Dissertations / Theses: 'Anaesthetics'

1

Dong, Xiao-Wei. "Analgesics, anaesthetics and spinal sensory responsiveness." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303783.

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Braun, Maike Sabine. "The effects of n-alkanes and phospholipids on acetylcholine-activated ion channels." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304175.

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3

Al-Arifi, Mohamed N. "Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies involving thiopentone and propofol." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333795.

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4

McClelland, Kathryn Helen. "Studies on percutaneous local anaesthesia." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357449.

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5

Spencer, Elizabeth Mary. "The sedation of patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation in the intensive therapy unit : the role of isoflurane." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387127.

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6

Hartell, Nicholas Anthony. "Anaesthetic and opioid mediated depression of spinal nociceptive reflexes : effects of maintenance anaesthetics, preparatory surgery and stimulus modality and intensity." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303775.

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7

Plested, Andrew John Robert. "The effects of general anaesthetics on recombinant glutamate." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397786.

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8

Ramsay, Gregor Alan. "Depressant effects of general anaesthetics on cardiac muscle." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314918.

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9

Hill, Jonathan Vernon. "Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of three fish anaesthetics." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Zoology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5942.

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Whole animal and in vitro experiments were used to compare and contrast the cardiovascular and, to a lesser extent, respiratory effects of three fish anaesthetics at approximately equipotent concentrations: 100 ppm MS222, six to ten ppm metomidate and 60 ppm Aqui-S. Heart rate, cardiac output, dorsal aortic pressure, stroke volume, haematocrit, PaO2 and plasma catecholamines were measured during five minutes of anaesthetic exposure with no other obvious stressors. Observed changes were due to both direct anaesthetic effects and secondary consequences of anaesthesia. Cardiovascular changes and heightened activity of Aqui-S treated fish suggests this anaesthetic causes a nociceptor mediated response. In vitro investigations of branchial haemodynamics, using isolated perfused gill preparations, vasoactivity of branchial arteries, using myography, changes in myocardial contractility of the ventricle, using in vitro paced ventricle strips, and changes in the ability of the stimulated vagus nerve to reduce heart rate, using a spontaneously beating in situ heart and nerve preparation, were performed to help explain the cardiovascular changes in the whole animals during anaesthetic induction. Using the results from these studies and information in the literature the responses of the whole animal were divided into four groups: primary effects were those caused directly by the anaesthetic, secondary effects were caused as a consequence of the primary effects, tertiary effects were due to a reaction to the presence of the anaesthetics and human effects were caused by handling or other manipulation offish. The cardiovascular effects of anaesthetic induction after handling were quite different from those during unstressed anaesthetic induction, and were mostly anaesthetic independent which suggested that the effects of handling were greater than the effects of anaesthetic exposure. Oxygen consumption during 24 hours recovery from anaesthesia showed there were no long term changes in respiration. Measurements of heart rate, cardiac output, dorsal aortic pressure and stroke volume during six hours recovery from five minutes exposure to the three anaesthetics showed recovery of these variables occurred within 30 minutes. However, Aqui-S treated fish showed an elevated stroke volume 30 minutes into the recovery. Measurements of heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume during recovery from anaesthesia and surgery suggested the cardiovascular effects were at least partially dependent on the anaesthetic used. However, the difference between the cardiovascular effects with and without surgery were far greater than any between anaesthetic effects.

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Meechan, John Gerard. "The administration and effects of dental local anaesthetics." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329204.

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11

Tayel, M. M. A. "Local anaesthetics designed to exhibit enhanced clinical safety." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382388.

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12

Valentim, Ana Maria Marques. "Behavioural effects of anaesthetics-risk of cognitive alterations." Doctoral thesis, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/62271.

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Valentim, Ana Maria Marques. "Behavioural effects of anaesthetics-risk of cognitive alterations." Tese, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/62271.

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14

Palmer, Simon Richard Faunch. "Electroanalytical sensors using lipophilic cyclodextrins." Thesis, Durham University, 1997. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4753/.

