Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Analyse de l'air'
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Leroy, Céline. "Analyse dynamique de la pollution de l'air dans la troposphère." Littoral, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DUNK0206.
Full textThe characterization and the forecast of air pollution episodes require a combined chemical and weather approach. So, in this work the relations between the meteorological situation and the air pollution. Thereby, a field campaign associating weather, micrometeorological and BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl-Benzene and Xylenes) compounds was carried out during six months in Dunkirk. Measurements of turbulent flows were used to evaluate the dispersive capacity of the atmosphere during anticyclonic and depressionary periods, front passages and sea breeze episodes. This study showed in particular that the sea breeze was responsible of the most important pollution episodes of the measurements period. In order to apprehend the three-dimensional dynamic aspect of the breeze and consequently, the pollution behaviour in altitude, the structure of a sea breeze episode was characterized from optical and acoustic teledetection instruments and numerical simulations. The study of the background pollution occured in the neighbouring of the monitoring site of the “Pic du Midi de Bigorre” (PDM) in the Pyrenees (France). Previous studies revealed an atypical behavior of the ozone cycle in summer period, resulting in a decline of ozone in the middle of day. In order to study experimentally the role of the local weather phenomena, the vertical profiles of the ozone and of the extinction coefficient were measured with a differential absorption lidar in the vicinity of the PDM
Rebaï, Mehdi. "Analyse et modélisation de l'écoulement et du colmatage d'un filtre à air pulsé." Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00001553/.
Full textThe main objective of this work is the development of a numerical tool allowing the prediction of the clogging of a pleated fibrous filter for air filtration. The study is based on a multi-scale approach from the fiber scale to the pleated filter scale. The work is divided into two parts. The first one deals with the flow field (without particles) inside the fibrous medium and the pleat. The flow model inside a pleat is based on the assumption of a similarity solution. The second part is devoted to the clogging model of a pleated filter, which is obtained by combining the clogging model for a flat fibrous media with the flow model inside the pleat. Clogging of pleated filter is studied with this model, which can also be considered as a computational sizing and design tool. Using the model will reduce the number of trials and therefore the overall time of pleated filter design
Aouad, Nicolas. "Analyse énergétique d'un hôpital desservi par un système dédié à l'air extérieur (DOAS)." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2011. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/888/1/AOUAD_Nicolas.pdf.
Full textTuduri, Ludovic. "Analyse de traces de composés organiques volatils dans l'air par microextraction sur phase solide." Pau, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PAUU3007.
Full textDescroix, Damien. "Application de la spectrophotométrie de flamme à la détection des aérosols biologiques dans l'air ambiant par analyse multivariée." Paris 12, 2005. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002531340204611&vid=upec.
Full textThe aim of our study is the biological aerosol detection by flame emission photometry. We must determine the essential parameters to bacterium detection and to define limits of sensitivity for atoms which are present into these microorganisms. We analyze bacteria through the emission lines, mainly alkaline metals. Our first step has behaved us to put in place measurement tools and treatments around a flame spectrophotometer. This device analyzes on spectral range from 340 to 800 nm. Our study took place in three steps : the optimization of the sampling parameters, the particle analysis by flame spectroscopy and the statistical treatment by multi-and megavariate data analysis. The device which we used, allows to take inhaled particles and to concentrate according to their size. The optimization of the parameters of the device (burner, optics), allowed to obtain limits of sensitivity about the femtogram (fg) for sodium and potassium
Fleury, Bernard A. "Mouvement de l'air dans une cavité : influence des conditions limites thermiques et aérauliques." Nice, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NICE4237.
Full textBarzem, Lamyaa. "Analyse théorique et experimentale de la dynamique de rotor sur paliers à feuilles lubrifié par l'air." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00918876.
Full textLeyni-Barbaz, Daniel. "Développement d'une méthode de dosage du mercure dans l'air à base d'hopcalite par analyse par activation neutronique." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ65562.pdf.
Full textTiffonnet, Anne-Lise. "Contribution à l'analyse de la qualité de l'air intérieur : influence des transports de composés organiques volatils (COV) entre les parois et l'ambiance." La Rochelle, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LAROS043.
Full textLang, Natacha. "Nouvelles voies d'échange dans les matériaux mésoporeux : application à la séparation azote-oxygène de l'air." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10169.
Full textDescroix, Damien Attoui Michel. "Application de la spectrophotométrie de flamme à la détection des aérosols biologiques dans l'air ambiant par analyse multivariée." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2007. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:8080/theses-npd/th0253134.htm.
Full textThèse électronique uniquement consultable au sein de l'Université Paris 12 (Intranet). Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 265-272.
Lémond, Julien. "Climatologie et variabilité de l'air sec de la troposphère libre intertropicale : analyse du climat actuel et de son évolution." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066488.
Full textBernard, Jérémy. "Signature géographique et météorologique des variations spatiales et temporelles de la température de l'air au sein d'une zone urbaine." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDN0006.
