Journal articles on the topic 'Analogue Behavioural Models (ABM)'
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WOŹNIAK, Łukasz, Paweł SURDACKI, and Leszek JAROSZYŃSKI. "THE NUMERICAL MODEL OF 2G YBCO SUPERCONDUCTING TAPE IN THE WINDINGS OF THE TRANSFORMER." Applied Computer Science 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/acs-2017-11.
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Computer assisted calculations consists in applying software for the simu-lation of models of certain devices and later analysing their behavior under given conditions corresponding to real working conditions in a specific environment.The paper proposes a circuit model of 2G YBCO super-conducting tape created in the PSpice program. The model consists of passive blocks and active user blocks of analogue behavioural modelling (ABM). ABM blocks calculate the conductances, the currents of the indi-vidual layers of the superconducting tape, its thermal capacity, the heating power, the cooling power and resulting temperature of the tape. The model uses table of thermal power density passed to the liquid nitrogen vs. temperature. Smooth transition of the YBCO superconductor layer into the resistive state is described by Rhyner’s power law. The developed model was used for generating waveforms of thermal and electrical quantities.
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De Jonghe, D., and G. Gielen. "Compact trajectory-based behavioural models for analogue circuits." Electronics Letters 46, no. 15 (2010): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2010.0928.
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Parovik, Roman. "Mathematical Modeling of Linear Fractional Oscillators." Mathematics 8, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8111879.
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In this work, based on Newton’s second law, taking into account heredity, an equation is derived for a linear hereditary oscillator (LHO). Then, by choosing a power-law memory function, the transition to a model equation with Gerasimov–Caputo fractional derivatives is carried out. For the resulting model equation, local initial conditions are set (the Cauchy problem). Numerical methods for solving the Cauchy problem using an explicit non-local finite-difference scheme (ENFDS) and the Adams–Bashforth–Moulton (ABM) method are considered. An analysis of the errors of the methods is carried out on specific test examples. It is shown that the ABM method is more accurate and converges faster to an exact solution than the ENFDS method. Forced oscillations of linear fractional oscillators (LFO) are investigated. Using the ABM method, the amplitude–frequency characteristics (AFC) were constructed, which were compared with the AFC obtained by the analytical formula. The Q-factor of the LFO is investigated. It is shown that the orders of fractional derivatives are responsible for the intensity of energy dissipation in fractional vibrational systems. Specific mathematical models of LFOs are considered: a fractional analogue of the harmonic oscillator, fractional oscillators of Mathieu and Airy. Oscillograms and phase trajectories were constructed using the ABM method for various values of the parameters included in the model equation. The interpretation of the simulation results is carried out.
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Rahmani, Jamal, Jalaledin Mirzay Razaz, Naser Kalantari, Leandro M. T. Garcia, Seyed Peyman Shariatpanahi, Hiba Bawadi, Jacqueline Y. Thompson, Paul M. Ryan, Heitor O. Santos, and Arezoo Haghighian Roudsari. "Dynamic conceptual framework to investigate adoption of healthy diet through agent-based modelling." British Food Journal 123, no. 8 (February 17, 2021): 2743–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-09-2020-0828.
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PurposeThe purpose of this research is to develop a dynamic conceptual framework depicting factors related to the adoption of a healthy diet, which will underpin the development of an agent-based model (ABM) to uncover the dynamic interplay between these factors.Design/methodology/approachThe conceptual framework was developed in three steps using available empirical data from a semi-structured in-depth interview qualitative study, comprehensive systematic literature searches, existing theories and models and expert opinions from across the world.FindingsThe conceptual framework explicitly presents intention as the key determinant of the tendency to adopt a healthy diet. Intention is determined by demographic, psychological and behavioural factors and individual dietary mindset factors and dynamically affected by social environment and the person's past behaviour. The relationship between intention and behaviour is dynamically moderated by perceived control factors (price and accessibility of healthy food and time).Originality/valueThe conceptual framework developed in this study is well supported by evidence and experts' opinions. This conceptual framework will be used to design the ABM of this study, and it can be used in future investigations on the tendency to adopt healthy diet and food choices.
