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Books on the topic 'Analgesics Administration'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Reinhard, Sittl, and Budd Keith, eds. Practice of transdermal pain therapy. Bremen: Uni-Med, 2005.

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2

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists., ed. Demystifying opioid conversion calculations: A guide for effective dosing. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 2010.

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3

Pasero, Chris. Pain assessment and pharmacologic management. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier/Mosby, 2011.

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4

Margo, McCaffery, ed. Pain assessment and pharmacologic management. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby, 2011.

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5

Nebreda, Carlos L. Manual de fármacos utilizados en el tratamiento del dolor crónico. Seattle: IASP, 2000.

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6

Perras, Christine. A prospective randomized study to compare patient controlled analgesia, continuous intravenous infusion and intermittent intramuscular injection of morphine for acute, intractable post-operative pain. [Ottawa]: Ottawa Civic Hospital, 1989.

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7

Michael, Ferrante F., Ostheimer Gerard W, and Covino Benjamin G. 1930-, eds. Patient-controlled analgesia. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990.

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8

Patient-controlled analgesia. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990.

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9

Costantino, Benedetti, Chapman C. Richard, Giron G. P. 1934-, Bonica John J. 1917-, International Association for the Study of Pain., and World Congress on Pain (5th : 1987 : Hamburg, Germany), eds. Opioid analgesia: Recent advances in systemic administration. New York: Raven Press, 1990.

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10

Dumais, Lisa Jane. Factors influencing nurses' decisions regarding dosage of analgesics administered to post-operative patients. 1992.

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11

Fallon, Marie T., and Nathan I. Cherny. Opioid therapy: optimizing analgesic outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0094.

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Treatment with analgesic drugs is the mainstay of cancer pain management. The major group of drugs used in cancer pain management is the opioid analgesics. During the last 30 years, there has been a dramatic increase in our knowledge of the sites and mechanism of action of the opioids. The development of analytical methods has also been of great importance in facilitating pharmacokinetic studies of the disposition and fate of opioids in patients. More recently, advances in genomic research have indicated the potential importance of pharmacogenetic factors in the response to opioid analgesics. These studies have begun to offer us a better understanding of some of the sources of variation between individuals in their response to opioids and to suggest ways of minimizing some of their adverse effects. This chapter presents a comprehensive discussion of the pre-clinical pharmacology and clinical aspects of opioid analgesia and the principles of opioid administration.
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12

Bromley, Lesley. The pharmacology of the drugs used in acute pain. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0002.

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Drug treatment is the mainstay of acute pain management. An understanding of the pharmacology of the drugs used is essential for rational acute pain management. Drugs that have a primary analgesic action have been used traditionally. Recently, adjunct drugs and combinations have been shown to be more effective than analgesics alone. In the past 20 years, the route of administration and the timing of analgesic drugs have played a greater part in efficient acute pain management.
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13

Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Neurological drugs. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0013.

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Opioid and non-opioid analgesics in the ICU 206Sedation management in ICU 208Muscle relaxants 210Anticonvulsant drugs 212Cerebroprotective agents 214Mannitol and hypertonic saline 216Opioid analgesic drugs remain the mainstay of pain relief in the Critical Care Unit. Abnormal GI function in the critically sick consequently makes enteral administration undesirable. IV administration remains the mainstay. Pharmacokinetic considerations consequent upon organ dysfunction leading to altered absorption, distribution and metabolism usually play the most important role in the choice of agent....
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14

C, Richard Ph D. Chapman, and Constantino Benedetti. Opioid Analgesia: Recent Advances in Systemic Administration (Advances in Pain Research and Therapy). Raven Pr, 1990.

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15

Aliza, Holtz, and Procter & Gamble Company., eds. Advances in the management of acute pain: Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by Procter & Gamble Company, Monterrey, Mexico, March 1996. London: Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1996.

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16

Wagg, Adrian, and Shashi Gadgil. Acute pain in the elderly. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0011.

