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Journal articles on the topic 'Analogues of circulation'
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1
Yiou, P., M. Boichu, R. Vautard, M. Vrac, S. Jourdain, E. Garnier, F. Fluteau, and L. Menut. "Ensemble meteorological reconstruction using circulation analogues of 1781–1785." Climate of the Past 10, no. 2 (April 24, 2014): 797–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-797-2014.
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Abstract. This paper uses a method of atmospheric flow analogues to reconstruct an ensemble of atmospheric variables (namely sea-level pressure, surface temperature and wind speed) between 1781 and 1785. The properties of this ensemble are investigated and tested against observations of temperature. The goal of the paper is to assess whether the atmospheric circulation during the Laki volcanic eruption (in 1783) and the subsequent winter were similar to the conditions that prevailed in the winter 2009/2010 and during spring 2010. We find that the 3 months following the Laki eruption in June 1783 barely had analogues in 2010. The cold winter of 1783/1784 yielded circulation analogues in 2009/2010. The reconstructed surface temperature over land bears significant correlations with local observations, although the amplitude of the reconstruction is weaker.
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Yiou, P., M. Boichu, R. Vautard, M. Vrac, S. Jourdain, E. Garnier, F. Fluteau, and L. Menut. "Ensemble meteorological reconstruction using circulation analogues of 1781–1785." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 5 (September 6, 2013): 5157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-5157-2013.
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Abstract. This paper uses a method of atmospheric flow analogues to reconstruct an ensemble of atmospheric variables (namely sea-level pressure, surface temperature and wind speed) between 1781 and 1785. The properties of this ensemble are investigated and tested against observations of temperature. The goal of the paper is to assess whether the atmospheric circulation during the Laki volcanic eruption (in 1783) and the subsequent winter were similar to the conditions that prevailed in the winter 2009/2010 and during spring 2010. We find that the three months following the Laki eruption in June 1783 barely have analogues in 2010. The cold winter of 1783/1784 yields circulation analogues in 2009/2010. Our analysis suggests that it is unlikely that the Laki eruption was responsible for the cold winter of 1783/1784, of the relatively short memory of the atmospheric circulation.
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Seymour, Roger S. "Model analogues in the study of cephalic circulation." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 125, no. 4 (April 2000): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00180-x.
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Yiou, P. "AnaWEGE: a weather generator based on analogues of atmospheric circulation." Geoscientific Model Development 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 531–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-531-2014.
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Abstract. This paper presents a stochastic weather generator based on analogues of circulation (AnaWEGE). Analogues of circulation have been a promising paradigm to analyse climate variability and its extremes. The weather generator uses precomputed analogues of sea-level pressure over the North Atlantic. The stochastic rules of the generator constrain the continuity in time of the simulations. The generator then simulates spatially coherent time series of a climate variable, drawn from meteorological observations. The weather generator is tested for European temperatures, and for winter and summer seasons. The biases in temperature quantiles and autocorrelation are rather small compared to observed variability. The ability of simulating extremely hot summers and cold winters is also assessed.
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Yiou, P. "AnaWEGE: a weather generator based on analogues of atmospheric circulation." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 6, no. 3 (September 13, 2013): 4745–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-6-4745-2013.
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Abstract. This paper presents a stochastic weather generator based on analogues of circulation (AnaWEGE). Analogues of circulation have been a promising paradigm to analyse climate variability and its extremes. The weather generator uses precomputed analogues of sea-level pressure over the North Atlantic. The stochastic rules of the generator constrain the continuity in time of the simulations. The generator then simulates spatially coherent time series of a climate variable, drawn from meteorological observations. The weather generator is tested for European temperatures, and for winter and summer seasons. The biases in temperature quantiles and autocorrelation are rather small compared to observed variability. The ability of simulating extremely hot summers and cold winters is also assessed.
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Jézéquel, Aglaé, Pascal Yiou, and Sabine Radanovics. "Role of circulation in European heatwaves using flow analogues." Climate Dynamics 50, no. 3-4 (April 12, 2017): 1145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3667-0.
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Kennaway, DJ, P. Royles, E. A Dunstan, and HM Hugel. "Prolactin Response in Border-Leicester X Merino Ewes to Administration of Melatonin, Melatonin Analogues, a Melatonin Metabolite and 6-Methoxybenzoxazolinone." Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 39, no. 4 (1986): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bi9860427.
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The effect of structural modifications of the melatonin molecule on plasma half-life of the analogues and basal prolactin secretion was studied in Border-Leicester x Merino ewes. Halogenation at position 6 and/or unsaturation of the 2,3-double bond of the melatonin molecule slightly lengthened the halflife of the analogues. Melatonin, 6-chloromelatonin, 2,3-dihydromelatonin and 6-chloro-2,3-dihydromelatonin decreased plasma prolactin to 31, 45, 54 and 48% of control levels respectively when administered daily (100 p.g at 1600 h) for 21 days. The brain metabolite of melatonin, N-acetyl-N'-formyl- 5-methoxykynurenamine, and the putative natural melatonin analogue, 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone, failed to affect prolactin levels when administered in a similar manner. These results indicate that certain structural modifications to the melatonin molecule can be tolerated biologically; however, the modifications reported here still did not prevent rapid clearance from the circulation.
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Horton, Pascal, Charles Obled, and Michel Jaboyedoff. "The analogue method for precipitation prediction: finding better analogue situations at a sub-daily time step." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 7 (July 4, 2017): 3307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3307-2017.
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Abstract. Analogue methods (AMs) predict local weather variables (predictands) such as precipitation by means of a statistical relationship with predictors at a synoptic scale. The analogy is generally assessed on gradients of geopotential heights first to sample days with a similar atmospheric circulation. Other predictors such as moisture variables can also be added in a successive level of analogy. The search for candidate situations similar to a given target day is usually undertaken by comparing the state of the atmosphere at fixed hours of the day for both the target day and the candidate analogues. This is a consequence of using standard daily precipitation time series, which are available over longer periods than sub-daily data. However, it is unlikely for the best analogy to occur at the exact same hour for the target and candidate situations. A better analogue situation may be found with a time shift of several hours since a better fit can occur at different times of the day. In order to assess the potential for finding better analogues at a different hour, a moving time window (MTW) has been introduced. The MTW resulted in a better analogy in terms of the atmospheric circulation and showed improved values of the analogy criterion on the entire distribution of the extracted analogue dates. The improvement was found to increase with the analogue rank due to an accumulation of better analogues in the selection. A seasonal effect has also been identified, with larger improvements shown in winter than in summer. This may be attributed to stronger diurnal cycles in summer that favour predictors taken at the same hour for the target and analogue days. The impact of the MTW on the precipitation prediction skill has been assessed by means of a sub-daily precipitation series transformed into moving 24 h totals at 12, 6, and 3 h time steps. The prediction skill was improved by the MTW, as was the reliability of the prediction. Moreover, the improvements were greater for days with heavy precipitation, which are generally related to more dynamic atmospheric situations in which the timing is more specific and for which fewer records are available in the meteorological archive. The improvements of the analogy criterion and the performance scores on precipitation were both found to be higher for MTWs with a smaller time step of 3 h. A 3 h MTW provides 8 times more candidate situations even though they are not fully independent. Since the MTW provides additional situations to the pool of possible analogues, it can be considered as an inflation of the meteorological archive. Because this technique is simple and easily applicable, it should be considered for several applications in different contexts, such as operational forecasting or climate-related studies.
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Faranda, Davide, Stella Bourdin, Mireia Ginesta, Meriem Krouma, Robin Noyelle, Flavio Pons, Pascal Yiou, and Gabriele Messori. "A climate-change attribution retrospective of some impactful weather extremes of 2021." Weather and Climate Dynamics 3, no. 4 (November 17, 2022): 1311–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-1311-2022.