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Dobson, Andrew D. M., Emiel de Lange, Aidan Keane, Harriet Ibbett, and E. J. Milner-Gulland. "Integrating models of human behaviour between the individual and population levels to inform conservation interventions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1781 (July 29, 2019): 20180053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0053.
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Conservation takes place within social–ecological systems, and many conservation interventions aim to influence human behaviour in order to push these systems towards sustainability. Predictive models of human behaviour are potentially powerful tools to support these interventions. This is particularly true if the models can link the attributes and behaviour of individuals with the dynamics of the social and environmental systems within which they operate. Here we explore this potential by showing how combining two modelling approaches (social network analysis, SNA, and agent-based modelling, ABM) could lead to more robust insights into a particular type of conservation intervention. We use our simple model, which simulates knowledge of ranger patrols through a hunting community and is based on empirical data from a Cambodian protected area, to highlight the complex, context-dependent nature of outcomes of information-sharing interventions, depending both on the configuration of the network and the attributes of the agents. We conclude by reflecting that both SNA and ABM, and many other modelling tools, are still too compartmentalized in application, either in ecology or social science, despite the strong methodological and conceptual parallels between their uses in different disciplines. Even a greater sharing of methods between disciplines is insufficient, however; given the impact of conservation on both the social and ecological aspects of systems (and vice versa), a fully integrated approach is needed, combining both the modelling approaches and the disciplinary insights of ecology and social science. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.
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D’Alessandro, Marco, Giuseppe Gallitto, Antonino Greco, and Luigi Lombardi. "A Joint Modelling Approach to Analyze Risky Decisions by Means of Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Behavioural Data." Brain Sciences 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030138.
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Understanding dependencies between brain functioning and cognition is a challenging task which might require more than applying standard statistical models to neural and behavioural measures to be accomplished. Recent developments in computational modelling have demonstrated the advantage to formally account for reciprocal relations between mathematical models of cognition and brain functional, or structural, characteristics to relate neural and cognitive parameters on a model-based perspective. This would allow to account for both neural and behavioural data simultaneously by providing a joint probabilistic model for the two sources of information. In the present work we proposed an architecture for jointly modelling the reciprocal relation between behavioural and neural information in the context of risky decision-making. More precisely, we offered a way to relate Diffusion Tensor Imaging data to cognitive parameters of a computational model accounting for behavioural outcomes in the popular Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Results show that the proposed architecture has the potential to account for individual differences in task performances and brain structural features by letting individual-level parameters to be modelled by a joint distribution connecting both sources of information. Such a joint modelling framework can offer interesting insights in the development of computational models able to investigate correspondence between decision-making and brain structural connectivity.
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Sosin, I., Y. Chuev, and O. Goncharova. "Integrated Identification of New Substantional Gadget Addiction: With Selfie-mania Phenomenon Model." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1254.
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IntroductionModern selfie-infatuation extent went far beyond fashion and subculture causing distinct tendency to non-chemical addiction state transformation requiring evidential scientific identification.Aims and objectivesTo develop clinical-psychological and classification basis for new type of gadget addiction (selfie-mania), prevention and approaches to mental correction and rehabilitation.MethodSelfie attitude testing of 157 respondents-students, and internet resources topical data analysis were done.ResultsBehaviour models were rubricated, design and content, causes, clinical-psychological description, selfie-phenomenon prevalence were clarified. It allows to state selfie-addiction specific key symptoms, conforming to ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for addiction states:– psychological and emotional supercomfort feeling during realizing selfie-interventions (substantional analogue of euphoria phenomenon caused by psychoactive substances in narcology);– desire for permanent updating and layouting in social networks selfie-portraits, selfie-positions (impulse control disorder analogue);– selfie-modifying need causing adrenaline extreme and life threat (analogues: compulsive craving, megadoses, overdosages, amnesias);– obsessive craving to increase daily number of selfie-shots (tolerance syndrome analogue);– constant foreshortening change of selfie-interventions (analogue: experimentation with different psychoactive substances, searching behaviour);– selfie-destruction psychopathological consequences (neurotism, mental and behavioural disorders, group pattern of behavioural selfie-deviations);– formation of associated comorbid chemical and other substantional addiction forms;– selfie-deprivation syndrome (analogue: alcohol or drug withdrawal syndrome);– interdisciplinary range of problems (professional sphere of study for sociologists, psychologists, neurologists, psychiatrists, narcologists, psychotherapists, sexopathologists, lawyers).ConclusionsSelfie-addiction problem recognition is necessary on the level of inclusion to ICD, that will allow to develop scientific, legal and clinical base for integrated prevention, rehabilitation and treatment.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Zhao, Na, Congcong Lei, Hui Liu, and Chunlin Wu. "Improving the Effectiveness of Organisational Collaborative Innovation in Megaprojects: An Agent-Based Modelling Approach." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 25, 2022): 9070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159070.
