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Journal articles on the topic 'Analogue Hawking radiation'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Aguero-Santacruz, Raul, and David Bermudez. "Hawking radiation in optics and beyond." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2177 (July 20, 2020): 20190223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0223.

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Hawking radiation was originally proposed in astrophysics, but it has been generalized and extended to other physical systems receiving the name of analogue Hawking radiation. In the last two decades, several attempts have been made to measure it in a laboratory, and one of the most successful systems is in optics. Light interacting in a dielectric material causes an analogue Hawking effect, in fact, its stimulated version has already been detected and the search for the spontaneous signal is currently ongoing. We briefly review the general derivation of Hawking radiation, then we focus on the optical analogue and present some novel numerical results. Finally, we call for a generalization of the term Hawking radiation. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The next generation of analogue gravity experiments’.

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2

Rosenberg, Yuval. "Optical analogues of black-hole horizons." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2177 (July 20, 2020): 20190232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0232.

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Hawking radiation is unlikely to be measured from a real black hole, but can be tested in laboratory analogues. It was predicted as a consequence of quantum mechanics and general relativity, but turned out to be more universal. A refractive index perturbation produces an optical analogue of the black-hole horizon and Hawking radiation that is made of light. We discuss the central and recent experiments of the optical analogue, using hands-on physics. We stress the roles of classical fields, negative frequencies, ‘regular optics’ and dispersion. Opportunities and challenges ahead are briefly mentioned. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The next generation of analogue gravity experiments’.

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3

Faccio, Daniele. "Laser pulse analogues for gravity and analogue Hawking radiation." Contemporary Physics 53, no. 2 (March 2012): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107514.2011.642559.

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4

Katayama, Haruna, Noriyuki Hatakenaka, and Ken-ichi Matsuda. "Analogue Hawking Radiation in Nonlinear LC Transmission Lines." Universe 7, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7090334.

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Analogue systems are used to test Hawking radiation, which is hard to observe in actual black holes. One such system is the electrical transmission line, but it suffers the inevitable issue of excess heat that collapses the successfully generated analogue black holes. Soliton provides a possible solution to this problem due to its stable propagation without unnecessary energy dissipation in nonlinear transmission lines. In this work, we propose analogue Hawking radiation in a nonlinear LC transmission line including nonlinear capacitors with a third-order nonlinearity in voltage. We show that this line supports voltage soliton that obeys the nonlinear Schrödinger equation by using the discrete reductive perturbation method. The voltage soliton spatially modifies the velocity of the electromagnetic wave through the Kerr effect, resulting in an event horizon where the velocity of the electromagnetic wave is equal to the soliton velocity. Therefore, Hawking radiation bears soliton characteristics, which significantly contribute to distinguishing it from other radiation.

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5

Dardashti, Radin, Stephan Hartmann, Karim Thébault, and Eric Winsberg. "Hawking radiation and analogue experiments: A Bayesian analysis." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 67 (August 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsb.2019.04.004.

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6

Das, Tapas K. "Analogue Hawking radiation from astrophysical black-hole accretion." Classical and Quantum Gravity 21, no. 22 (October 29, 2004): 5253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/21/22/016.

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7

Zhou, Shiwei, and Kui Xiao. "Hawking radiation of analogous acoustic black holes." Modern Physics Letters A 35, no. 28 (July 30, 2020): 2050236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732320502363.

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Propagation of sound waves in a flowing fluid can be viewed as a minimally coupled massless scalar field propagating in curved spacetime. The analogue Hawking radiation from a spherically symmetric acoustic black hole and a (2 + 1)-dimensional rotating acoustic black hole are investigated respectively in Damour–Ruffini’s method. The emission rate and Hawking temperature are obtained, which are related to acoustic black holes parameter.

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8

Liberati, Stefano, Giovanni Tricella, and Andrea Trombettoni. "Back-Reaction in Canonical Analogue Black Holes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 11, 2020): 8868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10248868.

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We study the back-reaction associated with Hawking evaporation of an acoustic canonical analogue black hole in a Bose–Einstein condensate. We show that the emission of Hawking radiation induces a local back-reaction on the condensate, perturbing it in the near-horizon region, and a global back-reaction in the density distribution of the atoms. We discuss how these results produce useful insights into the process of black hole evaporation and its compatibility with a unitary evolution.

