest about the sensoriality in urban space and an evolution in the landscape theory that proposes to overcome the divisions between the landscape on the one hand as a physical object and partly externalized and on the other hand as an internalized imaginary creation, the "multi-sensory landscape" remains to this day an unexplored field. As limited research has been conducted concerning the multi-sensory landscape directly, in spite of studies on other (mono)senscapes, this research aims to the understanding of the conditions and the specific contributions of the rensible (and located) human relations in the urban action through multi-sensory landscape. This thesis introduces the study of the landscape of three multisensory sustainable neighbourhoods in northern Europe (WGT in Amsterdam, Augustenborg and Bo01 in Malmö) throughout a methodological approach that consists of: an analysis (which includes a "documentary analysis", an urban and landscape “classic” analysis, a sensitive approach of the site); semi-structured interviews of steak holders involved in consulting, design, and / or management of those projects; and investigations along with inhabitants of the studied neighbourhoods, by open short interviews, multisensorial walk alones and "multi-sensory bags" (methods specifically established for the demands of the research ).Through a qualitative analysis, this thesis indicates that the multi-sensory landscape, by its spatial, social and sensory consistency, might prove to be a point of convergence for urban professionals and inhabitants. The prospect of such a mediation is enhanced by the fact that multisensoriality adresses not only the matter of sensory relations, but also discloses many other aspects and permits to emotions to be expressed. Regarding the sensory relations, this thesis shows that despite the primacy of sight, the presence of the other senses is not to be disregarded as they generate "qualitative" inputs (in terms of sensory markers relatively commons). The sensoriality of the so-called sustainable neighbourhoods as well as it's recognition are questioned as the landscape is one of the indicators of the perceived and experienced sustainability. When it comes to the landscape's versatility, it could serve as a way to theat subject of urban sustainable development not yet explored: aesthetic aspects of the sustainability ; (changes in) lifestyle and behaviors that accompany it (or not) ; initiating the involvement of inhabitants in the process of projects and management in their life areas. Finaly, the landscape can contribute to the sensible (re)consideration of urban sustainable development with a perspective more considerate of habitability than of eco-technical management of urban space. From a methodological point of view, the assessment of the methological approach and the multi-sensory bags, has shown that under certain circumstances, the inhabitant's sensible relations can be expressed and thus be considered in the processes and projects affecting the urban space. The maping of this thesis' results (applied on one of the three neighbourhoods), offers the opportunity for every member of the neighbourhood to be involved in the conceptualsation and realisation of a project and eventually allows a sensitive consideration of urban space to become reality
Kessaci, Marie-Éléonore. "Recherche locale et optimisation combinatoire : de l'analyse structurelle d'un problème à la conception d'algorithmes efficaces." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10169/document.
Full textMany problems from combinatorial optimization are NP-hard, so that exact methods remain inefficient to solve them efficiently. However, metaheuristics are approximation methods known and used for their efficiency. But they often require a lot of parameters, which are very difficult to set in order to provide good performance. As a consequence, a challenging question is to perform such parameter tuning easier, or adaptive.The fitness landscape of given combinatorial optimization problem, based on a search space, a fitness function and a neighborhood relation, allow to characterize the problem structure and make the understanding of the dynamics of search approches possible.This thesis deals with fitness landscape analysis, together with the link with some neighborhood-based metaheuristic classes. We show the influence of the landscape structure on the dynamics of metaheuristics, for two challenging problems from the field of logistics. We analyze the landscape characteristics which help to design efficient local search metaheuristics and/or to set their parameters.Neutrality is one of the main structural characteristic of a landscape. Such landscapes have numerous plateaus, which often inhibits the progress of local search algorithms. After a deep analysis of these plateaus, we prove that this neutral structure cannot be ignored. Then, we use several information linked with neutrality, and particularly with blocking plateaus, in order to design a first local search approach, which appear to efficient and easy to implement. At last, in order to extend our work on the neutral structure, we chose to exploit the neutrality involved in the whole landscape. We propose a new local search algorithm, based on the ability of solutions of a plateau to produce improvement by means of a guiding strategy.The thesis ends with an experimental analysis of the two local search methods presented for neutral problems in order to exploit new characteristics, and then to strengthen the link between fitness landscape analysis and efficient algorithm design
Chust, Guillem. "Descripteurs du paysage dérivés d'images satellitales et leur utilisation dans la cartographie de la biodiversité." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30032.