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As the complexity, breadth of expertise and number of agents involved in megaprojects grow, collaborative innovation models become invaluable for helping to achieve sustainable project development. On this basis, the purpose of this study is to explore the innovation output mechanisms used for collaborative innovation in megaproject (CIMP) systems by the agent-based modelling (ABM) approach, and to promote the efficiency and effectiveness of organisational collaborative innovation through variable controls. A multi-agent simulation CIMP model was developed using the NetLogo tool. The model encompasses the behavioural factors and interaction rules that affect organisational CIMP. Four simulations were conducted, and the results showed that (1) the innovation environment, including policy environment, cultural climate, and engineering demand, has a positive effect on the output rate of CIMP; (2) a larger scale of innovative network organisation accelerates innovation output; (3) innovative organisations must avoid enforcing high standards for cooperation, communication, and recognition abilities when selecting partner organisations; (4) innovative organisations’ ability to absorb technology, information, and knowledge is positively related to output, while an increase in behavioural costs reduces the scale of innovative network organisations, thereby affecting their output. This study developed its CIMP theory from the perspective of organisational behaviour. The findings are expected to provide methodological and practical guidance for the selection of innovation agents, behavioural patterns, and for guaranteeing efficient innovation in collaborative megaproject organisations.
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Jakovljevic, Mirko, Zeljko Mrcarica, Peter A. Fotiu, Helmut Detter, and Vanco Litovski. "Transient electro-thermal simulation of microsystems with space-continuous thermal models in an analogue behavioural simulator." Microelectronics Reliability 40, no. 3 (March 2000): 507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-2714(99)00251-6.
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Wilkie, Lowri, Zoe Fisher, and Andrew H. Kemp. "The ‘Rippling’ Waves of Wellbeing: A Mixed Methods Evaluation of a Surf-Therapy Intervention on Patients with Acquired Brain Injury." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 4, 2022): 9605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159605.
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Dominant psychological models of wellbeing neglect the role that nature connection and other key factors, such as positive health behaviours and behaviour change, play in determining wellbeing. The present mixed-methods evaluation explores the impact of ”Surf-Ability”, an adapted surf therapy intervention delivered in collaboration with a UK neurorehabilitation service, on individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI) as part of an effort to design interventions based on advances in wellbeing science. Following five surf-therapy sessions, within-subjects analysis (n= 15) revealed significant improvements on the Warwick–Edinburgh mental wellbeing scale (t (15) = −2.164, p = 0.048), as well as in anxiety and happiness as measured via a brief visual analogue. No significant changes occurred in the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) or resting heart rate variability (HRV). A ripple effects mapping (REM) session at 6–10 months follow-up (n = 6) revealed that the physical and psychological experience of a nature-based challenge initiated a mindset shift in participants, which ultimately led to them adopting wellbeing-promoting long-term behaviour changes. These changes occurred at the scale of (1) individual wellbeing—increased mindfulness and physical activity; (2) collective wellbeing—improved relationships, community participation and contribution to organisations; and (3) planetary wellbeing—connection to nature. These findings align with the GENIAL theoretical framework, which defines wellbeing from a biopsychosocial ecological perspective across multiple levels of scale. The findings support the need for healthcare providers—including neurorehabilitation services—to enhance interventions for patients by incorporating novel factors that improve wellbeing, such as nature-connection.
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Foss, Jeffery D., Daniel J. Farkas, Lana M. Huynh, William A. Kinney, Douglas E. Brenneman, and Sara Jane Ward. "Behavioural and pharmacological effects of cannabidiol (CBD) and the cannabidiol analogue KLS‐13019 in mouse models of pain and reinforcement." British Journal of Pharmacology 178, no. 15 (May 15, 2021): 3067–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.15486.
