Relevant bibliographies by topics / Analgesics

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Academic literature on the topic 'Analgesics'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Analgesics"

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Lukito, Johan Indra. "Kombinasi Analgesik Non-opioid Intravena untuk Tata Laksana Nyeri Akut." Cermin Dunia Kedokteran 50, no. 9 (September 1, 2023): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v50i9.868.

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Konsep analgesia multimodal dianjurkan untuk pengobatan nyeri. Paracetamol dan nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) umumnya menjadi analgesik dasar, serta dikombinasikan dengan opioid sesuai kebutuhan. Analgesik intravena (IV) dapat menjadi solusi bagi pasien yang tidak dapat menerima analgesik per oral. Kombinasi paracetamol dan ibuprofen IV menunjukkan efek analgesik yang signifikan, dengan manfaat opioid sparing, antipiretik, serta dengan profil keamanan yang relatif baik pada pasien nyeri akut. The concept of multimodal analgesia is recommended for the treatment of pain. Paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are generally the basic analgesics, and are combined with opioids as needed. Intravenous (IV) analgesics may serve as an alternative for patients who cannot tolerate oral analgesics. The IV combination of paracetamol and ibuprofen for acute pain shows a significant analgesic effect with the benefits of opioid sparing, also with antipyretic effect, and with a relatively good safety profile.
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Kumamoto, Eiichi. "Inhibitory Actions of Clinical Analgesics, Analgesic Adjuvants, and Plant-Derived Analgesics on Nerve Action Potential Conduction." Encyclopedia 2, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 1902–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2040132.

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The action potential (AP) conduction in nerve fibers plays a crucial role in transmitting nociceptive information from the periphery to the cerebral cortex. Nerve AP conduction inhibition possibly results in analgesia. It is well-known that many analgesics suppress nerve AP conduction and voltage-dependent sodium and potassium channels that are involved in producing APs. The compound action potential (CAP) recorded from a bundle of nerve fibers is a guide for knowing if analgesics affect nerve AP conduction. This entry mentions the inhibitory effects of clinically used analgesics, analgesic adjuvants, and plant-derived analgesics on fast-conducting CAPs and voltage-dependent sodium and potassium channels. The efficacies of their effects were compared among the compounds, and it was revealed that some of the compounds have similar efficacies in suppressing CAPs. It is suggested that analgesics-induced nerve AP conduction inhibition may contribute to at least a part of their analgesic effects.
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Lydya, Ni Putu, Ni Putu Aryati Suryaningsih, and Ni made Umi Kartika Dewi. "RASIONALITAS PENGGUNAAN ANALGESIK DALAM SWAMEDIKASI NYERI DI KOTA DENPASAR." Jurnal Riset Kesehatan Nasional 5, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37294/jrkn.v5i1.315.

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Latar Belakang: Nyeri merupakan keluhan terbanyak yang mendorong masyarakat untuk melakukan praktek swamedikasi. Analgesik efektif dan memiliki indeks terapi yang luas, namun dapat berpotensi untuk menimbulkan efek samping yang serius bahkan ketika digunakan dalam dosis yang tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran terkait rasionalitas penggunaan analgesik dalam swamedikasi nyeri di Kota Denpasar. Metode: Studi ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dan melibatkan 196 responden yang dipilih dengan consecutive sampling. Data dikumpulkan dengan menyebarkan kuesioner pada enam apotek di wilayah Kota Denpasar dan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil: Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa 50,5% responden menggunakan analgesik secara tidak rasional dalam praktek swamedikasi nyeri. Mayoritas responden yang menggunakan analgesik dalam swamedikasi nyeri adalah perempuan, usia 17-25 tahun, tingkat pendidikan tinggi, bekerja dan memiliki tingkat pendapatan yang rendah. Kesimpulan: Setengah dari total responden menggunakan analgesik secara tidak rasional dalam praktek swamedikasi nyeri. Tingginya ketidakrasionalan penggunaan analgesik dapat menyebabkan peningkatkan biaya pengobatan dan dapat menimbulkan kondisi yang berbahaya. Kata kunci: Penggunaan analgesik, rasionalitas, swamedikasi AbstractBackground: Pain is the most complaints of illness that encourage communities to use analgesics in self-medication practice. Analgesics are effective and have a broad therapeutic index, but may have potentially serious side effects even when they used in the right dosage. This study aimed to determine the rationality of analgesic use in pain self-medication in Denpasar City. Method: A cross-sectional design was used, and involved 196 respondents selected through consecutive sampling. Data were collected from questionnaire distribution in six pharmacies in Denpasar City and analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Result: This study found that 50,5% respondents used analgesics irrationally in pain self-medication practice. The majority of respondents who used analgesics in pain self-medication were females, aged 17-25 years old, high education level, employed, and had low income. Conclusion: Half of the total respondents used analgesics irrationally in pain self-medication practice. High of irrational analgesic use can increase medical costs and lead to dangerous conditions. Keywords: Analgesic use, pain, rationality, self-medication
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Smith, Howard. "Combination Opioid Analgesics." Pain Physician 2;11, no. 3;2 (March 14, 2008): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2008/11/201.

