Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Analyse de défauts cristallins'
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Raddenzati, Aurélien. "Optimisation du transport électronique dans le silicium cristallin (c-Si) en présence de nanostructures." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Mulhouse, 2017. https://www.learning-center.uha.fr/.
Full textOne of the limitations to the widespread use of photonic energy is the limited efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) cells, which can only be improved industrially today by using expensive, rare and toxic materials or fragile devices. Silicon is the most abundant material, the least toxic to manufacture and recycle. It is also the cheapest and the best mastered industrially. However, the proportion of the light spectrum that can be converted into electricity remains incomplete, which limits its efficiency. The introduction of photonic nanotechnology has made it possible to increase photoconversion efficiency by broadening the photoconvertible spectrum of native silicon and by using a multistage photoconversion effect outside the band gap. The operational nano-unit of crystalline silicon in this case is the "Segton", which is avariant of the divacancy organized as a buried layer and located at the artificially created interface between amorphous and crystalline silicon. This work provides an update on the demonstrators of giânt photoconversion cells, and in particular on the latest pre-industrial technological resources used for this type of production. This was implemented incollaboration with various laboratories. This thesis proposes new characterization methods adapted to photoconversion using the low-temperature photoluminescence spectra in order to detect the good generation of divacancies due to the implementation steps during the fabrication. Finally, the simulation, the manufacturing and the characterization activities are reviewed in detail, ending with a prospective to future industrial production
Hachet, Guillaume. "Multi-scale investigation of the consequences of hydrogen on the mechanical response of cyclically strained nickel single crystal." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS022/document.
Full textHydrogen in metals can lead to irreversible damages on engineering structures. Consequently, the effects of the solute on the mechanical properties and the plasticity mechanisms of these materials have to be clarified. The proposed study consists to investigate the effects of hydrogen on the mechanical response of nickel single crystal strained by fatigue from macroscopic scale down to the atomic scale. At macroscopic scale, cyclic tests are conducted on multi-slip oriented nickel with several hydrogen concentrations to evaluate its consequences on the cyclic hardening of the metal. Then, a microstructural characterisation of the heterogeneities developed by fatigue is conducted for several plastic deformation amplitudes on nickel with and without hydrogen. The deformation of the metal induces a microstructure in form of wall and channel phases, which partially depend on the elastic interactions between the stress state, hydrogen and the induced crystalline defects. Therefore, the impact of hydrogen of the elastic properties of nickel single crystal is investigated using atomic scale calculations and experiments. Further calculations at this length scale associated with analytical elastic models are conducted to evaluate the stability of fatigue induced dislocation structures in presence of the solute, vacancies and vacancy clusters. The main conclusions of this study arise from the analysis of the results obtained from macroscopic scale down to the atomic scale and from the combination of both numerical and experimental techniques. In particular, the incorporation of hydrogen leads to a hardening of the nickel intrinsically. However, the formation of vacancies and vacancy clusters by the incorporation of hydrogen counteracts the effects of the solute and participates in the competition between the softening and the hardening of cyclically strained nickel single crystal observed at macroscopic scale
Monier, Vanessa. "Etude des défauts cristallins dans le silicium par diffusion de la lumière." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX30056.
Full textThe on-going quality improvement of Silicon-On-Insulator wafers motivates further development of Laser Scattering Tomography (LST). This technique enables the investigation of oxygen precipitates and dislocations in silicon by means of infra-red light scattering. After evaluating the LST capability for the investigation of statistical populations of oxygen precipitates, the characterisation of individual precipitates was addressed. The size of specific oxygen precipitates was accurately monitored during their growth for different temperatures and defect morphologies. In the second part of this work, the theory of light scattering by a dislocation was adapted to the silicon case. This development combined with the tomography and polarization LST options makes it possible the complete characterisation of non-decorated dislocation slip systems. The discrimination of decorated vs. Non-decorated dislocations is also achievable by LST
Derder, Choukri. "Interfaces et défauts cristallins dans les composés intermétalliques Ni3Al, Co3Ti, TiAl et Ti3Al." Grenoble INPG, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPG0163.
Full textLoubradou, Marc. "Etude des déformations autour des défauts cristallins à l'échelle atomique : dislocations, interfaces facettées." Grenoble INPG, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPG0155.
Full textLantreibecq, Arthur. "Détermination de la nature et de l'origine des défauts cristallins dans le silicium monolike." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30311/document.
Full textMonolike silicon (ML Si), is a material obtained by directional solidification on monocrystalline seeds and dedicated to photovoltaic applications. This thesis focuses on the structural quality of these crystals of several hundred kilograms that contain defects that potentially affect the photoelectric yield. The goal is to understand the mechanisms by which these defects nucleate and multiply in order to inhibit them. Since the development of sub-grain boundaries (SGB), which are the main factors for the losses of photovoltaic yields, is potentially related to the thermomechanical stresses that develop during a thermal cycle, we simulated numerically the temperatures of an oven containing an ingot over a complete cycle (fusion, growth, cooling). From the temperature values, we were able to establish a map of the thermomechanical stresses as well as their temporal evolution. In parallel, we used several structural and electrical characterization techniques to analyze crystalline defects and their distribution in the ingot at different scales. During the cycle, a first maximum of stress at the end of the heating stage generates dislocations and precursors of SGB in the seed. The second stress maximum at the end of solidification / start of cooling stage leads to the final organization of background dislocations present in the whole ingot. Once the SGB appear, they extend laterally as the solid-liquid interface progresses. These SGB have a structure consisting of sessile and vertical dislocations, which follow the solidification front and also mobile dislocations that interact with this pre-existing structure. The integration of these mobile dislocations, which can occur just below the solid-liquid interface or during cooling, increases the misorientation of the SGB. [...]