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Physiological changes that occur with age affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs used in acute pain management. Elderly patients are often reluctant to complain of pain and seek treatment and may sometimes be unable to express pain due to impaired cognition or language. Evidence suggests the elderly as a group that receive inadequate analgesia and are often in pain. Health care professionals are often reluctant to administer sufficient analgesia due to fear of encouraging addiction or inducing side effects. The approach to pain management in this group should follow the World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic ladder with close monitoring for potential side effects and with escalation of treatment till sufficient analgesia is achieved. Choice of drugs and the route of administration should be tailored to the individual patient and should consider the nature of their pain and any disability or co-morbidity that will affect their response to the chosen agent. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be used with extreme caution, monitoring for potential gastrointestinal (GI) and renal side effects and long-term use should be avoided if possible. Opioids are effective analgesics and should not be denied to the elderly but their use should be monitored carefully and side effects such as nausea and constipation anticipated and treated.
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17

Welchew, Edward. Patient Controlled Analgesia: Principles and Practice Series (Principles and Practice of Gynecologic Oncology (Hoskins)). Wiley-Blackwell, 1995.

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18

R, Ferrari Lynne, ed. Anesthesia and pain management for the pediatrician. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.

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19

Chapman, Suzanne. The advent of patient-controlled analgesia for post-operative analgesia. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0050.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Patient-controlled analgesia: A new concept of postoperative pain relief’, published by Bennett et al. in 1982. This paper presents data from two investigations in which patient-controlled analgesia using morphine was evaluated in patients who had undergone elective gastric bypass surgery for the management of morbid obesity. The paper shows that patient-controlled analgesia achieved adequate analgesia more often than conventional intermittent analgesia did when both administration methods were compared, but with less sedation. In addition, patients who had experienced both methods of analgesia felt that patient-controlled analgesia was superior. The paper also demonstrates that individuals can vary in their analgesic requirements.
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20

Buttram, Sandra D. W., and Anne-Michelle Ruha. Toxicological Emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199918027.003.0017.

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This chapter includes essential information about common toxic exposures requiring pediatric intensive care unit care. Specific agents, grouped into categories, are reviewed, including analgesics (acetaminophen and aspirin), opiates, carbon monoxide, cardiovascular medications (calcium channel antagonists and β‎ blockers), tricyclic antidepressants, sulfonylureas, and toxic alcohols. An overview of each agent followed by clinical presentation, and appropriate diagnostic evaluation and management are provided, including alkalinization with administration of sodium bicarbonate, need for hemodialysis, and use of specific antidotes (e.g., naloxone, n-acetyl cysteine, glucagon, fomepizole).
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21

Farquhar-Smith, Paul. The additive analgesia of adrenaline in epidural blockade. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0058.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery’, published by Niemi and Breivik in 1998. The analgesic potential of neuraxial blockade has long been recognized. The extensive opioid receptor expression in areas germane to pain pathways gave credence to the effective clinical application of lower doses of neuraxial opioids compared with systemic administration. Preclinical data also proposed a potential spinal action of α‎2 agonists in achieving analgesia by a number of mechanisms, including a direct antinociceptive action and by reducing elution of other epidural drugs from the spinal effector site. Early clinical data failed to show a clear benefit from the addition of adrenaline to epidural infusions. Niemi and Breivik’s experiment addressed the methodological flaws of previous studies by using combinations of relatively sub-analgesic doses of each of the combined elements.
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22

Handbook Of Methadone Prescribing And Buprenorphine Therapy. Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 2013.

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23

Metzner, Julia, and Karen B. Domino. Procedural Sedation by Nonanesthesia Providers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0009.

