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Journal articles on the topic 'Analogue sensor'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 May 2024

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1

Mohd Fauzie Jusoh, Muhammad Firdaus Abdul Muttalib, Nur Sakinah Saedin, and Mohd Mahmud. "Automatic Monitoring of Class A Pan Evaporation using the Internet of Things (IoT)." Advanced and Sustainable Technologies (ASET) 3 (March 1, 2024): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.58915/aset.v3i.586.

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This study aimed to assess suitable water level sensor types and implement the automated monitoring of water levels within a Class A pan evaporation system using the Internet of Things (IoT). Both analogue and ultrasonic water level sensors underwent testing in controlled laboratory conditions for performance analysis. The results showed that the analogue water level sensor exhibited suboptimal output sensor responses compared to the ultrasonic sensor, primarily due to its susceptibility to variations in solution types and immersion depths. In contrast, ultrasonic sensors demonstrated strong performance with acceptable error rates, as evidenced by the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 1.03, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 1.42, and Coefficient of Determination (R²) of 0.94 during laboratory testing. However, the ultrasonic sensor's performance was somewhat reduced during field testing, exhibiting accuracy levels ranging from 6.7% to 51.2% within a greenhouse environment during rock melon cultivation. These discoveries highlight the feasibility of using ultrasonic sensors with environmental calibration to automate real-time evaporation measurements towards precision irrigation practices.
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Kelemenova, Tatiana, and Michal Kelemen. "Calibration of force sensor." Acta Mechatronica 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22306/am.v8i2.97.

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The paper deals with the issue of calibration of an analogue force sensor with a voltage output. For measurement, the force sensor uses a deformation member with a tensometric bridge and a measuring amplifier. This measuring chain must be used for force measurement, but the measurement uncertainty of this measuring chain is not known. Force sensors are planned for use in intelligent traumatological external fixation systems.
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Golcs, Ádám, Panna Vezse, Bálint Árpád Ádám, Péter Huszthy, and Tünde Tóth. "Comparison in practical applications of crown ether sensor molecules containing an acridone or an acridine unit – a study on protonation and complex formation." Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry 101, no. 1-2 (June 8, 2021): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10847-021-01086-2.

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AbstractCrown ethers containing an acridone or an acridine unit are successfully applied opto- and electrochemical cation sensors. The heteroaromatic unit of these macrocycles can be in different forms during the applications, which have a strong influence on the sensing behavior. Moreover, in the case of acridono-macrocycles a prototropic equilibrium takes place upon complexation, which is effected by the physicochemical characteristics. A Pb2+-selective acridono-18-crown-6 ether and its 9-phenylacridino-analogue were used as model compounds for comparing the different forms of the heterocyclic units of these sensor molecules. Since in most practical sensor applications of the fluorescent hosts a non-neutral aqueous medium is present, studies on complexation and signaling were carried out from the aspect of the relationship among protonation, coordinating ability, complex stability and tautomeric equilibrium. A strong interdependence among these factors was found and limitations of using unsubstituted acridino- and acridono-sensor molecules in comparison with their 9-substituted-acridino-analogues were discussed. This study will hopefully serve as a useful standpoint for future development of ionophore-based sensors containing an acridone or an acridine unit.
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Gilewski, Marian. "Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems in Light Stabilization." Sensors 23, no. 6 (March 8, 2023): 2916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23062916.

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This article discusses application considerations in the micro-electro-mechanical system’s optical sensor. Furthermore, the provided analysis is limited to application issues occurring in research or industrial applications. In particular, a case was discussed where the sensor was used as a feedback signal source. Its output signal is used to stabilize the flux of an LED lamp. Thus, the function of the sensor was the periodic measurement of the spectral flux distribution. The application problem of such a sensor is the output analogue signal conditioning. This is necessary to perform analogue-to-digital conversion and further digital processing. In the discussed case, design limitations come from the specifics of the output signal. This signal is a sequence of rectangular pulses, which can have different frequencies, and their amplitude varies over a wide range. The fact such a signal must be conditioned additionally discourages some optical researchers from using such sensors. The developed driver allows measurement using an optical light sensor in the band from 340 nm to 780 nm with a resolution of about 12 nm; in the range of flux values from about 10 nW to 1 μW, and frequencies up to several kHz. The proposed sensor driver was developed and tested. Measurement results are presented in the paper’s final part.
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Röder, Marnie. "Flexible Fill-Level Sensor with Analogue Signal." Industrial Vehicle Technology International 29, no. 2 (June 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1471-115x(23)70201-8.

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6

Hettiaratchi, D. R. P., and M. Ahmed. "A plant analogue sensor for irrigation scheduling." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 48 (January 1991): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8634(91)80003-w.

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7

Radetic, Radojle, Marijana Pavlov-Kagadejev, and Nikola Milivojevic. "The analog linearization of Pt100 working characteristic." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 12, no. 3 (2015): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee1503345r.

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The most exact temperature measurement can be made by using platinum sensors. Temperatures from -254.3?C up to +850?C can be measured with Pt100 sensor. The relationship between resistance and temperature is relatively linear, but for measurements of very high precision, Pt100 working curve should be a little bit improved. The paper describes an efficient way of measurement characteristic linearization by using the analogue electric circuits. The obtained results proved the initial considerations and the Pt100 becomes rather transducer than pure sensor.
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8

Tatlas, Nikolas Alexander, Dimitris Ballios, Stelios M. Potirakis, Christina Charitou, Stelios Koutroubinas, and Maria Rangoussi. "A Smart Sensor Platform for Greenhouse Applications." Key Engineering Materials 644 (May 2015): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.644.92.