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Lipophilic dialkylated-a-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin derivatives were used as selective ionophores for a series of clinically relevant ammonium ions, and as enantioselective ionophores for both a- and β-aryl ammonium ions. Sensitive and selective potentiometric detection of the local anaesthetics lidocaine and bupivacaine was achieved by using 2,3,6 trioctyl-β-cyclodextrin as the ionophore, leading to micromolar detection limits. Interference studies showed that the simulated clinical electrolyte background caused minimal interference whereas organic interferents of similar size and charge caused some perturbation of the electrode response at a concentration of 10 mmol dm(^-3). An electrode comprising a plasticized biocompatible membrane matrix, TECOFLEX, with 2,6 didodecyl-β-cyclodextrin was incorporated in a flow injection analysis system and the response to lidocaine studied in the presence of human serum. Human serum caused no adverse effects to the electrochemical response of the electrode. These electrodes are, therefore, very suitable for on-line detection of local anaesthetics. Potentiometric detection of tricyclic antidepressants using didodecyl-a-, β- and γ- cyclodextrins as the ionophore, gave micromolar detection limits. Interference from simulated clinical electiolyte background and selected organic interferents gave similar results to those discussed above. In order to lower the detection limit to sub-nanomolar levels modified amperometric electrodes were assembled by depositing a membrane comprising plasticised TECOFLEX, 2,3,6 triethyl-β-cyclodextrin and TKB on the working electrode of a screen printed electrode. Lipophilic 2,6 didodecyl-a- and β-cyclodextrins exhibited enantiomeric discrimination in the binding of propranolol, ephedrine, amphetamine and methamphetamine. These results were confirmed using potentiometric and NMR techniques.

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15

Amess, T. R. "The permeability of dentine to lignocaine." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319013.

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16

Carpenter, M. L. "The interaction of pressure and anaesthetics with lipid bilayers." Thesis, University of Salford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376841.

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17

Williams, Winston W. "The effect of anaesthetics and pressure on membrane systems." Thesis, University of Salford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327999.

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18

Gumbleton, M. "Influence of anaesthetics on renal function and drug deposition." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383117.

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19

McKenzie, Duncan. "The effect of general anaesthetics on a neuronal acetylcholine receptor." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294837.

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20

Tomlin, Sarah Louise. "Stereoselective actions of intravenous anaesthetics on the GABAâ†A receptor." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393749.

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21

Hendry, B. M. "Effects of anaesthetics and related molecules on membrane ion-channels." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.603959.

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22

Pearson, M. R. B. "The pharmacokinetics of inhaled anaesthetics in the sheep and ox." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381437.

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23

Curry, Stephen. "The interactions of general anaesthetics with a bacterial luciferase enzyme." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47396.

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Al, obeedallah Hadeel. "The Effects of Anaesthetics and Cholesterol on Tethered Lipid Bilayers." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18623.

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Cells are enveloped by a thin (4 nm) impermeable membrane which is mainly responsible for insulating the cell interior from the external environment. Due to the complexity of cell membranes, artificial lipid membranes models have emerged in order to study their physical, mechanical and electrical properties. The main challenge in the creation of these model membranes has been the creation of lipid membranes with enhanced stable properties that can withstand the external electric pulses and temperature changes. Tethered lipid membranes (tBLM) have emerged as providing a superior stable artificial lipid membrane that mimics biological membranes. In this study, (tBLM) were constructed on a commercially available chemically modified gold substrate. The Surgical Diagnostics SDx® tethered membrane chip was used to explore the effects of a local anaesthetic, benzyl alcohol (BZA), a general anaesthetic, xenon and cholesterol on the electrical properties of lipid membranes. Very high resolution electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to determine the dielectric structure of the lipid bilayers. Voltage–current (V-I) measurements of the tBLM were also measured using triangular voltage ramps of 0–500 mV. In this thesis, the results of measurements of the temperature dependence of the conductance of tBLM with BZA, xenon and cholesterol, incorporated in their structures are presented. An evaluation of their activation energies allowed conclusions to be drawn. The results showed that BZA caused a significant increase in the capacitance (corresponding to a decrease in the bilayer thickness) of the hydrophobic region and an increase in the membrane’s electrical conductance. The general anaesthetic xenon was found to decrease membrane’s capacitance and electrical conductivity. The results also showed that cholesterol inhibited pore formation when present in low concentrations in the tBLM.

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25

Petersson, Veronica, and Maria Weiåker. "Avancerade nybörjares och expertanestesisjuksköterskors upplevelser av sitt arbete vid generell anestesi." Thesis, University of Gävle, Ämnesavdelningen för vårdvetenskap, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-5419.

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The aim of the study was to describe how anaesthetic nurses, within both advanced beginner and expert levels, experience their professional role as they perform a general anaesthetic.