Full textThis thesis presents a method to model air temperature differences within a conurbation . It relies on the analysis of the existing relationships between urban microclimate,geographical context and weather conditions. To do so, five air temperature networks located in three western France conurbations are utilized : Nantes, Angers and La Roche sur-Yon. A state of the art of the methods used to analyze urban climate is realized in chapter 1. In Chapter 2, air temperature networks are presented and analyzed and a methodology to correct biased data is proposed. In Chapter3 air temperature differences observed between the network sites are modelled from multiple linear regressions, using weather variables such as wind speed or solar radiation as explicative variables. Before the calibration step, data is sorted in a variety of ways in order to elaborate several models. The most performant model is identified in chapter4, confronting data observed using the five temperature networks to data estimated from each of the models.Chapter 5 illustrates the results of the work through three practical applications
Heddadji, Zoulikha. "Analyse et comparaison de textes : Application aux plaintes liées à des situations de pollution de l'air intérieur dans les logements." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05S004.
Full textThe goal of our work is to devellop an automatic system which aims to solve indoor air complaints written in french. After an automatic construction of the scenarios of complaints, a search module matches the current complaint to the theme of the most similar old complaint stored in the system memory. The solution attributed to the scenario to which the most similar complaint belongs is assigned to the new indoor air problem. We concentrate our work in improoving research models by introducing semantic analysis managed by a general french synonym dictionary
BOUDEN, AMOR. "Oxydation du zircaloy 4 dans l'air a haute temperature. Etude par traitement du signal et analyse de donnees d'emission acoustique." Compiègne, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993COMP584S.
Full textHaan, Denis. "Teneurs en monoxyde de carbone de l'air contenu dans la glace de l'Antarctique et du Groenland." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00754243.
Full textMalaizé, Bruno. "Analyse isotopique de l'oxygene de l'air piege dans les glaces de l'antarctique et du groenland : comparaison inter-hemispherique et effet dole." Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066702.
Full textLe, Maout Paul. "Analyse de l'air exhalé par des matrices de capteurs nanocomposites : le nez électronique pour l'aide au diagnostic. Application aux insuffisances rénales." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IMTA0170.
Full textChronic kidney disease affects nearly three million people in France, including 70,000 at anend stage requiring transplantation or several weekly hemodialyses. To prevent the progression of this irreversible disease, it is essential to be diagnosed as soon as possible. Although blood tests are effective, it is an invasive method. This thesis therefore focuses on a promising diagnostic method that consists of analyzing and measuring biomarkers in exhaled air. Indeed, some of them, including ammonia, increase their concentrations in exhaled air when the kidneys do not work as well as usual. For this purpose, the technological solution chosen was the electronic nose. It is the ideal solution to achieve the best compromise between accuracy and compactness. However, the e-nose also has a number of drawbacks that are detailed and for which solutions are proposed in this document. First, the choice of the sensor matrix, which is the basis of the e-nose, is justified. The sensitive surface is based on polyaniline. This conductive polymer was chosen because it is very sensitive to ammonia. However, it is also affected by humidity, which is very abundant in exhaled air. The choice of response curve features and the classification algorithm resulted in a classification accuracy of 91% for measuring ammonia concentration in a mixture simulating exhaled air. Then, the problems related to sensor drift over time are detailed and an algorithmhas been developed to counter them, allowing to maintain an accuracy at 80% after four months of use, whereas it would have dropped to 50% if nothing had been planned to manage drift. Finally, a prototype of a portable electronic nose has been designed, from the sensor matrix to the measurement interface and classification part, with low-cost components (the package costs around 100 euros) consuming 2.1 W and allowing it to operate for 14 hours with a telephone battery. This prototype has been tested on real samples of patients with chronic kidney disease and demonstrates the feasibility of a diagnostic aid device
Karroum, Khaoula. "Algorithmes d'optimisation pour la surveillance et l'estimation de la pollution de l'air." Thesis, Littoral, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021DUNK0574.
Full textThe implementation of an air quality monitoring system requires taking in consideration complex meteorological phenomena, sources of emission and limitations drawn by the costly equipment. The three main contributions made by the present thesis regarding monitoring and estimation of air pollution are : a review of techniques for estimating air quality, influence of air pollution's spatial and temporal variability on precision of interpolation methods, and a suggestion for a possible optimization of Dunkirk air quality monitoring network. Data of measurements and modeling of PM₁₀ concentrations were provided by ATMO Hauts-de-France. Firstly, we did a bibliographic synthesis on Air Quality Modeling (AQM) techniques, detailing their advantages and limits in studying air pollution. Then, we estimated air pollution in the Hauts-de-France region by means of spatial interpolation methods. We proposed an optimization of Inverse distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation technique that allows improving the coefficient of determination (R²). We noticed that the accuracy of the interpolation degrades at sites nearby emission sources (e.g., industries) and exposed to local meteorological phenomena (e.g., coastal zone). The influence of these phenomena was filtered by averaging the PM₁₀ data at different time scales (ranging from one hour to 3 months). The best R² obtained corresponded to the 24 hours averaging period, similar to the periodicity of some local wheather phenomena such as sea breezes occurring in coastal areas. Furthermore, we suggest an approach to optimize the network of measurement stations in Dunkirk agglomeration that minimizes root-mean-square (RMS) error of air pollution estimation obtained by IDW interpolation using data of ADMS (Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling System) and the Gaussian plume model. It was shown that the optimized configuration allows obtaining better PM₁₀ concentration estimations compared to the real deployed measuring stations network of ATMO. Actual ATMO stations are located near the emission sources, while for the resulting topology of stations optimization on diffuse sources pollution (ADMS) stations were scattered throughout the region, and for point source pollution (Gaussian plume) stations surrounded the emission source. Finally, a reliable and efficient approach was proposed for improving the accuracy of estimation of air pollution in an area of special interest, such as residential or industrial areas
Augustin, Patrick. "Analyse par lidar de la dynamique spatiotemporelle de la basse troposphère au cours d'évènements météorologiques locaux : impact sur la qualité de l'air." Littoral, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DUNK0131.