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Although there is no “ideal analgesic,” scientists and clinicians alike continue to search for compounds with qualities which may approach the “ideal analgesic.” Characteristics of an “ideal” analgesic may include: the agent is a full agonist providing optimal/maximal analgesia for a wide range/variety of pain states (e.g., broad spectrum analgesic activity), it does not exhibit tolerance, it produces no unwanted effects and minimal adverse effects, it has no addictive potential, it does not facilitate pain/hyperalgesia, it has a long duration, it has high oral bioavailability, it is not vulnerable to important drug interactions, it is not significantly bound to plasma proteins, it has no active metabolites, it has linear kinetics, and it is eliminated partly by hydrolysis to an inactive metabolite (without involvement of oxidative and conjugative enzymes). Investigators have concentrated on ways to alter existing analgesics or to combine existing analgesic compounds with compounds which may improve efficacy over time or minimize adverse effects. The addition of an analgesic with a second agent (which may or may not also be an analgesic) to achieve a “combination analgesic” is a concept which has been exploited for many years. Although there may be many reasons to add 2 agents together in efforts to achieve analgesia, for purposes of this article — reasons for combining an opioid with a second agent to produce a combination opioid analgesic may be classified into 6 major categories: 1.) combinations to prolong analgesic duration; 2.) combinations to enhance or optimize analgesic efficacy (e.g., analgesic synergy); 3.) combinations to diminish or minimize adverse effects; 4.) combinations to diminish opioid effects which are not beneficial (or contrariwise to or enhance beneficial opioid effects); 5.) combinations to reduce opioid tolerance/opioid-induced hyperalgesia; and 6.) combinations to combat dependency issues/addiction potential/craving sensations. Combination opioid analgesics are one avenue which may give rise to “pain pills” with improved analgesic profiles over existing analgesic medications. Key words: Pain, combination opioid analgesic, tolerance, opioid-induced hyperalgesia
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Tumanyan, Sergey V., Oleg I. Kit, Elena M. Frantsiyants, Tatiana I. Moiseenko, Oksana V. Oros, and Elizaveta Yu Sugak. "Non-opioid analgesics: New opportunities in early rehabilitation of patients with gynecological cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): e17129-e17129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e17129.

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e17129 Background: An important principle of analgesia is its effect on each component of the pain formation. The purpose of the study was to improve analgesia in the perioperative period in patients with gynecological cancer. Methods: This prospective randomized study of the quality and effectiveness of various analgesics included 97 patients aged 22-67 years receiving surgery for gynecological cancer. The patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 47): patient-controlled analgesia with trimeperidine and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); group 2 (n = 50): preemptive analgesia based on lidocaine, magnesium sulphate, nefopam and NSAIDs. Results and pain syndrome were assessed by levels of glucose, cortisol, insulin, lactate, C-reactive protein (CRP), Kerdo autonomic index, visual analogue scale (VAS), levels of personal and reactive anxiety and depression. Results: Analgesic effect of trimeperidine was obtained in 83.3% (p < 0.05). However, the effect was less pronounced, compared to non-opioid analgesics, and did not reduce the psychosomatic component of pain after surgical treatment. In group 2, non-opioid analgesia limited the increase of cortisol, glucose, insulin, CRP and lactate (p < 0.05) providing effective pain relief in the perioperative period. Non-opioid analgesics promoted an optimal analgesic effect, did not cause residual sedation, anxiety, depressive effects and cognitive impairments, which showed their obvious advantage over opioids. Opioid-sparing effect was 96.3% (p < 0.05). Reducing the consumption of narcotic analgesics without worsening the quality of postoperative analgesia and the patient's well-being is an important advantage which allows minimizing the negative effects of opioids, facilitating the early rehabilitation of patients. Conclusions: Non-opioid analgesics can significantly limit endocrine and metabolic changes without worsening the quality of analgesia in the perioperative period.
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Pulkina, O. N., V. P. Ivanov, V. I. Gurskaya, and E. V. Parshin. "Infiltrative analgesia of the skin flap in children with craniosynostosis after reconstructive surgery on skull bones." Messenger of ANESTHESIOLOGY AND RESUSCITATION 16, no. 6 (January 27, 2020): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21292/2078-5658-2019-16-6-37-45.

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The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of analgesia by infiltration of the skin flap with local anesthetic in children with craniosynostosis after reconstructive surgery.Materials and subjects. 50 children with craniosynostosis, who underwent reconstructive surgery on skull bones, were divided into two groups based on the method of postoperative anesthesia: in Group 1(experimental), the infiltration of the skin flap was used within multimodal anesthesia, while in Group 2, it was standard parenteral use of analgesic drugs. In the postoperative period, pain severity was assessed by FLACC scales, the amount of opioid and non-opioid analgesics consumed was assessed by the formalized Analgesiс Assessment Scale (FSA), and non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring (BP, HR) was performed.Results. The statistical analysis of the results revealed significant differences between groups in the assessment results of FSA and FLACC scales. In Group 1, the level of postoperative pain was significantly lower compared to Group 2. The amount of opioid and non-opioid analgesics consumed was also significantly lower in Group 1.Conclusion. The use of the infiltration of the skin flap as part of multimodal analgesia in children with craniosynostosis, after reconstructive surgery on skull bones significantly reduces the intensity of pain and the amount of opioid analgesics consumed in the postoperative period.
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Bernadeth, Bernadeth, Ezra Oktaliansah, and Indriasari Indriasari. "Efektivitas Analgesik Pascaoperasi pada Pasien Pediatrik di Ruang Pemulihan Rumah Sakit Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung Periode Juni–November 2018." Jurnal Anestesi Perioperatif 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15851/jap.v7n1.15647.