Robert, Donatien. "Etude multi-échelle des mécanismes de (dé)lithiation et de dégradation d'électrodes à base de LiFePO4 et de Silicium pour accumulateurs Li-ion." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00924945.
Full textHickel, Pierre-Emmanuel. "Croissance hydrothermale du quartz-A : solubilité, caractérisations physico-chimiques et applications des monocristaux." Bordeaux 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR10517.
Full textQuartz-a is a piezoelectric component of high frequency electronic devices. Improving its performance requires a reduction in the physical and chemical defects induced during the hydrothermal growth of the crystals. With this objective in mind this study has concentrated on two main areas of research; the search of new solvents in which the solubility of quartz is suitable for the hydrothermal growth process and the ability to grow crystals with thermodynamic parameters that are more demanding than those currently in use in industrial processes. These two areas of research have required further development of the existing technology so as to improve the reliability of the production processes. In particular by improving the seal for the autoclave and adopting an accurate real time control system. In the long term this research will help bring about better knowledge of ways to analyse the defects in the growth of synthetic crystals. As a first step towards thi crystal defects have been purposely introduced and the signal obtained interpreted using a number of investigative techniques. Infra-red spectrometry, ICPMS, Castaing microprobe, cathodoluminescence, thermoluminescence, X-ray topography)
Liang, Xiaoyu. "Comportement en fatigue à grand nombre de cycle d’un acier inoxydable 316L obtenu par fabrication additive : effets de la microstructure, de la rugosité et des défauts." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAE017.
Full textThis study aims to investigate the influence of both the microstructure and surface defects on the high cycle fatigue (HCF) behavior of a 316L stainless steel obtained by additive manufacturing (AM). Surface defects and microstructure are dominant factors of fatigue behavior, while the AM materials often exhibit distinguished surface state and microstructure compared to conventional materials. The current study begins with an investigation of the material properties that are related to fatigue behavior. Microstructure observations of the powder and fabricated specimens are undertaken. Profilometry and tomography analyses make the inherent defects visible. The hardness, elastic behavior and elastic-plastic behavior are studied via mechanical tests. Then, load-controlled fatigue tests concerning different surface-treated specimens under different loading types are conducted. To reveal the mechanism of fatigue failure in the studied specimens, a comprehensive fractography analysis is carried out. Experimental research reveals the weakening of fatigue strength due to lack-of-fusion defects. Yet, the effect of the microstructural attributes is difficult to evaluate without numerical tools. A preliminary numerical study about the application of the non-local method in an explicit microstructure sensitive model is undertaken to complement the microstructure-sensitive modeling framework. Based on the data collected in the experimental campaign, a finite element model that can take into consideration of the defects and the microstructure of the SLM SS 316L is built up. Finite element analyses are performed with both cubic elasticity and polycrystal plasticity constitutive laws. With the help of the statistical method, the results from the FE model are used to quantitatively assess the influence of surface roughness and microstructural attributes on the fatigue performance of SLM SS 316L
Perillat-merceroz, Guillaume. "Mécanismes de croissance et défauts cristallins dans les structures à nanofils de ZnO pour les LED." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00673255.
Full textPerillat-Merceroz, Guillaume. "Mécanismes de croissance et défauts cristallins dans les structures à nanofils de ZnO pour les LED." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENI053/document.
Full textQuantum well ZnO nanowires and p-type doping by nitrogen ion implantation are studied to make ultraviolet light-emitting diodes. O-polar pyramids and Zn-polar nanowires on sapphire and ZnO substrates are grown. Organized growth of nanowires on a masked Zn-polar ZnO is demonstrated. Similarly, GaN pyramids and nanowires are grown on Ga and N-polar GaN respectively. On sapphire, the dislocation elimination in the underlying pyramids is analyzed. Nanowires with no structural defects allow the growth of ZnO / Zn (1-x) Mg x O core-shell quantum wells. Plastic relaxation is studied, and the Mg composition is optimized to avoid it and attain an internal quantum efficiency as high as 54%. Concerning ion implantation, the defects are identified before and after annealing. They disappear in the near-surface, which lead to an easier recovery of nanowires compared to bulk ZnO. However, a recovered material with activated acceptors is not obtained
Pailloux, Frédéric. "Etude, à l'échelle atomique, des interfaces et des défauts cristallins dans les films minces supraconducteurs d'YBaCuO." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2293.
Full textBablet, Cédric. "Effets cristallins et microanalyse Auger sur un microscope électronique à balayage en ultra-vide." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO10095.
Full textGaillot, Francis. "Les clichés de diffraction électroniques de lignes CBED et LACBED pour la caractérisation de défauts cristallins : application à des aciers industriels." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-364.pdf.