Full textThe circulations of local air masses play a primordial role on the air quality in coastal, urban and industrial areas. The understanding of the lower troposphere dynamic is necessary to predict atmospheric pollution events. In this context, the combination of remote sensing devices aund ground stations gives a better understanding of the structure and dynamic of the lower troposphere during local meteorological events. The ESCOMPTE campaign was able to characterise polluants emission, dynamic and the atmospheric chemistry composition of Marseille-Berre region in order to test and validate photochemical models by the comparison of experimental data set obtained at ground level, from airborne measurement platform and by ground based remote sensing devices ( UV and IR lidar, UHF radar, sodar). The lidar of the University du Littoral-Côte d'Opale measured the vertical distribution of ozone and extinction coefficient near Marseille which is influenced by the coastline, the relief and the dense urban area. The analysis of the fine structure of the complex stratification observedduring photochemical pollution events, highlighted the importance of the confrontation between the sea breezes, influencing the urban boundary layer pollutant transport. The sea breeze of the highly industrialised coastline of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region was characterised by the use of the UV lidar, a sodar and ground based measurements. This permitted the determination of the sharp vertical structure and the temporal evolution of the sea breeze demonstrating its influence on the vertical and horizontal pollution dispersion
Dat, Manon. "Evaluation et modélisation du taux de libération à partir de diffuseurs pour le biocontrôle et développement d'une méthode de mesure de phéromones dans l'air ambiant." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PAUU3008.
Full textTo meet the national objective of reducing the use of pesticides in agriculture, biocontrol strategies such as mating disruption are favored. The key to the successful application of this strategy is a controlled release of pheromone to maintain a sufficient and constant concentration in the air during the pest's period of activity (several days to several months). Various treatments and technologies have been developed, notably by M2i Group, where the pheromone is encapsulated in a solid matrix called "Press". However, there are still a few drawbacks to current dispensers, such as the difficulty of maintaining a sufficient release rate over an extended period, and the difficulty of assessing the concentrations around the dispenser. As a result, the mode of action of the compound(s) on target insects and the dose/concentration relationship are often poorly understood. To address these issues, the release kinetics of the dispenser were studied both in the field, by extracting and quantifying the pheromone remaining in the dispenser, and in the laboratory, using emission chamber tests under controlled conditions. The results led to the development of a predictive model based on a model pheromone (close to the structure of the pheromone of the butterfly Lobesia botrana) which describes the release of the pheromone from the matrix as a function of abiotic factors (temperature, air velocity) and diffuser geometry. In addition, the development of an active sampler on Tenax TA cartridges, followed by GC-MS thermodesorption analysis, enabled us to determine concentrations ranging from 16 ng/m3 to 0.1 µg/m3 in the air after diffuser installation in a greenhouse. Thus, the rate of pheromone release per diffuser (1.6 mg/day) is above the quantity emitted by a female of the pest Lobesia botrana, which is 7.2 ± 0.1 ng/day, thus enabling mating disruption. Thanks to this work, a correlation was demonstrated between emission rates and air concentrations. Concentration levels in a treated area can therefore be determined simply by recording environmental parameters (temperature and air speed) and estimating the emission rate by using the model. All this work make possible optimization to M2i group strategy, not only in terms of the distribution and number of diffusers per hectare, but also in terms of optimizing the diffusion systems to induce the desired lure
Fabretti, Jean-François. "Caractérisation des particules atmosphériques liées au transport routier et aérien dans la ville de Nice." Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE4076.
Full textThis work was dedicated to the characterization of the elemental composition of atmospheric particles associated to urban traffic and air traffic. An analytical method for the determination of trace metals in PM2,5 and PM10 was developed. The instrument used, an ICP-MS, was optimised for the removal of the polyatomic interferences and to provide ultra trace-level detection limits. PM2,5 and PM10 sampling campaigns were conducted in sites within the area of Nice exposed to air and urban traffic : the Nice-Côte d’Azur airport and the urban Malraux tunnel. The analysis of the tunnel data was carried out with specific characterisation tools (enrichment factors, ascending hierarchic classification) and allowed to show specific elemental fingerprint of the “road traffic” source in the PM2,5. Two receptor models, Principal Component Analysis (ACP) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), were used on the airport data. They showed up the different particle sources influencing the ambient air of the receptor site and their contribution to the metal concentration in the air. The PMF model distinguished a specific emission source of metals at the airport with characteristics different from the road traffic emissions and from natural emission
HARKAT, Mohamed-Faouzi. "Détection et localisation de défauts par analyse en composantes principales." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005283.
Full textCardenas, Cristian. "Analyse et modélisation du comportement des caissons d'épuration de l'air équipant les engins de chantier pour la protection des opérateurs contre les gaz et vapeurs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0090.