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Nyeri merupakan pengalaman sensorik dan emosional yang tidak menyenangkan. Penyebab utama nyeri akut pada anak adalah prosedur pembedahan, trauma, dan penyakit akut. Penilaian nyeri merupakan bagian penting dari manajemen nyeri. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas analgesik pascaoperasi pada pasien pediatrik di ruang pemulihan RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung periode Juni-November 2018. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif observasional prospektif terhadap 471 pasien pediatrik pascaoperasi di ruang pemulihan. Subjek penelitian dikelompokkan berdasar atas jenis operasi yang menyebabkan nyeri ringan, sedang, dan berat. Jenis analgesik pascaoperasi yang diberikan dan penilaian nyeri selama di ruang pemulihan dicatat untuk melihat efektivitas analgesik pascaoperasi tersebut. Dari hasil penelitian efektivitas analgesik pascaoperasi pada jenis operasi nyeri ringan sebanyak 181 pasien (99,5%), jenis operasi nyeri sedang sebanyak 231 pasien (98,7%), dan pada jenis operasi nyeri berat sebanyak 53 pasien (96,4%). Simpulan penelitian ini adalah efektivitas analgesik pascaoperasi pada pasien pediatrik di RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung masih kurang efektif karena belum memenuhi target rumah sakit 100% bebas nyeri dan pemberian analgesik juga belum efisien karena masih banyak terdapat ketidaksesuaian antara pilihan analgesik dan derajat nyeri.Effectiveness of Post-Operative Analgesia on Pediatric Patients in the recovery room of Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung from June to November 2018Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. Pain assessment is an important part of pain management. The main causes of acute pain in children are surgical procedures, trauma, and acute diseases. This study aimed to study the effectuIveness of postoperative analgesics in pediatric patients in the recovery room of Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung from June to November 2018. This was a prospective observational descriptive study on 471 postoperative pediatric patients in recovery rooms. The research subjects were grouped based on the type of surgery pain, i.e. mild, moderate, and severe. The type of postoperative analgesics given and assessment of pain during the stay in the recovery room were recorded to see the effectiveness of the postoperative analgesic drug. From the results of the study it was identified that the of postoperative analgesics was effective for 181 patients (99.5%) in the mild pain surgery group, for 231 patients (98.7%) in the moderate pain surgery, and for 53 patients (96.4%) in severe pain surgery. It is concluded that the postoperative analgesics provided to pediatric patients at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung is still less effective because it has not met the target of 100% pain free set by the hospital and that analgesic administration is also not efficient because there are still many discrepancies in analgesic choices and the degree of pain.
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Fürst, Susanna, Zoltán S. Zádori, Ferenc Zádor, Kornél Király, Mihály Balogh, Szilvia B. László, Barbara Hutka, et al. "On the Role of Peripheral Sensory and Gut Mu Opioid Receptors: Peripheral Analgesia and Tolerance." Molecules 25, no. 11 (May 26, 2020): 2473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112473.

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There is growing evidence on the role of peripheral µ-opioid receptors (MORs) in analgesia and analgesic tolerance. Opioid analgesics are the mainstay in the management of moderate to severe pain, and their efficacy in the alleviation of pain is well recognized. Unfortunately, chronic treatment with opioid analgesics induces central analgesic tolerance, thus limiting their clinical usefulness. Numerous molecular mechanisms, including receptor desensitization, G-protein decoupling, β-arrestin recruitment, and alterations in the expression of peripheral MORs and microbiota have been postulated to contribute to the development of opioid analgesic tolerance. However, these studies are largely focused on central opioid analgesia and tolerance. Accumulated literature supports that peripheral MORs mediate analgesia, but controversial results on the development of peripheral opioid receptors-mediated analgesic tolerance are reported. In this review, we offer evidence on the consequence of the activation of peripheral MORs in analgesia and analgesic tolerance, as well as approaches that enhance analgesic efficacy and decrease the development of tolerance to opioids at the peripheral sites. We have also addressed the advantages and drawbacks of the activation of peripheral MORs on the sensory neurons and gut (leading to dysbiosis) on the development of central and peripheral analgesic tolerance.
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Weicker, S. A., B. J. Tuyp, and S. Wormsbecker. "P157: Pain management post-emergency department discharge: how are analgesics being consumed by patients with ongoing pain?" CJEM 20, S1 (May 2018): S113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.355.

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Introduction: Pain management is a cornerstone of emergency department (ED) practice, yet ongoing pain after ED discharge and return visits for inadequate analgesia are common. Over-the-counter (OTC) acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely accepted first line agents for mild to moderate pain. Previous research has not investigated how patients actually consume such agents after discharge, and if they consume them synergistically and at sufficient doses for optimal analgesia. We sought to determine the proportion of patients in ongoing pain post-discharge that were utilizing analgesics as well as the type and dose of agent(s) used. Methods: Adults presenting to our ED with an acutely painful musculoskeletal complaint during research assistant hours were eligible for enrollment. After excluding non-English speakers as well as admitted, pregnant/breastfeeding, and chronic pain patients, consenting subjects completed in-person questionnaires during their ED stay and a follow-up telephone interview 2-3 days later. Results: 158 individuals were approached during the study period, of which 99 enrolled. 78 completed follow-up. At follow-up, 71 (91%) individuals experienced ongoing pain with a median score of 5 (interquartile range (IQR) 3-6) on an 11-point scale. 48 (67%) of patients still in pain consumed analgesics in the preceding 24 hours. The most commonly used agents were acetaminophen by 18 individuals (38% of analgesic users), ibuprofen by 16 (33%), and naproxen by 9 (19%). 29 respondents (60% of analgesic users) were using solely oral OTC analgesics. Only 15 (31% of analgesic users) used multiple agents concurrently, and 11 (23%) used prescription opioids. Acetaminophen was used at a median daily dose of 1500mg (IQR 1000-2000mg), much lower than that recommended for maximal analgesia (4000mg). Ibuprofen daily doses (1200mg, IQR 800-1300mg) were slightly lower than typical recommended doses (1600mg, 400mg every 6 hours). Conclusion: Only two-thirds of patients with ongoing pain at 2-3 days post-ED discharge were consuming analgesics, most commonly acetaminophen and ibuprofen. Of patients using analgesics, less than one-third used multiple agents. OTC medications are not used by most patients at doses for maximal analgesia. It may be possible to reduce pain burden and repeat-visits in discharged ED patients by optimizing the use of OTC analgesics.
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Klukowski, Mateusz, Rafał Kowalczyk, Grzegorz Górniewski, Paweł Łęgosz, Marek Janiak, and Janusz Trzebicki. "Iliac Fascia Compartment Block and Analgesic Consumption in Patients Operated on for Hip Fracture." Ortopedia Traumatologia Rehabilitacja 19, no. 5 (October 31, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5825.