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Barone Gibbs, Bethany, Andrea L. Hergenroeder, Sophy J. Perdomo, Robert J. Kowalsky, Anthony Delitto, and John M. Jakicic. "Reducing sedentary behaviour to decrease chronic low back pain: the stand back randomised trial." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 75, no. 5 (January 12, 2018): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104732.
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ObjectiveThe Stand Back study evaluated the feasibility and effects of a multicomponent intervention targeting reduced prolonged sitting and pain self-management in desk workers with chronic low back pain (LBP).MethodsThis randomised controlled trial recruited 27 individuals with chronic LBP, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) >10% and desk jobs (sitting ≥20 hours/week). Participants were randomised within strata of ODI (>10%–<20%, ≥20%) to receive bimonthly behavioural counselling (in-person and telephone), a sit-stand desk attachment, a wrist-worn activity-prompting device and cognitive behavioural therapy for LBP self-management or control. Self-reported work sitting time, visual analogue scales (VAS) for LBP and the ODI were assessed by monthly, online questionnaires and compared across intervention groups using linear mixed models.ResultsBaseline mean (SD) age was 52 (11) years, 78% were women, and ODI was 24.1 (10.5)%. Across the 6-month follow-up in models adjusted for baseline value, work sitting time was 1.5 hour/day (P<0.001) lower comparing intervention to controls. Also across follow-up, ODI was on average 8 points lower in intervention versus control (P=0.001). At 6 months, the relative decrease in ODI from baseline was 50% in intervention and 14% in control (P=0.042). LBP from VAS was not significantly reduced in intervention versus control, though small-to-moderate effect sizes favouring the intervention were observed (Cohen’s d ranged from 0.22 to 0.42).ConclusionAn intervention coupling behavioural counselling targeting reduced sedentary behaviour and pain self-management is a translatable treatment strategy that shows promise for treating chronic LBP in desk-bound employees.Trial registration numberNCT0224687; Pre-results.
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Stapelberg, Nicolas J. C., Nicolas R. Smoll, Marcus Randall, Dinesh Palipana, Bryan Bui, Kristine Macartney, Gulam Khandaker, and Andre Wattiaux. "A Discrete-Event, Simulated Social Agent-Based Network Transmission (DESSABNeT) model for communicable diseases: Method and validation using SARS-CoV-2 data in three large Australian cities." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 21, 2021): e0251737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251737.
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Importance During pandemics Agent Based Models (ABMs) can model complex, fine-grained behavioural interactions occurring in social networks, that contribute to disease transmission by novel viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. Objective We present a new agent-based model (ABM) called the Discrete-Event, Simulated Social Agent based Network Transmission model (DESSABNeT) and demonstrate its ability to model the spread of COVID-19 in large cities like Sydney, Melbourne and Gold Coast. Our aim was to validate the model with its disease dynamics and underlying social network. Design DESSABNeT relies on disease transmission within simulated social networks. It employs an epidemiological SEIRD+M (Susceptible, exposed, infected, recovered, died and managed) structure. One hundred simulations were run for each city, with simulated social restrictions closely modelling real restrictions imposed in each location. Main outcome(s) and measure(s) The mean predicted daily incidence of COVID-19 cases were compared to real case incidence data for each city. Reff and health service utilisation outputs were compared to the literature, or for the Gold Coast with daily incidence of hospitalisation. Results DESSABNeT modelled multiple physical distancing restrictions and predicted epidemiological outcomes of Sydney, Melbourne and the Gold Coast, validating this model for future simulation work. Conclusions and relevance DESSABNeT is a valid platform to model the spread of COVID-19 in large cities in Australia and potentially internationally. The platform is suitable to model different combinations of social restrictions, or to model contact tracing, predict, and plan for, the impact on hospital and ICU admissions, and deaths; and also the rollout of COVID-19 vaccines and optimal social restrictions during vaccination.
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Shirvani, Mohammad, and Georges Kesserwani. "Flood–pedestrian simulator for modelling human response dynamics during flood-induced evacuation: Hillsborough stadium case study." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 10 (October 20, 2021): 3175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3175-2021.