Full textThis thesis deals with the development of four models to simulate an industrial adsorption process of ammonia on zinc sulphate-doped activated carbon. It is described by mass balance, thermodynamic, hydrodynamics and adsorption kinetics equations. Since the values of parameters are needed to implement the model, the activated carbon is first characterised. Experimental measurements of ammonia adsorption isotherms on doped activated carbon were first carried out. Then a method based on the sensitivity analysis of parameters was used to evaluate the estimability of the unknown parameters involved in the Sips and Toth adsorption isotherm equations. The most estimable parameters were then identified using experimental data measured at three different temperatures, i.e. 288, 303 and 313 K. Experimental breakthrough fronts at different ammonia concentrations and gas flow rates were then measured and used to determine the overall mass transfer coefficient (kLDF), the axial dispersion coefficient (Dax), the effective diffusion coefficient (De) and the intracrystalline diffusion coefficient (Dµ) involved in the model equations, implemented and solved within Comsol Multiphysics® software. It was demonstrated that the adsorption process are limited by the diffusion and adsorption of ammonia on the zinc sulphate crystal. The identified models were then validated by means of four additional breakthrough fronts that were different from those used to identify the parameters. The model predictions and the experimental measurements showed a very agreement which is quantified by means of performance indices and confirmed by a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Finally, the CFD simulation of the gas flow in an air purification box was carried out by developing a dynamic model that takes into account the geometry and hydrodynamics. These models have improved the understanding of the adsorption process and can be used as a predictive tool for the design and optimization of air purification boxes used to equip cabins with pressurization and air-conditioning of mechanical devices
ZARDINI, DIANE-SOPHIE. "Analyse du protoxyde d'azote de l'air emprisonne dans la glace : mise au point d'une methode experimentale ; application a l'analyse des variations au cours du passe." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077295.
Full textGanne, Nadine. "Contribution à l'étude de l'élimination par stripping à l'air de solvants chlores contenus dans l'eau." Toulouse, INSA, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ISAT0002.
Full textAlmi, Abdenbi. "Etude et optimisation des performances d'un plasma H. F pour la détection en ligne d'aérosols métalliques dans l'air : analyse de l'influence de l'argon sur la détection." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30190.
Full textTumbiolo, Simonetta. "Analyse rapide des composés organiques volatils à l'état de traces dans l'air par microextraction en phase solide, chromatographie en phase gazeuse, spectrométrie de masse (SPME/GC/MS)." Nice, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE4076.
Full textAir quality assurance needs a continuous development of new analytical methods for atmospheric pollutants. BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) are volatile monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with toxic properties, in particular toward neurological, respiratory, genetic and excretory systems. SPME (Solid Phase MicroExtraction) is capable of rapid, sensitive and selective analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in complex matrices, such as ambient air. Target compounds were extracted using SPME with a Carboxen/poly(dimethylsiloxane) fibre coating, followed by GC/MS analysis. The calibration necessitates the production of precise concentrations of the analytes at trace levels. The primary BTEX source was a certified compressed gas standard. A dynamic dilution system was set up with two dilution stages, allowing for dilutions in the range 1 to 100 mg/m3. Validation was carried out. Linear calibration curves were obtained for BTEX concentrations from 0 to 65 mg/m3. Limits of detection, limits of quantification, repeatability and inter-fibre reproducibility were estimated. Laboratory made permeation tubes were studied as alternative gas standard sources. Low concentrations of analytes were obtained by diluting the analyte vapour emitted by the tubes in zero-air flow. Thermogravimetry was proposed as a mean to rapidly test and calibrate the permeation tubes. Considering the time scale of the technique (hours) and the ease to perform multiple sampling, the SPME technique may find important applications. These ranging from general screenings to accurate monitoring of indoor or outdoor sites, as proven by real world applications, with the possibility of detailed temporal and spatial identification of VOCs sources
Perring, Loic. "Etude thermodynamique et structurale des alliages binaires et ternaires du ruthénium avec le silicium, le germanium et l'étain et de leur stabilité dans l'air et l'oxygène." Nancy 1, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1997_0276_PERRING.pdf.
Full textBerger, Alexandre. "Modélisation multi-échelles de la composition chimique des aérosols : impacts des processus physico-chimiques sur la formation d'aérosols organiques secondaires dans les nuages." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3060/.
Full textAtmospheric aerosols play a major role in environmental issues related to climate, air quality and human health. Organic aerosols (OA) are an important fraction of total particulate mass. However, formation mechanisms of OA are poorly understood. In particular, a current challenge remains the definition of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) from atmospheric oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) that will condense on or within existing aerosols to form secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Recent studies in laboratory have shown the contribution of oxygenated VOC (OVOC) in the formation of low volatile organic compounds in aqueous phase. However, these studies still incomplete and there is an urgent need for better understanding photochemistry in aqueous phase of polyfunctional species and to study the influence of the relevant parameters for the atmosphere (pH, initial concentrations, the presence of inorganic compounds) on SOA processes. Moreover, these pathways of SOA formation should be taken into account in atmospheric models. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the potential SOA production during a cloud event observed at the puy-de-Dôme station with simulations performed using the Meso-NH model. The realism of these simulations for forming SOA depends on the integration, in the chemical gaseous phase scheme, of the relevant chemical species including VOC and their products. The ReLACS2 mechanism meets this requirement and takes into account both ozone precursors and formation of SOA. This latter mechanism is coupled with the ORILAM-SOA module that integrates gas/particle partitionning of inorganic and organic species, and nucleation, evaporation/condensation, activation and dynamic aerosol processes. Firstly, this coupling is tested on three real cases over Europe in contrasted standart meteorological conditions. An exercise of inter-comparison of Meso-NH and WRF/CHEM models and a comparison of these models with in-situ observations over Europe are performed. Secondly, a first work consists in including COVO, short and soluble (up to 4 carbons), and the associated aqueous phase reactivity, in the ReLACS2 mechanism, in order to consider SOA formation in aqueous phase. A new chemical mechanism, ReLACS3, is created. In parallel, a second work consists in including the part of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) into the chemistry of the water droplets for a complete coupling between the gas, aqueous and particulate phases. To test these developments, an 2D idealized simulation of an orographic cloud, observed during an intensive campaign at the puy-de-Dôme station which occured in summer 2011, is performed. This study highlighted the potential impact of the aqueous phase reactivity and activation of CCN on SOA formation
Hamzé, Mona. "Vers une meilleure connaissance de l'exposition aux grains de pollens allergisants et de leur altération par la pollution de l'air." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSMRE/2022/2022ULILR009.pdf.