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Abstract. The IPCC AR6 report outlines a general consensus that anthropogenic climate change is modifying the frequency and intensity of extreme events such as cold spells, heat waves, storms or floods. A pertinent question is then whether climate change may have affected the characteristics of a specific extreme event or whether such event would have even been possible in the absence of climate change. Here, we address this question by performing an attribution of some major extreme events that occurred in 2021 over Europe and North America: the Winter Storm Filomena, the French spring cold spell, the Westphalia floods, the Mediterranean summer heat wave, Hurricane Ida, the Po Valley tornado outbreak, Medicane Apollo and the late-autumn Scandinavian cold spell. We focus on the role of the atmospheric circulation associated with the events and its typicality in present (factual world) and past climate conditions (counterfactual world) – defined using the ERA5 dataset 1950 to present. We first identify the most similar sea-level pressure patterns to the extreme events of interest in the factual and counterfactual worlds – so-called analogues. We then compute significant shifts in the spatial characteristics, persistence, predictability, seasonality and other characteristics of these analogues. We also diagnose whether in the present climate the analogues of the studied events lead to warmer/cooler or dryer/wetter conditions than in the past. Finally we verify whether the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation may explain interdecadal changes in the analogues' characteristics. We find that most of the extreme events we investigate are significantly modified in the present climate with respect to the past, because of changes in the location, persistence and/or seasonality of cyclonic/anticyclonic patterns in the sea-level pressure analogues. One of the events, Medicane Apollo, appears to be a black swan of the atmospheric circulation, with poor-quality analogues. Our approach, complementary to the statistical extreme-event attribution methods in the literature, points to the potentially important role of the atmospheric circulation in attribution studies.
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Chap, Z., T. Ishida, J. Chou, C. J. Hartley, M. L. Entman, D. Brandenburg, R. H. Jones, and J. B. Field. "First-pass hepatic extraction and metabolic effects of insulin and insulin analogues." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 252, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): E209—E217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1987.252.2.e209.
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First-pass hepatic extraction of insulin and hepatic and peripheral contributions to hypoglycemia were compared in conscious dogs during portal infusion of insulin A1, B29 diacetyl insulin, or A1-B29 dodecoyl insulin at 7 and 14 pmol X kg-1 X min-1. The liver removed 43 +/- 2% of insulin, 12 +/- 1% of dodecoyl, and 8 +/- 1% of diacetyl insulin, in a single transhepatic circulation. The hypoglycemia induced by insulin and diacetyl insulin and the ensuing glucagon response were greater than that produced by the dodecoyl analogue. Diacetyl insulin primarily increased glucose utilization, dodecoyl insulin solely inhibited hepatic production, and insulin affected both. The lack of hepatic effect of diacetyl insulin during hypoglycemia can be ascribed to greater counterregulation, because under euglycemic clamp conditions, this analogue caused suppression of glucose production. The different patterns of hypoglycemia exhibited can be explained by the combined effects of altered distribution between the liver and peripheral tissues caused by differences in hepatic extraction, the effect of this phenomenon on the counterregulatory response, and the intrinsic biological potency of the analogues.
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Das, D. K., and H. Steinberg. "Adenosine transport by the lung." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.1.297.
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Adenosine, a nucleoside and potent vasodilator, has been found to be taken up by the lung and converted by deamination into inosine and hypoxanthine. In a single circulation through an isolated rat lung, 69.3 +/- 3.3% of infused [14C]adenosine (10 microM) was removed from the circulation. Uptake of [14C]adenosine remained unchanged when deamination of adenosine was inhibited by 8-azaguanine or coformycin. In a single passage of adenosine through the pulmonary artery, very little of the deaminated products appeared in the pulmonary circulation, but when adenosine was recirculated through the pulmonary circulation inosine and hypoxanthine appeared in the venous effluent. These adenosine metabolites were also taken up by the lung. A major portion of the circulating adenosine was transported into the lung, where it was used to synthesize adenine nucleotides. Inhibition of adenosine kinase by iodotubercidin resulted in reduced formation of ATP and ADP. Uptake of adenosine by the lung was saturable on a concentration gradient and was a passive process because it was not affected by the absence of glucose or the presence of ouabain. Km and Vmax for adenosine transport were 0.227 mM and 4.6 mumol.min-1.g lung-1, respectively. Adenosine transport was inhibited by adenosine analogues, and the inhibitions were found to be competitive in nature. These results suggest that a specific and rate-limiting transport system exists in the lung for adenosine.
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Berdnik, I. V. "On the peculiarities of investigating criminal offenses related to illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors in modern conditions." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 5 (November 17, 2023): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.05.83.
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The article examines the peculiarities of carrying out certain procedural actions during the investigation of criminal offenses related to the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors, in modern conditions. The author states that in today's conditions, against the background of global informatization of society and the active introduction of the latest technologies in all spheres of human life, the forms of sale of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors are also changing. Criminals, using the assets of modern technologies, constantly improve their criminal activities, change directions of interaction with the aim of committing offenses.
In Ukraine, as well as in the world in general, drug crime is actively carried out through smartphones and the Internet using messengers and special applications for the distribution of psychoactive substances, narcotic drugs and their analogues.
The author researched the peculiarities of ensuring the prosecutor fulfills the tasks of criminal proceedings during the investigation of criminal offenses in the sphere of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors: the prosecutor's exercise of powers aimed at ensuring the completeness and comprehensiveness of the investigation of the circumstances of the criminal offense and the correct application of the norms of the criminal law, and as well as the specifics of conducting investigative actions in criminal proceedings on the facts of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors.
The author concludes that the effectiveness of pre-trial investigation in criminal proceedings on the facts of illegal sale of substances excluded from free circulation using the Internet and other telecommunication technologies is complicated by the need to identify the user under a pseudonym.
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Yankovskyi, V. O. "Separate elements of the criminal characteristics of criminal offenses related to illegal drug trafficking." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 3, no. 81 (April 19, 2024): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.81.3.26.
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The article is devoted to certain elements of the forensic characteristics of criminal offenses related to illegal drug trafficking. It is noted that over the past 2 years, the number of criminal offenses investigated by us has significantly increased, which requires science and practice to develop new approaches to pre- trial investigation, including forensic characterization. The main elements of the forensic characterization of criminal offenses related to drug trafficking will be: the method of the crime, the object of the criminal offense, the identity of the criminal and typical traces.
It has been established that the methods of committing these criminal offenses include: movement of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors across the customs border of Ukraine outside of customs control or with concealment from customs control; the use of funds obtained from the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues, precursors, poisonous or potent substances or poisonous or potent medicines for the purpose of continuing the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues, precursors, poisonous or potent substances or poisonous or strong medicines; illegal production, manufacture, acquisition, storage, transportation or forwarding of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues; appropriation, extortion, narcotics, psychotropic substances; illegal sowing or cultivation of hypnotic poppy; illegal introduction of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues into the body; tendency to use narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues, etc.
It was concluded that groups of traces of drug production, storage, consumption, and others allow for differentiated examination and effective response to various aspects of drug crime. And the detection of equipment, process materials, final product and other elements related to the manufacture of drugs becomes an important step in uncovering and stopping the activities of drug traffickers. Some traces, such as odor and microparticles, can remain with artisanal production, providing additional opportunities for detection and apprehension of criminals.
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Solovey, V. "International practice and foreign experience of preventing criminal offenses committed by organized groups and criminal organizations in the field of illegal trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 78 (August 31, 2023): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.78.2.36.