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9

Petty, Jack, and Friedrich König. "Optical analogue gravity physics: resonant radiation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2177 (July 20, 2020): 20190231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0231.

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The photonic crystal fibre (PCF) is a unique medium giving us the opportunity to perform experiments in carefully chosen regimes with precision and control. Using PCFs, we can perform analogue gravity experiments to study the physics of Hawking radiation and related processes such as resonant radiation. We discuss the similarities and differences between these processes and experimentally investigate the limits of effects of this type, dis- covering a new regime of record efficiency. We measure a 60% energy conversion efficiency from a pump to a visible femtosecond pulse by the process of resonant radiation, and demonstrate its extraordinary tunability in wavelength and bandwidth. Beyond analogue gravity, these femtosecond visible pulses provide a desirable laser source useful across a variety of modern scientific fields. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The next generation of analogue gravity experiments’.

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10

Liu, Hang, Jia-Tao Sun, Chenchen Song, Huaqing Huang, Feng Liu, and Sheng Meng. "Fermionic Analogue of High Temperature Hawking Radiation in Black Phosphorus." Chinese Physics Letters 37, no. 6 (June 2020): 067101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/37/6/067101.

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11

Parola, Alberto, Manuele Tettamanti, and Sergio L. Cacciatori. "Analogue Hawking radiation in an exactly solvable model of BEC." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 119, no. 5 (September 1, 2017): 50002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/119/50002.

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12

Stone, Michael. "An analogue of Hawking radiation in the quantum Hall effect." Classical and Quantum Gravity 30, no. 8 (March 19, 2013): 085003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/30/8/085003.

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13

Rubino, E., F. Belgiorno, S. L. Cacciatori, M. Clerici, V. Gorini, G. Ortenzi, L. Rizzi, V. G. Sala, M. Kolesik, and D. Faccio. "Experimental evidence of analogue Hawking radiation from ultrashort laser pulse filaments." New Journal of Physics 13, no. 8 (August 9, 2011): 085005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/13/8/085005.

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14

YALE, ALEXANDRE. "THERMODYNAMICS OF CONSTANT CURVATURE BLACK HOLES THROUGH SEMICLASSICAL TUNNELING." Modern Physics Letters A 26, no. 13 (April 30, 2011): 937–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732311035444.

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We study the semiclassical tunneling of scalar and fermion fields from the horizon of a Constant Curvature Black Hole, which is locally AdS and whose five-dimensional analogue is dual to [Formula: see text] super-Yang–Mills. In particular, we highlight the strong reliance of the tunneling method for Hawking radiation on near-horizon symmetries, a fact often hidden behind the algorithmic procedure with which the tunneling approach tends to be used. We ultimately calculate the emission rate of scalars and fermions, and hence the black hole's Hawking temperature.

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15

Steinhauer, Jeff. "Observation of self-amplifying Hawking radiation in an analogue black-hole laser." Nature Physics 10, no. 11 (October 12, 2014): 864–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys3104.

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16

Das, S., T. Sahoo, and M. H. Meylan. "Dynamics of flexural gravity waves: from sea ice to Hawking radiation and analogue gravity." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 474, no. 2209 (January 2018): 20170223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0223.

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The propagation of flexural gravity waves, routinely used to model wave interaction with sea ice, is studied, including the effect of compression and current. A number of significant and surprising properties are shown to exist. The occurrence of blocking above a critical value of compression is illustrated. This is analogous to propagation of surface gravity waves in the presence of opposing current and light wave propagation in the curved space–time near a black hole, therefore providing a novel system for studying analogue gravity. Between the blocking and buckling limit of the compressive force, the dispersion relation possesses three positive real roots, contrary to an earlier observation of having a single positive real root. Negative energy waves, in which the phase and group velocity point in opposite directions, are also shown to exist. In the presence of an opposing current and certain critical ranges of compressive force, the second blocking point shifts from the positive to the negative branch of the dispersion relation. Such a shift is known as the Hawking effect from the analogous behaviour in the theory of relativity which leads to Hawking radiation. The theory we develop is illustrated with simulations of linear waves in the time domain.