The study had a descriptive design with a qualitative approach in which ten advanced beginners- and ten expert anaesthetic nurses from an operating theatre and an ambulatory surgical ward at a hospital located in the middle of Sweden, participated. All data was collected in an interview with semi-structured questions which focused on how the anaesthetic nurses experience their work. The data were analysed with qualitative content analysis. The results are presented in categories and themes. The themes were formed from the categories. Themes for the advanced beginners were: support develops self confidence that gives the feeling of satisfaction and lack of support impedes further development of independency and gives the feeling of insecurity. Themes for the experts were: experience and new challenges in a supported environment give satisfaction and lack of support and own insecurity give dissatisfaction. The advanced beginners described their experiences in a more descriptive way, while the experts had more difficult to describe what they experienced. The advanced beginners wanted more support from their colleagues while the experts wanted to be more independent and were also more confident in their professional role.

Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur anestesisjuksköterskor på avancerad nybörjarnivå respektive expertnivå upplever sin yrkesroll vid generell anestesi. Studien hade en deskriptiv design med kvalitativ ansats där tio avancerade nybörjare respektive tio expert anestesisjuksköterskor, från en allmän operations avdelning och en dagkirurgisk avdelning vid ett Mellansvenskt sjukhus, deltog i studien. Data samlades in via halvstrukturerade intervjufrågor som inriktade sig på anestesisjuksköterskors upplevelser av sitt arbete. Data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet redovisas utifrån kategorier som bildade olika teman. Teman som för avancerade nybörjare var stöd utvecklar självförtroende som ger en känsla av tillfredställelse samt brist på stöd hindrar utvecklingen av självständighet och ger känsla av osäkerhet. Teman för experterna var erfarenhet och nya utmaningar i en stödjande miljö ger tillfredställelse samt bristande stöd och egen osäkerhet ger otillfredsställelse. Avancerade nybörjarna beskrev sina upplevelser på ett mer beskrivande sätt medan experterna hade svårare att beskriva vad de upplevde. Avancerade nybörjarna ville ha mer stöd medan experterna ville vara mer självständiga och var mer trygg i sin yrkesroll.

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26

Benzonana, Laura Lina. "Potential effects of anaesthetics on cancer recurrence following surgery : molecular mechanisms." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/39402.

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Patients with solid tumours are likely to undergo surgery during the course of their disease. Surgery and anaesthesia may influence the tumour's metastatic potential. Certain anaesthetics are shown to induce cellular phenotypic changes via cellular signalling pathways; including the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway. HIFs are heavily implicated in tumorigenesis and may play an important role in tumour cell proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis (VEGF signalling). In the current thesis I aimed to investigate the potential impact of isoflurane on tumour cell progression and metastatic potential, as well as the potential anti-cancer effects of helium (a potential insuflation gas) in vitro. In a series of experiments, renal and prostate cancer cells were exposed to different anaesthetics and their effects on the metastatic potential of the cells were observed using different techniques such as western blotting, fluorescent immunocytochemistry, MTT assays, trypan blue assay and migration assays. The data derived from my PhD project show that isoflurane anaesthesia results in an increased metastatic potential of renal cell carcinoma and prostate cancer cells by increasing cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The mechanism partially responsible for this effect has been shown to be the PI3K/HIF pathway. Furthermore helium was shown to have an anti-cancer effect on both cancer cell lines. These findings may have clinical implications for cancer patient care undergoing surgery under anaesthesia. Understanding the role of anaesthetics on growth and metastasis will defiantly shed light to better treatment options for cancer patients.

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27

Jenkins, Andrew. "The effects of general anaesthetics on a neuronal 5-HT3 receptor." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338953.

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28

Banks, Paul James. "Molecular mechanisms of NMDA receptor antagonism and neuroprotection by general anaesthetics." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516551.

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29

Pac-Soo, Chen Knien. "Effects of inhalational anaesthetics on spontaneous sympathetic activity and somatosympathetic reflexes." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322526.

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30

Moss, Guy William John. "The interactions of general anaesthetics and high pressure with firefly luciferase." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47575.

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31

Daryanavard, Seyed Mosayeb. "Microextraction by packed sorbent of drugs and peptides in biological fluids." Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för analytisk kemi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-83948.