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The article summarizes the international experience and foreign practice of preventing criminal offenses committed by organized groups and criminal organizations in the field of illegal drug trafficking.
The analysis of UN Congresses and Conventions showed that none of them addressed the issue of war and its impact on organized crime. However, in today’s conditions, organized forms of crime pose a real threat to the country’s national security. Criminal elements, having close interregional and international ties, increasingly direct their efforts to establish control over the sphere of circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues.
Two approaches to the prevention of criminal offenses committed by organized groups and criminal organizations in the sphere of illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues in foreign practice are distinguished: autocratic - by creating an effective system of law enforcement agencies based on effective criminal legislation (strengthening of sanctions of Article 209, 307–309 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), criminal procedural legislation (granting broad powers of security agencies), as well as means and resources that allow effective implementation of prevention measures; liberal - «permissive» approach to people who use drugs, their legalization through controlled and registered sale and distribution; prosecution of organized forms of crime.
The analysis of entities that prevent criminal offenses committed by organized groups and criminal organizations in the field of illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues made it possible to establish that today it is necessary to review the national prevention system in the direction of granting broader powers to information and analytical units of the National Police of Ukraine regarding the accumulation and processing of operational information, especially during criminal investigations.
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JUNG, CHANG-YEOL, MADALINA PETCU, and ROGER TEMAM. "SINGULAR PERTURBATION ANALYSIS ON A HOMOGENEOUS OCEAN CIRCULATION MODEL." Analysis and Applications 09, no. 03 (July 2011): 275–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219530511001832.
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In this article, we consider the barotropic quasigeostrophic equation of the ocean in the context of the β-plane approximation and small viscosity (see, e.g., [21, 22]). The aim is to study the behavior of the solutions when the viscosity goes to zero. To avoid the substantial complications due to the corners (see, e.g., [25]) which will be addressed elsewhere, we assume periodicity in one direction (0y). The behavior of the solution in the boundary layers at x = 0, 1 necessitate the introduction of several correctors, solving various analogues of the Prandtl equation. Convergence is obtained at all orders even in the nonlinear case. We also establish as an auxiliary result, the [Formula: see text] regularity of the solutions of the viscous and inviscid quasigeotrophic equations.
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Lisniak, Viktoriia. "ON PUBLIC DANGER AS A FACTOR OF CRIMINALIZATION (DECRIMINALIZATION) OF VIOLATION OF THE ESTABLISHED RULES OF CIRCULATION OF NARCOTIC DRUGS." PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND LAW REVIEW, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36690/2674-5216-2020-3-119.
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The article examines the problem of social conditionality of criminal legal prohibition. The phenomenon of public danger is analyzed as a factor of criminalization (decriminalization) of violation of the established rules of circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors intended for the production or manufacture of these drugs or substances. The aim of the article: to establish the existence or lack of social conditionality of criminal liability for the violation of established rules of circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors through the perception of the phenomenon of public danger as a factor of criminalization (decriminalization) of certain acts. The research methodology: historical and legal, systemic, dogmatic, hermeneutic ones. The debatable provisions of this issue are considered, the author’s critical considerations are stated. The scientific position of Ukrainian criminologists is supported, according to which the feature "public danger" of an act should not be applied in the legislative definition of a crime. However, this does not mean that the legislator should be deprived of the need to take into account the public danger (or lack thereof) of certain actions in the process of resolving the issue of their criminalization (decriminalization). The expediency of editorial adjustment of Part 1 of Art. 320 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine has been substantiated. The criminal consequence, which is planned to express significant harm, should be the shortage of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors on a large scale.
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Apostol, Christopher R., Parthasaradhireddy Tanguturi, Lajos Z. Szabò, Daniel Varela, Thiago Gilmartin, John M. Streicher, and Robin Polt. "Synthesis and In Vitro Characterization of Glycopeptide Drug Candidates Related to PACAP1–23." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 14, 2021): 4932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164932.
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The search for efficacious treatment of neurodegenerative and progressive neuroinflammatory diseases continues, as current therapies are unable to halt or reverse disease progression. PACAP represents one potential therapeutic that provides neuroprotection effects on neurons, and also modulates inflammatory responses and circulation within the brain. However, PACAP is a relatively long peptide hormone that is not trivial to synthesize. Based on previous observations that the shortened isoform PACAP1–23 is capable of inducing neuroprotection in vitro, we were inspired to synthesize shortened glycopeptide analogues of PACAP1–23. Herein, we report the synthesis and in vitro characterization of glycosylated PACAP1–23 analogues that interact strongly with the PAC1 and VPAC1 receptors, while showing reduced activity at the VPAC2 receptor.
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Rudik, M. "CHARACTERISTIC OF CRIME RELATED TO THE ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING OF NARCOTIC DRUGS, PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES AND THEIR ANALOGUES IN THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA." Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 7, no. 3 (December 12, 2022): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2413-1733-2021-7-3(2)-253-263.
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The author analyzed the dynamics of crimes related to the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their analogues on the territory of the Republic of Crimea in 2016–2020. In addition, the structure of crime related to the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their analogues in the territory of the Republic of Crimea was analyzed. Some statistics indicate that the majority of crimes related to illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances are committed by persons who do not have a permanent source of income. The author notes that at present, effective counteraction to drug-related crimes has a number of difficulties arising from the transition from contact types of sale to non-contact ones, which are actively used by persons distributing and selling narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. In countering such electronic methods of contactless sale of narcotic drugs, law enforcement agencies often work in an insufficient, and sometimes in a truncated format. The main difficulties in its high-quality implementation are reduced to the difficulties in the implementation of technical processing of the Internet messengers used for its implementation, operations with cryptocurrencies, as well as the use of anonymizers.
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Musaev, Djamaliddin. "INTERNATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION EXPERIENCE IN THE FIELD OF DRUG TRAFFICKING, PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES AND THEIR ANALOGUES." Review of Law Sciences 5, no. 2 (November 24, 2021): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.rols.2021.5.2./bdtp2095.
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The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of crime control systems in the field of trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances at the international level. This article discusses the problems of detecting and preventing offenses, as well as controlling the circulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in various countries of the world. The characteristic features of the approach to overcoming the current situation in the field of drug use, the use of various methods to counteract this negative phenomenon in the process of suppressing illegal actions are analyzed. The need for the joint use of methods to combat the global problem of all mankind has been identified and justified. Based on the study, the author proposes to draw attention to the world experience in preventing crime and to bring it to the part regarding the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
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KASAI, Sabu, Hideko NAKANO, Takamasa KINOSHITA, Yoshihiro MIYAKE, Kazuya MAEDA, and Kunio MATSUI. "Intestinal absorption of riboflavin, studied by an in situ circulation system using radioactive analogues." Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 34, no. 3 (1988): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.34.265.
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Bendito, E., A. Carmona, A. M. Encinas, and J. M. Gesto. "The curl of a weighted network." Applicable Analysis and Discrete Mathematics 2, no. 2 (2008): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aadm0802241b.
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In this work we introduce an accurate definition of the curl operator on weighted networks that completes the discrete vector calculus developed by the authors. This allows us to define the circulation of a vector field along a curve and to characterize the conservative fields. In addition, we obtain an adequate discrete version of the De Rham cohomology of a compact manifold, giving in particular discrete analogues of the Poincar? and Hodge's decomposition theorems.
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Knorr, Gregor, Stephen Barker, Xu Zhang, Gerrit Lohmann, Xun Gong, Paul Gierz, Christian Stepanek, and Lennert B. Stap. "A salty deep ocean as a prerequisite for glacial termination." Nature Geoscience 14, no. 12 (December 2021): 930–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00857-3.