Full textMoreau, Clémence. "Mettre en débat l’état de référence. Analyse des représentations des dynamiques paysagères au prisme des services écosystémiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/23867/1/Moreau_23867.pdf.
Full textDumas, Estelle. "Structuration des paysages d’interfaces ville / forêt : analyse couplée écologie / économie." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30069.
Full textDuring the last decades, urban spread around the city of Marseille (a large employment pole in the area), France has extended over agricultural and post-agricultural lands. In this context, single houses answer a demand for space that urban areas cannot offer. Linear and surface urban configurations around or within forest islands have recently re-structured the landscape and increased forest fragmentation. The ecological consequences of such fragmentation can include reduced species dispersal, the expansion of generalist and/or edge species, and a decrease in ecosystem resilience. Thus, urban and natural area relationships drive landscape dynamics and generate various urban-forest interfaces. We therefore constructed research questions focused on urban-forest interfaces. What are the relationships between urban-forest landscape patterns and the organization of plant diversity? At what scales are these relationships most evident? As concerns urban dynamics, urbanization within or at the edge of natural spaces is related to the perception of those spaces. In this case, one must study the relationships between urban dynamics and landscape heterogeneity
Mouad, Bassem. "Les Trames Vertes Urbaines : analyse des représentations sociales de la « nature en ville » à Marseille et à Strasbourg." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100047.
Full textThe problems of the environment and biodiversity is at the heart of the international debate scientifically and politically. The exponential growth of human activities, particularly the acceleration of urbanization and the resulting massive pressure on natural resources, heralds the era of the Anthropocene. This thesis focuses on "urban green frames", conceived as new land-use planning tools aimed at reconstituting an ecological network in order to preserve biodiversity both in natural areas and in urban areas. The spatial pattern of green frames has its roots in the practices of landscape architects and urban planners internationally since the second half of the nineteenth century. We start from the hypothesis that urban green fields are means of urban amenity. Three approaches have been mobilized: biographical, geo-historical and social representations. This thesis pays particular attention to the question of representations and social practices associated with "nature in the city": an entry mobilized to understand the methods of implementation of green networks in Marseille and Strasbourg
De, Almeida Claudio Aparecido. "Paysage des systèmes de production agropastoraux de l'État du Rondônia - Amazonie brésilienne." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT123/document.
Full textRecent global agreements sponsored by UN to sustainable development and reduction of greenhouse gases emission, undergo by the reduction of deforestation and an increase of productivity of the areas occupied by agricultural production systems. In 2014 the Brazilian Amazon deforestation reached 760.305,5 km2. This area has different land uses with different financial and social returns and different environmental impacts. To know the land use and land cover (LULC) and the predominant production systems in this deforested area is a basic condition for planning actions and public policies for sustainable development. This study developed methodologies for detailed LULC mapping, and to regionalization of agricultural production systems. The mapping of LULC of Brazilian Amazon confirmed previous studies, showing that most of the deforested area is used for livestock activity (about 60%), followed by secondary vegetation (about 20%) and annual crops (about 5%). Regionalization of agricultural production systems was carried out in two stages. The first one was carried out at local administrative boundary, using spatially explicit data of LULC and deforestation, analyzed in conjunction with municipal socioeconomic data spatialized at local level. Based on these results we identified, among five agricultural production systems at the state level. The dimension of territorial configuration showed that each agricultural production system form different types of landscapes. The second stage was conduced with cells of 10 X 10 Km, with LULC spatially explicit data, deforestation and a matrix of distance to infrastructure elements, and using landscape metrics. Was possible to classify the predominant agricultural production system in each cell, and identify the effect of these systems on the landscape. Nine agricultural production systems were found: two in forest domains (Forest Domain, Initial Front), three in agriculture domain (Strict Agriculture, Dominant Agriculture and Coexistence Area) and four in livestock domain (Intensified Beef, Not Intensified Beef, Intensified Beef-Milk and Not Intensified Beef-Milk). The methodologies resulted from this thesis will enable the creation of an operational monitoring system of LULC, continuous and at low cost, and also of the prevailing agricultural production system in each of the deforested territory. With this monitoring system, it will be possible to follow up the effect of public policies in the region, looking for sustainable development
Devaux, Caroline. "Résilience des services écosystémiques à l’échelle du paysage : un cadre conceptuel et une analyse pour un socio-écosystème de montagne." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV002/document.