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Sample preparation as the first step in an analytical procedure has an important role, particularly in bioanalysis, because of the complexity of biological samples (blood plasma and urine). Biological matrix such as plasma and blood contains proteins, organic and inorganic salts, acids, bases and various organic compounds with similar chemistry to the analytes of interest. Thus the basic concept of a sample preparation method is to convert a real matrix into a format that is suitable for analysis by an analytical technique. Therefore the choice of an appropriate sample preparation method greatly influences the reliability and accuracy of the analysis results. The aim of this thesis was to develop and validate of microextraction by packed syringe (MEPS) as a fast, selective, accurate and fully automated sample preparation technique for determination of BAM peptides in human plasma and local anaesthtics in human plasma and urine samples using silica and polymer sorbents. First work presents use of MEPS technique online with LC-MS/MS as a tool for the quantification of BAM peptide in plasma samples. MEPS technique provides significant advantages such as the speed and the simplicity of the sample-preparation process. Compared with other extraction techniques, such as protein precipitation and ultrafiltration, MEPS gave cleaner samples and higher recovery. In the second work, MEPS technique was developed by using synthesized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as a sorbent for selective quantification of a homologous series of local anaesthetics, containing lidocaine, ropivacaine, mepivacaine, and bupivacaine in human plasma and urine samples. Compared with other conventional sorbent, the use of MIP provides high selectivity of the extraction and decrease the matrix effect.

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32

Ding, Qinghua. "Intelligent systems engineering in anaesthesia." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310761.

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33

Berry, Stephen Clifford. "Dissociative anaesthetics and benzomorphans as n-methylaspartate antagonists on mammalian central neurones." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522176.

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34

Pedrazzani, Ana Silvia. "Use of anaesthetics during handling and transport of clown anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/36541.

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Orientador : Prof. Dr. Antonio Ostrensky Neto
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias. Defesa: Curitiba, 26/08/2014
Inclui referências
Resumo: O peixe-palhaço Amphiprion ocellaris é a espécie de peixe marinha ornamental mais comercializada ao redor do mundo. A tecnologia de cultivo desta espécie tem se aprimorado à medida que a sua demanda comercial aumenta. Consequentemente, tem havido um aumento do nível de exigência do mercado por animais cada vez mais saudáveis. Para assegurar esta qualidade é necessário que sejam adotadas medidas voltadas à mitigação do estresse causado durante o processo produtivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a efetividade de diferentes anestésicos durante procedimentos rotineiros, como a biometria e o transporte do peixe-palhaço Amphiprion ocellaris. Primeiramente, foram realizados dois experimentos nos quais os peixes (n=10/ concentração) foram expostos individualmente, por 15 minutos consecutivos, a cinco diferentes concentrações de MS-222, propofol e óleos de cravo, menta e de cânfora. Foram avaliados os estágios anestésicos atingidos por cada peixe em cada concentração testada. Posteriormente, os animais foram transferidos para recipientes contendo água limpa, para observação do tempo necessário para recuperação anestésica. Outros dois experimentos avaliaram os efeitos do uso dos anestésicos em condições de confinamento similares às de transporte. Os peixes (n=8/concentração/tempo) foram submetidos a três diferentes tempos simulados de transporte (6, 12 e 24h) e as principais variáveis de qualidade da água (oxigênio dissolvido, dióxido de carbono dissolvido, pH, amônia total e amônia gasosa) foram medidas. Por fim, foram testados os efeitos desses mesmos anestésicos para A. ocellaris em quatro densidades (5, 10, 15 e 20 px L-1), em condições simuladas de transporte, durante período de 24h. Os animais foram expostos aos anestésicos através de imersão em água salgada contendo os anestésicos (diluídos ou dissolvidos, dependendo do caso). A seguir, os peixes e água foram transferidos para embalagens plásticas (n= 5 embalagens/densidade). Os sacos foram preenchidos com oxigênio puro na proporção 1:2 (água/oxigênio). Adotando-se como critérios o tempo de indução e de recuperação anestésica, além da mortalidade de animais expostos aos anestésicos, as concentrações ideais de MS-222, propofol e óleos de cravo, menta e cânfora foram definidas em, respectivamente, 80 mg L-1, 0,7 mg L-1, 27 µL L-1, 70 µL L-1 e 500 µL L-1. O uso de 15 mg L-1 de MS-222 reduziu a eliminação de resíduos metabólicos durante a simulação de transporte da espécie em densidades entre 10 e 20 px L-1, em período de 24 h. O propofol não proporcionou efeitos positivos sobre a qualidade de água de transporte. A utilização de 25 µL L-1 de óleo de menta na densidade máxima de 10 px L-1, e o óleos de cravo e cânfora nas concentrações de 5 µL e 120 µL L-1, em baixa densidade (5 px L-1) promoveram redução significativa das concentrações de N-AT (nitrogênio na forma de amônia total) durante o transporte de A. ocellaris.
Abstract: The clown anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris is the most popular fish species in aquarium trade. The culturing technology of this species has been enhanced as the demand increases. Consequently, there is a greater demand by consumers to obtain healthy animals. To ensure this quality, are required to be adopted mitigation measures of stress caused during the production process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different anaesthetics during routine procedures as the biometrics and transporting of the clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris. Initially, two experiments were performed in which the fish were exposed individually for 15 consecutive minutes to five different concentrations of MS-222, propofol and clove, mint and camphor essential oils. The anaesthetic stages were verified for each fish (n =10/concentration). Posteriorly, the animals were transferred to containers containing clean water for observation of the time necessary to anaesthetic recovery. Other two experiments evaluated anaesthetic effects in confinement conditions similar to transport. Fish (n = 8/concentration/time) were submitted to three different concentrations in 6, 12 and 24 h of transport simulation. The main variables of water quality (dissolved oxygen, dissolved carbon dioxide, pH, total ammonia and gaseous ammonia were measured. Finally, were tested the effects of four different densities (5, 10, 15 and 20 fish L-1) in transport simulation of A. ocellaris during 24h, under the effect of the same anaesthetics. Animals immersed in seawater containing the anaesthetics were packed in plastic packaging (n = 5 bags/density), in which was added pure oxygen in proportion 1: 2 (water/oxygen). Adopting the criteria of anaesthetic induction and recovery times and mortality of exposed animals, ideal concentrations of MS-222, propofol and clove, mint and camphor oils were defined respectively 80 mg L-1, 0.7 mg L-1, 27 µl L-1, 70 µl L-1 and 500 µl L-1. The use of 15 mg L-1 of MS-222 reduced metabolic waste disposal during 24h transport of species in densities between 10 and 15 fish L-1. Propofol has provided no improvement in water quality of transport. The use of 25 µl L-1 of mint oil at maximum density of 10 fish L-1, and clove and camphor oils at 5 µl L-1 and 120 µl L-1, both at low density (5 fish L-1), promoted a significant reduction of concentrations of total ammonia during A. ocellaris transport.