Full textAlthough it is now accepted that allergenic pollen grains are altered by air pollution, the role of these alterations on allergy is not yet clearly known. The (bio)chemical mechanisms involved are not completely elucidated, especially with regard to the exacerbation of symptoms by air pollution. The main objective of this thesis is to improve the knowledge on the exposure to allergenic pollen grains by taking into account their degree of alteration: pollution and pollen grain rupture. A first laboratory study was carried out in order to explore the potential of several techniques for the characterization of the degree of alteration of the pollen grain. Pollen artificially polluted with ozone was analyzed by spectroscopic (Raman and infrared), microscopic and chromatographic techniques. Ozone uptake was also measured on a set of 22 pollen taxa with different bio-physical-chemical characteristics (grain size and mass, degree of allergenicity, lipid fraction...) to investigate possible determinants of ozone uptake. The potential of pollen analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was exploited and a new method of counting pollen grains was developed. This method required a study on the variability of the lipid fraction on different batches of birch pollen from different geographical origins and depending on the year of harvest. In order to test this counting method in real conditions, a sampling campaign was carried out on sedimented birch pollen in indoor and outdoor environments. The determination of chemical tracers of pollen grains by GC-MS has a great potential for the rapid counting of pollen grains, the determination of their state (broken or intact) and their degree of pollution
Valdés, Ana. "Minéralogie et géochimie du matériel particulaire respirable (PM10 et PM2. 5) présent dans l'air de Santiago, Chili : contribution à sa caractérisation et l'identification de ses sources." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1421/.
Full textThis thesis is a geochemical characterization of breathable particulate matter (PM10 et PM2. 5) in Santiago, Chile. The principal objective is the identification sources through of determination of tracers elements origins and genesis process. Major and traces elements has been analyzed in terms of the variation concentrations between different sites, seasonality and years. The chemical characterization of some elements is necessary in order to understand the impact on the human health and improve the quality of air according with public politics. Therefore, this works also allows to quantified concentrations level of some potential toxic elements that could be impact on the mortality range of cardiac and respiratory illness
Verriele-Duncianu, Marie. "Nature et origines des composés organiques volatils et odeurs présents dans un habitacle de véhicule : impact des pièces automobiles sur la qualité de l'air intérieur." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10205.
Full textThe car air quality (CAQ) inside the passenger compartment is a subject of growing interest among manufacturers concerned with ensuring a healthy car interior and a pleasant olfactory ambiance in their vehicles. The CAQ is nowadays evaluated for innocuity of the compounds emitted into the cabin towards the respiratory tract and the skin, but also for the odorous synergy of the mixture of compounds. The variety of materials and the confinement level of new cabins are the factors behind car indoor pollution. The primary aim of this work is to increase knowledge about the emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and odors, but also to assess their impact on the CAQ. Numerous VOC sampling and analysis techniques and odor evaluation methods have been implemented. The impact of each car part on the CAQ was assessed, firstly, using model calculations to determine the contributions of each car part to ambient VOC levels (Chemical Mass Balance) and secondly, by multivariate analysis of sensory profiles of car parts and cabin assembly. Finally, linking chemical and sensory data and GC-Olfactometry analysis allowed for identification of chemical families involved in car cabin smells
Gombert, Sandrine. "Utilisation de la bioindication lichénique dans l'estimation de la qualité de l'air de l'agglomération grenobloise : étude à différents niveaux d'organisation biologique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10184.
Full textCOZIC, Ronan. "Développement d'un analyseur de gaz transportable : couplage thermodésorbeur / micro-chromatographe / spectromètre de masse (m-TD / m-CG / SM)." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008935.
Full textIdir, Mohamed Yacine. "Analyse et développement de modèles statistiques pour l'estimation et la prédiction spatiale et temporelle de la pollution atmosphérique à partir de données issues de capteurs mobiles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASG107.