Full textAs evidenced by the number of studies on the subject, the recent millennium ecosystem assessment and the establishment of a working group on resilience (« Resilience Alliance »), the interest of the scientific community in ecosystem services and their resilience in the face of global change (environmental or social) is steadily increasing. Definitions of resilience are highly varied, and we used concepts such as resistance, specific resilience (« of what to what ? »), generalised resilience, adaptability and transformability to develop a conceptual and methodological framework to study the resilience of ecosystem service provision. This conceptual framework was applied to compare the potential resilience of differing sub-alpine grasslands types in three local government areas in the area of the Col du Lautaret (Hautes-Alpes, France) for a number of locally and regionally important ecosystem services. We proposed two approaches for evaluating the potential resilience of the different states in which a socio-ecosystem can exist, by considering resilience as the capacity of a system to maintain a stable provision of an ecosystem service (resistance component), as well as its capacity to adapt this provision if needed (components of resilience, transition, transformation depending on the degree of adaptation). A first stage of the quantification of ecosystem services was followed by an initial analysis of each of these services via the evaluation of their « operating ranges », defined as the range of values that a service can take given a particular state of the socio-ecosystem. The organizational scale at which these ranges are evaluated links them to other components of resilience. Our results confirm the utility of considering the specific resilience of each service, as the profiles of their resistance are different. In particular, the types of grasslands with the highest resilience component potential are not the same from one site to another, even though in all cases these resilience component potentials are rather high as compared to other components potentials. The second analysis is based on the theoretical hypothesis that it is the increasing diversity of response traits (heterogeneity and redundancy) which increases resistance. We hypothesised that, when it is response traits that have been used to model ecosystem services, the functional diversity of a plant community can be linked to its overall resistance in terms of ecosystem services. We linked a number of measures of functional diversity to resilience potential, including the α and β dimensions of entropy and functional diversity, and the redundancy and complementarity of functional groups. The obtained results for the grasslands at Lautaret lead us to reject the hypothesis which proposes that the functional diversity of plant communities can be used to predict the patterns of resilience of the analysed ecosystem services, as these do not correspond to the patterns of resistance obtained from the approach using operating ranges. Finally, we suggest that to assess the capacity of a socio-ecosystem to maintain the provision of ecosystem services, our approach using operating ranges is preferable as it allows for the quantification of the resistance profile of each service. This approach could be further developed using scenario building so as to determine « to what » the provision of each service is resistant
Paradis-Barrère, Hugo. "La vie dénudée à l'épreuve du paysage ˸ une analyse des films érotiques et révolutionnaires de Kôji Wakamatsu et Masao Adachi." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA103/document.