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AbstractDeglacial transitions of the middle to late Pleistocene (terminations) are linked to gradual changes in insolation accompanied by abrupt shifts in ocean circulation. However, the reason these deglacial abrupt events are so special compared with their sub-glacial-maximum analogues, in particular with respect to the exaggerated warming observed across Antarctica, remains unclear. Here we show that an increase in the relative importance of salt versus temperature stratification in the glacial deep South Atlantic decreases the potential cooling effect of waters that may be upwelled in response to abrupt perturbations in ocean circulation, as compared with sub-glacial-maximum conditions. Using a comprehensive coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model, we then demonstrate that an increase in deep-ocean salinity stratification stabilizes relatively warm waters in the glacial deep ocean, which amplifies the high southern latitude surface ocean temperature response to an abrupt weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during deglaciation. The mechanism can produce a doubling in the net rate of warming across Antarctica on a multicentennial timescale when starting from full glacial conditions (as compared with interglacial or subglacial conditions) and therefore helps to explain the large magnitude and rapidity of glacial terminations during the late Quaternary.
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Mohammed AL-Naqqash, Manwar A. "Chromogranin A: As A Tumor Marker for Neuroendocrine Tumors Diagnosis, Follow-up & Its Correlation with Response to Somatostatin Analogues." Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad 58, no. 4 (January 3, 2016): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.584270.
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Background: Chromogranin A is a useful tumor marker for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) diagnosis & follow-up, Octreotide (somatostatin-long acting repeatable (SAS-LAR)) is an established treatment for NETs. Studies regarding the relation between response to SAS-LAR & the change in Chromogranin A (CgA) plasma level are still lacking.Objectives: To determine the association between the using of Octreotide (SAS-LAR) and CgA level on time sequence & clinical status.Patients & methods: a prospective observational study included 38 neuroendocrine patients in The Oncology Teaching Hospital/medical city complex/Baghdad, started at September 2013 till May 2016; assessing their circulating chromogranin A (CgA) plasma levels on multiple occasions(0,2 and 4 months) by ELISA technique and its correlation with response to somatostatin analogues (SAS-LAR) in those patients.Results: the study recruited 38 neuroendocrine patients. 21 (55%) of them were males, 23 (60%) patients were older than 50 years old & 17 (44%) had metastasis to different sites. Somatostatin analogues (octreotide 30mg) was administered to 20 out of 38 (52.6%) studied patients. Serial CgA tests were performed in (17 out of 20) patients used SAS-LAR, with a change in mean value from (225.3 U/L) pre-using the agent to (17.5 U/L) two months after its use & to (8.7 U/L) four months after its use (p=0.009, p=0.002 respectively) while the change in mean of CgA level was from (205.9 U/L) to (200.9 U/L) in 10 patients who did not use Octreotide (p=0.2).Also results showed that no statistically significant difference in mean value of CgA pre & two months after using Octreotide with regard to grade of the tumor.Conclusions: Plasma CgA is a reliable marker for NETs (regarding diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment including somatostatin analogues).All patients with NETs should undergo a baseline plasma CgA level at diagnosis. Serial assessment of circulating CgA could be done for NET patients when there is baseline elevation of CgA level in circulation
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Tomas, F. M., A. B. Lemmey, L. C. Read, and F. J. Ballard. "Superior potency of infused IGF-I analogues which bind poorly to IGF-binding proteins is maintained when administered by injection." Journal of Endocrinology 150, no. 1 (July 1996): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1500077.
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Abstract The relative potency of IGF-I and the analogue LR3IGF-I to either promote growth or reverse catabolism in rats when administered by injection rather than by continuous infusion has been examined. LR3IGF-I has very low affinity for the IGF-binding proteins in the rat and hence is cleared from the circulation more quickly than is IGF-I. Experiments were performed in normal growing rats (150 g body weight) and in rats made catabolic by dexamethasone infusion (20 μg/day). IGFs or vehicle were delivered subcutaneously for 7 days either by continuous infusion via osmotic pumps or by injection once or twice daily at 320 and 400 μg/day in normal and catabolic rats respectively. As expected, continuous infusion of IGFs showed greater efficacy than either of the injection modes especially in its anti-catabolic actions. When infused continuously LR3 IGF-I was generally 1·5- to 2-fold more potent than IGF-I for changes in body weight gain, visceral organ weights and feed use efficiency. Notably, LR3 IGF-I remained more potent than IGF-I in several of these effects even when the peptides were given by once-daily injection. In addition, Nτ-methylhistidine excretion by dexamethasone-treated rats was reduced to a threefold greater extent by injected LR3 IGF-I than by injected IGF-I. Notwithstanding these effects, LR3IGF-I was barely equipotent with IGF-I for reversal of carcass muscle loss in dexamethasone-treated rats. Despite its more rapid clearance from the circulation, injected LR3IGF-I retains superior potency to injected IGF-I for several actions, albeit the potency is much reduced compared with continuous infusion. Thus our data indicate that use of IGF analogues which have low affinity for binding proteins may have advantages in potency and/or tissue specificity where IGFs are necessarily administered by injection. Journal of Endocrinology (1996) 150, 77–84
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Vasylevich, V. V., and Yu O. Levchenko. "Prevention of smuggling of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues and precursors." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (September 14, 2023): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.04.56.
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The article notes that the smuggling of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues and precursors is one of the main sources of filling the black market with drugs. Europe has become a priority market for drug manufacturers and suppliers. Ukraine occupies a certain place in their plans. It is located at the crossroads of several international drug transit routes. Therefore, the illegal circulation of narcotics at the regional, national and international levels has reached large scales, and the international criminal activity associated with it poses a threat to the security of the sovereignty of states. Part of transit drugs remains in Ukraine. This, to a certain extent, determines the fact that in recent years in Ukraine there has been a spread of drug addiction and an increase in crime related to it.Therefore, it is no coincidence that the Government has put the problem of effective countermeasures against the spread of drugs and drug-related crime in Ukraine among the most important. A particular threat to the country is illegal activities related to the sale of opium, heroin, cocaine, and synthetic narcotic drugs that illegally cross the territory of Ukraine. The state is actively working to identify and arrest smugglers who try to illegally transport drugs through its territory.The article notes that the considered problem is complex and requires joint efforts of the government, law enforcement agencies, public organizations and the whole society. Implementation of effective strategies and programs aimed at preventing smuggling and reducing the spread of drugs will be an important step towards ensuring the security and well-being of the country.In general, the article highlights the seriousness of the problem of drug smuggling and shows the presence of real threats to Ukraine, calling for active measures to combat the illegal circulation of narcotic substances on the territory of the country.Undoubtedly, the success of the fight against crimes related to drug trafficking, including smuggling, depends on the compliance of the current legislation with modern realities and its effectiveness in judicial practice.
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Korniienko, Maksym, Anatolii Desyatnik, Galina Didkivska, Yevhen Leheza, and Oleksiy Titarenkо. "Peculiarities of Investigating Criminal Offenses Related to Illegal Turnover of Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances, Their Analogues or Precursors: Criminal Law Aspect." Khazanah Hukum 5, no. 3 (December 25, 2023): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/kh.v5i3.31742.