Full textNous avons clairement distingue les roles des differents niveaux de symetrie d'orientation (classes de symetrie holoedre, de laue et de symetrie) d'un cristal sur l'aspect des cliches de lignes. Ces techniques ont ete appliquees avec succes a la caracterisation cristallographique de defauts cristallins dans des echantillons d'aciers qui sont tres deformes : dislocations parfaites et dislocations intergranulaires, macles, joints de grains, fautes d'empilement, et joints heterophases. L'aspect desorientation d'un joint de grains a ete generalise aux joints heterophases et a l'ensemble des symetries d'orientation des deux cristaux. Pour cela, un logiciel de calcul de la desorientation a ete mis au point. Differentes methodes d'analyses de traces de defauts plans et lineaires ont ete aussi mises au point, s'appliquant egalement aux indices cristallographiques eleves
Amzallag, Emilie. "Approche quantique des défauts ponctuels dans les systèmes cristallins : identification et influence sur les propriétés d’optique non linéaire." Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU3030.
Full textCurrent researches on real material require a thorough analysis of their properties on an atomic scale because of the presence of defects (point defect, linear, of surface or volume). For the identification and the characterization of these defects, the difficulty of modeling lies in the system size and the rupture of periodicity due to the presence of the defect. During this work, two main themes were approached starting from DFT monodéterminantal approaches. The first one deals with the modelling of different point defects in titanium disulphide (TiS2) to help the interpretation of scanning tunneling microscopy images (STM). The second one is relating to the theoretical study of optical properties of crystalline systems with defects in sesponse to an external electric field. In TiS2 case, identification of various surface defects of this compound is based on the Tersoff and Hamman theory. The defects which we considered, according to experimental studies, are associated with the migration of a titanium atom towards a vacant site of the compact hexagonal structure of sulphur atoms with in parallel the formation of a vacancy. In complement of this work, we tried to simulate the local field created by the tip on the surface. Concerning the optical properties, it is a question of assessing the capacity of our methods to reproduce properly the linear optical response of periodic systems. We made a study on the energy loss function which enabled us to confront the theoretical results with experimental spectra, while trying to identify the detected electronic transitions. Finally, we studied the influence of substitutional defects on the nonlinear optic properties of silica starting from the -cristobalite which is considered as a model system
Tendille, Florian. "Ingénierie des défauts cristallins pour l’obtention de GaN semi-polaire hétéroépitaxié de haute qualité en vue d’applications optoélectroniques." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4094.
Full textNitride based materials are the source of disruptive technologies. Despite the technological turmoil generated by these light sources, their efficiency for green or UV emission is still limited. For these applications, the main issue to address is related to strong polarization effects due to the (0001)III-N crystal growth orientation (polar orientation). Nevertheless these effects can be drastically decreased using semipolar growth orientations. Unfortunately semipolar heteroepitaxial films contain very high defect densities which hamper their adoption for the time being. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to achieve semipolar (11-22) GaN of high quality on sapphire substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Defect reduction being the main objective, several defect engineering methods based on sapphire substrate patterning and GaN selective area growth have been developed. Thanks to refined engineering processes, the remaining defect densities have been reduced to a level that establishes the current state of the art in semipolar heteroepitaxial GaN. These results have enabled the achievement of high quality 2 inches semipolar GaN templates, thus forming an ideal platform for the growth of the forthcoming semipolar optoelectronic devices. With this in mind, to improve green LEDs, a study dedicated to the optimization of their active region has been conducted. Finally, the development of semipolar freestanding substrate has been performed, and beyond, the realization of large size crystals with a structural quality similar to that of bulk GaN has been demonstrated. These last two approaches pave the way to quasi-homoepitaxial growth of semipolar structures
Aberkane, Samir. "Systèmes tolérant aux défauts : analyse et synthèse stochastiques." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00151379.
Full textAberkane, Samir. "Systèmes tolérants aux défauts : analyse et synthèse stochastique." Nancy 1, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00151379.
Full textDespite the evident interaction between FDI and reconfiguration algorithms, it is true that the research on FDI and reconfiguration methods has often evolved separately, certainly because of the difficulty of each of these problems. The main contribution of this work is to use a mathematical model that includes in the same analysis framework the FDI and reconfiguration algorithms. Such a model belongs to the class of Markovian jump linear systems. In this class of systems, two random processes are defined: the first represents system components failures and the second represents the FDI process. The first problematic considered in this thesis is related to the synthesis of output feedback controllers that stochastically stabilize this class of systems subject to Brownian motion. The developed results are based essentially on Lyapunov theory and Supermartingale notion. The different synthesis conditions are formulated as nonlinear matrix inequalities problematic. Noncovex optimization algorithms were then proposed to solve these conditions. The second problematic addressed in this work concerns the multi-objective control of this class of Markovian jump systems. The specifications and objectives under consideration include stochastic stability, H2 and H∞ performances. Output feedback controllers synthesis conditions were also proposed in term of LMI, BMI and NLMI. Finally, we have addressed the discrete-time counterpart and proposed H2/H∞ synthesis conditions. The developed results were applied to the problematic of control of networked systems subject to delays, packet loss and failures
Chailly, Mikaël. "Influence des traitements de surface de moule dans le procédé d'injection-moulage : application aux défauts d'aspect." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0045/these.pdf.