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A platform for a flexible, smart sensing system using available hardware components for monitoring the operation of a greenhouse is presented. The smart sensor is based on a ZigBee MCU embedded system with multiple connectivity options to facilitate digital or analogue sensors as well as the necessary peripherals for energy management and programming/debugging. A number of physical parameters may be simultaneously monitored by each node, such as temperature, relative humidity, CO2, light intensity, soil pH / moisture through appropriate sensors. Basic functions, such as sensor differential detection and measurement consistency may be performed at the smart sensor. A central node, also acting as the Zigbee network coordinator will concentrate the various measurements through the wireless network, act as a local display and also forward the information to a back-end. The back-end will provide proper measurement visualization (including history) through any web-enabled device, as well as services such as alert notification in hazardous situations (e.g. flood / heating failure).
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Zatorre, Guillermo, Nicolás Medrano, María Teresa Sanz, Concepción Aldea, Belén Calvo, and Santiago Celma. "Digitally Programmable Analogue Circuits for Sensor Conditioning Systems." Sensors 9, no. 5 (May 14, 2009): 3652–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s90503652.

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10

Schröder, Jens, Steffen Doerner, Thomas Schneider, and Peter Hauptmann. "Analogue and digital sensor interfaces for impedance spectroscopy." Measurement Science and Technology 15, no. 7 (June 8, 2004): 1271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/15/7/007.

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11

Murray, Alan F., and Robin Woodburn. "The Prospects for Analogue Neural VLSI." International Journal of Neural Systems 08, no. 05n06 (October 1997): 559–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065797000525.

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In recent years, the efforts of analogue, neural-hardware designers have shifted from generic analogue neurocomputers to "niche" markets in sensor fusion and robotics, and we explain why this is so. We describe the main differences between digital and analogue computation, and consider the advantages of pure analogue and pulsed methods of design. We then investigate some important issues in analogue design of neural machines, namely weight storage (volatile and non-volatile), on-chip learning, and arithmetic accuracy and its relationship to noise. Finally, we outline those areas in which analogue techniques are likely to prove most useful, and speculate as to their likely long-term utility.
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12

Wang, Chang Sheng, Tie Zao Yang, Haijun Zhang, and Hong Jie Zhao. "Research on Signal Simulator at Crankshaft of Motorcycle Gasoline Engine." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.414.

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Cam signals, crankshaft signals and angle signals were simulated by analogue crankshaft position sensors developed by C8051F series micro processors to emulate the operational environment of motorcycle engine. In the software development platform of gasoline engine, software running status of control system was tested. MP424 high-speed sampling card was applied to actually observe properties of ignition advance angle and fuel injection advance angle. The experiment suggested that practically observed fuel injection pulse width, ignition pulse width, properties of ignition advance angle and fuel injection advance angle were the same as those of models of control system software. This proved that the analogue crankshaft position sensor that has been developed is practical and feasible.
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13

Ladgaonkar, Bhimrao P., Suhas N. Patil, and Shivprasad K. Tilekar. "Development of Ni-Zn Ferrite Based Smart Humidity Sensor Module by Using Mixed Signal Programmable System-on-Chip." Applied Mechanics and Materials 310 (February 2013): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.310.490.

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Synthesis of materials for sensor and development of smart sensor module, of promising characteristics, large adoptability and great portability, plays significant role in designing of sophisticated instrumentation. Therefore, based on an innovative technology, analogue and mixed signal VLSI design, a smart humidity sensor module is designed and presented in this paper. The composition of nano sized Nickel-Zinc ferrites are synthesised by co-precipitation and formation of single phase spinel ferrites are confirmed by X-powder diffraction. The inter-digitated sensor is fabricated by screen printing technique and implemented for sensor module development. The electrical resistance (R), measured against humidity shows exponential decrease with increase in the humidity (RH %) and supports the photonic conductivity. This nature of the sensor is considered for designing of sensor module. A programmable System on-chip, Cypress PSoC, emphasizes mixed signal VLSI technology. The sensor under investigation is interfaced to the cypress PSoC. On reconfiguring the analogue as well as digital parts a system on chip is designed. The system is calibrated to RH%. Actually, the sensor materials are exhibiting semiconductor nature. The exponential behaviour of the sensor material is linearised by deploying the features of the firmware. The present sensor module is showing humidity reading in RH% with great accuracy. It also provides linear response during humidity 30 RH% to 95 RH%. This low cost and high reliable sensor could be utilized for monitoring relative humidity different environment.
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14

YAGI, Tetsuya. "An Analogue VLSI Intelligent Sensor Inspired by the Retina." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 79, no. 11 (2013): 999–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.79.999.

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15

Sun, Ye, Fengniu Lu, Hongwei Yang, Caifeng Ding, Zhiqin Yuan, and Chao Lu. "Fluorescent sensor array for separation-free dopamine analogue discrimination via polyethyleneimine-mediated self-polymerization reaction." Nanoscale 11, no. 27 (2019): 12889–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr03643a.

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16

Röder, Marniei. "Measuring Up." Industrial Vehicle Technology International 29, no. 3 (September 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1471-115x(23)70573-4.

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17

K S, Abbirame, Haripriya A S, Aravind V, and Jamuna G. "An electronic gadget to control wheelchair motion using tongue gesture." International Journal of Pharmacy and Biomedical Engineering 4, no. 1 (April 25, 2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23942576/ijpbe-v4i1p101.

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Tongue drive system (TDS) is a tongue operated unobtrusive assistive technology,which can potentially provide people with severe disabilities with effective access and environment control.It translate user’s intentions into control commands by detecting and classifying their voluntary tongue motion utilizing a small permanent magnet,secured on the tongue and an array of magnetic sensors mounted on the mouth the magnetic sensor are nothing but hall effect sensors. a hall effect sensor is a transducerthat varies its output voltage in response to changes in magnetic field.in its simplest form the sensor operates as an analogue transducer, directly returning a voltage. With a known magnetic field, its distance from the hall plate can be determined. Wheel chair is made up of high torque geared DC motors, the motors direction can be changed through the set of instructions given from the hall effect sensor and the action of these instructions is already loaded into the microcontroller using embedded C programming. Complete system proposed in this paper has been designed around PIC microcontroller and a RF module. The design has been tested and result achieved confirms the design approach illustrated.
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18

Ponnuvel, Kandasamy, Kuppusamy Santhiya, and Vediappen Padmini. "Curcumin based chemosensor for selective detection of fluoride and cyanide anions in aqueous media." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 15, no. 12 (2016): 1536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6pp00254d.