Full textUrban air pollution, a global health crisis causing millions of deaths every year, makes accurate mapping of this phenomenon not only relevant, but vital to public health.Currently, air quality is measured by fixed air quality monitoring stations. These reference stations provide a highly accurate measure of air quality, at the cost of limited spatial coverage.The idea of using new low-cost sensors developed from recent technological advances, smaller in size and incorporating a global positioning system (GPS), quickly emerged. This gives scientists additional tools to refine spatio-temporal maps of air pollution and create new datasets providing information on air quality that was previously unavailable.Generating precise air quality maps using these low-cost sensors presents several major challenges. These challenges are mainly related to the nature of the phenomenon being studied, and to the accuracy and volume of the data.Given these difficulties, it is important to know how to combine all these fuzzy data sources to obtain a clear picture of urban pollution.The aim of this thesis is to analyze and develop statistical models that exploit data acquired by low-cost mobile sensors. It contributes to the objective of providing more accurate spatial and temporal estimates and forecasts of urban air pollution, by combining mathematical models and technological advances
Nouira, Hichem. "Contribution à la conception d'un microconvertiseur d'énergie mécanique vibratoire en énergie électrique." Centre de recherches en gestion des organisations (CREGO) (Dijon), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BESA2075.
Full textThe market expansion of the moveable electronic instruments and their consumption reduction in terms of energy, promote the idea to convert mechanical vibratory energy, existing in great quantity in our environment, into electrical energy. The goal of this research work is the design of a current microgenerator, based on the harvesting of mechanical vibratory energy. In order to obtain a high efficiency of the microsystem, the energy losses need to be minimized. In this approach, a study of the airflow effect on the dynamic behaviour of clamped cantilever beams made of quartz, silicon and lithium niobate is carried out via two experimental methods in dynamics (random excitation and release dynamic test) at various pressure levels surrounding the vibrating structure between the primary vacuum and the atmospheric pressure. It turns out that the energy dissipated by the effect of surrounding air is secondary compared to the energy dissipated by the microsliding phenomenon. The latter is modelled by finite element analysis using a regularized Coulomb law to simulate friction effects. Thought, the dynamic study on assembled structures (a lithium niobate plate and a silicon beam) by adhesive material (SU8 epoxy resin of 5 μm and 1 μm and compressed gold) is performed between the secondary vacuum and the atmospheric pressure with dynamic release method. All the performed experiments and modelling made possible to choose a preferred architecture of the microconverter and to determine the most favourable assembly for the energy harvesting application. The capability of shock excitation regime to transfer mechanical energy from low to high frequency vibrating modes is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Finally, a theoretical model is developed in order to describe the microconverter system in order to estimate the power generated under given mechanical excitation pressure, amplitude and frequency
Kadri, Abdelaziz. "Etude electrochimique des processus de corrosion d'un alliage fe-36 ni sous des couches minces d'elecrolyte, a l'air libre ou en situation de confinement." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066211.
Full textAllard, Julie. "Qualité de l'air dans la Vallée de l'Arve : météorologie locale et mesures des réductions des émissions liées au chauffage au bois." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU020/document.
Full textBiomass burning, particularly residential wood burning, is a source of atmospheric particles that contributes significantly to winter PM10 levels globally in Europe. In order to reduce emissions from this source, a large-scale program for the renewal of non-efficient wood-burning appliances, the “Fonds Air Bois” has been launched since 2013 in the Arve Valley. The assessment of its impact on atmospheric concentrations is an issue for future air quality management policies. The research DECOMBIO program (2013-2018) has been proposed to evaluate the impact of this operation on PM10 concentrations from measurements. This DECOMBIO program, which includes these thesis works, was based on the confrontation during 4 winters of continuous measurements of PM10 resulting from biomass burning (noted PM10wb), weather conditions, and emissions variations related to appliances renewal. To answer this challenge, the aim of this thesis was to develop methods to take into account the influence of atmospheric conditions on winter PM10 concentrations and to evaluate the parameters and uncertainties that make it possible to compare the estimated PM10wb emission variations with those of the measured PM10wb concentrations during the 4 winters.This work was based on large datasets of chemical and meteorological measurements made during 4 winters (13-14 to 16-17) at 3 sites in the Arve Valley. In addition, the technical data from wood appliances renewal files was provided to us, allowing us to spatially and temporally estimated reductions of PM10wb emissions from these appliances replacements. The state of atmospheric stability, an essential parameter for determining episodes of temperature inversions, has been continuously monitored thanks to an inexpensive system of sheltered temperature sensors installed along the slopes. These measurements have shown that local weather conditions in these valleys are the primary factor conditioning atmospheric concentrations. An automatic weather types classification has been established, making it possible to overcome this variability and to compare the concentrations for similar atmospheric conditions between the different winters. The innovation of this approach is mainly based on taking into account the degree of influence of meteorological variables and parameters related to the intensity of emissions. A gradual decrease of PM10wb concentrations during winters was thus observed at the 3 sites for certain weather types, a result consolidated by the concomitant decrease in tracer biomass combustion at the mass of PM10. To clarify these results, we were interested in estimating the reduction of PM10 emissions from device replacements at measurement sites and their uncertainties.At the end of this work and of the DECOMBIO program, we have been able to develop and validate several methodological tools applicable in the evaluation of future “fonds air bois” (use of sensors along the slopes, meteorological classification adapted to the quality of the air, estimation of uncertainties on wood appliances renewable emissions). This solid foundation has allowed us to better understand the measurements made on atmospheric PM, and their relationship to emission estimates
Maret, Laure. "Application de la technique de thermodésorption pour l'analyse de 93 COV et le screening des COV dans l'air des lieux de travail." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01070680.
Full textEl, Hafyani Hafsa. "Analyse de données spatio-temporelles dans le contexte de la collecte participative de données environnementales." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG035.