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Background. Fractures of the proximal femur in elderly patients are a challenge for orthopedics, anesthe­sio­logy and geriatrics. Early mobilization reduces postoperative mortality among these patients. Effective anal­gesia is necessary to achieve this goal. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of perioperative medical records of 78. patients undergoing surgical treatment of proximal femur fractures was performed. Group 1 (n=35)consisted of patients who were treated with pharmacologic analgesia only (systemic analgesics) and Group 2 (n=43) involved patients who re­ceived a preoperative fascia iliaca compartment block (FICB) and pharmacologic analgesia. FICB was per­formed under ultrasound guidance, and systemic analgesics were administered according to a standardized pro­to­col. Demographics, anesthesia and operation data as well as the dosage of analgesics used on postoperative day 0 were collected for the study. Results. Patients with antecedent iliac fascia blockade required fewer analgesic interventions (3 vs. 11, p <0.0001) and showed significantly less need for analgesics than non-block patients. No complications were observed after performing FICB. Conclusion. The iliac fascia compartment block produces effective postoperative analgesia and reduces postoperative opioid consumption.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Analgesics"

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Almeida, Maria Raquel de [UNESP]. "Efeitos analgésicos pós-operatórios de cetamina e/ou morfina em cadelas submetidas à OSH eletiva." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95068.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:56:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_mr_me_botfm.pdf: 222592 bytes, checksum: 05b672385b2d5a4637d5ffd83bfcfbc3 (MD5)
Avaliaram-se os efeitos analgésicos de morfina e/ou cetamina em 24 cadelas hígidas com peso de 11,01± 8,69 kg e idade de 27±17 meses, submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia (OSH) eletiva. Os animais foram tratados imediatamente após a indução anestésica com: morfina (GM, n=8, 0,5 mg/kg IM), cetamina (GC, n=8, 2,5 mg/kg IM) ou morfina associada à cetamina nas mesmas doses anteriores. Avaliou-se o escore de sedação e a dor de forma encoberta (cega) por meio de escala analógica visual (EAV) e Escala de Glasgow Modificada (EGM), às duas horas antes do procedimento cirúrgico e 1, 2, 4, 8,12 e 24 horas após a extubação. Os resgates analgésicos foram realizados com morfina 1 mg/kg e caso não suficiente, no momento seguinte, com meloxicam 0,2 mg/kg, ambos IM, quando a pontuação da EGM atingisse 33% do valor total. Para as variáveis nãoparamétricas utilizou-se o teste de Friedman seguido de Dunn, para avaliar as diferenças de cada grupo ao longo do tempo, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido de Dunn para avaliar as diferenças entre os grupos em cada momento e o número de resgates analgésicos. Para as variáveis paramétricas, utilizou-se o ANOVA seguido do teste de Tukey, todos com 5% de significância. Exceto para EGM onde os valores em GM foram superiores à GCM à 1h, não houve outras diferenças entre os grupos. O número de resgates analgésicos foi superior em GM, já que todos animais necessitaram resgate em 11 ocasiões. Apenas um animal do GC e dois do GCM necessitaram de dois e três resgates respectivamente. A analgesia oferecida pela administração pré-incisional de cetamina foi mais efetiva do que a oferecida pela morfina e este fármaco pode ser utilizado para analgesia preemptiva em cadelas submetidas à OSH
The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effects of morphine and/or ketamine in 24 healthy bitches, weighing 11.01± 8.69 kg and aging 27±17 months, submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy. The animals were submitted one of the three treatments after the anaesthetic induction: morphine (GM, n=8, 0,5 mg/kg IM), ketamine (GC, n=8, 2.5 mg/kg IM) or ketamine combined to morphine using the same doses described previously. Sedation score and pain assessment was performed blindly before surgery and at 1, 2, 4, 8,12 and 24 hours after extubation, using the visual analogue scale and Glasgow modified pain scale (GMPS). Rescue analgesia was performed with morphine 1 mg/kg and of not sufficient followed by meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg, both IM, when the GMPS reached 33% of the total score. Parametric data were analysed using Friedman´s test followed by Dunn´s test for differences in time. Kruskal-Wallis´ followed by Dunn´s test were performed to investigate differences in number of analgesic rescues and between groups at each time. Paramentric data were evaluated by ANOVA followed by Tukeys´s test, with 5% of statistical significance. Except for GMPS, where the values of GM were greater than for GCM at 1h post-operatively, there wrere no other differences between groups. The number of rescue analgesia was greater in GM, as all animals needed rescue analgesia in 11 occasions, while only one dog from GC and two from GCM needed two and three analgesic rescues respectively. Analgesia provided by pre-incisional ketamine was more effective when compared to morphine. According to that ketamine alone may be used as a preemptive analgesic in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy
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Almeida, Maria Raquel de. "Efeitos analgésicos pós-operatórios de cetamina e/ou morfina em cadelas submetidas à OSH eletiva /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95068.