Full textMold surface coatings are used in thermoplastics injection molding to increase lifespan of the mold before maintenance. Development of coating process such as PVD and PACVD allowing manufacturing gives access to new application fields. This work intends to study the impact of those coating on the aspect of molded parts. They will influence both filling stage of molten polymer and ejection. We studied coatings nature and their processing which influence their roughness. Both amorphous and semicrystalline polymer (PC, SAN/ABS and PBT) were characterized. Surface energy of the polymers as well as the one of coatings were measured, and its evolution with temperature. The effect of the coatings on flow-induced defects, mainly weldlines, was investigated. This role depends on the polymer. The action of the coating is partly thermal, at the contact time between molten polymer and mold, as shows the correlation between models and experimental measures. Study of demolding forces showed a role of the coatings depending on the polymer and its nature, and roughness of the coating. We noted that ejection consisted of two stages: unsticking of the part and dynamic friction. Amorphous polymers are mainly affected by the first step, related to the adhesion at polymer/mold interface. PBT, due to higher shrinkage, is very sensitive to dynamic friction
Stoliaroff-Pépin, Adrien. "Modélisation ab initio des défauts ponctuels chargés et de leur impact sur les propriétés opto-électroniques de matériaux semiconducteurs cristallins." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT4066.
Full textNumerous applicative properties of materials originate from crystallographic defects. In the field of electronics and solar photovoltaic in particular, several opto-electronic properties (electronic conductivity, nature and concentration of the charge carries...) are driven by point defects in the different materials in place and at the interfaces. Thus, it is crucial to characterise the most concentrated defects and their impact on the targeted properties in order to enhance the device performances. Studying microscopic defects experimentally is a complex task which only brings partial answers requiring interpretation. Ab initio simulation techniques appear as a powerful tool to complete experiments. The supercell approach along with Density Functional Theory (DFT) allows to study each defect in all its states of charge. Evaluating the formation enthalpy of defects with respect to the Fermi level allows to obtain its concentration and impact on the conductivity. This way, the origin of the n-type conductivity of β-In2S3, a buffer material for 2nd generation photovoltaic solar cells studied at the laboratory, is determined. The problem of fundamental interest of whether TiS2 is a semiconductor or a semimetal is elucidated. Finally, the limits of the method are tested by studying entropy in different allotropic forms of crystalline selenium
Picard, Émilie. "Étude et modélisation du transport de petites molécules dans des nanocomposites à charges lamellaires : optimisation des propriétés barrière." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10096.
Full textThe aim of this work is to study and to improve barrier properties of nanocomposites prepared from lamellar nanofillers and two different semi-crystalline polymers. The permeability of the nanocomposites films is relates to the state of dispersion of the fillers, to the crystalline structure of the polymer matrix and to the filler / matrix interactions. In PA6-based nanocomposites, the permeability decreases are mainly due to a tortuosity effect induced by the well-dispersed inorganic layers. A quantitative description of the states of dispersion at different filler loadings allows a precise modelling of the gas transport properties. In HDPE-based nanocomposites, the increase in barrier properties is not directly related to the nanofillers dispersion state. They greatly depend on the interactions occurring between the fillers and the compatibilizers
Harkat, Mohamed-Faouzi. "Détection et localisation de défauts par analyse en composantes principales." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2003_HARKAT_M_F.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study the fault detection and isolation using principal components analysis (PCA). In the first chapter the fundamental principles of linear principal componerit analysis are presented. PCA is used to model normal process behaviour. In the second chapter the problem of fault detection and isolation based on linear PCA is tackled. On the basis of the analysis of the classical detection indices, a new fault detection index based on the last principal components is developed. For fault isolation, the classical methods, using for instance the reconstruction principle or the contribution calculation, are adapted for the proposed fault detection index. The third chapter is focused on the nonlinear PCA. An extension of the PCA for nonlinear systems, combining principal curves algorithm and RBF networks, is proposed. For the determination of the number of principal components to be kept in the NLPCA model, we propose an extension of the unreconstructed variance criteria in the non-linear case. . Finally, an application, carried out in collaboration with air quality monitoring network in Lorraine AIRLOR, is presented in the fourth chapter. This application concerns the sensqr fault detection and isolation of this network by using the fault detection and isolation procedure developed in the linear case
Sellès, Olivier. "Halogénures de lanthane dopés cérium : des scintillateurs rapides pour l'imagerie médicale." Paris 6, 2006. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00135649.
Full textLacroix, Bertrand. "Influence des défauts cristallins sur les changements de phase induits par faisceaux d'ions dans les films minces d'oxyde d' yttrium Y2O3." Poitiers, 2009. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2009/Lacroix-Bertrand/2009-Lacroix-Bertrand-These.pdf.
Full textIn this work, we have investigated the structural behaviour of yttrium oxide thin films under ion beam, during the deposition process and under irradiation. A particular attention has been paid on the influence of crystal defects by combining XRD, TEM and RBS techniques. The films deposited using the ion beam sputtering deposition technique on different substrates show an important deviation in comparison with the ideal cubic-C structure, with the existence of many defects induced by the “atomic peening” effect during the growth (oxygen vacancies and anti-Frenkel pairs). The resulting state of stress has been described using a triaxial model which allows to explain experimental evolutions. The reordering kinetics of the defective structure under annealing have been studied by mean of in situ XRD. A strong influence of the initial stress (and so of the stored elastic energy) has clearly been shown. For the higher residual stress states, the transformation is observed at low temperature (from 250°C). A thermodynamic approach justify that the defective cubic-C structure could be seen as a fluorite-like phase stabilized by the stress. Finally, two behaviours have been observed under xenon ion irradiation with, at low energy (<180keV) an amorphization of the structure, and at high energy a cubic-to-monoclinic transition. To explain these two regimes, the transformation mechanism has been linked to the stabilization, by the stress, of vacancy loops in the {111} planes, with supercritical radius depending on the cascade size
HARKAT, Mohamed-Faouzi. "Détection et localisation de défauts par analyse en composantes principales." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005283.