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The article highlights the legal regulation of peculiarities concerning investigation of criminal offenses related to the illegal turnover of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors.. Main content. It has been established that effectiveness of pre-trial investigation in criminal proceedings on the facts of illegal sale of substances excluded from free circulation using the Internet and other telecommunication technologies is complicated by the need to identify the user under a nickname. Methodology: The methodological basis of the research is presented as comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, interpretation method, hermeneutic method as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. Conclusions. It has been established that in today’s conditions, against the background of the global IT development of society and the active introduction of the latest technologies in all spheres of human life, the forms of sale of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors are also changing. While using the assets of modern technologies criminals constantly improve their criminal activities, change directions of interaction with the aim of committing offenses. In Ukraine, as well as in the world in general, drug crimes are actively carried out through smartphones via the “Internet” network using messengers and special applications for the distribution of psychoactive substances, narcotic drugs and their analogues.
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Mu, Mu, Zeng Qingcun, Theodore G. Shepherd, and Liu Yongming. "Nonlinear stability of multilayer quasi-geostrophic flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 264 (April 10, 1994): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112094000625.
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New nonlinear stability theorems are derived for disturbances to steady basic flows in the context of the multilayer quasi-geostrophic equations. These theorems are analogues of Arnol’d's second stability theorem, the latter applying to the two-dimensional Euler equations. Explicit upper bounds are obtained on both the disturbance energy and disturbance potential enstrophy in terms of the initial disturbance fields. An important feature of the present analysis is that the disturbances are allowed to have non-zero circulation. While Arnol’d's stability method relies on the energy–Casimir invariant being sign-definite, the new criteria can be applied to cases where it is sign-indefinite because of the disturbance circulations. A version of Andrews’ theorem is established for this problem, and uniform potential vorticity flow is shown to be nonlinearly stable. The special case of two-layer flow is treated in detail, with particular attention paid to the Phillips model of baroclinic instability. It is found that the short-wave portion of the marginal stability curve found in linear theory is precisely captured by the new nonlinear stability criteria.
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Wilkes, B. M., E. Krim, and P. F. Mento. "Evidence for a functional renin-angiotensin system in full-term fetoplacental unit." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 249, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): E366—E373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1985.249.4.e366.
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This investigation was performed to study the renin-angiotensin system in the human fetoplacental circulation. Full-term placentas from uncomplicated pregnancies were studied within 30 min of delivery. The umbilical artery and vein to a single placental cotyledon were cannulated and the artery perfused with RPMI media (0.764 ml/min). Angiotensin II caused a dose-dependent increase in perfusion pressure that was blunted by the administration of the competitive angiotensin II receptor antagonist saralasin. The properties of human placental angiotensin II receptors were further defined in binding studies performed on a crude membrane fraction of placental cotyledons. In experiments performed at 22 degrees C, saturable binding reached steady state at 30 min and was linear with protein concentration. Scatchard analysis of binding data indicated a single class of high-affinity binding sites. The potency order to competitive binding of analogues and antagonists of angiotensin II was [Ile5]angiotensin II = [Sar1, Ala8]-angiotensin II greater than [Val5]angiotensin II greater than angiotensin III greater than angiotensin II-(3-8) hexapeptide. Further evidence for the physiological significance of angiotensin II binding sites was provided by measurements of the circulating components of the renin-angiotensin system in umbilical venous blood (n = 7). Plasma renin activity, angiotensin I, angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, angiotensin II, and aldosterone were each present in elevated amounts. These experiments provide evidence for an active renin-angiotensin system in the human fetal circulation that may modulate placental perfusion and function under physiological conditions.
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Kashkarov, A. A., and A. A. Kashkarov. "CRIMINAL LEGAL DEFINITION OF THE CATEGORY OF DISTRIBUTION OF THE SUBJECT OF CRIME." Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 7 (73), no. 3 (1) (2022): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2021-7-3(1)-181-186.
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The publication examines the mechanisms of the relationship between the distribution of the subject of crime, as a sign that reveals the way of committing a crime with other elements of the crime, the object of the crime, the subject of the crime and the subjective side of the crime. Based on the analysis of the doctrinal provisions of the domestic theory of criminal law, the norms of the current criminal legislation and current Resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in the field of counterfeiting, the circulation of narcotic drugs, their analogues and precursors, the circulation of weapons and document circulation, it has been proved that sale is possible only in subject compositions crimes. Sales can represent both paid and free activities. The sale of the subject of crime is always an active action, the activity can be differentiated depending on the degree of communication between the distributor of the subject of crime and the consumer. A generalizing conclusion is made regarding the content of the category “sale of the subject of crime”. Distribution as a criminal-legal category that characterizes the objective side of the crime also fills with content the subjective side of the crime, namely the special purpose — the sale of the subject of the crime.
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Gao, Xiang, C. Adam Schlosser, Pingping Xie, Erwan Monier, and Dara Entekhabi. "An Analogue Approach to Identify Heavy Precipitation Events: Evaluation and Application to CMIP5 Climate Models in the United States." Journal of Climate 27, no. 15 (July 29, 2014): 5941–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00598.1.
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Abstract An analogue method is presented to detect the occurrence of heavy precipitation events without relying on modeled precipitation. The approach is based on using composites to identify distinct large-scale atmospheric conditions associated with widespread heavy precipitation events across local scales. These composites, exemplified in the south-central, midwestern, and western United States, are derived through the analysis of 27-yr (1979–2005) Climate Prediction Center (CPC) gridded station data and the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA). Circulation features and moisture plumes associated with heavy precipitation events are examined. The analogues are evaluated against the relevant daily meteorological fields from the MERRA reanalysis and achieve a success rate of around 80% in detecting observed heavy events within one or two days. The method also captures the observed interannual variations of seasonal heavy events with higher correlation and smaller RMSE than MERRA precipitation. When applied to the same 27-yr twentieth-century climate model simulations from Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), the analogue method produces a more consistent and less uncertain number of seasonal heavy precipitation events with observation as opposed to using model-simulated precipitation. The analogue method also performs better than model-based precipitation in characterizing the statistics (minimum, lower and upper quartile, median, and maximum) of year-to-year seasonal heavy precipitation days. These results indicate the capability of CMIP5 models to realistically simulate large-scale atmospheric conditions associated with widespread local-scale heavy precipitation events with a credible frequency. Overall, the presented analyses highlight the improved diagnoses of the analogue method against an evaluation that considers modeled precipitation alone to assess heavy precipitation frequency.
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Karacan Küçükali, Gülin, Şervan Özalkak, Havva Nur Peltek Kendirci, İlknur Bostancı, Şenay Savaş Erdeve, and Semra Çetinkaya. "Sterile abscess formation with two different GnRH analogues: Three case reports." Trends in Pediatrics 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.59213/tp.2024.117.
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa) have been used safely for many years in the treatment of precocious puberty. Although rare, pain, swelling, and erythema at the injection site are known local side effects in patients receiving GnRHa treatment and are temporary. Sterile abscess development is also one of the rare local side effects. Here, we present three cases of treatment failure due to the development of sterile abscesses after GnRHa therapy. Sterile abscesses developed in three girls who were followed up with a diagnosis of precocious/progressive puberty respectively in 4., 12. and 5. doses of GnRHa treatment. In the first case, a sterile abscess recurred despite the therapy being switched to another preparation. We had to follow up without treatment in three of our cases. Although sterile abscess is a rare side effect, it is essential as it causes patients to be left untreated. In these cases, the drug’s active substance accumulates in the localization at the sterile abscess and cannot be absorbed, so it cannot enter the systemic circulation. Therefore, puberty cannot be suppressed. Also, a remaining scar is annoying for patients and their families.
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Norvartyan, Yuriy S. "Peculiarities of Release from Criminal Liability for the Illegal Circulation of Drugs, Psychotropic Substances or Their Analogues." Drug control 1 (April 1, 2020): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2072-4160-2020-1-16-20.