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35

Fraser, David Michael. "Modulation of lipid-protein interactions of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by anaesthetics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253292.

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36

Muldoon, Owen Terence. "The role of old and new local anaesthetics in postoperative pain relief." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263347.

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Graham, Mark David. "The effects of anaesthetics on excitation-contraction coupling in intact ventricular myocytes." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424022.

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Aragão, Maria Francisca Moreira de Figueiredo Osório de. "Assessment of interaction between antibiotics and local anaesthetics in equine bacterial pathogens." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20967.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Bacterial infections are one of the biggest health issues globally. Antimicrobial therapy experienced `the golden era of antibiotics´ from the 1950s to the 1970s. However, the inadequate and irrational use of antimicrobial agents over the years, has given microorganisms conditions to acquire resistance, compromising the control of infectious diseases. Drug combinations and interactions involve a variety of possible outcomes that are currently explored to create more efficient clinical therapies. The combination of non-antibiotic compounds with antibiotics to achieve synergy, exploring a diversity of substances that could act as antimicrobials, is an exciting approach. Equine clinical practice uses frequently local anaesthetics to examine lameness, which is a common issue in horses. Antibiotics can be used prophylactically during these procedures. Besides, they can be applied during regional limb perfusions and are used in combination with local anaesthetics to treat septic arthritis. Various studies over the years have reported the antimicrobial effects of local anaesthetics against a variety of pathogens, although knowledge regarding interactions with different compounds is scarce. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible interactions between three frequently used local anaesthetics — lidocaine, mepivacaine, and bupivacaine — with three frequent antibiotics — amikacin, gentamicin, and ceftiofur — in equine practice, against sensitive and resistant strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, collected from infection sites from horses. Disc diffusion tests were performed to verify susceptibility of isolates to the antibiotics, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for all compounds by broth microdilution. Interactions between the compounds were analysed by a checkerboard method, quantifying the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). A modified disc diffusion test (MDDT) was implemented to confirm some synergy results, and also to evaluate the correlation between methods. The results obtained confirm the antimicrobial effects of local anaesthetics against equine pathogens. Reproducibility of the checkerboard method is not perfect, nonetheless it allows an initial detection of interactions between different compounds. Most interactions demonstrated additivity/indifference, revealing the use of these compounds combined, to be safe in equine practice. However, some antagonistic interactions were discovered, although most exhibited maximum FICI values close to 4, showing a weak antagonism. A few cases of synergy were detected in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Checkerboard and MDDT methods displayed a good correlation.
RESUMO - Avaliação da interação entre antibióticos e anestésicos tópicos em bactérias patogénicas de equinos - As infeções bacterianas são um dos maiores problemas de saúde reconhecidos mundialmente. O recurso a antibióticos experienciou a `época de ouro´ entre os anos 50 e os anos 70. Contudo, o uso irracional de agentes antimicrobianos, permitiu o desenvolvimento de microrganismos multirresistentes, dificultando o controlo de infeções. Combinações entre diferentes compostos podem originar diversos efeitos, os quais são atualmente investigados para produzir tratamentos mais eficazes. Particularmente, a combinação de antibióticos com diferentes compostos, explora diversas combinações com o potencial de aumentar a eficácia de tratamentos. Tais combinações poderão melhorar a interação entre um antibiótico e o seu alvo, desenvolvendo uma interação sinérgica. Na prática clínica de equinos é frequente recorrer a anestésicos locais para examinar casos de claudicação. Durante estes procedimentos é possível utilizar antibióticos profilaticamente. Além disso, os antibióticos podem ser usados em administrações regionais dos membros e é comum a sua co-administração com anestésicos em tratamento de artrites. Ao longo dos anos, diversos estudos reportaram os efeitos antimicrobianos dos anestésicos contra uma variedade de agentes patogénicos. Contudo, o conhecimento relativo das interações com diferentes compostos é escasso. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a eficácia das interações entre os três anestésicos, lidocaína, mepivacaína, e bupivacaína, e os três antibióticos, amicacina, gentamicina, e ceftiofur, contra estirpes sensíveis e resistentes de Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus, colhidas em focos de infeção de equinos. Realizaram-se testes de suscetibilidade aos antibióticos por difusão de disco, e as concentrações inibitórias mínimas foram determinadas por micro-diluição. As interações foram analisadas através do método do checkerboard, calculando o índice de concentração inibitória fracionada. Um teste por discodifusão modificado (MDDT) foi efetuado em alguns casos de sinergia, permitindo avaliar a correlação dos métodos. Os resultados confirmam o poder antimicrobiano dos anestésicos contra as estirpes estudadas. A reprodutibilidade do método checkerboard não é perfeita, porém permite detetar prováveis interações entre compostos. A maioria das interações revelou aditividade/indiferença, demonstrando que o uso destes compostos em combinação é seguro. Algumas interações revelaram antagonismo, apesar de fraco. Poucos casos de sinergia foram detetados em S. aureus resistentes à meticilina. Os métodos checkerboard e MDDT apresentaram uma boa correlação.
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39

Shu, Yi. "Neurodegeneration induced by general anaesthetics in the developing brain : mechanism and prevention." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9099.

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In the early development of brain, there is an important period called the synaptogenesis period (also known as the brain growth-spurt period) which occurs in different mammalian species at different times relative to birth. In rodents, it begins a day or two before birth and ends 2 weeks after birth, whereas in humans it starts at the beginning of the third trimester and ends several years after birth. This is a critical period during neural development as neurons are establishing communications with their environment and other neurons to ensure that they develop and function appropriately; disruption at this stage by toxic agents including anaesthetic agents may compromise the normal neuronal development of the central nervous system. During the course of my PhD study, I found that inhalational agents isoflurane (ISO) alone or in combination with nitrous oxide (N2O) caused a wide spread neurodegeneration in the brain including the cingulated cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra and basal forebrain in postnatal day 7 Sprague-Dawley rat pups. In those brain regions, the cells involved included glutamatergic, GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons. However, the cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain were spared from anaesthesia-induced neuroapoptosis. My studies also showed that the neurodegeneration was not only confined to the higher centres, but was also observed in the spinal cord. These data indicated that the anaesthetics studied acted at molecular level and induced neuronal apoptosis by activating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. It has been well documented that preconditioning with hypoxia or other interventions including pharmacological agents can protect against subsequent brain injury induced by hypoxia/ischemia. However, my data showed that hypoxic preconditioning exacerbated N2O+ISO-induced neonatal neurodegeneration, while xenon preconditioning protected against anaesthetics-induced neuroapoptosis and subsequent neurocognitve impairment. Most studies in this field including my own study described above are more relevant to the clinical situation where neonates are managed in the critical care unit, i.e. in the absence of surgery. For this reason, I implemented another experimental setting to mimic the clinical situation in the operating room where neonates receiving anaesthetic drugs are also subjected to nociceptive surgical stimuli. Therefore, in another experiment, rat pups in addition to receiving anaesthetic drugs were also subjected to standardised nociceptive stimuli. The results suggested that nociceptive stimuli enhanced neuronal apoptosis induced by anaesthetic drugs in the brain and the spinal cord and consequently impaired neurological function. Were the data reported in my thesis to be extrapolated to the clinical setting, it would have very important implications for the clinical management of paediatric population receiving general anaesthesia.