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19

Huang, Wei, Ningye He, Renxia Ning, and Zhenhai Chen. "Wideband Reflector and Analogue Electromagnetically Induced Reflection in Metamaterials." Crystals 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080985.

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Metamaterials are highly demanded for advanced applications in absorbers, sensors, and filters. However, metamaterial reflectors, especially broadband reflectors, remain challenging. In this paper, we theoretically investigate a wideband metamaterial reflector which consists of cross shaped graphene strips and a silica (SiO2) substrate. The cross shaped graphene strips are coated on the top of the structure, and the cross shape rotated 45° graphene strips are spun on the bottom of it. The calculated reflection can be tuned through length and width of the graphene strips. By comparison, not only broadband reflection but also analogue electromagnetically induced reflection (EIR) can be realized. Moreover, the structure can generate a bi-directional broadband reflection of insensitive polarization. This kind of bi-directional reflector at microwave frequencies is obtained because the top and bottom graphene strip structures are similar. We employ the electric field distribution of the designed structure to elucidate the mechanism of the analogue EIR effect. We further discuss the influence of incident angle on the analogue EIR effect. Such a bi-directional reflector can be potentially applied to a wideband reflector, antenna, and sensor.
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20

MALIK, A., and M. ACEVES. "IMPROVED TWO-TERMINAL SILICON FUNCTIONAL OPTICAL SENSOR." Modern Physics Letters B 15, no. 17n19 (August 20, 2001): 722–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984901002385.

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The modelling of two-terminal silicon-based multi-layered functional photosensor that operates at low-voltage bias is presented. The devices developed do not require external active electronic components (transistors, microminiature circuits, etc) to execute their functions. Neither to transform analogue input optical signals to digital output form that is very important for a wide range of optoelectronic applications.
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21

Sieberer, P., C. Zhang, T. Bergauer, R. Casanova, C. Irmler, N. Karim, J. Mazorra de Cos, B. Pilsl, and E. Vilella. "RD50-MPW3: a fully monolithic digital CMOS sensor for future tracking detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 02 (February 1, 2023): C02061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/02/c02061.

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Abstract The CERN-RD50 CMOS working group develops the RD50-MPW series of monolithic high-voltage CMOS pixel sensors for potential use in future high luminosity experiments such as the HL-LHC and FCC-hh. In this contribution, the design of the latest prototype in this series, RD50-MPW3, is presented. An overview of its pixel matrix and digital readout periphery is given, with discussion of the new structures implemented in the chip and the problems they aim to solve. The main analogue and digital features of the sensor are already tested and initial laboratory characterisation of the chip is presented.
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22

Ristic, Jovan, and Dragana Radosavljevic. "Decision algorithms in fire detection systems." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 8, no. 2 (2011): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee1102155r.

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Analogue (and addressable) fire detection systems enables a new quality in improving sensitivity to real fires and reducing susceptibility to nuisance alarm sources. Different decision algorithms types were developed with intention to improve sensitivity and reduce false alarm occurrence. At the beginning, it was free alarm level adjustment based on preset level. Majority of multi-criteria decision work was based on multi-sensor (multi-signature) decision algorithms - using different type of sensors on the same location or, rather, using different aspects (level and rise) of one sensor measured value. Our idea is to improve sensitivity and reduce false alarm occurrence by forming groups of sensors that work in similar conditions (same world side in the building, same or similar technology or working time). Original multi-criteria decision algorithms based on level, rise and difference of level and rise from group average are discussed in this paper.
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23

Jendernalik, Waldemar, Jacek Jakusz, Grzegorz Blakiewicz, Stanisław Szczepański, and Robert Piotrowski. "Characteristics of an Image Sensor with Early-Vision Processing Fabricated in Standard 0.35 μm Cmos Technology." Metrology and Measurement Systems 19, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10178-012-0017-8.

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Characteristics of an Image Sensor with Early-Vision Processing Fabricated in Standard 0.35 μm Cmos TechnologyThe article presents measurement results of prototype integrated circuits for acquisition and processing of images in real time. In order to verify a new concept of circuit solutions of analogue image processors, experimental integrated circuits were fabricated. The integrated circuits, designed in a standard 0.35 μm CMOS technology, contain the image sensor and analogue processors that perform low-level convolution-based image processing algorithms. The prototype with a resolution of 32 × 32 pixels allows the acquisition and processing of images at high speed, up to 2000 frames/s. Operation of the prototypes was verified in practice using the developed software and a measurement system based on a FPGA platform.
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24

Cimanis, Vladimirs, Vladimirs Hramcovs, and Ivars Rankis. "Investigation of the Operation Speed of AC Voltage Sensor." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Power and Electrical Engineering 25, no. 25 (January 1, 2009): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10144-009-0032-0.

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Investigation of the Operation Speed of AC Voltage SensorIn the article the AC voltage sensor of industrial frequency-the signal former of the analogue controller with pulse-width modulation which, in its turn, controls the high-frequency electronic pulse AC voltage stabilizer, is considered.
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25

Zverev, A. V., M. Andronik, V. V. Echeistov, Z. H. Issabayeva, O. S. Sorokina, T. Konstantinova, E. S. Lotkov, I. A. Ryzhikov, and I. A. Rodionov. "Integrated Microfluidic Flow Sensor for LAB-oN-CHIP and PoINT-oF-CARE Applications." Biotekhnologiya 36, no. 4 (2020): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21519/0234-2758-2020-36-4-112-120.