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Orientador: Stelio Pacca Loureiro Luna
Banca: Juliana Tabarelli Brondani
Banca: Silvia Renata Gaido Cortopassi
Resumo: Avaliaram-se os efeitos analgésicos de morfina e/ou cetamina em 24 cadelas hígidas com peso de 11,01± 8,69 kg e idade de 27±17 meses, submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia (OSH) eletiva. Os animais foram tratados imediatamente após a indução anestésica com: morfina (GM, n=8, 0,5 mg/kg IM), cetamina (GC, n=8, 2,5 mg/kg IM) ou morfina associada à cetamina nas mesmas doses anteriores. Avaliou-se o escore de sedação e a dor de forma encoberta (cega) por meio de escala analógica visual (EAV) e Escala de Glasgow Modificada (EGM), às duas horas antes do procedimento cirúrgico e 1, 2, 4, 8,12 e 24 horas após a extubação. Os resgates analgésicos foram realizados com morfina 1 mg/kg e caso não suficiente, no momento seguinte, com meloxicam 0,2 mg/kg, ambos IM, quando a pontuação da EGM atingisse 33% do valor total. Para as variáveis nãoparamétricas utilizou-se o teste de Friedman seguido de Dunn, para avaliar as diferenças de cada grupo ao longo do tempo, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido de Dunn para avaliar as diferenças entre os grupos em cada momento e o número de resgates analgésicos. Para as variáveis paramétricas, utilizou-se o ANOVA seguido do teste de Tukey, todos com 5% de significância. Exceto para EGM onde os valores em GM foram superiores à GCM à 1h, não houve outras diferenças entre os grupos. O número de resgates analgésicos foi superior em GM, já que todos animais necessitaram resgate em 11 ocasiões. Apenas um animal do GC e dois do GCM necessitaram de dois e três resgates respectivamente. A analgesia oferecida pela administração pré-incisional de cetamina foi mais efetiva do que a oferecida pela morfina e este fármaco pode ser utilizado para analgesia preemptiva em cadelas submetidas à OSH
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effects of morphine and/or ketamine in 24 healthy bitches, weighing 11.01± 8.69 kg and aging 27±17 months, submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy. The animals were submitted one of the three treatments after the anaesthetic induction: morphine (GM, n=8, 0,5 mg/kg IM), ketamine (GC, n=8, 2.5 mg/kg IM) or ketamine combined to morphine using the same doses described previously. Sedation score and pain assessment was performed blindly before surgery and at 1, 2, 4, 8,12 and 24 hours after extubation, using the visual analogue scale and Glasgow modified pain scale (GMPS). Rescue analgesia was performed with morphine 1 mg/kg and of not sufficient followed by meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg, both IM, when the GMPS reached 33% of the total score. Parametric data were analysed using Friedman's test followed by Dunn's test for differences in time. Kruskal-Wallis' followed by Dunn's test were performed to investigate differences in number of analgesic rescues and between groups at each time. Paramentric data were evaluated by ANOVA followed by Tukeys's test, with 5% of statistical significance. Except for GMPS, where the values of GM were greater than for GCM at 1h post-operatively, there wrere no other differences between groups. The number of rescue analgesia was greater in GM, as all animals needed rescue analgesia in 11 occasions, while only one dog from GC and two from GCM needed two and three analgesic rescues respectively. Analgesia provided by pre-incisional ketamine was more effective when compared to morphine. According to that ketamine alone may be used as a preemptive analgesic in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy
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3

Humble, Stephen R. "Neurosteroids : endogenous analgesics?" Thesis, University of Dundee, 2013. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/c4659466-cd41-494d-aec6-edcf50e5274b.

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Peripheral sensitisation and central sensitisation are implicated in the development of neuropathic pain with neuroplasticity occurring at multiple levels of the pain pathway. Hypersensitivity of the spinothalamic tract has been described in neuropathic animal models of diabetes. Spinal dorsal horn neurones of diabetic rats exhibit abnormally high spontaneous firing, suggesting an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory signals converging within this structure. GABAergic neurones within the spinal cord and thalamus are crucial for the transmission of painful stimuli to higher centres of the brain that are involved in pain perception. GABAA receptors (GABAARs) are an important target for many clinical drugs, and certain endogenous neurosteroids act as potent allosteric modulators of these receptors. A developmental change in the rate of exponential decay of GABAergic synaptic events has been observed in other types of neurones and this may be related in part to fluctuations in endogenous neurosteroid tone. The objective of this study was to investigate changes to inhibitory neurotransmission with development in three levels of the pain pathway and to explore potential mechanisms underlying diabetic neuropathy. The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used on slices of neural tissue. Electrophysiological recordings were obtained from wild type mice between the ages of 6 and 80 days in lamina II of the spinal cord, the nucleus reticularis (nRT) of the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. Recordings were also obtained from mice with diabetic neuropathy (ob/ob and db/db) between the ages of 60 and 80 days. Neurosteroids and their precursors were employed along with compounds that prevented their activity at the GABAAR such as ?-cyclodextrin, which is a barrel-shaped cyclic oligosaccharide with a lipophilic interior that sequesters neurosteroids. Behavioural experiments were also performed using von Frey filaments and the tail flick test to examine mechanical and thermal nociception. Recordings from the spinal cord, the thalamus and the cerebral cortex revealed that the decay time of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents are significantly reduced with development. The neurosteroids allopregnanolone and ganaxolone were significantly more effective in neurones from the older mice. In contrast, ?-cyclodextrin had significantly less effect in neurones from the older mice. In mature diabetic mice (ob/ob mice), the endogenous neurosteroid tone is reduced compared to control mice, but certain neurosteroid compounds have a greater effect on the GABAARs of these diabetic mice. In addition, the diabetic mice exhibit mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia, which is responsive to exogenously applied neurosteroids. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a dramatic reduction in endogenous neurosteroid tone occurs as development progresses and that this impacts on the exponential decay time of GABAergic mIPSCs within neurones of the pain pathway. The higher neurosteroid tone in the youngest mice may confer a degree of neural protection over the nervous system as it develops. The reduction of endogenous neurosteroid tone in diabetic mice may be associated with their hypersensitivity. It is possible that pregnane-derived neurosteroids may exert analgesic effects in pathological pain states by attempting to restore the physiological GABAergic inhibitory tone that is observed in immature animals.
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Bradley, Catherine Mary. "Central effects of analgesics." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316620.