Full textAir quality is one of the major risk factors in human health. Mobile Crowd Sensing (MCS), which is a new paradigm based on the emerging connected micro-sensor technology, offers the opportunity of the assessment of personal exposure to air pollution anywhere and anytime. This leads to the continuous generation of geolocated data series, which results in a big data volume. Such data is deemed to be a mine of information for various analysis, and a unique opportunity of knowledge discovery about pollution exposure. However, achieving this analysis is far from straightforward. In fact, there is a gap to fill between the raw sensor data series and usable information: raw data is highly uneven, noisy, and incomplete. The major challenge addressed by this thesis is to fill this gap by providing a holistic approach for data analytics and mining in the context of MCS. We establish an end-to-end analytics pipeline, which encompasses data preprocessing, their enrichment with contextual information, as well as data modeling and storage. We implemented this pipeline while ensuring its automatized deployment. The proposed approaches have been applied to real-world datasets collected within the Polluscope project
Bazin, Lucie. "Analyse de l’air piégé dans les carottes de glace de Dôme C et Talos Dôme pour mieux contraindre le rôle du forçage orbital et des gaz à effet de serre dans les variations glaciaire-interglaciaire." Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS013V/document.
Full textIn order to study the climate variations recorded by ice cores, it is necessary to have precise chronologies for the ice and gas phases. The aim of this work has been to improve ice cores chronologies, covering the last 800 000 years, through new measurements of the isotopic composition of the air δ15N, δ18Oatm et δO2/N2) trapped in EPICA Dome C (EDC) ice core and the use of the Datice dating tool.The first important result of this PhD has been the production of the Antarctic Ice Core Chronology (AICC2012), common for EDC, Vostok, EPICA Droning Maud Land (EDML), TALos Dome ICE core (TALDICE) and NorthGRIP ice cores. The bipolar see-saw theory is still valid on the new chronology. The AICC2012 chronology gives an age for Termination II in good agreement with other climate archives. Moreover, the duration of interglacial periods is unchanged compared to EDC3. While building the AICC2012 chronology, we have pointed out several limitations. Since then, we have improved Datice in order to correctly integrate constraints deduced from layer counting and their associated uncertainties. These improvements permit to build coherent chronologies respecting the underlying hypotheses of Datice. Moreover, we propose a new parameterization of the uncertainty associated with the background thinning function based on ice mechanical properties of EDC ice core. Finally, we were able to deduce new age constraints thanks to the new measurements of δO2/N2 and δ18Oatm performed on well-conserved ice from EDC. A multi-proxy comparison of Vostok, EDC and Dome F ice cores over MIS 5 has highlighted a possible influence of local climatic parameters on δO2/N2. The analysis of the delay between δ18Oatm and precession shows some variability over the last 800 ka. We propose that the delay between δ18Oatm and precession is increased during periods associated with Heinrich events. The results obtained during this PhD should be used for the next ice core coherent chronology
Koch, Thomas. "Représentations de la société allemande du début des années 1990 dans les chroniques du quotidien et de l'air du temps de la presse magazine (E. Heidenreich, E. Hammerl, P. Almqvist, M. Goldt)." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00467640.
Full textLaborie, Stéphanie. "Exposition humaine aux perturbateurs endocriniens par inhalation : caractérisation de la contamination de l’air intérieur par analyses chimiques et biologiques in vitro." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE3059/document.
Full textThe objective of this project was to develop a bio-analytical approach leading to the assessment of the inherent hazard of the indoor air multi-contamination. Chromatographic methods combined with mass spectrometry were developed and validated for 62 target molecules known or suspected as endocrine-disrupting (ED) compounds. The ED potential was assessed by cellular bioassays measuring perturbations of transcriptional activity. The data showed that the predominant families of compounds in indoor air were in the following descendant order: phthalates > musks > alkylphenols > parabens. The ED contaminants were mainly present in gaseous phase, and the most contaminated locations were the day nursery and the house. An estrogenic, thyroid and anti-androgenic potential was attributed to indoor air. In agreement with its contamination profile, the biological activity of the latter was concentrated predominantly in the gaseous phase, and tended to be higher in the day nursery and the house. An effect-directed analysis (EDA) was carried out to identify the target chemicals responsible for the ED effects of indoor air. The following chemicals were identified as being potentially responsible for the observed ED effects: phthalates, methyl-paraben, alkylphenols, cypermethrin and synthetic musks. This work provides both knowledge about the inherent hazard of the indoor air multi-contamination and exposure data useful in health risk assessment
Havard, Sabrina. "Contribution de la pollution atmosphérique aux inégalités socio-spatiales de santé : analyse écologique du risque d'infarctus du myocarde dans l'agglomération de Strasbourg." Phd thesis, Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1B120.
Full textHavard, Sabrina. "Contribution de la Pollution Atmosphérique aux Inégalités Socio-Spatiales de Santé :Analyse Écologique du Risque d'Infarctus du Myocarde dans l'Agglomération de Strasbourg." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00362785.
Full textCette étude a été conduite dans la Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg (CUS, Bas-Rhin) à l'échelle du quartier de résidence (IRIS). Les infarctus du myocarde survenus parmi la population âgée de 35 à 74 ans entre le 1er janvier 2000 et le 31 décembre 2003 (n = 1193) ont été recueillis auprès du registre bas-rhinois des cardiopathies ischémiques. Les concentrations horaires de pollution atmosphérique (NO2, PM10, O3 et CO) ont été modélisées par IRIS à l'aide du modèle ADMS Urban. Le niveau socio-économique des IRIS a été estimé à l'aide d'un indice de défaveur construit par analyse en composantes principales à partir des données du recensement.