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The results of the development and manufacture of an integrated membrane-free sensor for the control of accurate dilution of liquid samples on the microfluidic chip are presented. The proposed type of devices is intended for direct precise measurements of liquid flow rate in microchannels of laboratories-on-chip, including point-of-care systems. The sensor topology was optimized based on the numerical simulation results and technological requirements. The main characteristic of the developed sensor is the lack of a membrane in the design while maintaining the sensitivity and accuracy of the device at the level of a commercial membrane analogue. The fully biocompatible sensor was manufactured using standard microelectronics and soft lithography technologies. In order to optimize the sensor design, 32 different topologies of the device were tested. The integration of the flow sensors on the chip allows to significantly reduce the dead volume of the hydrodynamic system and to control the amount of liquid entering the individual reservoirs of the microfluidic chip. The sensor occupies an area of (210 x 140) um2 in the channel and is characterized by a relative error of 5% in the flow rate range of 100-1000 ul/min. microfluidics, lab-on-chip, calorimetric flow sensor, thermoresistive sensor, numerical simulation, hydrodynamics, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor, microtechnologies Devices were made at the BMSTU Nanofabrication Facility (FMN Laboratory, FMNS REC, ID 74300).
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26

M Vadgave, Rajkumar, Manjula S, and T. S. Vishwanath. "Adaptive Random Spatial based Channel Estimation (ARSCE) for Millimeter Wave MIMO System." International journal of Computer Networks & Communications 14, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcnc.2022.14106.

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Millimeter-wave and mMIMO communications are the most essential success systems for next-generation wireless sensor networks to have enormous amounts of accessible throughput and spectrum. Through installing huge antenna arrays at the base station and performing coherent transceiver processing, mMIMO is a potential technology for enhancing the bandwidth efficiency of wireless sensor networks. The use of mmWave frequencies for mMIMO systems solves the problem of high path-loss through offering greater antenna gains. In this work, we provide a design with a random spatial sample structure that incorporates a totally random step before the analogue is received. It contains a totally random step before the analogue received signals are sent into the digital component of the HBF receiver. Adaptive random spatial based channel estimation (ARSCE) is proposed for channel session measurement collection, and an analogue combiner with valves has been used to estimate the signals at each receiving antenna. The proposed optimization problem formulation attempts to discover the orientations and gains of wideband channel routes. In addition, our proposed model has compared to various state-of-art techniques while considering error minimization.
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27

Dai, Minghui, Xiaolong Li, Jie Wang, Zhilin Zhuang, and Shumiao Ma. "A 12-bit Digital-to-Analog Converter for Current Distribution Type." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2383, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2383/1/012009.

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Sensors have a wide range of applications in environmental monitoring, for example, as temperature transmitters in industrial control processes. In order to reduce the chip area and improve the digital-to-analogue conversion accuracy, large loads are driven. This study proposes a current-shunted DAC for sensor interfaces with an R-2R structure, using a Class-AB amplifier to buffer or amplify the signal. Spectre simulation shows that the DAC has a current consumption of 63uA when the supply voltage and reference voltage are 1.8V and can drive a 15pF capacitive load.
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Young, R. A. R., David T. Clark, Jennifer D. Cormack, A. E. Murphy, Dave A. Smith, Robin F. Thompson, Ewan P. Ramsay, and S. Finney. "High Temperature Digital and Analogue Integrated Circuits in Silicon Carbide." Materials Science Forum 740-742 (January 2013): 1065–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.740-742.1065.

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Silicon Carbide devices are capable of operating as a semiconductor at high temperatures and this capability is being exploited today in discrete power components, bringing system advantages such as reduced cooling requirements [1]. Therefore there is an emerging need for control ICs mounted on the same modules and being capable of operating at the same temperatures. In addition, several application areas are pushing electronics to higher temperatures, particularly sensors and interface devices required for aero engines and in deep hydrocarbon and geothermal drilling. This paper discusses a developing CMOS manufacturing process using a 4H SiC substrate, which has been used to fabricate a range of simple logic and analogue circuits and is intended for power control and mixed signal sensor interface applications [2]. Test circuits have been found to operate at up to 400°C. The introduction of a floating capacitor structure to the process allows the use of switched capacitor techniques in mixed signal circuits operating over an extended temperature range.
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Hung, Chen-Hsiung, Gao-Fong Chang, Anil Kumar, Geng-Fong Lin, Li-Yang Luo, Wei-Min Ching, and Eric Wei-Guang Diau. "m-Benziporphodimethene: a new porphyrin analogue fluorescence zinc(ii) sensor." Chem. Commun., no. 8 (2008): 978–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b714412a.

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Monteiro, Marcio Cristiano, João Paulo Winiarski, Edson Roberto Santana, Bruno Szpoganicz, and Iolanda Cruz Vieira. "Ratiometric Electrochemical Sensor for Butralin Determination Using a Quinazoline-Engineered Prussian Blue Analogue." Materials 16, no. 3 (January 23, 2023): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031024.

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A ratiometric electrochemical sensor based on a carbon paste electrode modified with quinazoline-engineered ZnFe Prussian blue analogue (PBA-qnz) was developed for the determination of herbicide butralin. The PBA-qnz was synthesized by mixing an excess aqueous solution of zinc chloride with an aqueous solution of precursor sodium pentacyanido(quinazoline)ferrate. The PBA-qnz was characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. The stable signal of PBA-qnz at +0.15 V vs. Ag/AgCl, referring to the reduction of iron ions, was used as an internal reference for the ratiometric sensor, which minimized deviations among multiple assays and improved the precision of the method. Furthermore, the PBA-qnz-based sensor provided higher current responses for butralin compared to the bare carbon paste electrode. The calibration plot for butralin was obtained by square wave voltammetry in the range of 0.5 to 30.0 µmol L−1, with a limit of detection of 0.17 µmol L−1. The ratiometric sensor showed excellent precision and accuracy and was applied to determine butralin in lettuce and potato samples.
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Iroanusi, Kennedy Ahamefula. "FPGA Data Acquisition of Electrical Parameter." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 4 (June 25, 2021): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2021.6.4.1538.