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17

Muñoz de Nova, Juan Ramón, Katrine Golubkov, Victor I. Kolobov, and Jeff Steinhauer. "Observation of thermal Hawking radiation and its temperature in an analogue black hole." Nature 569, no. 7758 (May 2019): 688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1241-0.

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18

Steinhauer, Jeff. "Observation of quantum Hawking radiation and its entanglement in an analogue black hole." Nature Physics 12, no. 10 (August 15, 2016): 959–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys3863.

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19

Liberati, Stefano, Giovanni Tricella, and Andrea Trombettoni. "The Information Loss Problem: An Analogue Gravity Perspective." Entropy 21, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21100940.

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Analogue gravity can be used to reproduce the phenomenology of quantum field theory in curved spacetime and in particular phenomena such as cosmological particle creation and Hawking radiation. In black hole physics, taking into account the backreaction of such effects on the metric requires an extension to semiclassical gravity and leads to an apparent inconsistency in the theory: the black hole evaporation induces a breakdown of the unitary quantum evolution leading to the so-called information loss problem. Here, we show that analogue gravity can provide an interesting perspective on the resolution of this problem, albeit the backreaction in analogue systems is not described by semiclassical Einstein equations. In particular, by looking at the simpler problem of cosmological particle creation, we show, in the context of Bose–Einstein condensates analogue gravity, that the emerging analogue geometry and quasi-particles have correlations due to the quantum nature of the atomic degrees of freedom underlying the emergent spacetime. The quantum evolution is, of course, always unitary, but on the whole Hilbert space, which cannot be exactly factorized a posteriori in geometry and quasi-particle components. In analogy, in a black hole evaporation one should expect a continuous process creating correlations between the Hawking quanta and the microscopic quantum degrees of freedom of spacetime, implying that only a full quantum gravity treatment would be able to resolve the information loss problem by proving the unitary evolution on the full Hilbert space.

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20

Hang, Chao, Gregory Gabadadze, and Guoxiang Huang. "Soliton diffusion in a Bose-Einstein condensate: A signature of the analogue Hawking radiation." Physics Letters B 793 (June 2019): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.04.008.

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21

Wittemer, Matthias, Jan-Philipp Schröder, Frederick Hakelberg, Philip Kiefer, Christian Fey, Ralf Schuetzhold, Ulrich Warring, and Tobias Schaetz. "Trapped-ion toolkit for studies of quantum harmonic oscillators under extreme conditions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2177 (July 20, 2020): 20190230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0230.

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Many phenomena described in relativistic quantum field theory are inaccessible to direct observations, but analogue processes studied under well-defined laboratory conditions can present an alternative perspective. Recently, we demonstrated an analogy of particle creation using an intrinsically robust motional mode of two trapped atomic ions. Here, we substantially extend our classical control techniques by implementing machine-learning strategies in our platform and, consequently, increase the accessible parameter regime. As a proof of methodology, we present experimental results of multiple quenches and parametric modulation of an unprotected motional mode of a single ion, demonstrating the increased level of real-time control. In combination with previous results, we enable future experiments that may yield entanglement generation using a process in analogy to Hawking radiation. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The next generation of analogue gravity experiments’.

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22

Zhang, Baocheng. "Thermodynamics of Acoustic Black Holes in Two Dimensions." Advances in High Energy Physics 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5710625.

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It is well-known that the thermal Hawking-like radiation can be emitted from the acoustic horizon, but the thermodynamic-like understanding for acoustic black holes was rarely made. In this paper, we will show that the kinematic connection can lead to the dynamic connection at the horizon between the fluid and gravitational models in two dimensions, which implies that there exists the thermodynamic-like description for acoustic black holes. Then, we discuss the first law of thermodynamics for the acoustic black hole via an intriguing connection between the gravitational-like dynamics of the acoustic horizon and thermodynamics. We obtain a universal form for the entropy of acoustic black holes, which has an interpretation similar to the entropic gravity. We also discuss the specific heat and find that the derivative of the velocity of background fluid can be regarded as a novel acoustic analogue of the two-dimensional dilaton potential, which interprets why the two-dimensional fluid dynamics can be connected to the gravitational dynamics but it is difficult for four-dimensional case. In particular, when a constraint is added for the fluid, the analogue of a Schwarzschild black hole can be realized.