Full textIn Japan, the 1960s open an era of political and artistic protests. The decline of traditional film studios is followed by the development of violent genre movies and pinku eiga (erotic films). New filmmakers like Kôji Wakamatsu and Masao Adachi emerge, shooting films in which nudity echoes a constant thirst for revolution, both questioning the erotic nature of bodies and criticizing the contemporary society. Crime and deviation become a new way of protesting, while eroticism allows for a counter-narrative of human relationships. Echoing this interrogation, films of the fûkeiron, the “landscape theory”, address the question of the future of individuals confronted with the landscapes of the modern world. Overexposed bodies from pink cinema are now confronted with bodies that are absent, expelled from both the visible world and the official history. Criminals, revolutionaries, nymphomaniacs, all those bare lives elude the traditional classification and show a new way toward emancipation, sometimes leading to their self-destruction. This visual and narrative subjugation of the body under an organization that exceeds him questions the possibility of a radically new narrative. In the interval that separates figuration bodies from bodies capable of their own narrative, bare lives from qualified lives that are the byproduct of a rationalized system, a dialectic emerges that question flesh as a fundamental potential of images, a potential that might be the only one capable of breaking apart the way too smooth landscapes of modernity
Vaillancourt, Linda Anne. "Analyse du critère organisationnel dans le processus de mobilisation sociale en vue de l'obtention du statut de paysage humanisé de l'Estran." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2007. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/384.
Full textSanogo, Moumouni. "Le paysage radiophonique du burkina faso panorama, analyse des programmes, et etude de l'audience des radios du secteur public et prive." Bordeaux 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR30047.
Full textThree parts : 1 - presentation and functioning of different broadcastings. Pieces of informations are studied in touch with their evolution and organisation. It's the panorama of eleven (11) publique broadcastings and four private broadcastings. 2 - program's analysis. In first time, different programs are studied. In second time, the broadcast's contents is analysed. 3 - the audience's study : it's proposed through investigations (1. 396 persons)
Vaillancourt, Linda Anne. "Analyse du critère organisationnel dans le processus de mobilisation sociale en vue de l'obtention du statut de paysage humanisé de l'Estran." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007.
Find full textNatali, Maurizia. "Le paysage dans le cinéma classique américain : définition et fonctionnement de l'image-paysage et de ses ressemblances intertextuelles : analyse d'un détail énigmatique de "Duel in the sun" de K. Vidor et des décors modernistes d'Alfred Hitchcock." Paris 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA030122.
Full textCinematographic landscape is always as an intricated image witch has important and profound links with the other arts of the image (peinting, photography, etc. ); the concept of image-landscape is the definition of cinema like a production of visual intertexts and not only like a "narrateur" (teller) of plots. In american classics authors the analysis of landscape shots shows the iconological layers of the film text and the culture of landscape as "country" and "tows". Movies appear like the retourned difference of iconological questions into a visual art which is mostly popular (western, melodrame, thriller)
Baudoin, Sébastien. "La poétique du paysage dans l'oeuvre de Chateaubriand." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2009. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00658756/document.
Full textAbadi, Mohamed. "Couleur et texture pour la représentation et la classification d'images satellite multi-résolutions." Antilles-Guyane, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGUY0215.
Full textLand use mapping and characterization are very important for local and national institutions. These institutions are nowadays searching for specifie and specialized tools that can distinguish betweendifferent land covers. This research work proposes to use different methods for satellite image processing. Allowing a strong and reliable land cover classification. The conceptual and experimental design has been developed as it follows. First, an optimal description of ail images is done. Then, COIOL and texture attributs are defined and computed. Finally, sorne algorithm classifications are realized. The optimal description of ail images is made by (i) determination of the hybrid colour space to obtain a good discrimination of this classes while correlation between space components is mininized. (ii) merging a high spatial resolution panchromatic image with a low spatial resolution multispectral image in order to obtain a high spatial and spectral resolutions image. Attributes are then extracted to characterize land cover classes using colour and texture information through different approaches (statistics, geometry, frequency, fractal, multifractal). At last, different classification techniques are applied (SVM, MMG, K-means, ISODATA) in order to separate forest areas from agriculturc parcels. Our work originality is based on the construction of a hybrid colour space derived from the image intensity, saturation and hue omponents using a multiobjective approach that integrates the correlation and discriminating power. This same space ls used in the merging images process in order to aeneralize the perceptual methods
Caille-Cattin, Catherine. "Le paysage, de l'information à l'élaboration d'une culture paysagère : vers des médiations paysagères au service des acteurs de l'aménagement du territoire." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00924225.