Full textKidar, Thameur. "Diagnostic des défauts de fissures d'engrenages par l'analyse cyclostationnaire." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STET4007/document.
Full textThe gear crack is considered as the most complicated failure to diagnose because its vibration signature is not really known. In addition, the integration of crack defect in numerical models is not a simple task. On the other hand, gears diagnosis can be done in the time domain through statistical descriptors or in the frequency domain using spectral analysis or cepstral analysis. During the appearance of a crack defect, nonlinear and nonstationary phenomena occur which makes the classical tools of signal processing unreliable. In this manuscript, we respond to these challenges by developing a gear model of 6 DOF that has a crack that breathes. This allows us to study the signature of the defect in the resulting vibrations with a flexible way away from external vibrations. The results showed that the crack leads to a fall in the mesh stiffness. In addition, the opening and closing of the crack causes a fatigue in the material which generates a random term in the vibration signal. The combination of the random term with periodic component due to the rotation of the shafts leading to the appearance of second-order cyclostationary. A comparative study of sensitivity and robustness between the fast Fourier transform, second-order cyclostationary and estimators of instantaneous phase (the Hilbert transform, Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques with a sliding window, Weighted Least Squares Estimation and phase scalogramme) is performed for the early detection of cracks. In addition, experimental tests were carried out on a test-bench with different sizes of crack. The theoretical and experimental results showed that the cyclostationary analysis is the most sensitive and most robust method for the early detection of cracks in comparison with the other evaluated methods. Furthermore, the analysis of the instantaneous phase also gives good results in the case of crack defects. We have shown that the phase scalogramme is a priori more efficient than other approaches
Cao, Lingling. "Analyse mathématique de modèles de structures électroniques de matériaux avec défauts." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC1028.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the mathematical analysis of electronic structure models for materials with defects.It contains three different topics. In Chapter 2 we study the ground state of an extended defect in a Fermisea. In Chapter 3 we are interested in the mathematical description of the junction of two perfect quasi onedimensional materials. In Chapter 4 we construct a mathematical framework for a lattice dynamics underthe Born-Oppenheimer approximation, where electrons are coupled with the nuclear dynamics
Klaes, Benjamin. "Nouvelle méthode d'imagerie 3D et d'analyse quantitative des défauts ponctuels et amas de défauts pour l'étude du vieillissement des matériaux." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR048.
Full textThe field ion microscope is an instrument that can provide an image of the surface of a metallic sample at the atomic scale. The technique is therefore interest in materials sciences to quantify and characterized the finest crystalline defects. The sample used is a sharp needle carried at a potential of several kilovolts. The image of the surface is obtained by ionization of an image gas under the effect of the electric field at the apex of the tip. Under the effect of this electric field the tip can also be progressively eroded to allow a series of images of the sample at different depths. The objective of this work is to use these images to obtain a 3D reconstruction at the atomic scale of the analyzed sample. The post-processing algorithm, developed in this work, leading to the 3D reconstruction of the volume, is based on different image processing. Reconstructions made on a pure material (tungsten) give very encouraging results. In the best reconstructed areas, the detection efficiency reaches 100% and the spatial resolutions achieved are 0.35Å in the direction of analysis and 1.25Å in the orthogonal direction to the direction analysis. Some defects, such as grain boundaries or cavities, could be reconstructed and observed in the 3D volumes. Automatic detection and characterization tools for crystallographic lattice and defects were also developed
Garandet, Jean-Paul. "Etude des phénomènes de transport et des défauts cristallins dans des alliages Ga-Sb et Ga-In-Sb élaborés par la méthode Bridgman." Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPG0058.
Full textMansour, Haithem. "Caractérisation des défauts cristallins au MEB par canalisation d’électrons assistée par diagrammes pseudo-Kikuchi haute résolution : application à l’acier IF, UO2 et TiAl." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0311/document.
Full textElectron Channeling Contrast Imaging (ECCI) is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) technique used to observe and characterize crystallographic defects. ECCI requires the crystal to be oriented relative to the electron beam with high accuracy (0.1°) in order to control the electron channeling conditions. The SEM techniques used to determine the crystallographic orientation, such as conventional Electron BackScattered Diffraction (EBSD) or Rocking Beam, don’t satisfy the high accuracy required for ECCI. Therefore, the characterization of crystallographic defects by ECCI is used only in single crystals or polycristals with large grains and channeling conditions are not always satisfied. In this thesis, a development of a new Rocking Beam mode in SEM is presented. It allows the collection of High spatial (500nm) and angular (0.04°) Resolution Selected Area Channeling Pattern (HR-SACP) and the control of channeling conditions required for ECCI with high accuracy (Accurate ECCI A-ECCI). In a second phase of this thesis, A-ECCI assisted by HR-SACP is used to characterize crystallographic defects like dislocation, sub-grains and order domains in fine grained bulk materials (IF-Steel, UO2, TiAl). In order to achieve this, several procedures (invisibility criteria) normally used in Transmission Electron Microscopy are applied. Using A-ECCI in SEM has many advantages over TEM such as the possibility of analyzing large areas and the relative easiness in sample preparation
Faraj, Jalal. "Analyse thermocinétique de la cristallisation en milieu confiné d’un composite à base d’une résine thermoplastique (Polyamide 66)." Nantes, 2016. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=3f498ef7-c800-4c4b-bf84-e98a8041b95a.