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Blaker, Adam T., Joël J. M. Hirschi, Gerard McCarthy, Bablu Sinha, Sarah Taws, Robert Marsh, Andrew Coward, and Beverly de Cuevas. "Historical analogues of the recent extreme minima observed in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26°N." Climate Dynamics 44, no. 1-2 (August 9, 2014): 457–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2274-6.
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Tencheva, Aleksandra, Radoslav Chayrov, Petko Mandjukov, Dancho Danalev, and Ivanka Stankova. "Hydrolytic Stability of New Amino Acids Analogues of Memantine." Scientia Pharmaceutica 88, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/scipharm88030038.
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In the present work, the hydrolytic stability of new memantine analogues modified with amino acids, at different pH corresponding to the human biological liquids and organs, was evaluated. Memantine is an uncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist with low-to moderate-affinity. In addition, it is the first representative of a novel class of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) medications acting on the glutamatergic system by blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Generally, prodrugs are compounds aiming to improve stability of active fragment and to facilitate transportation across the cell membranes or lipid barriers. The investigated series of prodrugs include modified memantine with the following amino acids: alanine, β-alanine, glycine, phenylalanine, and valine. Hydrolytic stability was determined at two different pH values 2.0 and 7.4 at 37 °C, similar to those in the human stomach and blood plasma. Specially developed UV-VIS spectrophotometric method for quantification of the concentrations of unchanged compounds was applied in the kinetic studies. Val-MEM is the most stable in neutral medium and at 37 °C compound with t1/2 = 50.2 h. The compound Phe-MEM has also very good hydrolytic stability with t1/2 = 29.6 h. The order of other compounds is: Val-MEM ≫ Phe-MEM ≫ Ala-MEM ≈ Val-MEM > β-Ala-MEM. Ala-MEM and Gly-MEM are the most stable compounds at acid condition with almost identical values for t1/2 = 17.8 h and t1/2 = 16.3 h, respectively. The stability of tested compounds in acid conditions are relatively less than in neutral one. They are ordered as follows: Ala-MEM ≈ Gly-MEM > Val-MEM ≈ Phe-MEM ≈ β-Ala-MEM. All compounds have relatively good hydrolytic stability of more than 10 h at both neutral and acid conditions, which is quite enough in order to pass in the blood circulation and to be used as a potential antimicrobial agent.
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Chen, R. Y., G. Ross, K. Y. Chyu, and P. H. Guth. "Role of L-arginine-derived nitric oxide in cholinergic dilation of gastric arterioles." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 265, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): H2110—H2116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.265.6.h2110.
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The role of L-arginine-derived nitric oxide (NO) in cholinergic vasodilation of resistance vessels was studied in the intact stomach of the rat, utilizing an in vivo microscopy technique. Two L-arginine analogues, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) and nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), were used to block NO synthesis. Cholinergic dilation of gastric submucosal arterioles was induced by topical application of various concentrations of acetylcholine (ACh) (10(-7)-10(-4) M). Intravenous but not topical administration of L-NMMA and L-NAME caused an increase in arterial pressure. Intravenous or topical L-NAME reduces resting arteriolar diameter. These findings support the contention that NO formation modulates basal vascular tone and suggest that NO release may play a significant role in the regulation of the gastric circulation. L-Arginine analogues attenuated the arteriolar dilating effect of ACh but not adenosine or nitroglycerin. Substantial arteriolar responses to ACh remained after systemic or topical treatment with either L-NMMA or L-NAME. These results indicate that the L-arginine-NO pathway accounts only in part for ACh-induced vasodilation in gastric resistance vessels in vivo.
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Adamyan, N. H., Q. M. Shamilyan, A. G. Zhamharyan, H. V. Topchyan, and M. G. Balasanyan. "Investigation of cerebrovascular activity of new GABA-derived short peptides." NEW ARMENIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL, no. 4 (2022): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.56936/18290825-2022.16.4-89.
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Based on the important role of endogenous substances in the cerebral blood flow regulation, the cerebrovascular activity of new synthesized short peptides of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and pyroglutamate has been investigated, considering the development of new drugs for the correction of cerebral circulation. Taking into account the proven ability to increase cerebral blood flow of γ-aminobutyric acid and its endogenous metabolites, such as gamma butyrolactone, gamma hydroxybutyric acid, pyrrolidone, pyroglutamic acid, as well as synthetic analogues, such as picamilon, the influence of pyroglutamyl GABA, pyroglutamyl GABA ethyl ester, pyroglutamyl diGABA was observed on local brain blood flow in a state of impaired cerebral circulation. The model of cerebral chronic hypoperfusion generated by right common carotid artery occlusion was used on rats weighing 180-240 g, under anesthesia with chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg). The investigated peptides were administered at a dose of 20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally. Cerebral blood flow changes were detected by laser Doppler flowmetry. The conducted experiment revealed differences between the cerebrovascular activities of the studied short peptides. Thus, it was demonstrated that pyroglutamyl GABA exhibits а high ability to increase local cerebral blood flow, stimulating cerebral circulation by 65,2 %, compared with the value of hypoperfusion by right common carotid artery occlusion, after 40 minutes of injection. However, no essential changes in the studied indicator were recorded for pyroglutamyl GABA ethyl ester and pyroglutamyl diGABA. The obtained data indicate that the prolongation of the short peptide chain leads to a decrease in cerebrovascular activity and opens up new perspectives for the development of pyroglutamyl GABA dipeptide as a promising agent for the correction of cerebral circulation
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Siegelman, Lia. "Le rôle climatique des fronts océaniques de fine échelle en profondeur (prix Prud'homme 2020)." La Météorologie, no. 114 (2021): 038. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2021-0069.
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L'océan est le plus grand réservoir d'énergie de notre planète. La quantité de chaleur qu'il est capable de stocker est modulée par sa circulation complexe, opérant sur des échelles allant du centimètre à la dizaine de milliers de kilomètres. Les découvertes scientifiques des deux dernières décennies ont révélé l'existence de fronts de fine échelle (d'environ 1 à 50 km), analogues aux fronts atmosphériques, dans la couche de mélange océanique de surface. Ces fronts agissent comme des conduits entre l'océan et l'atmosphère, contrôlant les échanges de gaz et de chaleur. Combinant observation et modélisation, nous démontrons pour la première fois le rôle capital de ces fronts jusqu'à 1000 m de profondeur. Ils génèrent d'importants flux de chaleur dirigés de l'intérieur de l'océan vers la surface, pouvant modifier la capacité de stockage de chaleur de l'océan, avec des répercussions potentiellement majeures pour les systèmes biogéochimique et climatique. The ocean is the largest solar energy collector on Earth. The amount of heat it can store is modulated by its complex circulation, which spans a broad range of spatial scales, from centimeters to thousands of kilometers. Scientific discoveries of the past two decades revealed the existence of fine-scale fronts (≈ 10-20 km wide), analogous to atmospheric fronts, in the oceanic surface mixed layer. These fronts control the exchanges between the ocean and the atmosphere just as the capillary vessels of our pulmonary alveoli facilitate the exchange of gas when breathing. Combining observation and modeling, we demonstrate for the first time the crucial role played by these fronts in the ocean interior. These fine-scale fronts drive an anomalous upward heat transport from the ocean interior back to the surface. This can alter the ocean heat storage capacity, with potential major implications for the biogeochemical and climate systems.
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Kong, Xiangpeng, Zhicong Chen, Yingjie Xia, Etta Y. L. Liu, Haiqin Ren, Cheng Wang, Winnie W. H. Hu, Tina T. X. Dong, Rongbiao Pi, and Karl W. K. Tsim. "Dehydrocorydaline Accounts the Majority of Anti-Inflammatory Property of Corydalis Rhizoma in Cultured Macrophage." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (November 17, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4181696.