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Although anesthesiologists and certified registered nurse anesthetists are experts in sedation/analgesia outside of the operating room, extensive demand in the face of limited resources has resulted in sedation being routinely performed by nonanesthesia health care providers. Safe administration of procedural sedation/analgesia by nonanesthesia professionals requires an understanding of the continuum of sedation/general anesthesia; extensive training and credentialing of personnel performing sedation; appropriate patient preparation and selection, with an anesthesia consult for higher-risk patients; adherence to fasting guidelines, standard equipment, and monitoring procedures; and a thorough knowledge of the pharmacologic and physiologic properties of sedative and analgesic drugs. This chapter briefly reviews the essential elements needed to develop a safe policy for sedation by nonanesthesia practitioners.
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24

E, Mace Sharon, Ducharme James, and Murphy Michael F, eds. Pain management and sedation: Emergency department management. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division, 2006.

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25

Mace, Sharon, James Ducharme, and Michael F. Murphy. Pain Management and Sedation: Emergency Department Management. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2005.

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26

Peripheral Nerve Blocks and Peri-operative Pain Relief. Saunders Ltd., 2004.

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27

Galvin, Sinead, Lisa Burry, and Sangeeta Mehta. Rethinking Sedation in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0040.

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Analgesic and sedative medications are commonly given to manage pain, anxiety, and delirium in critically ill patients; such agents are also used to facilitate painful procedures and to promote greater tolerance of mechanical ventilation. The manner in which we administer, titrate, and monitor analgesia and sedation in the ICU can have an impact on both short- and long-term patient outcomes. The benefit of sedation strategies that limit drug exposure and promote greater wakefulness and patient interaction has been demonstrated in several randomized trials. The overall objective of sedation in the ICU has changed, such that a calm, comfortable, awake, and interactive patient is the goal. This can be achieved using an individualized, restrictive, goal-directed, and protocolized approach to analgo-sedation. This chapter discusses specific medications for analgo-sedation, administration, and monitoring strategies, and how these strategies relate to delirium in the ICU.
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28

Sessler, Curtis N., and Katie M. Muzevich. Sedatives and anti-anxiety agents in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0042.

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Sedative and anti-anxiety agents are administered to many mechanically-ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients. While commonly considered supportive care, suboptimal administration of sedatives has been linked to longer duration of mechanical ventilation and longer ICU length of stay. The use of a structured multidisciplinary approach can help improve outcomes. The level of consciousness, as well as the presence and severity of agitation should be routinely evaluated using a validated sedation–agitation scale. The approach to delivery of sedation should be based upon specific goals, particularly mechanical ventilation, while maintaining the lightest possible level of sedation. Selection should be based upon clinical circumstances and patient characteristics, however, when continuous infusion sedation is required, experts suggest using non-benzodiazepine agents. A variety of strategies for sedation management have been demonstrated to be effective in clinical trials including use of protocols, targeting light sedation, preference of analgesics for initial therapy, use of intermittent, rather than continuous drug delivery when possible, and daily interruption of sedation. Finally, light sedation should be linked to performance of spontaneous breathing trials, as well as early mobilization.
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29

Bonnet, Francis, Marc E. Gentili, and Christophe Aveline. Post-surgical analgesia and acute pain management. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0046.

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Postoperative and acute pain remains uncontrolled in many instances, leading to the risk of development of chronic pain syndromes. After tissue damage, activation of postsynaptic NMDA receptors, also induced by opioid administration, plays a key role in postoperative pain sensitization, allodynia, and hyperalgesia. Pain intensity may depend on sex, age, anxiety, and genetic factors but in clinical practice, surgical procedure is the main determinant of pain, although pain may vary from one patient to one another. Serial pain measurements are mandatory to assess pain intensity and to guide pain treatment. They are based on unidimensional simple pain scales. Multimodal analgesia combining opioid and non-opioid agent and regional block or infiltration is the rule postoperatively, although evidence is sometimes lacking to support all the combinations commonly used. Opioids should be used on demand while other agents are administered systematically. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease opioid demand as well as paracetamol although to a less extend. Antihyperalgesic agents including NMDA blockers (ketamine) and α‎2-δ‎ ligands (gabapentin, pregabalin) have an opioid-sparing effect and may prevent the occurrence of chronic pain syndrome after surgery. Regional blocks and infiltration provide good quality analgesia but the balance between advantages and drawbacks of central block need to be evaluated carefully for each surgical procedure.
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30

McClune, Grace, and David Hill. Non-pharmacological methods of pain relief and systemic analgesia in labour. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0013.