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Abstract. The flood–pedestrian simulator uses a parallel approach to couple a hydrodynamic model to a pedestrian model in a single agent-based modelling (ABM) framework on graphics processing units (GPU), allowing dynamic exchange and processing of multiple-agent information across the two models. The simulator is enhanced with more realistic human body characteristics and in-model behavioural rules. The new features are implemented in the pedestrian model to factor in age- and gender-related walking speeds for the pedestrians in dry zones around the floodwater and to include a maximum excitement condition. It is also adapted to use age-related moving speeds for pedestrians inside the floodwater, with either a walking condition or a running condition. The walking and running conditions are applicable without and with an existing two-way interaction condition that considers the effects of pedestrian congestion on the floodwater spreading. A new autonomous change of direction condition is proposed to make pedestrian agents autonomous in wayfinding decisions driven by their individual perceptions of the flood risk or the dominant choice made by the others. The relevance of the newly added characteristics and rules is demonstrated by applying the augmented simulator to reproduce a synthetic test case of a flood evacuation in a shopping centre, to then contrast its outcomes against the version of the simulator that does not consider age and gender in the agent characteristics. The enhanced simulator is demonstrated for a real-world case study of a mass evacuation from the Hillsborough football stadium, showing usefulness for flood emergency evacuation planning in outdoor spaces where destination choice and individual risk perception have great influence on the simulation outcomes.
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Meyer, Johanna M., Alex Kirk, Joanna J. Arch, Peter J. Kelly, and Brett J. Deacon. "Beliefs about safety behaviours in the prediction of safety behaviour use." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 47, no. 6 (April 12, 2019): 631–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465819000298.
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AbstractBackground: Safety behaviours are ubiquitous across anxiety disorders and are associated with the aetiology, maintenance and exacerbation of anxiety. Cognitive behavioural models posit that beliefs about safety behaviours directly influence their use. Therefore, beliefs about safety behaviours may be an important component in decreasing safety behaviour use. Unfortunately, little empirical research has evaluated this theorized relationship.Aims: The present study aimed to examine the predictive relationship between beliefs about safety behaviours and safety behaviour use while controlling for anxiety severity.Method: Adults with clinically elevated levels of social anxiety (n = 145) and anxiety sensitivity (n = 109) completed an online survey that included established measures of safety behaviour use, quality of life, and anxiety severity. Participants also completed the Safety Behaviour Scale (SBS), a measure created for the current study which includes a transdiagnostic checklist of safety behaviours, as well as questions related to safety behaviour use and beliefs about safety behaviours.Results: Within both the social anxiety and anxiety sensitivity groups, positive beliefs about safety behaviours predicted greater safety behaviour use, even when controlling for anxiety severity. Certain beliefs were particularly relevant in predicting safety behaviour use within each of the clinical analogue groups.Conclusions: Findings suggest that efforts to decrease safety behaviour use during anxiety treatment may benefit from identifying and modifying positive beliefs about safety behaviours.
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Vivell, Maj-Britt, Vanessa Opladen, Silja Vocks, and Andrea S. Hartmann. "Short-term functions and long-term consequences of checking behavior as a transdiagnostic phenomenon: protocol for a systematic review." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (April 2022): e056732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056732.
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IntroductionChecking behaviour (CB) occurs in various mental health problems. Cognitive-behavioural models for these mental disorders share similar theoretical assumptions. Thus, they postulate a negative reinforcing effect of CB by reducing negative affect (ie, anxiety) and a maintenance of the pathology due to a lack of reality testing of concerns. This paper details methods for a systematic review that will be conducted to synthesise empirical evidence testing these theoretical assumptions across obsessive–compulsive, generalised anxiety, eating, body dysmorphic and illness anxiety disorder. The results are expected to foster our understanding of the mechanisms of action underlying CB, which is of high clinical relevance. Depending on whether or not the findings confirm the model assumptions regarding CB, the focus of treatments would need to be intensified or modified.Methods and analysisWe will search PsycINFO, PubMed, PSYNDEX and Scopus for studies investigating the emotional state in which CB is being used as well as the immediate and longer-term effects of CB on cognitive and emotional measures in clinical and analogue samples. The selection process, data extraction and quality assessment of included studies will be performed by two independent reviewers. In the case of inconsistencies, a third reviewer will be involved. Study results will be reported in a narrative synthesis.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval will not be required as this is a protocol for systematic review. The results are mainly disseminated through peer-reviewed publications.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021238835.