Nous avons tout d'abord cherché à évaluer le degré d'injustice environnementale qui prévalait sur notre zone d'étude afin de vérifier l'hypothèse d'un différentiel d'exposition à la pollution atmosphérique selon le niveau socio-économique des IRIS. Notre analyse de régression spatiale a démontré l'existence d'inégalités socio-économiques dans l'exposition à la pollution atmosphérique ; les quartiers de défaveur moyenne, localisés aux abords des principales infrastructures routières entourant le centre urbain, étaient les plus exposés à la pollution liée au trafic.
Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à examiner l'association entre le niveau socio-économique des IRIS et la survenue de l'infarctus du myocarde afin de vérifier l'hypothèse d'inégalités sociales de santé sur notre zone d'étude. Notre analyse bayésienne a montré l'existence de forts gradients socio-économiques du risque d'infarctus du myocarde chez les hommes et les femmes et mis en exergue une vulnérabilité particulière des femmes vivant dans les quartiers les plus défavorisés.
Nous avons finalement exploré la contribution de la pollution atmosphérique aux inégalités sociales de santé en examinant si le niveau socio-économique des IRIS modifiait les effets de la pollution atmosphérique sur le risque d'infarctus du myocarde. Notre analyse cas-croisés a révélé un effet plus élevé de la pollution particulaire chez les individus vivant dans les quartiers défavorisés, en particulier les femmes âgées de 55 à 74 ans. Ces résultats, au vu de ceux précédemment rapportés, semblent s'expliquer davantage par un différentiel de sensibilité que par un différentiel d'exposition. La recherche des mécanismes responsables de cette sensibilité exacerbée nécessite d'être poursuivie dans de futurs travaux afin que des actions de santé publique efficaces puissent être mises en œuvre pour protéger ces populations vulnérables.
Bazin, Lucie. "Analyse de l’air piégé dans les carottes de glace de Dôme C et Talos Dôme pour mieux contraindre le rôle du forçage orbital et des gaz à effet de serre dans les variations glaciaire-interglaciaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS013V.
Full textIn order to study the climate variations recorded by ice cores, it is necessary to have precise chronologies for the ice and gas phases. The aim of this work has been to improve ice cores chronologies, covering the last 800 000 years, through new measurements of the isotopic composition of the air δ15N, δ18Oatm et δO2/N2) trapped in EPICA Dome C (EDC) ice core and the use of the Datice dating tool.The first important result of this PhD has been the production of the Antarctic Ice Core Chronology (AICC2012), common for EDC, Vostok, EPICA Droning Maud Land (EDML), TALos Dome ICE core (TALDICE) and NorthGRIP ice cores. The bipolar see-saw theory is still valid on the new chronology. The AICC2012 chronology gives an age for Termination II in good agreement with other climate archives. Moreover, the duration of interglacial periods is unchanged compared to EDC3. While building the AICC2012 chronology, we have pointed out several limitations. Since then, we have improved Datice in order to correctly integrate constraints deduced from layer counting and their associated uncertainties. These improvements permit to build coherent chronologies respecting the underlying hypotheses of Datice. Moreover, we propose a new parameterization of the uncertainty associated with the background thinning function based on ice mechanical properties of EDC ice core. Finally, we were able to deduce new age constraints thanks to the new measurements of δO2/N2 and δ18Oatm performed on well-conserved ice from EDC. A multi-proxy comparison of Vostok, EDC and Dome F ice cores over MIS 5 has highlighted a possible influence of local climatic parameters on δO2/N2. The analysis of the delay between δ18Oatm and precession shows some variability over the last 800 ka. We propose that the delay between δ18Oatm and precession is increased during periods associated with Heinrich events. The results obtained during this PhD should be used for the next ice core coherent chronology
Enault, Cyril. "Vitesse, accessibilité et étalement urbain ; analyse et application à l'aire urbaine dijonnaise." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006172.
Full textDussault, Michael. "Une analyse de l'agir professionnel de conseillers et de conseillères d'orientation novices." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26801/26801.pdf.
Full textDussault, Michaël. "Une analyse de l'agir professionnel de conseillers et de conseillères d'orientation novices." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21769.
Full textCe mémoire a pour objectif d'identifier et d'expliciter des types de savoirs d'expérience qui alimentent l'agir professionnel des conseillers et conseillères d'orientation (CO) novices dans les secteurs habituels où ils interviennent. Pour répondre le plus efficacement possible à cet objectif, cette étude qualitative se divise en cinq chapitres. Le chapitre I situe l'objet de cette recherche en présentant les principaux changements qui ont contribué à complexifier la pratique professionnelle des CO en ce début de 21e siècle. Le chapitre II énonce le cadre théorique de la recherche. Le chapitre III traite du cadre méthodologique adopté. Le chapitre IV expose les types de savoirs d'expérience qui se sont dégagés du discours des participants. Le chapitre V met en exergue les apports potentiels de ces résultats pour l'avancement des connaissances dans le domaine des sciences de l'orientation. Les limites de la recherche sont aussi discutées dans ce dernier chapitre.