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Lorena, Sílvia Elaine Rodolfo de Sá [UNESP]. "Estudo demográfico sobre as condutas de avaliação e tratamento da dor dos médicos veterinários brasileiros no período perioperatório de grandes e pequenos animais." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101036.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O uso de analgésicos em animais é justificado moral e cientificamente. Para tal, é necessário que os profissionais saibam reconhecer e tratar a dor de forma adequada em animais. Objetivou-se correlacionar diversos dados demográficos para obter o perfil do médico veterinário brasileiro de grandes e pequenos animais. O questionário da pesquisa foi composto por: dados pessoais, utilização de fármacos analgésicos, analgesia, conduta no alívio da dor, uso de analgésicos em diversos procedimentos de grandes e pequenos animais, avaliação da dor e atualizações. A estatística foi realizada pelo programa SAS for Windows versão 9.1.3 com estatística descritiva com análise de frequência. Para as comparações simples foi utilizado o teste de qui-quadrado (x2). Foram obtidos 1.298 questionários de pequenos animais e 713 de grandes. Mulheres e profissionais graduados havia menos de dez anos conferiram maiores escores de dor que homens e profissionais formados havia mais de dez anos, porém a duração do tratamento não diferiu entre os gêneros. Os opioides mais utilizados para a analgesia foram tramadol (79%) e morfina (50,5%), em cães e gatos, e butorfanol (43,4%) e tramadol (39%) em grandes animais. Os efeitos adversos mais reportados dos opioides em gatos foram depressão respiratória e excitação. Em cães os principais efeitos adversos assinalados foram depressão respiratória e êmese. Para grandes animais, as preocupações com o uso desses fármacos foram: risco de excitação e síndrome cólica equina. Mais de 50% dos veterinários não utilizava opioides em bovinos. Os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs) mais escolhidos para pequenos animais foram meloxicam (81%) e cetoprofeno (70,4%), e flunixin meglumine (83,2%) e cetoprofeno (67,6%) em grandes animais. Os efeitos...
The use of analgesics in animals is morally and scientifically justified. According to that, the professionals should know how to recognize and treat pain in animals. The aim of this study was to correlate the demographic data of the Brazilian veterinarians, with the use of analgesics, the factors that affected the decision on the use of analgesia, attitudes, knowledge and methods of obtaining information on the evaluation and treatment of pain in animals. The questionnaire was composed of demographics, personal data, use of analgesics in general and specific procedures, analgesia, attitudes in the assessment and relief of pain and types of information in the area. The descriptive statistics with frequency analysis was performed using SAS for Windows 9.1.3. Chi-square (x2) for simple comparisons test was used. Questionnaires were obtained from 1298 small and 713 large animal veterinarians. Women and veterinarians graduated for less than ten years attributed higher pain scores than men, and veterinarians graduated for over ten years, but the frequency and duration of analgesic treatment did not differ between gender. The most commonly used opioid for analgesia of small animals were tramadol (79%) and morphine (50.5%) for dogs and cats, and butorphanol (43.4%) and tramadol (39%) for large animals. The most important side effects of opioids in small animals were respiratory depression and excitement, for cats and emesis in dogs and excitement and colic syndrome in 4 horses. NSAIDs of choice for small animals were meloxicam (81%) and ketoprofen (70.4%) and for large animals, flunixin meglumine (83.2%) and ketoprofen (67.6%). Side effects of NSAIDs most frequently reported for all species were gastric changes and nephrotoxicity. The most important limiting factors for the use of NSAIDs and opiods were the side effects for horses and the cost for cattles. The cats received lower pain... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Yat, P. N. "Synthesis and reactions of 2,6-methano-3-benzazocines and arylbicyclo[4.n.1]enones as potential analgesics." Thesis, University of Salford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376863.

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Al-Obaidy, Saad S. "Metabolism and pharmokinetics of minor analgesics." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238999.

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Zhang, Wei Ya. "Risk-benefit assessment of minor analgesics." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390515.

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Dong, Xiao-Wei. "Analgesics, anaesthetics and spinal sensory responsiveness." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303783.

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Arends, Rosalinda Helena Gerardus Petronella. "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of opioid analgesics /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7955.

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Books on the topic "Analgesics"

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Sinatra, Raymond S., Jonathan S. Jahr, and J. Michael Watkins-Pitchford, eds. The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511841378.

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Casy, Alan F., and Robert T. Parfitt. Opioid Analgesics. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0585-7.

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Tamerius, Rita. Effective pain management. 5th ed. La Mesa, CA: Western Schools Press, 1994.