Full textThe simulation of thermoplastic composite during manufacturing processes is essential for predicting shrinkage and deformation in a composite part while seeking to optimize cycle times. For this it is necessary to know precisely the thermo-physical properties and crystallization kinetics under conditions representative of those encountered in the industrial processes. This thesis focuses initially on understanding and quantification of the crystallization of a PA family of 66. The study of crystallization kinetics of PA 66 is made on large temperature range using a Classic DSC and DSC Flash. The cooling rate could reach 10 000 K /s for a sample that weighs a few nonogramms. The effects of molecular weight and an additive on the crystallization kinetics were also discussed. Secondly, we were interested in analyzing and quantifying the thermal withdrawals, and crystallization during the cooling phase. The study (characterization, modeling and validation) of the strong coupling between the heat transfer and crystallization of the thermoplastic matrix in the composite was then investigated. Thirdly, the modeling of heat transfer problems linked to the crystallization was carried out by a finite element code. The results obtained with the numerical model were validated by experimental measurements performed on three devices intended to manufacture composite part based on PA 66 using RTM and thermocompression process. Finally, a detailed analysis of the phenomena could produce during the manufacturing of thermoplastic-composite was discussed. In addition the confined and shearing effects between the resin and fibers was investigated. The comparison between the experimental and numerical showed that the PA 66 used in this project do not produce a transcristallinty and is not influenced by the shearing during filling phase. We also highlighted the evolution of the thermal contact resistance (composite parts/mold) during the manufacturing cycle and the results were compared with results published on the literature
Peuget, Raphaël. "Suivi des équipements électriques tournants : analyse et diagnostic des défaillances." Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0222.
Full textTeixeira-Pinto, José. "Analyse expérimentale et numérique multi-échelles des champs mécaniques dans un polymère semi-cristallin." Phd thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00744206.
Full textPaux, Joseph. "Contribution à la modélisation micromécanique de la plasticité de matériaux cristallins poreux." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066115/document.
Full textThis work is a part of the description of ductile rupture of metals. The coupled influences of the crystalline plasticity and the porosity growth is studied by micromecanichal approach. Following existing works in ductile rupture, especially for isotropic porous materials, and using works on porous single crystals, we propose an original approach to predict the behaviour of several crystalline porous materials.First, a numerical approach has been performed. Numerical homogenization tools has been developped and used to study the resistance of single crystals with periodic microstructures. The influence of the crystalline orientation on the plastic yield limit, the hardening and the evolution of the porosity has been evaluated for different crystalline structures.These numerical results has been used to assess an approximate yield criterion we proposed. This one is derived from a limit analysis process taking into consideration the plastic crystalline anisotropy. Thus, this criterion has been assessed for different plastic crystalline anisotropies. An extension to take into account the hardening has been proposed using an evaluation of the heterogeneity of the strain field. An exemple of use of this criterion for numerical computation of polycrystal with intragranular porosity is also proposed. Finally, the particular case of single crystals obeying non Schmid plasticity (non associated plasticity) is considered. As it does not fall in the classical scope of limit analysis, an approach based on the bipotential proposed by de Saxcé has been used. A specific bipotential for the non associated crystalline plasticity proposed by Qin and Bassani has been derived. Then, a macroscopic yield criterion and a macroscopic flow rule is derived by homogenization by bipotential. Numerical tools developped for the associated plasticity have been adaptated for the non associated one. Numerical simulations are performed to assess the behaviour law obtained
Billaudeau, Thomas. "Fatigue multiaxiale des matériaux à défauts : mécanismes et critère d'endurance." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2326.
Full textThis project aims to formulate a multiaxial fatigue criterion for metallic materials containing defects. An experimental study highlighted the influence of their geometry on the fatigue limit, under tension and under torsion. The observation of the mechanisms revealed the fatigue Stage I part of the cracks at defects, implying the necessary consideration of the creation of cracks in the material slip system. The criterion is defined by the local stress state, by mean of both deviatoric and hydrostatic part of the tensor, together with the gradient of the hydrostatic part. This gradient explains the influence of the defects on the fatigue limit. The criterion has been validated for defects of different morphologies (size and shape) under different loadings (tension, torsion and tension/torsion) and for different materials
Hecht, Geoffrey. "Détection et analyse de l'impact des défauts de code dans les applications mobiles." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10133/document.
Full textMobile applications are becoming complex software systems that must be developed quickly and evolve continuously to fit new user requirements and execution contexts. However, addressing these constraints may result in poor low-level design choices, known as code smells. The presence of code smells within software systems may incidentally degrade their quality and performance, and hinder their maintenance and evolution. Thus, it is important to know this smells but also to detect and correct them. While code smells are well-known in object-oriented applications, their study in mobile applications is still in their infancy. Moreover there is a lack of tools to detect and correct them. That is why we present a classification of 17 code smells that may appear in Android applications, as well as a tool to detect and correct code smells on Android. We apply and validate our approach on large amounts of applications (over 3000) in two studies evaluating the presence and evolution of the number of code smells in popular applications. In addition, we also present two approaches to assess the impact of the correction of code smells on performance and energy consumption. These approaches have allowed us to observe that the correction of code smells is beneficial in most cases
Eid, Michel. "Analyse du flambage des pièces embouties : application à la modélisation des défauts d'aspect." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EPXX0058.