Full textBardonnet, Clara. "Une analyse de la connectivité fonctionnelle du paysage : Etude des déplacements et des flux de gènes chez un mustélidé forestier, la Martre des pins (Martes martes)." Thesis, Reims, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REIMS013/document.
Full textLandscape changes, generated by anthropogenic activities, are widely recognised as one of the main causes of global biodiversity decline. Leading to a loss of functional landscape connectivity, they disrupt movements and gene flow which play a primordial role for the persistence of populations. However, the relationship between these processes and landscape structure remains unclear. In this context, we studied landscape connectivity in European pine marten, a forest species present in fragmented landscapes. We evaluated landscape resistance, i.e. how landscape features impede or facilitate movements and gene flow, analysing genetic variability of groups sampled in 13 forest sites of the Champagne-Ardenne regional area, and studying individual fine-scale movements in both continuous and fragmented areas. We showed that intensive agricultural plain and certain linear infrastructures could impede movements. In addition, we showed that hedgerows facilitate movements between forest patches and we suggested that vegetation height of open habitats could play a role for these movements. This study provides important insights on movement ecology of the European pine marten and underlines the need to take into account responses of organisms in the establishment of ecological networks
Pham, Tan Hung. "Problèmes couplés inverses : optimisation des systèmes couplés magnéto-thermiques avec la méthode des éléments finis et les algorithmes numériques d’optimisation de type gradient." Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0151.
Full textMazagol, Pierre Olivier. "Recherche de variables contribuant à l'organisation d'un paysage de moyenne montagne : le cas des Hautes Chaumes du Forez." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00351560.
Full textGautier, Denis. "Analyse des rapports entre l'organisation spatiale et la gestion des ressources renouvelables, appliquée aux paysages de châtaigneraies en Cévennes." Avignon, 1996. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00822584.
Full textThe objective of this work is to inderstand the relationship between the organization of territory and the management of renewable resources. The study is applied to the chesnut forest landscape in the cevennes. The process of analysis is at the spatial level. The spatial modelization of a landuse pattern is linked to an in-detph analysis of landscape elements. The combination of the spatial model and the landscape elements functionning allows for an understanding of the integration of rural pratices in space and in time
Armand, Decker Stéphanie. "Développement d’une méthode d’optimisation multiobjectif pour la construction bois : prise en compte du confort des usagers, de l’impact environnemental et de la sécurité de l’ouvrage." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0189/document.
Full textIndustrialised countries are seeking to reduce their energy consumption and to use alternative raw materials, including renewables such as wood. To promote its use, multi-storey timber constructive systems need the development of new design methods.Building required a multicriteria design where conflicting objectives must be optimised simultaneously. Research solutions have to achieve the best Pareto-compromise between use performance and environmental impact of the building. This work aims to develop a multiobjective optimisation method of timber multi-storey building.The objectives of maximising floor vibration comfort and minimising heating needs, thermal discomfort, global warming potential and embodied energy are taken into account. A multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to obtain a set of non-dominated solutions which is the Pareto front. The solution space is constrained by regulatory requirements necessary for the safety of the structure. All objective-functions are modelled as analytic functions. Dynamic thermal simulation model outputs are replaced by metamodels.The developed method is implemented on a case study. The results offer a great diversity in a panel of 20 000 optimal solutions. These results provide a basis for discussion between the different actors of a construction project
Charles-Dominique, Tristan. "Analyse des relations entre plasticité architecturale des buissons et prolifération de leurs populations." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00663793.
Full textTalon, Brigitte. "Evolution des zones supra-forestières des alpes sud-occidentales françaises au cours de l'holocène : analyse pédoanthracologique." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30025.
Full textDemade, Maxime. "Analyse sociale de cycles de vie : les cycles de vie des représentations paysagères de l'éolien." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BOR30047/document.