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A data acquisition system using a Programmable Logic Gate Array (FPGA) and Graphical User Interface (GUI) for visual enhancement designed for Personal Computer is shown. The data acquisition of voltage (V), current (A) and temperature ( ) signals and/or parameters transmitted at high frequency in real time via the system-on-chip (SOC) created on Spartan 6 FPGA. The system-on-chip is achieved by programming the FPGA with a high-speed hardware description language (Verilog) code written for the system, Printed Circuit Board (PCB) was designed for the system and the GUI has been created using a graphical approach utilizing LabVIEW to enable data monitoring on Personal Computer (PC) display. The FPGA requires digital input signals; therefore, an analogue to digital convertor (ADC) is required for the convert sensor data from analogue signal from sensors to digital signals. A voltage level shifter is required to normalise the voltage level standards within the circuity in between the 5V from the ADC converter and the 3.3V voltage requirement for the FPGA. The Spartan 6 FPGA receives data from the analogue sensors via the ADC, the data are wrapped up in packets and transmitted through RS-232 serial port to the PC. The three aforementioned parameters are monitored on the GUI on the PC presented in both numerical and graphical format and all data can be store in a file for backup storage, maintenance or reference purposes.
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Iroanusi, Kennedy Ahamefula. "FPGA Data Acquisition of Electrical Parameter." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 4 (June 25, 2021): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2021.6.4.1538.

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A data acquisition system using a Programmable Logic Gate Array (FPGA) and Graphical User Interface (GUI) for visual enhancement designed for Personal Computer is shown. The data acquisition of voltage (V), current (A) and temperature ( ) signals and/or parameters transmitted at high frequency in real time via the system-on-chip (SOC) created on Spartan 6 FPGA. The system-on-chip is achieved by programming the FPGA with a high-speed hardware description language (Verilog) code written for the system, Printed Circuit Board (PCB) was designed for the system and the GUI has been created using a graphical approach utilizing LabVIEW to enable data monitoring on Personal Computer (PC) display. The FPGA requires digital input signals; therefore, an analogue to digital convertor (ADC) is required for the convert sensor data from analogue signal from sensors to digital signals. A voltage level shifter is required to normalise the voltage level standards within the circuity in between the 5V from the ADC converter and the 3.3V voltage requirement for the FPGA. The Spartan 6 FPGA receives data from the analogue sensors via the ADC, the data are wrapped up in packets and transmitted through RS-232 serial port to the PC. The three aforementioned parameters are monitored on the GUI on the PC presented in both numerical and graphical format and all data can be store in a file for backup storage, maintenance or reference purposes.
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Здор, Владимир Леонидович, Матвей Андреевич Землемеров, and Наталья Викторовна Семененко. "If an analogue fire detector is analogue one." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 2(99) (June 18, 2020): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.2020.99.2.010.

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Предметом рассмотрения в статье являются термины, применяемые в системе пожарной сигнализации. Обращается внимание на несоответствие общепринятого определения термина «аналоговый пожарный извещатель» его смысловому содержанию. Это несоответствие нередко является причиной недопонимания потребителями пожарно-технической продукции особенностей аналоговых пожарных извещателей и их отличий от пороговых. Предлагается называть извещатели с функцией обработки сигнала интеллектуальными, не отказываясь в определенных случаях от использования термина «аналоговый пожарный извещатель». The simplest fire detectors contain a sensitive element that controls a certain physical parameter of the environment, which changes when a fire occurs. When this parameter reaches the set threshold value, the detectors generate an alarm signal perceived by the control equipment (control panel). When using this algorithm, the decision to detect a fire is made by the fire detector, which is called the threshold detector. One of the significant drawbacks of such an algorithm is the inability to track the dynamics of changes in the controlled environment parameter, which often causes the fire detector to form a false signal. In the 60s and 70s of the 20th century, when digital technology was widely developed, a different fire detection algorithm was proposed. Only an analog-to-digital converter was installed in the fire detector. The real-time digitized value of the monitored parameter was broadcast in serial code to the control panel. All elements of memory and mathematical processing were part of this panel. As a result, the fire detector became, in fact, a sensor that transmits the measured readings on the control equipment, and the decision to register a fire was made not in the detector, but in the control panel. This type of fire detector is called “analogue”. The main advantage of analogue detectors was the reduction in the likelihood of a false alarm being generated by the fire alarm system. On the current level of digital technology development, the concept of «analogue fire detector» for the most part loses its meaning. The development of digital technology has led to the global miniaturization of electronic components and reduced their energy consumption. Under these conditions, the need to transmit information about the controlled factor of fire to control panel without preliminary data processing in the detector itself disappeared. Currently, the concept of “analogue” fire alarm systems in the semantic meaning of the term “analogue”, which was used at the beginning of digital technology development, has changed the meaning. Almost all modern fire detectors can be considered as threshold because they take decision on the need to generate an alarm signal transmitted to the control panel.
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Kim, Sung Jae, Sangjoon Lee, Jae Hoon Jeong, Sung Yun Park, and Sung Min Kim. "The Design of Multi-Parameter Bio-Signal Sensor for Applying a Smartphone m-Health Service." Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (December 2013): 713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.713.