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Beach, J., and N. Cherry. "Course participation and the recognition and reporting of occupational ill-health." Occupational Medicine 69, no. 7 (October 2019): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqz112.
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Abstract Background The Foundation Course in Occupational Medicine for community-based physicians was started in Alberta in 2012 and has since been implemented across Canada. As part of the evaluation of the first 4 years, two studies were initiated to assess the impact of the course on assessment of work-relatedness and case-reporting. Aims To determine whether assessment of work-relatedness, intention to report cases and number of cases reported to the Workers’ Compensation Board (WCB) changed during/after the course. Methods In study 1, course participants were asked to rate scenarios describing ill-health potentially resulting from work. They rated work-relatedness on a visual analogue scale and recorded whether they would report to the WCB. Assessments were made before the course started, after course completion or both. In study 2, numbers of reports to the WCB were documented for physicians giving consent, both for Foundation Course participants and a comparison group of community-based physicians. Multilevel regression models were fitted to allow for potential confounders and clustering within respondent. Results Among 102 physicians completing at least one set of scenario assessments, ratings of work-relatedness (β = 6.5; 95% CI 2.6–10.4) and likelihood of reporting to the WCB (OR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.2–3.1) increased significantly post-course. The mean annual number of cases reported to the WCB increased from 91.8 to 125.7 among the 35 Alberta physicians included in study 2. This change was only significant (P < 0.05) on a one-sided test. Conclusion The two evaluative studies showed good evidence of changes in perceptions and intentions but only weak evidence of behavioural change.
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Robbins, Sarah Rubia, Luciano Ricardo S. Melo, Hema Urban, Leticia A. Deveza, Rebecca Asher, Victoria L. Johnson, and David J. Hunter. "Stepped care approach for medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis (STrEAMline): protocol for a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 7, no. 12 (December 2017): e018495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018495.
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IntroductionCurrent guidelines recommend tailored interventions to optimise knee osteoarthritis (OA) management. However, models of care still have a ‘one size fits all’ approach, which is suboptimal as it ignores patient heterogeneity. This study aims to compare a stepped care strategy with standard care for overweight and obese persons with medial tibiofemoral OA.Methods and analysisParticipants will be randomised into two groups (85 each). The intervention will receive a diet and exercise programme for 18 weeks in the first step of the study. Disease remission will then be assessed using the Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS). PASS is defined as the highest level of symptom beyond which patients consider themselves well and takes into account pain intensity, patient’s global assessment of disease activity and degree of functional impairment. In the second step, participants in remission will continue with diet and exercise. If remission is not achieved, participants will be assigned in a hierarchical order to cognitive behavioural therapy, knee brace or muscle strengthening for 12 weeks. The intervention will be decided based on their clinical presentation for symptoms of depression and varus malalignment. Participants without depression or varus malalignment will undertake a muscle strengthening programme. The control group will receive educational material related to OA management. Main inclusion criteria are age ≥50 years, radiographic medial tibiofemoral OA, body mass index (BMI) ≥28 kg/m2, knee pain ≥40 (Visual Analogue Scale, 0–100), PASS (0–100) >32 for pain and global assessment, and 31 for functional impairment. Outcomes will be measured at 20-week and 32-week visits. The primary outcome is disease remission at 32 weeks. Other outcomes include functional mobility; patient-reported outcomes; BMI; waist-hip ratio; quadriceps strength; symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress; and knee range of motion. The analysis will be performed according to the intention-to-treat principle.Ethics and disseminationThe local ethics committee approved this protocol (HREC/14/HAWKE/381). Dissemination will occur through presentations at international conferences and publication in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberACTRN12615000227594.
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Safarzynska, Karolina, and Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh. "ABM-IAM: Optimal climate policy under bounded rationality and multiple inequalities." Environmental Research Letters, August 19, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac8b25.