Full textThe increasing use of the transition terms in the public debate contributes to the emergence of new research methods whom geographers begin to apprehend. Transition invites to consider a new action framework. In the matter of energy domain, the transition concept involves geographers in their socio-spatial interpretations. This new spatiotemporal frame, where are introduced the notions of territorialisation of the energy and the reversibility, provides an opportunity to consider these issues from a reinterpretation of the space-time couple. In this context, the thesis aims in understanding and analyzing of socio-spatial mechanisms tested by the renewable energies development, especially wind turbines. The specificity of this approach may be a geographical rendition of the Life Cycle Assessment method. For this purpose, the thesis requires the concept of landscape in its dynamic meaning. However, the life cycle assessment invites us to reshape the idea of landscape dynamics according to the notion of event. The thesis explores the arrival of a wind turbines project as an event and it focus on its sudden emergence, the induced socio-spatial destabilizations and the individual and social adaptations. The purpose of this research is to investigate a Social Life Cycle Assessment of the landscape representations of the wind energy. This ambition faces a time constraint. The allowed time of a PhD thesis faces political times and the times of the experience. Created events or suffered events impact the socio-spatial representations differently and over various timescales. Considering a diachronic study brings about rethinking the epistemological and methodological issues raised by a corpus which gathers several types of data, from different sources and which would be analyzed together. The analysis is led on discourses and especially on spatial textual references along with the individual sensibilities revealed when a wind turbines project is initiated on territory. The thesis tracks the life cycle steps of windpower-events that we interpret according to the socio-spatial context of the study terrains
Lundström-Gilliéron, Corinne. "Dynamique du paysage rural de la partie nord-ouest de la Suisse : une analyse pour comprendre la variation des populations du lièvre brun (Lepus europaeus) /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?display=detail&nr=2558.
Full textCommodari, Arianna. "L'occupation romaine et médiévale dans la Plaine de Pise. Analyse morphologique des formes agraires et urbaines, et étude des dynamiques paysagères." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR2029/document.
Full textThe plain of Pisa, located in northwestern Tuscany, close to the Arno River’s delta, which flows into the Ligurian Sea near the town of Pisa after 241 km, is the result of different geomorphological processes (erosion, transport, accumulation). These are mainly conditioned by the fluvial and marine system (fluvial sedimentary accumulation, formation of the delta system, progradation of the coastline), as well as by human intervention, which together have led to its current formation. The abundance of natural resources, in particular water resources, the geographical location and the accessibility of the plain are some of the factors that have favoured a stable and lasting settlement since the Lower Palaeolithic. The populations that lived here over the course of the historical periods, however, had to face the changing and dynamic character of the plain, and in particular the force of the water, which represented an inestimable resource as well as an unpredictable danger. The research carried out during this PhD particularly focuses on the study of two historical phases that were crucial in the formation of the Pisa plain: the Roman and the medieval periods. The interventions carried out at the time of the Augustan colonization (I century BC) transformed the plain, impacting the rural landscape through the construction of a new agrarian system or the centuriation of Pisa, which still significantly structures the hydric network, the road network and the settlement system today. The transformation and transmission process of the orthogonal grid requires a developed analysis of the factors that have made it “visible” during different historical phases. This is especially true for the medieval period, which is characterised by the “return” of the Municipality of Pisa, a centralised power that was able to exercise greater control over territory and water resources. This research aims to reconstruct the main characteristics and the different evolutionary phases of the centuriated landscape over the centuries through the study of the palaeoenvironmental and palaeohydrographic dynamics that have affected Pisa even before Roman colonization.An interdisciplinary and diachronic methodological approach was applied in order to best identify and understand the natural and anthropic factors that have conditioned this “constructive” process over time. The morphological analysis of the urban and agrarian parcels allowed the recognition of the organisational forms of the Pisan landscape, in particular of the centurial grid and the phenomena of transmission and deformation of its constituent elements. The integration of the stratigraphic database (enriched by a coring campaign carried out in 2016 in collaboration with several Italian universities) with the historical-archaeological, archival and planimetric data has made it possible to obtain new results on the pedosedimentary and paleohydrographic evolution of the Pisan plain. It has also permitted us to propose new hypotheses on the paleogeography of the Roman period as well as its evolution over the centuries.Surface and subsoil surveys have made it possible to reconstruct the relationship between the settlement system, the forms of exploitation and management of resources, the palaeoenvironmental and palaeohydrographic transformations and the morphological dynamics (modes of transmission and/or transformation of the centurial grid) over the long term, demonstrating that the visible centuriation in its “most updated” version is the result of a long and continuous process of human-environment interaction
Blanchard, Elodie. "Diversité structurale des forêts denses humides de la Province Nord de Nouvelle Calédonie : de l'arbre au paysage." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT116/document.