Full textHida-El, Harrouni Ilham. "Analyse des défauts et des propriétés électroniques du SiC-4H par voie optique." Lyon, INSA, 2004. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2004ISAL0073/these.pdf.
Full textThe capability of silicon carbide (SiC) for application in high temperature, high power and high frequency electronics has been clearly evidenced by the realisation of numerous demonstrators. Nevertheless, the industrial development of such devices requires a drastic improvement of initial material quality. This is both a decreasing of crystallographic defects density and improvement in the homogeneity of full wafers electronic properties. This work takes part of this dynamic using non destructive optical characterization for the study of SiC wafers quality. Scanning photoluminescence (SPL) has been used for defects microscopic analysis. We have obtained the optical signature of deleterious defects (micropipes, dislocations, triangular defects) for SiC components. The gettering effect of non radiative traps by dislocations has been evidenced. Defetcs with triangular shape, commonly observed on homoepitaxy has also been investigated. Two different populations have been distinguished by SPL spectral measurements. The first one corresponds to cubic inclusions; the second one is stacking faults. Finally, an original technique for the cartography of carrier lifetime and doping has been developed. This is done using the theoretical relation and between the PL intensity and the excitation density. The good correlation between this approach and the lifetime measurements by PL decay validates the technique. SPL, together with other optical characterisations, is so a powerful tool for the determination of electronic parameters uniformity which control the devices properties, and, for a better understanding of crystalline defects impact on devices deficiencies
Petropol, Siana-Elena. "Ondelettes et diagnostic : application aux défauts diélectriques et électriques des machines tournantes." Grenoble INPG, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPG0077.
Full textThe purpose of this work is the diagnosis of dielectric and electric faults of electrical drives, more precisely, the diagnosis of changes or anomalies in the measured signals. By its time-frequency localization, the Multiresolution Analysis is adaptable to fault diagnosis. He choices of the mother wavelet and of the number of decomposition levels are the freedom degrees, which allow this method to extract relevant information from the analyzed signals. Its implementation by numerical filters reduces the computations cost. The fault detection method computes on-line the wavelet coefficients. A gradual alarm rate is delivered function of the fault type and persistency. The fault isolation and identification methods take into account the spectral contents of the coefficients vector at each decomposition level to determine the fault membership of a class of known fault types and further to estimate the fault amplitude. New classes of faults may be created. The fault detection method has been initially conceived to detect the insulation quick aging and has been further validated for the asynchronous motor parameter fault detection. The fault isolation and identification methods have been developed and verified only for the asynchronous motor application. The Multiresolution Analysis freedom degrees confer flexibility to the developed methods with regard to different applications
Doursat, Christophe. "Qualités, défauts et améliorations des maillages algébriques et elliptiques." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066103.
Full textLebaroud, Abdesselam. "Diagnostic des défauts des machines asynchrones : approche signal et système." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10288.
Full textThe main piece of the electrical training systems is the induction machine which, during the last three decades, made the object of numerous researches orientated mainly toward the conception of order laws always more competitive. Its numerous qualities, its weak cost, its robustness and its performances make a machine particularly appreciated in industrial middle. The imperatives of reliability and productivity of installations require the incorporation of a system of detection and diagnosis of faults. It is therefore necessary to endow the induction machines of monitoring tools; so we shall be able to avoid faults and untimely stopping. In our step for the faults diagnosis of the induction machine, two approaches have been developed: the first one consists in implementing techniques and methods of treatment and analysis of the signal making facilitating the visual interpretation of the faults and possibly its implantation in a monitoring system. The second approach is said "system" based on tools of classification, in this case Time - frequency Representation (TFR) linked to a decision criterion based on the distances Mahalanobis. The TFR serves to the extraction of the appropriate points which separate maximally, according to the Fisher criteria, two states: one healthy and the other in fault. Nevertheless the choice of points is appraised, what makes this method semi automatic. The association TFR - HMM (Hidden Model of Markov) allows the complete automation of the diagnosis procedure of the faults since the acquisition and the data processing until the decision making
Ishak, Hassoun. "Étude stochastique de l'impact des défauts de porosités et de plissements dans les matériaux composites." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4090/document.
Full textComposite materials are increasingly used in various fields such as aerospace or renewable marine energies due to their excellent specific properties. However, the manufacturing processes of the composite structures are complex, which can lead to the appearance of defects, particularly wrinkles and porosities, which affect the mechanical properties of the structure. Based on conservative criteria, a system of non-destructive testing of composite parts thus makes it possible to judge their conformity. In case of non-conformity, those components are rejected, with non-negligible economic consequences. The objective of this study is to quantify the impact of the defects and associated uncertainties on the behavior of composite parts. In this work, we adopt a parametric vision of the uncertainties consisting in representing the probabilistic content through a finite set of random variables. We focus on the propagation of uncertainties based on spectral stochastic methods. The study involving porosity is done at the micro-scale and then at the macro-scale. The random input parameters are related to the geometry of the porosities and their rates. The study of the wrinkle defect, done at the mesoscopic scale, is based on a parametric representation of the geometry of the wrinkle. The random input parameters then represent the shape and size of this defect. It is therefore possible to analyze the impact of these two manufacturing defects at a structural scale through classical mechanical quantities and check the failure of the structure with failure criteria
Bory, Daniela. "Analyse et simulation de défauts des équipements de climatisation en vue d'un audit énergétique." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004297.