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Corydalis Rhizoma (CR) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for its potency in activating blood circulation and analgesia. In clinic, CR extracts or components are commonly used in the treatment of myocardial ischemia, rheumatism, and dysmenorrhea with different types of inflammation. However, due to different mechanism of pain and inflammation, the anti-inflammatory property of CR has not been fully revealed. Here, the major chromatographic peaks of CR extracts in different extracting solvents were identified, and the anti-inflammatory activities of CR extracts and its major alkaloids were evaluated in LPS-treated macrophages by determining expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, IκBα and NF-κB. The most abundant alkaloid in CR extract was dehydrocorydaline, having >50% of total alkaloids. Besides, the anti-inflammatory activities of dehydrocorydaline and its related analogues were demonstrated. The anti-inflammatory roles were revealed in LPS-treated cultured macrophages, including (i) inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines release, for example, TNF-α, IL-6; (ii) suppressing mRNA expressions of proinflammatory cytokines; (iii) promoting IκBα expression and suppressing activation of NF-κB transcriptional element; and (iv) reducing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. The results supported that dehydrocorydaline was the major alkaloid in CR extract, which, together with its analogous, accounted the anti-inflammatory property of CR.
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Parfenova, H., M. Shibata, S. Zuckerman, and C. W. Leffler. "CO2 and cerebral circulation in newborn pigs: cyclic nucleotides and prostanoids in vascular regulation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 266, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): H1494—H1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1994.266.4.h1494.
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The role of cyclic nucleotides and prostanoids in cerebrovascular reactivity to increased carbon dioxide was investigated in anesthetized and artificially ventilated newborn pigs equipped with closed cranial windows. Pial arteriolar diameter was measured, and cortical periarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected from beneath the cranial window for determination of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), and prostanoids. Progressively increasing arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) from normocapnia (33 +/- 1 mmHg) to hypercapnia (final PaCO2, 83 +/- 2 mmHg) resulted in dose-dependent pial arteriolar dilation and concomitant increases in cAMP, cGMP, and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) in cortical CSF. N omega-methyl-L-arginine, N omega-nitro-L-arginine, N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, methylene blue, and LY 83583 did not inhibit cerebral vasodilation or the increases in cortical cAMP/cGMP induced by hypercapnia. Indomethacin abolished the vasodilatory response to hypercapnia and attenuated the hypercapnia-induced increases in cAMP and cGMP. Prostacyclin analogues increased both cAMP and cGMP levels in cortical CSF and induced pial arteriolar dilation (iloprost > carbaprostacyclin). The present data suggest that in newborn pigs cyclic nucleotides are involved in cerebral vasodilation in response to hypercapnia via a prostanoid-dependent mechanism.
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Yiou, Pascal, and Aglaé Jézéquel. "Simulation of extreme heat waves with empirical importance sampling." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 763–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-763-2020.
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Abstract. Simulating ensembles of extreme events is a necessary task to evaluate their probability distribution and analyze their meteorological properties. Algorithms of importance sampling have provided a way to simulate trajectories of dynamical systems (like climate models) that yield extreme behavior, like heat waves. Such algorithms also give access to the return periods of such events. We present an adaptation based on circulation analogues of importance sampling to provide a data-based algorithm that simulates extreme events like heat waves in a realistic way. This algorithm is a modification of a stochastic weather generator, which gives more weight to trajectories with higher temperatures. This presentation outlines the methodology using European heat waves and illustrates the spatial and temporal properties of simulations.
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Solovey, V. "Organized crime in the field of illegal trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues as an object of criminological research." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (September 14, 2023): 400–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.04.64.
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The article describes organized crime in the field of illegal trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues as an object of criminological research. It was established that organized crime in the sphere of illegal trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues in Ukraine is characterized by a hierarchy, a strictly and clearly organized, planned system of interconnected criminal activity of individuals, groups, syndicates, cartels, which is carried out with the division of functions, which gives reasons to consider it as a drug business, which is connected with the cultivation, production and trade of drugs for profit and constitutes the economic basis of the existence of organized crime. The main features of criminal offenses committed by organized groups and criminal organizations in the sphere of illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues in Ukraine are: latency of drug business; combination of criminal offenses provided for in Ch. XIII of the Criminal Code of Ukraine with economic criminal offenses, in particular legalization (laundering) of proceeds from illegal drug trafficking with the help of established financial intermediaries and offshore jurisdictions; high level of organization of criminal formations; persistent focus on creating corrupt connections in state authorities and law enforcement agencies; transnationality; the presence of an established source for the purchase of narcotics.It has been established that the drug business consists of several interrelated stages: production, purchase or theft of drugs; delivering them to the place of sale; sale of these products by the consumer. The peculiarity of the drug business is that certain criminal acts (illegal production, smuggling and acquisition) can be both independent components and parallel, jointly interconnected subsystems of criminal activity.
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Rafferty, B., S. Poole, R. Clarke, and D. Schulster. "GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR ANALOGUE (hGRF1-29NH2): IMMUNOREACTIVE-GRF PLASMA LEVELS AFTER INTRAVENOUS AND SUBCUTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION." Journal of Endocrinology 107, no. 3 (December 1985): R5—R8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.107r005.
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ABSTRACT A homologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) system for human growth hormone-releasing factor 1-29NH2 (hGRF 1-29-NH2) was developed and applied to the measurement of immunoreactive (IR) concentrations of the peptide in anaesthetized rats to determine some of its pharmacokinetics after i.v. and s.c. administration. Analysis of the biphasic disappearance curve of IR-hGRF-1-29NH2 from plasma after i.v. injection (10μg) gave values for the half-lives of the initial distribution phase (α) and for the elimination phase (β) of 1.9 ± 0.2 min and 10.4 ± 0.2 min respectively. There was rapid uptake of the peptide from the site of s.c. injection but comparison of areas under the plasma IR-hGRF1-29NH2/time curves showed that the estimated total amount in the circulation after s.c. injection was only 4% of that obtained after i.v. administration. A large degree of degradation of the peptide is indicated either at the site of injection or during transfer to plasma; this susceptibility to rapid breakdown is reflected in the short half-life of the peptide in the circulation. Therefore the measurement of the above parameters is a prerequisite when assessing potency of GRF analogues in-vivo and when implementing suitable dosage regimens for clinical purposes.
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Harrington, Luke J., Friederike E. L. Otto, Tim Cowan, and Gabriele C. Hegerl. "Circulation analogues and uncertainty in the time-evolution of extreme event probabilities: evidence from the 1947 Central European heatwave." Climate Dynamics 53, no. 3-4 (May 24, 2019): 2229–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04820-2.
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Popova, Valeria, Tatiana Aldonina, and Daria Bokuchava. "Manifestation of the Early 20th Century Warming in the East-European Plain: Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies and Its Connection to the North Atlantic SST and Sea Ice Variability." Atmosphere 14, no. 3 (February 21, 2023): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030428.