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Munot, Vaishaali. "Solubility studies of prilocaine and lignocaine with Hydroxy-Propyl beta Cyclodextrin." Thesis, Curtin University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1104.

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Formulation of local anaesthetics in different dosage forms, including those for oral, parenteral, and topical application have being widely investigated. All of these formulations include local anaesthetics in their salt forms. The lipophilic nature of the bases of local anaesthetics may influence the rate of the pharmacological effect. There has been very little research done towards this aspect of local anaesthetics. Prilocaine base and lignocaine base possess greater lipophilicity than their salts. The salt forms undergo dissociation in the body. To maximise the absorption rate lipophilicity plays an important role. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the potential of using prilocaine and lignocaine individually and in combination as bases for parenteral formulations using cyclodextrins as complexing agents. Cyclodextrins are widely used as complexing agents to increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) was the first choice amongst the different cyclodextrins to be evaluated as a solubility enhancer as it does not show nephrotoxicity and is more bio-available compared to other cyclodextrins.Method: Prilocaine base was prepared from its salt and lignocaine base was obtained from Sigma Pharmaceuticals. Solubilities were examined individually and in combination by the phase solubility method and complex formation investigated. The mobile phase used was methanol:water (55:45) with phosphate buffer at pH 5.5. An AL type solubility isotherm was obtained for the influence of HPβCD on the solubilities of prilocaine and lignocaine. Complexation was investigated for both prilocaine and lignocaine to HPβCD by NMR. Results: The measured solubilities of prilocaine and lignocaine individually at 30% HPβCD from 25°C to 42°C were 1.96-7.91 moles/L and 1.69-4.55 moles/L respectively. The solubilities in combination were 0.91-3.68 moles/L for prilocaine and 1.03-8.35 moles/L for lignocaine respectively. The NMR data suggested that complexation involves the aromatic ring for both prilocaine and lignocaine apart from methene and methyl groups for prilocaine and ethyl amide and aromatic methyl groups for lignocaine.

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Lyons, Jeremy D. M. "Effects of anaesthesia and nutrition on immunology and hepatic function in adults and children." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326386.

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Worship, George Robin. "Physiological and pharmacological models for control of anaesthesia." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343528.

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Takahashi, Hidenori. "Effects of general anaesthetics on calcium and potassium channel currents in heart cells." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239241.

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Victory, Jason G. G. "Ion channels and the myocardium : interactions between general anaesthetics and calcium channel blockers." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253420.

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Rithalia, Amber. "The effects of volatile anaesthetics on the electrical activity of rat ventricular myocytes." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399871.

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Hellman, Eva, Lager Mirjam Sirviö, and Marlene Wikberg. "Den stora utmaningen : anestesisjksköterskors erfarenheter av barninduktion." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-13413.