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Jacobs, Vivian, and Alexander Lang. Analgesics: New research. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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W, Houde Raymond, Ley Timothy J, and Hollister Leo E. 1920-, eds. Analgesics and NSAID. Mount Kisco, N.Y: Futura Pub. Co., 1985.

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Rodgers, Joann Ellison. Drugs & pain. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.

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Rodgers, Joann Ellison. Drugs & pain. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.

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Sneader, Walter. Analgesics for internal use. Glasgow: University of Strathclyde, Continuing Education Centre, 1985.

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T, Parfitt Robert, ed. Opioid analgesics: Chemistry and receptors. New York: Plenum Press, 1986.

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(Firm), Packaged Facts, ed. The Analgesic market. New York, N.Y. (581 Ave. of the Americas, New York 10011): Packaged Facts, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Analgesics"

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Holland, R. L. "Analgesics." In Early Phase Drug Evaluation in Man, 689–701. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10705-6_52.

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Scherrmann, Jean-Michel, Kim Wolff, Christine A. Franco, Marc N. Potenza, Tayfun Uzbay, Lisiane Bizarro, David C. S. Roberts, et al. "Analgesics." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 79–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_56.

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Woods, James H., and Gail Winger. "Analgesics." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 108–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36172-2_56.

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Elseviers, Monique M., and Marc E. De Broe. "Analgesics." In Clinical Nephrotoxins, 189–201. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9088-4_13.

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Patsalos, P. N. "Analgesics." In Antiepileptic Drug Interactions, 301–5. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2434-4_55.

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Melloni, C. "Analgesics." In Anaesthesia, Pain, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine — A.P.I.C.E., 193–215. Milano: Springer Milan, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2145-7_18.

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Patsalos, Philip N. "Analgesics." In Antiepileptic Drug Interactions, 241–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32909-3_59.

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Szczeklik, Andrzej. "Analgesics." In Anaphylaxis, 170–79. Basel: KARGER, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000315950.

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Cold, Georg E., and Bent L. Dahl. "Analgesics." In Topics in Neuroanaesthesia and Neurointensive Care, 159–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04845-0_6.

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Stein, Christoph. "Analgesics." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21573-6_6-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Analgesics"

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Неймарк, Михаил Израилевич, Сергей Владимирович Жилин, and Роман Владимирович Киселев. "ВЛИЯНИЕ БЕЗОПИОИДНОЙ АНАЛЬГЕЗИИ НА ТЕЧЕНИЕ ПОСЛЕОПЕРАЦИОННОГО ПЕРИОДА." In Наука, общество, производство и промышленность: актуальные проблемы и перспективы: сборник статей международной научной конференции (Омск, Апрель 2023). Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/230407.2023.66.44.007.

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Проведено рандомизированное исследование больных перенесших рукавную резекцию желудка. В первой группе использовали безопиоидную мультимодальную аналгезию, а во второй группе для обезболивания использовали опиоидные анальгетики. A randomized study of patients who underwent sleeve resection of the stomach was conducted. In the first group, non-opioid multimodal analgesia was used, and in the second group, opioid analgesics were used for anesthesia.
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Robitaille, E., K. Lui, K. Debouter, J. Ma, A. Carpenter, and R. Reid. "P41 Correlation between analgesics." In 7th International Ankle Symposium, 2017. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-anklesymp.73.

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"Knowledge and practice of analgesics use among Albaq’a refugees camp, Jordan. : A cross sectional study." In International Conference on Public Health and Humanitarian Action. International Federation of Medical Students' Associations - Jordan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56950/ehgb9785.

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Background : Due to the rising healthcare costs around the world, self-medication has become an important option in the management of common conditions. However, the benefits of such selfmedication practices depend upon them being used responsibly. Studies about the prevalence of analgesics use and related factors are limited in Jordan, particularly among refugees which is one of the vulnerable sectors of the population. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and practices of Palestinian refugees in the Al-Baqa’a camp in Jordan regarding the use of analgesics to address any common misuse or misknowledge. Method: A cross-sectional study design was conducted from 20 October to 10 November 2021. A researcher-developed questionnaire to assess knowledge and practices were used as a tool for studying both interviewer-administered and self-administered survey among 253 adult Palestine refugees at Al Baqa’a refugee camp. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26 for descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: A high percentage of the respondents 78.3% reported that they use analgesics as selfmedication. Of these participants, 37.9% reported having a chronic disease, 34.4 % never suffer from pain in the last month, and 33.6% reported that they do not have health insurance. the most commonly used class of drugs was NSAIDs with a frequency of 193 fowled by paracetamol with a frequency of 90. While the most common condition for which the refugees use self-medication is the cost with 168 frequency, In the assessment of participant’s knowledge; analgesics are used to treat minor illnesses by 70%. 94% reported that analgesics can’t be used after their expiry date while 34% reported that analgesics do not have side effects. Final statics will have presented at the conference. Conclusion: Self-medication is widely practiced in Albaq’a refugees camp, although they are familiar with the most important information regarding the risks associated with the use of analgesics. Keywords: over-the-counter , non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
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de Lacerda, Dhiego Alves, Pedro Fechine Honorato, Larissa Luana Lopes Lima, Anaylle Vieira Lacerda Oliveira, Eryclys Abreu de Lira, Francisca Evelyn Abreu de Lira, Joaquim Fernandes de Sousa Neto, et al. "Comparative review: Efficacy of opioid versus non-opioid analgesic treatment in patients with acute pain in the emergency room." In VI Seven International Multidisciplinary Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevenvimulti2024-109.