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In this study, the multi-parameter bio-signals sensor was proposed to apply smartphones into m-health service application. The proposed sensor for the experiments was consisted of one set of two small devices; the size of each sensor was 25 mm × 20 mm × 4 mm. This sensor was made of either copper or titanium in order to pursue the better body affinity as well as electric conductivity. A manufactured sensor was able to measure for major bio parameters including electrocardiogram (ECG) signal of a channel, temperature, photoplethysmography, and body fat. Further, independent analogue hardware was manufactured to measure the each bio parameter. In results, bio parameters were easily obtained and they will be effectively applied into smartphones.
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35

Riches, S. T., C. Warn, K. Cannon, G. Rickard, L. Stoica, and C. Johnston. "Design and Assembly of High Temperature Distributed Aero-engine Control System Demonstrator." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2014, HITEC (January 1, 2014): 000285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-tha12.

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This paper covers the development of a distributed high temperature electronics demonstrator for integration with sensor elements to provide digital outputs that can be used by the FADEC (Full Authority Digital Electronic Control) system or the EHMS (Engine Health Monitoring System) on an aircraft engine. This distributed electronics demonstrator eliminates the need for the FADEC or EHMS to process the sensor signal, which will assist in making the overall system more accurate and efficient in processing only digital signals. This will offer weight savings in cables, harnesses and connector pin reduction. The design concept was to take the output from several on-engine sensors, carry out the signal conditioning, multiplexing, analogue to digital conversion and data transmission through a serial data bus. The unit has to meet the environmental requirements of DO-160 with the need to operate at 200°C, with short term operation at temperatures up to 250°C. The work undertaken has been to design an ASIC based on 1.0μm Silicon on Insulator (SOI) device technology incorporating sensor signal conditioning electronics for sensors including resistance temperature probes, strain gauges, thermocouples, torque and frequency inputs. The ASIC contains analogue multiplexers, temperature stable voltage band-gap reference and bias circuits, ADC, BIST, core logic, DIN inputs and two parallel ARINC 429 serial databuses. The ASIC was tested and showed to be functional up to a maximum temperature of 275°C. The ASIC has been integrated with other high temperature components including voltage regulators, a crystal oscillator, precision resistors, silicon capacitors within a hermetic hybrid package. The hybrid circuit has been assembled within a stainless steel enclosure with high temperature connectors. The high temperature electronics demonstrator has been shown to operate from −40°C to +250°C. This work has been carried out under the EU Clean Sky HIGHTECS project with the Project being led by Turbomeca (Fr) and carried out by GE Aviation Systems (UK), GE Research – Munich (D) and Oxford University (UK).
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Jafaripanah, M., B. M. Al-Hashimi, and N. M. White. "Dynamic sensor compensation using analogue adaptive filter compatible with digital technology." IEE Proceedings - Circuits, Devices and Systems 152, no. 6 (2005): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-cds:20045146.

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Chen, Feifan, and Jing Feng. "Analogue sun sensor based on the optical nonlinear compensation measuring principle." Measurement Science and Technology 18, no. 7 (June 12, 2007): 2111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/18/7/042.

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38

P, Yuhananisa, Yayan PN, Lailatul K, Rahil L, Wahyu SP, and Ria O. "SISTEM TELEMETRI SIMULASI MITIGASI BENCANA KEGEMPAAN DAN DETEKSI PENINGKATAN KADAR KONDUKTIVITAS BELERANG PADA GUNUNG BERAPI BERBASIS WIRELESS 802.15.4." Jurnal Penelitian Fisika dan Aplikasinya (JPFA) 4, no. 2 (December 14, 2014): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jpfa.v4n2.p15-21.

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Laboratory studies on disaster simulation systems telemetry was conducted focusing on some part of the parameters to determine the character of the natural phenomena that occur. Parameters measured were conductivity levels of sulfur in marine volcanic and earthquake intensity. The technique is to do with the design of instrumentation tool by using vibration sensor meas vibration sensors and sensor electrode conductivity copper as sulfur. Data obtained using a telemetry system transmitted by the wireless XBee are working on 802.15.4 protocol. The data have been sent in the form of analog data is converted to digital analogue converter (ADC). The parameters controlle in this simulation is the liquid volume of 10 ml, and the temperature room was 32° C and humidity of 73%. The results of data sent to the recipient noted that the major instrument for the conductivity amounted to 0.01361 KΩ-1 in 0 gmass. The data 5.011 g to 20.002 g are having conductivity between 0.01000 KΩ-1 to 0.01418 KΩ-1. The data result of Vibration sensor at 0 g to 20 002 g, have voltages ammounted2.752 volts, worth voltage increases to 3.724 volts.
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39

Krestinskaya, O., and A. P. James. "Analogue neuro-memristive convolutional dropout nets." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 476, no. 2242 (October 2020): 20200210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0210.

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Randomly switching neurons ON/OFF while training and inference process is an interesting characteristic of biological neural networks, that potentially results in inherent adaptability and creativity expressed by human mind. Dropouts inspire from this random switching behaviour and in the artificial neural network they are used as a regularization techniques to reduce the impact of over-fitting during the training. The energy-efficient digital implementations of convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been on the rise for edge computing IoT applications. Pruning larger networks and optimization for performance accuracy has been the main direction of work in this field. As opposed to this approach, we propose to build a near-sensor analogue CNN with high-density memristor crossbar arrays. Since several active elements such as amplifiers are used in analogue designs, energy efficiency becomes a main challenge. To address this, we extend the idea of using dropouts in training to also the inference stage. The CNN implementations require a subsampling layer, which is implemented as a mean pooling layer in the design to ensure lower energy consumption. Along with the dropouts, we also investigate the effect of non-idealities of memristor and that of the network.
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40

Ramsay, E. P., D. T. Clark, J. D. Cormack, A. E. Murphy, D. A. Smith, R. F. Thompson, R. A. R. Young, and S. Finney. "Digital and Analogue Integrated Circuits in Silicon Carbide for High Temperature Operation." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, HITEC (January 1, 2012): 000373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-thp11.