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Pain in labour is an issue common to women the world over. Healthcare professionals have an important role in helping women to understand this pain and to make informed choices regarding its management. Pain relief for labour comes in many forms. This chapter explores the theory behind labour pain and then discusses the use of non-pharmacological methods of pain relief (complementary therapies) or systemic analgesia in labour. The non-pharmacological methods described include those that aim to reduce painful stimuli and those that modulate pain sensation by the activation of peripheral sensory receptors or the enhancement of descending inhibitory pathways. Systemic analgesia in labour described in this chapter includes the use of inhalational agents, non-opioid analgesia, and opioid analgesia. The rationale behind the use of each method described is discussed along with evidence regarding the efficacy and limitations where available. Routes of administration and dosing are included where applicable. The potential for maternal or neonatal side effects is highlighted and conclusions drawn for each method as to the implications of the evidence to use in practice.
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31

Ratcliff, Jonathan J., and David W. Wright. Neuroprotection for Traumatic Brain Injury. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0008.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common, clinically complex, heterogeneous global public health problem. Neuroprotection strategies focus on preventing secondary injury by creating a physiologic environment devoid of extremes while targeting normal physiologic parameters. Careful attention must be paid to aggressively avoid and treat hypoxia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, intracranial hypertension, and cerebral hypoperfusion (low cerebral perfusion pressure). Aggressive management of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure through optimal patient positioning, appropriate use of sedation and analgesia, and administration of hyperosmolar therapy remain the hallmark for the care of the TBI patient. Surgical decompressive craniectomy and hypothermia hold promise but remain controversial and should be used in carefully selected clinical situations. Early identification of injury progression is aided through careful monitoring by clinical examination and cerebral physiological monitoring. Multimodal monitoring provides an early warning system to guide appropriate clinical responses to identified deranged physiology.
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32

Jones, Alison L. Management of opioid poisoning. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0319.

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Opioids are ‘morphine like’ substances that have actions at specific opioid receptors (especially µ receptors) in the central nervous system (CNS). Tolerance of respiratory depression develops at a slower rate than analgesic tolerance, placing patients with a long history of opioid use at particular risk for respiratory depression. If chronic users abruptly stop taking opioids, they develop an acute withdrawal syndrome. Most opioid toxicity is the result of inadvertent overdosage during recreational use or in self-harm, but it can also be due to medication misuse and drug errors. It is characterized by three main clinical features (all may not be consistently present); depressed respiratory rate (the sine qua non of opioid poisoning) and respiratory volume, and reduced arterial oxygen desaturation, CNS depression, and small or pin-point pupils. Opioid-poisoned patients require early clinical assessment, appropriate administration of intravenous naloxone (competitive opioid antagonist) and meticulous respiratory supportive care, with close observation. Because of the longer half-life of opioids than naloxone, repeated doses may be needed for long-acting opioids or large doses of shorter acting opioids. If opioid antagonists are given to regular opioid users in excess, they can precipitate acute withdrawal symptoms. The need for ITU admission usually occurs as a result of a complication of the opioid toxicity.
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33

Higginson, Irene. Clinical Audit in Palliative Care. Scovill-Paterson, 1995.

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34

Irene, Higginson, ed. Clinical audit in palliative care. Oxford: Radcliffe Medical, 1993.

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35

M, Aronoff Gerald, ed. Pain centers: A revolution in health care. New York: Raven Press, 1988.

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