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Abstract Despite considerable concern about potentially inequitable effects of climate policy, models fall short in assessing their implications for policy design. To address this issue, we develop an agent-based climate-economy model, ABM-IAM, as a disaggregated, behavioural approach to integrated climate assessment. It describes networks of heterogeneous consumers, banks, power plants and firms, and is calibrated on patterns of growth and carbon dioxide emissions generated by the DICE model of Nordhaus. Whereas the latter assumes full employment and abstains from a financial sector and inequality considerations, our approach relaxes these restrictions to obtain a more reliable assessment of climate policy impacts. We show that inequalities in labour and capital income serve as essential but overlooked links between climate-change damages and optimal climate policy. Our result show that lower inequalities of labour income increase the social cost of carbon (SCC), while the impact of capital income inequalities on the SCC depends on the share of population receiving capital rents.
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Harvey, Martyn, Jamie Sleigh, Logan Voss, Mike Bickerdike, Ivaylo Dimitrov, and William Denny. "KEA-1010, a ketamine ester analogue, retains analgesic and sedative potency but is devoid of Psychomimetic effects." BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 20, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40360-019-0374-y.
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Abstract Background Ketamine, a widely used anaesthetic and analgesic agent, is known to improve the analgesic efficacy of opioids and to attenuate central sensitisation and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Clinical use is, however, curtailed by unwanted psychomimetic effects thought to be mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism. KEA-1010, a ketamine ester-analogue designed for rapid offset of hypnosis through hydrolysis mediated break-down, has been shown to result in short duration sedation yet prolonged attenuation of nociceptive responses in animal models. Here we report on behavioural effects following KEA-1010 administration to rodents. Methods KEA-1010 was compared with racemic ketamine in its ability to produce loss of righting reflex following intravenous injection in rats. Analgesic activity was assessed in thermal tail flick latency (TFL) and paw incision models when injected acutely and when co-administered with fentanyl. Tail flick analgesic assessment was further undertaken in morphine tolerant rats. Behavioural aberration was assessed following intravenous injection in rats undergoing TFL assessment and in auditory pre-pulse inhibition models. Results KEA-1010 demonstrated an ED50 similar to ketamine for loss of righting reflex following bolus intravenous injection (KEA-1010 11.4 mg/kg [95% CI 10.6 to 12.3]; ketamine (racemic) 9.6 mg/kg [95% CI 8.5–10.9]). Duration of hypnosis was four-fold shorter in KEA-1010 treated animals. KEA-1010 prolonged thermal tail flick responses comparably with ketamine when administered de novo, and augmented morphine-induced prolongation of tail flick when administered acutely. The analgesic effect of KEA-1010 on thermal tail flick was preserved in opioid tolerant rats. KEA-1010 resulted in increased paw-withdrawal thresholds in a rat paw incision model, similar in magnitude yet more persistent than that seen with fentanyl injection, and additive when co-administered with fentanyl. In contrast to ketamine, behavioural aberration following KEA-1010 injection was largely absent and no pre-pulse inhibition to acoustic startle was observed following KEA-1010 administration in rats. Conclusions KEA-1010 provides antinociceptive efficacy in acute thermal and mechanical pain models that augments standard opioid analgesia and is preserved in opioid tolerant rodents. The NMDA channel affinity and psychomimetic signature of the parent compound ketamine is largely absent for KEA-1010.
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Irvine, Elaine E., Loukia Katsouri, Florian Plattner, Hind Al-Qassab, Rand Al-Nackkash, Gillian P. Bates, and Dominic J. Withers. "Genetic deletion of S6k1 does not rescue the phenotypic deficits observed in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington’s disease." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (November 6, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52391-3.
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Abstract Huntington’s disease (HD) is a fatal inherited autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion in the number of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the huntingtin gene. The disease is characterized by motor, behavioural and cognitive symptoms for which at present there are no disease altering treatments. It has been shown that manipulating the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway using rapamycin or its analogue CCI-779 can improve the cellular and behavioural phenotypes of HD models. Ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) is a major downstream signalling molecule of mTOR, and its activity is reduced by rapamycin suggesting that deregulation of S6K1 activity may be beneficial in HD. Furthermore, S6k1 knockout mice have increased lifespan and improvement in age-related phenotypes. To evalute the potential benefit of S6k1 loss on HD-related phenotypes, we crossed the R6/2 HD model with the long-lived S6k1 knockout mouse line. We found that S6k1 knockout does not ameliorate behavioural or physiological phenotypes in the R6/2 mouse model. Additionally, no improvements were seen in brain mass reduction or mutant huntingtin protein aggregate levels. Therefore, these results suggest that while a reduction in S6K1 signalling has beneficial effects on ageing it is unlikely to be a therapeutic strategy for HD patients.