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A study of the climatic characteristics and annual runoff of the Volga and Severnaya Dvina rivers demonstrates that, on the East European Plain (EEP), Early Twentieth Century Warming (ETCW) manifested in a multiyear drought between 1934 and 1940; this drought has no analogues in this region in terms of intensity and duration according to Palmer’s classification, and caused extreme hydrological events. The circulation conditions during this event were characterized by an extensive anticyclone over Eastern Europe, combined with a cyclonic anomaly in the circumpolar region. An analysis of the spatial features of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies indicate that the surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies in July on the EEP during ETCW were related not only to the North Atlantic (NA) warming and positive AMO phase, but also to a certain spatial pattern of SST anomalies characteristic of the 1920–1950 period. The difference between the SST anomalies of the opposite sign in the different NA zones, used as the indicator of the obtained spatial pattern, shows the quite close relations between the July SAT anomalies on the EEP and the atmospheric circulation patterns responsible for them. The positive phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the expansion of the subtropical high-pressure belt to the north and to the east can be considered as global-scale drivers of this phenomenon. The AMO also impacts the sea ice cover in the Barents–Kara Sea region, which, in turn, could have led to specific atmospheric circulation patterns and contributed to droughts on the EEP in the 1930s.
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Tsikouras, B., G. Etiope, E. Ifandi, S. Kordella, G. Papatheodorou, and K. Hatzipanagiotou. "Petrological implications for the production of methane and hydrogen in hyperalkaline springs from the Othrys ophiolite, Greece." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 1 (September 5, 2013): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11020.
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Altered mafic and ultramafic rocks were studied in correspondence with hyperalkaline, CH4-bearing and very low-hydrogen spring waters in the Othrys ophiolite, whose chemical features are typical of present day serpentinisation. The H2 paucity is interpreted as the result of the incorporation of high-silica, aqueous fluids, probably derived from mafic rocks. The vein assemblage of serpentine + magnetite is related to circulation of low-silica fluids whereas serpentine + talc, tremolite after garnet and Fe-rich serpentine in the interior of serpentine veins reflect a late circulation of low-temperature (likely below 120 °C), high silica activity fluids. The highsilica conditions might have limited or interrupted the production of H2, which was subsequently consumed by CO2 hydrogenation to produce CH4. The lack of H2 could also be due to peridotite alteration by CO2-rich fluids. This would imply that the Othrys peridotites, among similar methane-bearing peridotites, may be considered as terrestrial analogues of Martian ultramafic rocks, which are thought to contribute to methane emission in the atmosphere of Mars. Understanding the mechanism of methane abiotic production will likely shed light to the details of some crucial aspects as the greenhouse-gas budget, the production of hydrocarbons and the origin of life on Earth.
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Holm, Jan, Steen Ingemann Hansen, Carl W. Nichols, Mimi Høier-Madsen, and Poul Erik Helkjær. "Characterization of the folate receptor in human molar placenta." Bioscience Reports 16, no. 5 (October 1, 1996): 379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01207263.
Full textAbstract:
We have characterized a high-affinity folate receptor in human molar placenta tissue. Radioligand binding exhibited characteristics typical of other high-affinity folate binding proteins. Those included, positive cooperativity, a tendency to increased binding affinity with decreasing receptor concentration, a slow ligand dissociation at pH 7.4 becoming rapid at pH 3.5, and inhibition by folate analogues. The folate receptor cross-reacted with antibodies against human milk folate binding protein, e.g. the syncytothrophoblastic layer of molar placenta tissue sections showed strongly positive immunostaining. The gel filtration profile contained two radioligand-bound peaks (25 and 100 kDa), however, with considerable overlap. Only a single band of 70 kDa was seen on SDS-PAGE immunoblotting. The folate receptor in placental tissue may play a crucial role in the transfer of folate from maternal circulation to the fetus.
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Budik, I. "CRIMINAL LAW CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE SPHERE OF CIRCULATION OF NARCOTIC DRUGS, PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES, THEIR ANALOGUES AND PRECURSORS." Bulletin of Luhansk Scientific-Educational Institute named after E.O. Didenko, no. 4 (2023): 252–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33766/2786-9156.104.252-266.
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Hirosue, Y., A. Inui, A. Teranishi, M. Miura, M. Nakajima, M. Okita, Y. Nakajima, N. Himori, S. Baba, and M. Kasuga. "Cholecystokinin octapeptide analogues suppress food intake via central CCK-A receptors in mice." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 265, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): R481—R486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.3.r481.
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To examine the mechanism of the satiety-producing effect of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the central nervous system, we compared the potency of intraperitoneally (ip) or intracerebroventricularly (icv) administered CCK-8 and its analogues on food intake in fasted mice. The icv administration of a small dose of CCK-8 (0.03 nmol/brain) or of Suc-(Thr28, Leu29, MePhe33)-CCK-7 (0.001 nmol/brain) suppressed food intake for 20 min, whereas CCK-8 (1 nmol/kg, which is equivalent to 0.03 nmol/brain) or Suc-(Thr28, Leu29, MePhe33)-CCK-7 (1 nmol/kg) had satiety effect after ip administration. Dose-response studies indicated the following rank order of potency: Suc-CCK-7 > or = Suc-(Thr28, Leu29, MePhe33)-CCK-7 > or = CCK-8 > or = (Nle28,31)-CCK-8 >> desulfated CCK-8 = CCK-4 = 0 in the case of ip administration and Suc-(Thr28, Leu29, MePhe33)-CCK-7 >> Suc-CCK-7 > or = CCK-8 > or = (Nle28,31)-CCK-8 >> desulfated CCK-8 = CCK-4 = 0 in the case of icv administration. The selective CCK-A receptor antagonist MK-329 reversed the inhibitory effect of the centrally as well as peripherally administered CCK-8, or of Suc-(Thr28, Leu29, MePhe33)-CCK-7, whereas the selective CCK-B receptor antagonist L-365260 did not. The icv administered CCK-8 did not appear in the peripheral circulation. These findings suggest the participation of CCK-A receptors in the brain in mediating the satiety effect of CCK and the difference in CCK-A receptors in the brain and peripheral tissues.
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Peng, Fu, Huan Zhu, Chun-Wang Meng, Yan-Rui Ren, Ou Dai, and Liang Xiong. "New Isoflavanes from Spatholobus suberectus and Their Cytotoxicity against Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines." Molecules 24, no. 18 (September 4, 2019): 3218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183218.
Full textAbstract:
The rattans of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn are a traditional Chinese medicine activating blood circulation and removing stasis. They have often been used for the traditional Chinese medicinal treatment of breast cancer in modern China. In this study, four novel isoflavanes (1–3 and 5) and four known analogues (4 and 6–8) were isolated from an ethanolic extract of the rattans of S. suberectus. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses and electronic circular dichroism studies. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines were used to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of the isolates. Interestingly, compounds 1 and 2 only inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, while compound 6 showed a selective cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells. However, compound 4 had significant cytotoxicity against both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines.
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Hoff, Ana O., and Yana Novis. "Pharmacotherapy with Pamidronate Disodium of Osteolytic Bone Metastases of Breast Cancer, Osteolytic Lesions of Multiple Myeloma, and Paget's Disease." Clinical Medicine. Therapeutics 1 (January 2009): CMT.S2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cmt.s2166.
Full textAbstract:
High bone turnover disorders are characterized by excessive osteoclastic activity resulting in loss of bone mass and quality, fractures, deformities, debilitating pain, loss of mobility and hypercalcemia. These complications have a major impact in quality of life, and control of osteoclast activity is critical to reduce or prevent these skeletal events. Over the last 2 decades bisphosphonates became an integral part of the management of these disorders. Bisphosphonates, analogues of pyrophosphate, bind to hydroxyapatite crystals and have a very high affinity for bone mineral. Their retention in bone and rapid clearance from the circulation make them safe and effective agents for inhibition of osteoclast activity. Pamidronate is one such bisphosphonate that has been effective in treating Paget's disease, myeloma bone disease and osteolytic bone metastases from breast cancer. This review will focus on the effects of pamidronate in these disorders.