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23

MELNIKOV, KIRILL, and MARVIN WEINSTEIN. "ON THE EVOLUTION OF A MASSLESS SCALAR FIELD IN A SCHWARZSCHILD BACKGROUND: A NEW LOOK AT HAWKING RADIATION AND THE INFORMATION PARADOX." International Journal of Modern Physics D 13, no. 08 (September 2004): 1595–635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271804005249.

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We exhibit an explicit foliation of Schwarzschild space–time by spacelike hypersurfaces which extend from Schwarzschild r=0 to r=∞. This allows us to compute the values of a massless scalar field for all space–time points which lie in the future of the surface on which we initially quantize the theory. This is to be contrasted with approaches which start at past null infinity and propagate to future null infinity. One of its virtues is that this method allows us to discuss both asymptotic Hawking radiation and what is happening at finite distances from the black hole. In order to explain the techniques we use, we begin by discussing variants of the flat-space moving mirror9 problem. Then we discuss the canonical quantization of the massless scalar field theory and the geometric optics approximation which we use to solve the Heisenberg equations of motion in the black hole background. Using the example of an infalling mirror, an analogue of the moving mirror problem, we show that, although our spacelike slices extend to r=0, we can avoid discussing an initial state which extends through the horizon. Furthermore, we show that in the same way we avoid having to deal with the singularity at r=0 when we first quantize the system. This discussion naturally leads to a suggestion of how to handle the question of what is happening when the mirror hits the singularity. In the last section of the paper we discuss a discretization of the computation which behaves in the manner we suggest and yet exhibits Hawking radiation.5 This formulation of the problem allows us to discuss all the issues in an explicitly unitary setting. The resulting picture raises some interesting questions about the information paradox.

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24

Robertson, Scott J. "The theory of Hawking radiation in laboratory analogues." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 45, no. 16 (August 6, 2012): 163001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/45/16/163001.

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25

Barceló, Carlos, Stefano Liberati, and Matt Visser. "Towards the Observation of Hawking Radiation in Bose–Einstein Condensates." International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, no. 21 (August 20, 2003): 3735–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0301615x.

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Acoustic analogues of black holes (dumb holes) are generated when a supersonic fluid flow entrains sound waves and forms a trapped region from which sound cannot escape. The surface of no return, the acoustic horizon, is qualitatively very similar to the event horizon of a general relativity black hole. In particular Hawking radiation (a thermal bath of phonons with temperature proportional to the "surface gravity") is expected to occur. In this note we consider quasi-one-dimensional supersonic flow of a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) in a Laval nozzle (converging-diverging nozzle), with a view to finding which experimental settings could magnify this effect and provide an observable signal. We discuss constraints and problems for our model and identify the issues that should be addressed in the near future in order to set up an experiment. In particular we identify an experimentally plausible configuration with a Hawking temperature of order 70 n K; to be contrasted with a condensation temperature of the order of 90 n K.

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26

PADMANABHAN, T. "THERMODYNAMICS OF HORIZONS: A COMPARISON OF SCHWARZSCHILD, RINDLER AND de SITTER SPACETIMES." Modern Physics Letters A 17, no. 15n17 (June 7, 2002): 923–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773230200751x.

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The notions of temperature, entropy and 'evaporation', usually associated with spacetimes with horizons, are analyzed using general approach and the following results, applicable to different spacetimes, are obtained at one go. (i) The concept of temperature associated with the horizon is derived in a unified manner and is shown to arise from purely kinematic considerations. (ii) QFT near any horizon is mapped to a conformal field theory without introducing concepts from string theory. (iii) For spherically symmetric spacetimes (in D = 1 + 3) with a horizon at r = l, the partition function has the generic form Z ∝ exp [S - βE], where S = (1/4)4πl2 and |E| = (l/2). This analysis reproduces the conventional result for the black hole spacetimes and provides a simple and consistent interpretation of entropy and energy E = - (1/2)H-1 for deSitter spacetime. The classical Einstein's equations for this spacetime can be expressed as a thermodynamic identity, TdS - dE = PdV with the same variables. (iv) For the Rindler spacetime the entropy per unit transverse area turns out to be (1/4) while the energy is zero. (v) In the case of a Schwarzschild black hole there exist quantum states (like Unruh vacuum) which are not invariant under time reversal and can describe black hole evaporation. There also exist quantum states (like Hartle-Hawking vacuum) in which temperature is well-defined but there is no flow of radiation to infinity. In the case of deSitter universe or Rindler patch in flat spacetime, one usually uses quantum states analogous to Hartle-Hawking vacuum and obtains a temperature without the corresponding notion of evaporation. It is, however, possible to construct the analogues of Unruh vacuum state in the other cases as well. The implications are briefly discussed.