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Thornberry, Conor, Jose M. Cimadevilla, and Sean Commins. "Virtual Morris water maze: opportunities and challenges." Reviews in the Neurosciences, April 12, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2020-0149.
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Abstract The ability to accurately recall locations and navigate our environment relies on multiple cognitive mechanisms. The behavioural and neural correlates of spatial navigation have been repeatedly examined using different types of mazes and tasks with animals. Accurate performances of many of these tasks have proven to depend on specific circuits and brain structures and some have become the standard test of memory in many disease models. With the introduction of virtual reality (VR) to neuroscience research, VR tasks have become a popular method of examining human spatial memory and navigation. However, the types of VR tasks used to examine navigation across laboratories appears to greatly differ, from open arena mazes and virtual towns to driving simulators. Here, we examined over 200 VR navigation papers, and found that the most popular task used is the virtual analogue of the Morris water maze (VWM). Although we highlight the many advantages of using the VWM task, there are also some major difficulties related to the widespread use of this behavioural method. Despite the task’s popularity, we demonstrate an inconsistency of use – particularly with respect to the environmental setup and procedures. Using different versions of the virtual water maze makes replication of findings and comparison of results across researchers very difficult. We suggest the need for protocol and design standardisation, alongside other difficulties that need to be addressed, if the virtual water maze is to become the ‘gold standard’ for human spatial research similar to its animal counterpart.
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Marcet-Rius, Míriam, Tiago Mendonça, Patrick Pageat, Sana Arroub, Cécile Bienboire-Frosini, Camille Chabaud, Eva Teruel, and Alessandro Cozzi. "Effect of wither application of an analogue of pig appeasing pheromone on encounters between unfamiliar mini-pigs." Porcine Health Management 8, no. 1 (December 14, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40813-022-00294-7.
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Abstract Background The practice of mixing unfamiliar pigs on farms is common but results in fighting, welfare problems and performance issues. Pigs have different ways of resolving social conflicts, including aggressive and affiliative behaviours. Synthetic appeasing pheromones have demonstrated many positive effects in animal husbandry and are regularly used by breeders to improve animal welfare and performance. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a new method of applying pig appeasing-pheromone (PAP) to the withers in an experimental model of pig mixing to determine whether PAP reduced aggression and fighting, increased prosocial behaviours, and improved behavioural and physiological indicators of welfare. Results PAP reduced fighting between mini-pigs (df = 1; F = 13.47; P = 0.001; mixed logistic regression). Even if not significant, agonistic behaviours tended to be reduced when the treatment was applied (df = 1; F = 4.14; P = 0.058; mixed logistic regression). Likewise, mini-pigs seemed to be scored as not aggressive at all (df = 1; F = 3.61; P = 0.070; GLMM) and to be less aggressive toward the other pig than when placebo was applied. Concerning the latency of the first contact without aggression, a significant effect was found between the PAP and placebo groups (df = 1; χ2 = 4.74; P = 0.0295; Cox model). Moreover, even if not significant, the treated mini-pigs seemed to spent more time looking at each other (df = 1; F = 3.59; P = 0.071; GLMM) and immobile and/or ground sniffing (df = 1; F = 3.18; P = 0.088; GLMM) than those that received placebo. No significant difference was found between groups for salivary cortisol concentration (df = 1; F = 0.10; P = 0.752; GLMM), but variances between groups were heterogeneous at every time. No significant difference was found between groups regarding alpha-amylase activity (df = 1; F = 0.25; P = 0.621; GLMM), but variances between groups were heterogeneous at T0, T1 and T3. These results indicate that the variability (dispersion) within each group was lower when PAP was applied than when the placebo was applied. Conclusions The new method of applying PAP improved welfare of mini-pigs (as models of domestic pigs) by reducing fighting, among other interesting results. PAP seems thus a promising biomimetic tool to enhance animal welfare in pig production systems.