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A need for high temperature integrated circuits is emerging in a number of application areas. As Silicon Carbide power discrete devices become more widely available, there is a growing need for control ICs capable of operating at the same temperatures and mounted on the same modules. Also, the use of high temperature sensors, in, for example, aero engines and in deep hydrocarbon and geothermal drilling applications results in a demand for high temperature sensor interface ICs. This paper presents new results on a range of simple logic and analogue circuits fabricated on a developing Silicon Carbide CMOS process which is intended for mixed signal integrated circuit applications such as those above. A small family of logic circuits, pin compatible with the 74xx series TTL logic parts, has been designed, fabricated and tested and includes, for example, a Quad Nand gate and a Dual D-type flip-flop. These have been found to be functional from room temperature up to 400°C. Analogue blocks have been investigated with a view to using switched capacitor or autozero techniques to compensate for temperature and time induced drifts, allowing very high temperature operation.
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41

Gusti Sectiorita Sipayung. "Sistem Switching Pintu Otomatis Berbasis Mikrokontroler Atmega 8535 Pada Kantor Fakultas Teknik Unpab." JURNAL TEKNIK MESIN, INDUSTRI, ELEKTRO DAN INFORMATIKA 1, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jtmei.v1i1.464.

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In the design of this tool, we designed a tool that is able to open and close the door automatically. To replace opening and closing manually using a PIR sensor (passive infrared). When someone is in the radius of the sensor, the door will open or close. We also use the Atmega 8535 micro, the reason we use the Atmega 8535 micro is because the Atmega 8535 micro already has an ADC (analogue digital converter) or analog to digital converter. Which serves as an input wave leveler to the microwave.
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42

Trifonova, E., M. Caselle, F. Ehrler, A. F. Elsenhans, G. Iacobucci, A. Kopmann, L. Paolozzi, M. M. Patil, I. Perić, and M. Weber. "Novel high-speed monolithic silicon detector for particle physics." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 05 (May 1, 2023): C05011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/05/c05011.

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Abstract This contribution presents simulation results, implementation, and first tests of a monolithic detector developed at KIT. It consists of a sensor diode tightly integrated with an analogue front-end based on SiGe (Silicon-Germanium) SG13G2 130 nm BiCMOS technology produced at the Leibniz Institute for High Performance Microelectronics (IHP). The pixel size is 100 μm × 100 μm, and the nwell charge collection node dimensions were reduced to 10 μm × 10 μm. We investigate the influence of this approach on sensor performance, spatial resolution via charge sharing and timing behaviour.
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43

Kawahito, S., M. Ishida, and T. Nakamura. "Analogue MOS current-mode circuits for three-dimensional integrated smart image sensor." Electronics Letters 26, no. 3 (1990): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19900120.

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44

Rećko, Maciej, Justyna Tołstoj-Sienkiewicz, and Paweł Turycz. "Versatile Soil Sampling System Capable of Collecting, Transporting, Storing and Preliminary Onboard Analysis for Mars Rover Analogue." Solid State Phenomena 260 (July 2017): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.260.59.

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Presented paper focuses on design process of Soil Sample Retrieval System for simple on-board analysis of collected material and cashing it for further examination. System is created to be mounted on mobile robotic platforms to provide a tool suitable for sampling scientifically interesting sites in remote and even hazardous for human environments [1,2,4].Considered solution will be thoroughly tested during University Rover Challenge 2016 aiding #next team efforts to proof life existence in mock-up Mars surface setting located nearby Mars Desert Research Station, Hanksville Utah. This procedure is one of challenge’s task that proves scientific usefulness of a built rover. It requires collection of unaltered sub-surface soil sample, preliminary examination and cashing it on-board for further analysis.The device needs to be capable of collecting sub-surface soil samples, then transporting gathered material to cash and experiment containers also embedded onto platform [3]. It uses a drilling technique similar to one used to crush concrete and hard rocks.Powder created during sampling is further transported via system of tubes powered with vacuum. In order to create under pressure system was equipped with high-efficient turbine capable of producing up to 45 kg of suction force. This new approach has never been used before during such competition. We believe it will provide much needed advantage during this task over other competitors.The system allows an equal distribution of collected soil into designated containers. They are fitted out with desired scientific equipment. In considered exemplary model there are three containers. One being equipped with pH sensor, second-a humidity sensor and third one for cashing unaltered sample for further laboratory experimentations. It can also be equipped with additional sensors such as black light emitter with CCD sensor to determine cyanobacteria presence.The paper consists of three parts. First one focuses on problem analysis [2,3], system design and preliminary tests description. Second one describes device manufacturing and tests. Last part consists of results analysis with a critical validation of presented solution and recommendations for further development.
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45

Suriani, Nor Surayahani, and Fadilla ‘Atyka Nor Rashid. "Smartphone Sensor Accelerometer Data for Human Activity Recognition Using Spiking Neural Network." International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing 11, no. 4 (August 2021): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmlc.2021.11.4.1051.

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Recognizing human actions is a challenging task and actively research in computer vision community. The task of human activity recognition has been widely used in various application such as human monitoring in a hospital or public spaces. This work applied open dataset of smartphones accelerometer data for various type of activities. The analogue input data is encoded into the spike trains using some form of a rate-based method. Spiking neural network is a simplified form of dynamic artificial network. Therefore, this network is expected to model and generate action potential from the leaky integrate-and-fire spike response model. The leaning rule is adaptive and efficient to present synapse exciting and inhibiting firing neuron. The result found that the proposed model presents the state-of-the-art performance at a low computational cost.
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46

Aulchenko, V. M., A. A. Glushak, V. V. Zhulanov, A. N. Zhuravlev, V. A. Kiselev, V. N. Kudryavtsev, P. A. Piminov, V. M. Titov, and L. I. Shekhtman. "Microstrip Silicon Detector for Study of Ultra-Fast Processes at the Synchrotron Radiation Beam." Поверхность. Рентгеновские, синхротронные и нейтронные исследования, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s1028096023120038.