Full textIn the course of global change, new practices of sustainable management in tropical rainforests that maintain key environmental services (e.g., biodiversity, carbon sequestration) and produce goods on which local communities rely is needed. The measurement, spatialization and understanding of the drivers of rainforest structure at large scale is challenging for managing sustainably forest resources. Rainforests of New Caledonia, a biodiversity hotspot located in the South-West Pacific, are a well-suited study model to explore the drivers of rainforest structure. Indeed, New Caledonian rainforests are distributed along a mountain chain, which creates strong environmental gradients overlaid by a range of natural and anthropogenic disturbance gradients. The aims of this thesis are (i) to define some structural features of New Caledonian rainforests, (ii) to map rainforests and to predict their structure at large scale, and (iii) to quantify the influence of the environment and the forest dynamics on rainforest structure. To this end, 23 one hectare forest inventories were set up in the North Province of New Caledonia. In these plots, elevation ranged between 250 and 900 m and annual rainfall between 1500 and 3000 mm. In addition to characterize locally rainforest structure, these plots were used to calibrate a predictive model based on a textural analysis of the canopy, using the FOTO (FOurier transform Textural Ordination) method, which was applied to eight very high resolution images from a Pléiades satellite (covering 1295 km2). Such a model able to relate texture and structure is based on the hypothesis that the allometric relationship between the DBH (Diameter at Breast Height) and the crown size of a canopy tree is stable. We tested this hypothesis tropics-wide. Our results show that New Caledonian rainforests are dense (1182 ± 233 tree/ha), with a high basal area (44 ± 11 m2/ha), a relatively low canopy (14 ± 3 m) and an above-ground biomass typical of tropical rainforests (299 ± 83 t/ha). These forests are also characterized by a high structural variability. This variability has the same range when influenced by environmental gradients as when influenced by forest succession gradients. The FOTO method applied to Pléiades images allowed to predict and spatialize key structural parameters (like the stem density or the above-ground biomass of rainforests) from robust correlations with the textural indices of the canopy (R² ≥ 0,6; RMSE ≤ 20%). The structure of New Caledonian rainforest is mainly driven by the potential insolation and the elevation at the scale of mountain massifs, and by the slope and the topographic wetness at the scale of a mountainside. These findings will enable to estimate rainforest resources across the territory and to define a new typology of New Caledonian rainforests taking into account their structural variability
Roque, Olivier. "La gestion environnementale de l'espace, du secteur au territoire : analyse de deux expériences dans une zone ardéchoise en déprise." Grenoble 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE21020.
Full textBased on a theorical corpus connecting economics of conventions and of environment, this thesis questions how concluded the best agreements with space using activities, in order to urge them to behave in favour of the environment. Two experiences are studied in a neglected area, the cevennes and boutieres in the department of ardeche. The first one approach environmental management from the point of view of agricultural organizations, the second one from the action of local municipalities. Identifying the institutional mechanisms of these experiences, first we show the conventions, both sectorial and territorial, which allow the coordination of the participants. Then, studying the impacts in terms of social participation and land maintenance, we try to establish which convention is the most efficient to manage the environment in this neglected area. The results tend to quality the hypothesis of higher effectiveness of the territorial convention compared to the sectorial one. Only the land maintenance is more coherent, whereas the social participation is quantitatively very deficient
Rumpala, Yannick. "Questions écologiques, réponses économiques : les changements dans la régulation publique des problèmes d'environnement au tournant des années 1980 et 1990, une analyse intersectorielle." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999IEPP0023.
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