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Acute pain, a prevalent symptom in emergency contexts, often stems from trauma, surgical interventions, or acute medical conditions, requiring effective management to mitigate discomfort and prevent chronic sequelae. This study compares the efficacy, safety, and outcomes of opioid analgesic use compared to non-opioid analgesics in acute pain management in emergency settings. The systematic review includes data from databases such as SciELO and PubMed, as well as the critical analysis of reference works in pharmacology such as "Rang & Dale's Pharmacology", "Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics" and "Lange's Basic & Clinical Pharmacology". The results show that while opioids offer immediate and potent relief from severe pain, non-opioids are often preferred due to a more benign safety profile.
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Lepodise, Lucia M., R. A. Lewis, and Joseph Horvat. "Experimental and calculated THz spectra of analgesics." In 2017 42nd International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz.2017.8067049.

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Fabri, Júlia Campos, Maria Julia Filgueiras Granato, Maria Clara Lopes Rezende, Maria Luiza Franco de Oliveira, and Leandro de Souza Cruz. "The impact of genetic polymorphism in pain mechanisms." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.708.

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Background:Variations in genes codifying target structures in the nociceptive pathway can result in pain attenuation or increase.Objective:Investigate the genetic polymorphism influence in the individual pain threshold. Methods: Search on PubMed with the terms “genetic”, “pain” and its synonyms published in the last 10 years. Results:The subjective and individual mechanisms of pain aren’t completely understood, but genetic susceptibility is one of the hypothesis to explain these differences.The KCNK18 gene influences the synaptic transmission by producing potassium channel protein that equalizes resting membrane potential, calcineurin activated and inhibited by arachidonic acid. This gene was found more frequently in migraine individuals. The COMT gene increase the sensibility to pain by met-enkephalins reduction and/or catecholamine elevation. Its activity’s reduced in fibromyalgia patients. However, the OPRM1 gene, an opioid receptor, was found in individuals with a higher pain threshold.Furthermore, studies with human cell culture shows the analgesic role of the gene A118G, by its greater binding affinity for β-endorphin.It is associated with more effective endorphinergic endogenous pain inhibition. Conclusion:Researches indicates a striking participation of genetic polymorphism in pain mechanisms. The knowledge about genetic variables on pain perception can contribute to the development of individualized analgesic protocols and therapeutic strategies, accordantly to the patient genetic profile. This evolution becomes fundamental in a population that tend to the indiscriminate use of analgesics.
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Schinz, K., S. Müller, L. Steigerwald, K. Mantsopoulos, and H. Iro. "Postoperative use of non-opioid analgesics after sinonasal surgery." In Abstract- und Posterband – 91. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn – Welche Qualität macht den Unterschied. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1711367.

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Velde, C. Van de, M. Fleury, S. Chavaillaz, P. Voirol, S. Peters, and F. Sadeghipour. "4CPS-173 Cancer pain assessment and associated analgesics prescriptions." In Abstract Book, 23rd EAHP Congress, 21st–23rd March 2018, Gothenburg, Sweden. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2018-eahpconf.263.

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Jæger, P. "SP49 Adjuvants or dexamethasone as multimodal analgesics at high doses?" In ESRA Abstracts, 39th Annual ESRA Congress, 22–25 June 2022. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2022-esra.55.

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Jæger, Pia. "SP30.1 Adjuvants or dexamethasone as multimodal analgesics at high doses?" In ESRA Abstracts, 39th Annual ESRA Congress, 22–25 June 2022. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2022-esra.33.

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Reports on the topic "Analgesics"

1

Ko, Mei-Chuan. Pharmacological Studies of NOP Receptor Agonists as Novel Analgesics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada486029.

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Ko, Mei-Chuan. Pharmacological Studies of NOP Receptor Agonists as Novel Analgesics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada525900.

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Sobieraj, Diana M., William L. Baker, Brandon K. Martinez, Benjamin Miao, Adrian V. Hernandez, Craig I. Coleman, Mark X. Cicero, and Richard A. Kamin. Comparative Effectiveness of Analgesics To Reduce Acute Pain in the Prehospital Setting. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer220.

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Polt, Robin. Glycopeptides as Analgesics: Non-Toxic Alternatives to Morphine for Combat Casualty Care. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada594872.

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Medina, Marjorie B. The Relationship Between Sound Levels In the Postanesthesia Care Unit and Use of Analgesics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012157.

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Siereńska, Joanna, Zofia Sotomska, Dariusz Wydra, Małogrzata Starzec-Proserpio, and Magdalena Emilia Grzybowska. When analgesics are not enough: a scoping review of the physical methods of managing postpartum perineal pain. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2024.4.0060.

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Karna, Shravya, and Alex Konstantatos. Methadone and Buprenorphine for Management of Acute Postoperative Pain. World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.28923/atotw.472.

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Methadone and buprenorphine have shown to decrease total opioid requirements and attenuate side effects post operatively. Methadone’s pharmacokinetics properties make it a potent analgesic whilst sublingual and transdermal buprenorphine is an excellent step-down to parenteral analgesia.
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Kuang, Renqing, Guojiang Xiong, Wei Lv, Yun Zhao, Min Yu, and Jiawang Jiang. Efficacy and safety of acupuncture combined with analgesics on lung cancer pain: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.5.0051.

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Liu, Ruofei, Ping Fan, Qinan Zhan, Qi Zhang, Siqi Chen, and Renqing Kuang. Efficacy and safety of acupuncture combined with analgesics on pain in Parkinson's patients: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.7.0100.

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Chiang, Liang-Jui, Pei Chun Lai, and Yen Ta Huang. The efficacy effectiveness and safety adverse events of gabapentinoids after as analgesics for patients with burn injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0007.

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