Full textAdel, Mouloud. "Détection de défauts de placages d'okoumé par traitement d'images couleur et analyse de texture." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL010N.
Full textEl, Tabach Mario. "Diagnostic de défauts mécaniques dans les machines tournantes par analyse des signaux électriques d'alimentation." Compiègne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004COMP1502.
Full textBory, Daniela. "Analyse et simulations de défauts des équipements de climatisation en vue d'un audit énergétique." Paris, ENMP, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004297.
Full textNowadays air conditioning is a significant energy stake because of its frequent use in new buildings (also strengthened by global warming) and of the European stock already important. The Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings wants to improve the air conditioning performance through the regular inspection for systems over 12 kW. The inspection aims to assess how the system works and then to propose measures for improvement. While for heating audit methods exist since many years, methods for air conditioning are rare, sometimes derived from those for heating and not optimised. The thesis wants to identify and quantify the problems that air conditioning systems meet all along their lifetime from a technical standpoint. The question is how to detect the operation problems and what are their energy impacts and effects on comfort. The air conditioning technologies are many and change depending on the building type and specific needs. Two types of systems have been analysed, the most common on the European market: the split air conditioners and chillers. The characteristics of the chosen systems are representative of system widely present in the stock. The most common defects for these two types of system have been taken as a base. Different methods of analysis were applied. Firstly, a method of qualitative analysis of defects by a schematic representation of tree defects. This enabled us to better understand the physics of each defect. Then a quantitative method of modelling at fixed temperature conditions allowed us to define the parameters and measurable effects on performance. In order to be closer to reality, the systems have been modelled in variable conditions. The model takes into account part-load operation of the system and can quantify the effects in terms of seasonal consumption and impact on comfort in cases of French typical buildings placed in climates of reference. Finally, a temporal method links the level of the defect to the operation time in order to observe the gradual deterioration and to determine the optimal frequency of corrective action in terms of energy and cost. We could thus obtain a multi-year performance curve with or without corrective or preventive action. Modelling is the main tool of this thesis because of its flexible and efficiency to isolate the effect of degradation of each defect. Moreover, the studied problem is a case where the experimental verification is long and where the various effects interfere with each other. All the experimental elements identified in the literature were used to validate the results and to set some models
Kassegne, Komlan Assogba. "Analyse par diffraction X en trois dimensions des déformations/contraintes dans des matériaux cristallins à réseaux très déformés." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1992_KASSEGNE_K_A.pdf.
Full textBakhtiar, Hazri. "Caractérisation de structures MOS submicroniques et analyse de défauts induits par irradiation gamma : extrapolation aux défauts induits dans les oxydes de champ des transistors bipolaires." Metz, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1999/Bakhtiar.Hazri.SMZ9934.pdf.
Full textMnassri, Baligh. "Analyse de données multivariées et surveillance des processus industriels par analyse en composantes principales." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille Université, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00749282.
Full textDans l'objectif d'un choix optimal du modèle ACP, une étude comparative de quelques critères connus dans la littérature nous a permis de conclure que le problème rencontré est souvent lié à une ignorance des variables indépendantes et quasi-indépendantes. Dans ce cadre, nous avons réalisé deux démonstrations mettant en évidence les limitations de deux critères en particulier la variance non reconstruite (VNR). En s'appuyant sur le principe d'une telle variance, nous avons proposé trois nouveaux critères. Parmi eux, deux ont été considérés comme étant empiriques car seule l'expérience permettra de prouver leur efficacité. Le troisième critère noté VNRVI représente un remède à la limitation du critère VNR. Une étude de sa consistance théorique a permis d'établir les conditions garantissant l'optimalité de son choix. Les résultats de simulation ont validé une telle théorie en prouvant ainsi que le critère VNRVI étant plus efficace que ceux étudiés dans cette thèse.
Dans le cadre d'un diagnostic de défauts par ACP, l'approche de reconstruction des indices de détection ainsi que celle des contributions ont été utilisées. A travers une étude de généralisation, nous avons étendu le concept d'isolabilité de défauts par reconstruction à tout indice quadratique. Une telle généralisation nous a permis d'élaborer une analyse théorique d'isolabilité de défauts par reconstruction de la distance combinée versus celles des indices SPE et T2 de Hotelling en mettant en avant l'avantage de l'utilisation d'une telle distance. D'autre part, nous avons proposé une nouvelle méthode de contribution par décomposition partielle de l'indice SPE. Cette approche garantit un diagnostic correct de défauts simples ayant de grandes amplitudes. Nous avons également étendu une méthode de contribution classiquement connue par la RBC au cas multidimensionnel. Ainsi, la nouvelle forme garantit un diagnostic correct de défauts multiples de grandes amplitudes. En considérant la complexité de défauts, nous avons exploité la nouvelle approche de contribution RBC afin de proposer une nouvelle qui s'appelle RBCr. Cette dernière s'appuie sur un seuil de tolérance pour l'isolation de défauts. Une analyse de diagnosticabilité basée sur la RBCr montre que celle-ci garantit l'identification des défauts détectables. Ces derniers sont garantis isolables si leurs amplitudes satisfont les mêmes conditions d'isolabilité établies pour l'approche de reconstruction des indices.
Senez, Vincent. "Modélisation bidimensionnelle de l'oxydation du silicium : analyse viscoélastique de la relaxation des contraintes." Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10024.
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