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Present status of the development of the prototype of the Detector for imaging of explosions (DIMEX) based on silicon microtrip sensor is discussed. The prototype includes silicon p-in-n sensor with metal strips in direct contact with p-implants. Strips are 30 mm long and have 50 um pitch. Signals from the strips are read out with specially developed ASICs DMXS6A, that include 6 channels with DC compensation circuit at the input, four integrators, 32 analogue memory cells and output analogue shift register. The prototype detector has 96 registration channels provided with 16 DMXS6A ASICs. Each strip of the sensor is connected to the guard-ring through a 400 Ohm resistor and through 100 kOhm resistor to the input of the front-end ASIC. This resistive divider allows to adapt the dynamic range of the integrator of the ASIC to the full flux range of the beam line 8 at the VEPP-4M storage ring that includes 9-pole wiggler with 1.9 T B-field as SR source. The measurements of the dynamic range of the DIMEX-Si prototype demonstrate that maximum photon flux from one bunch that can be measured by this detector exceeds 100 000 photons per channel. For these measurements the sensor was inclined at an angle of 1.7 degrees with respect to the beam plane in order to increase quantum efficiency. The possibility to work in multi-bunch mode with bunches following in 55 ns is demonstrated, that proves that this detector can be successfully exploited at new SR-source SKIF that is under construction in Novosibirsk region.
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47

Todorovic, Andreja, and Miroljub Jevtic. "Rotational speed measurement using induction coil sensor inserted in the magnetic field of the rotational permanent magnet." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 23, no. 2 (2010): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1002199t.

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In this paper the application of induction coil sensor, inserted into a mechanical rotational magnetic field of the rotational permanent magnet for the rotational speed measurements has been proposed and described. The sensor is simple, low-cost, and applicable for machine shafts speed measurements (spatially available and unavailable). On the shaft, whose rotational speed is measured, the rotational permanent magnet is fixed. From measured frequency value of induced voltage in the coil sensor the rotational speed value is given using PC with adequate software, interface for the analogue signal conditioning and AD converter. The rotational speed dependence on the induction coil sensor distance from the rotational permanent magnet has been given. The induced voltage dependence on the coil distance from the magnet has been obtained as well. The maximum distance for precise measurements of rotational speed has been determined from those relations.
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48

Deng, Ting, Zhong Cao, and Guo Li Shen. "A Novel Electrochemical Impedance Biosensor Based on Plasma-Polymerized Films for Detection of Biotin." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 1653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.1653.

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An electrochemical impedance biosensor was proposed for the detection of small molecule biotin based on the plasma-polymerized films (PPF) and the bioaffinity difference between an analyte (biotin) and an analogue compound (HABA) in binding avidin. Avidin formed a metastable complex with 2-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)azo]benzoic acid (HABA) immobilized on the electrode surface. When the sensor contacts a sample solution containing biotin, the avidin was released from the sensor surface to form a more stable complex with biotin in solution. The impedance spectra change recorded is proportional to the desorbed mass of avidin, and there is a clear mathematic relationship between the impedance change and the biotin concentration. The proposed electrochemical impedance bioaffinity sensor has nice response to biotin in the range of 4.8×10-9–5.6×10-4 M. The sensor could be regenerated under very mild conditions simply by reimmersion of the sensor into a biotin solution to desorb the surplus avidin.
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Luo, Liang, and George Stylios. "A Novel Multidimensional Tensile, Shear, and Buckling Sensor for the Measurement of Flexible Fibrous Materials." Sensors 24, no. 2 (January 9, 2024): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24020406.

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To meet the complex and diverse demands for low-stress mechanical measurements of fabrics and other flexible materials, two integrated multidimensional force sensors with the same structure but different ranges were explored. They can support both rapid and precise low-noise, high-precision, low-cost, easy-to-use, reliable, and intelligent solutions for the complex measurement of fabric mechanics. Having analysed the mechanical relationship of the parallel beam theory, and considering the specific requirements of fabric measurement, a novel multi-dimensional force sensor is designed, capable of measuring tensile, shear, and buckling properties. Finite element analysis is used to simulate the mechanical performance of this sensor for fabric-loading/unloading measurement, and the sensitivity of the mechanical quantity transfer, the amount of sensor deformation, the stress distribution, and the degree of inter-dimensional coupling have been investigated and verified. The basis for subsequent digital processing is achieved by a low-offset, low-temperature-drift, low-power-consumption analogue front end, 24-bit ADC circuit, and signal conditioning electronics, suitable for the measurement of fabric mechanics under low stress, which is like the end-user requirements. The sensor information channel is supported by a host microcontroller with a DSP and a floating-point processing instruction set. Information processing is performed in time-sharing with the support of a multitasking real-time operating system. The purpose of designing this sensor is to facilitate the development of a new testing instrument, which will adopt the advances of current instruments whilst eliminating their shortcomings.
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Jendernalik, W., J. Jakusz, G. Blakiewicz, and S. Szczepański. "CMOS implementation of an analogue median filter for image processing in real time." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2013-0077.

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Abstract An analogue median filter, realised in a 0.35 μm CMOS technology, is presented in this paper. The key advantages of the filter are: high speed of image processing (50 frames per second), low-power operation (below 1.25 mW under 3.3 V supply) and relatively high accuracy of signal processing. The presented filter is a part of an integrated circuit for image processing (a vision chip), containing: a photo-sensor matrix, a set of analogue pre-processors, and interface circuits. The analysis of the main parameters of the considered median filter is presented. The discussion of important limitations in the operation of the filter due to the restrictions imposed by CMOS technology is also presented.
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