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27

"Black hole analogue produces sonic Hawking radiation." Physics Today, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.5.028336.

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28

Tian, Zehua, and Jiangfeng Du. "Analogue Hawking radiation and quantum soliton evaporation in a superconducting circuit." European Physical Journal C 79, no. 12 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7514-9.

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AbstractHawking radiation is one of the most intriguing and elusive predictions of quantum field theory in curved spacetime. Previous works simulating Hawking radiation have been mostly based on Unruh’s scenario, where the propagation of quantum field in classical gravitational background is mimicked. Here, guided by the duality between black holes in Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) dilaton gravity and solitons in sine-Gordon (SG) field theory, we propose the use of a superconducting circuit for investigating analogue Hawking radiation. $$1+1$$1+1 dimensional black holes can be realized as solitons of the SG equation of superconducting phase. It is found despite the absence of field theoretic dynamical modes, the analogue Hawking radiation is emitted in terms of the quantum soliton evaporation as a result of quantum perturbation of the black hole metric. Our theoretical proposal could not only facilitate the observation of relativistic quantum effects in lab, but also contribute to experimentally exploring the quantum mechanics of solitons, especially to the deep relationship between such mechanics and black hole physics.

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29

Drori, Jonathan, Yuval Rosenberg, David Bermudez, Yaron Silberberg, and Ulf Leonhardt. "Observation of Stimulated Hawking Radiation in an Optical Analogue." Physical Review Letters 122, no. 1 (January 9, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.122.010404.

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30

Nation, P. D., M. P. Blencowe, A. J. Rimberg, and E. Buks. "Analogue Hawking Radiation in a dc-SQUID Array Transmission Line." Physical Review Letters 103, no. 8 (August 20, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.103.087004.

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31

Coutant, Antonin, and Silke Weinfurtner. "Low-frequency analogue Hawking radiation: The Korteweg–de Vries model." Physical Review D 97, no. 2 (January 8, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.97.025005.

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32

Coutant, Antonin, and Silke Weinfurtner. "Low-frequency analogue Hawking radiation: The Bogoliubov-de Gennes model." Physical Review D 97, no. 2 (January 8, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.97.025006.

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33

Michel, Florent, and Renaud Parentani. "Probing the thermal character of analogue Hawking radiation for shallow water waves?" Physical Review D 90, no. 4 (August 14, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.90.044033.

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34

Busch, Xavier, and Renaud Parentani. "Quantum entanglement in analogue Hawking radiation: When is the final state nonseparable?" Physical Review D 89, no. 10 (May 23, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.89.105024.

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35

Katayama, Haruna, Noriyuki Hatakenaka, and Toshiyuki Fujii. "Analogue Hawking radiation from black hole solitons in quantum Josephson transmission lines." Physical Review D 102, no. 8 (October 21, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.102.086018.

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36

Isoard, M., and N. Pavloff. "Departing from Thermality of Analogue Hawking Radiation in a Bose-Einstein Condensate." Physical Review Letters 124, no. 6 (February 10, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.124.060401.

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37

Vieira, H. S., and V. B. Bezerra. "Acoustic black holes: massless scalar field analytic solutions and analogue Hawking radiation." General Relativity and Gravitation 48, no. 7 (June 10, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10714-016-2082-x.

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38

Steinhauer, Jeff. "Measuring the entanglement of analogue Hawking radiation by the density-density correlation function." Physical Review D 92, no. 2 (July 28, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.92.024043.

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39

Park, I. Y. "Black hole evolution in a quantum-gravitational framework." Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics 2021, no. 6 (April 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptep/ptab045.

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Abstract We investigated black hole evolution on a quantum-gravitational scattering framework with the aim of tackling the black hole information paradox. With this setup, various pieces of system information are explicit from the start and unitary evolution is manifest throughout. The scattering amplitudes factorize into a perturbative part and a non-perturbative part. The non-perturbative part is dominated by an instanton-type contribution, i.e. a black hole analogue of the Coleman–De Luccia bounce solution, and we propose that the Hawking radiation be identified with the particles generated by the vacuum decay. Our results indicate that the black hole degrees of freedom are entangled not only with the Hawking modes but also with the pre-Hawking modes. The Wald’s entropy charge measures their entanglement. The full quantum-gravitational entropy is defined as the vacuum expectation value of the Wald entropy charge. With this definition, a shifted Page-like curve is generically generated and its quantum extension is readily defined.

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40

Bartlett, Rodney. "Re: ‘Observation of Thermal Hawking Radiation and Its Temperature in an Analogue Black Hole’." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3396868.

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41

Vieira, H. S., and V. B. Bezerra. "Correction to: Acoustic black holes: massless scalar field analytic solutions and analogue Hawking radiation." General Relativity and Gravitation 51, no. 4 (April 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10714-019-2529-y.

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42

Kolobov, Victor I., Katrine Golubkov, Juan Ramón Muñoz de Nova, and Jeff Steinhauer. "Observation of stationary spontaneous Hawking radiation and the time evolution of an analogue black hole." Nature Physics, January 4, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41567-020-01076-0.

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43

Sarkar, Supratik, and A. Bhattacharyay. "Quantum potential induced UV-IR coupling in analogue Hawking radiation: From Bose-Einstein condensates to canonical acoustic black holes." Physical Review D 96, no. 6 (September 15, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.96.064027.

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44

Katayama, Haruna. "Quantum-circuit black hole lasers." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (September 27, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98456-0.

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AbstractA black hole laser in analogues of gravity amplifies Hawking radiation, which is unlikely to be measured in real black holes, and makes it observable. There have been proposals to realize such black hole lasers in various systems. However, no progress has been made in electric circuits for a long time, despite their many advantages such as high-precision electromagnetic wave detection. Here we propose a black hole laser in Josephson transmission lines incorporating metamaterial elements capable of producing Hawking-pair propagation modes and a Kerr nonlinearity due to the Josephson nonlinear inductance. A single dark soliton obeying the nonlinear Schrödinger equation produces a black hole-white hole horizon pair that acts as a laser cavity through a change in the refractive index due to the Kerr effect. We show that the resulting laser is a squeezed-state laser characterized by squeezing parameters. We also evaluate the degree of quantum correlation between Hawking and its partner radiations using entanglement entropy which does not require simultaneous measurements between them. As a result, the obtained entanglement entropy depending on the soliton velocity provides strong evidence that the resulting laser is derived from Hawking radiation with quantum correlation generated by pair production from the vacuum.

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45

Betzios, Panos, Nava Gaddam, and Olga Papadoulaki. "Black hole S-matrix for a scalar field." Journal of High Energy Physics 2021, no. 7 (July 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep07(2021)017.

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Abstract We describe a unitary scattering process, as observed from spatial infinity, of massless scalar particles on an asymptotically flat Schwarzschild black hole background. In order to do so, we split the problem in two different regimes governing the dynamics of the scattering process. The first describes the evolution of the modes in the region away from the horizon and can be analysed in terms of the effective Regge-Wheeler potential. In the near horizon region, where the Regge-Wheeler potential becomes insignificant, the WKB geometric optics approximation of Hawking’s is replaced by the near-horizon gravitational scattering matrix that captures non-perturbative soft graviton exchanges near the horizon. We perform an appropriate matching for the scattering solutions of these two dynamical problems and compute the resulting Bogoliubov relations, that combines both dynamics. This allows us to formulate an S-matrix for the scattering process that is manifestly unitary. We discuss the analogue of the (quasi)-normal modes in this setup and the emergence of gravitational echoes that follow an original burst of radiation as the excited black hole relaxes to equilibrium.

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