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Bakgrund: Anestesisjuksköterskor i Sverige har en unik roll i och med att de har ett eget yrkesansvar som ger behörighet att utföra anestesiarbetet självständigt. Det finns många utmaningar som en anestesisjuksköterska ställs inför vid sövning av barn, både ur fysiologisk och psykologisk synvinkel. Få studier finns gjorda kring anestesisjuksköterskors erfarenheter av barninduktion. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att belysa anestesisjuksköterskors erfarenheter vid barninduktion. Metod: Studien genomfördes på ett sjukhus i mellersta Sverige under våren 2011. En kvalitativ intervjumetod användes med innehållsanalys av materialet. Sammanlagt intervjuades 14 anestesisjuksköterskor med varierande yrkeserfarenhet. Resultat: Alla studiedeltagare ansåg att det är en utmaning att söva barn. Med ökad erfarenhet upplevde anestesisjuksköterskorna att de blev tryggare i sin yrkesroll och att de lättare kunde hantera de små marginaler som barns fysiologi innebär. De betonade vikten av en god kommunikation med barnet och dess familj. Ibland uppkom situationer som ställde anestesisjuksköterskan inför etiska dilemman. Diskussion: I studien framkom hur anestesisjuksköterskor utvecklas från att vara noviser till att bli experter på sitt område. En tydlig känsla av yrkesstolthet kunde utläsas av intervjuerna. Anestesisjuksköterskorna befann sig på ett kontinuum mellan att vara uppgifts- eller relationsfokuserad. Nyckelord: Anestesisjuksköterskor, barninduktion, erfarenheter, omvårdnad, samspel
Background: Nurse Anesthetists in Sweden have a unique role due to the responsibilities required of the profession and due to the fact that NA´s often work alone. There are many challenges a nurse anesthetist meets when performing a child induction, both from a physiological and a psychological aspect. There are only a few studies conducted concerning nurse anesthetists´ experiences of child induction. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe nurse anesthetists´ experiences of child induction. Method: The study was conducted in a hospital in Norrland in the spring of 2011. A qualitative interview method was used with a content analysis of the material. A total of 14 NA´s were interviewed, with a varied amount of years in the profession. Result: All interviewees thought that it was a challenge to perform a child induction. With increasing experience, the NA´s became more comfortable in their professional role and could cope with the small margins that a child´s physiology brings. They all emphasized the importance of a good communication with the child and its family. NA´s sometimes found themselves in situations wherein ethical dilemmas arose. Discussion: The study showed that NA´s evolved from being a novice to becoming an expert in their field. A clear sense of pride of the profession could be read between the lines during the interviews. The NA´s could be found in a continuum between being relationship-oriented and being task-oriented. Key words: Child induction, experience, interaction, Nurse anesthetist, Nursing

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Ni, Mhuircheartaigh Roisin Judith. "The neurophysiology of sedation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5097d3ca-5f5b-4b37-b7bd-abeb10ec196d.

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We recognise consciousness in ourselves and in those around us. Consciousness is the essence of our existence, who and what we are, but we are willing and able to let go of it daily during sleep, which we welcome and associate with rest, recovery and well being, knowing that consciousness will return reliably, when we are ready. Yet we cannot define this thing or process which makes us "us". We do not understand how it is constructed from the activity in our brains, how it is deconstructed by sleep, drugs or disease, or how it can be reconstructed by waking or recovery. Our ignorance renders us reliant on inadequate means of measuring consciousness, dependent on movement for its detection. Propofol is an intravenous anaesthetic drug with the capacity to safely, rapidly and reliably produce sedation and anaesthesia, providing an ideal model of unconsciousness for study. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a non-invasive means of measuring activity within the brain. EEG is a convenient broad measure of neuronal activity. This thesis exploits the advantages of each of these techniques, fMRI and EEG, first separately and then together, to link highly informative, spatially specific fMRI observations to convenient, reproducible electrophysiological surface measurements. A safe and reliable model of unconsciousness suitable for fMRI interrogation is first developed and explored. Changes in the spatial extent and interregional correlation of neuronal activity when subjects become unresponsive show that the functional connectivity of the striatum is specifically impaired as perception fails. Disruption of the brain’s internal temporal frame of reference impairs the synthesis of perceptions from their fragments. The second experimental chapter specifically examines the behaviour of sleep oscillations during ultraslow increases and decreases in the depth of sedation with propofol. Functional activity shows that the brain is intensely active despite loss of consciousness and reveals measurable transitions in neuronal activity. Combined simultaneous EEG/FMRI then shows that these transitions reflect stepwise changes in the processing of experience and a shift from externally modulated thalamocortical signaling to an internal dialogue.

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Gilron, Ian. "Effects of intravenous anaesthetics on formalin-induced FOS immunoreactivity in the rat spinal cord." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0004/MQ44172.pdf.

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De, Sousa Sara Luisa Mellor. "Effects of the general anaesthetics isoflurane and xenon on synaptic transmission in isolated hippocampal neurones." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8593.

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Fahlman, Åsa. "Anaesthesia of wild carnivores and primates : physiological effects and reversibility of medetomidine and dissociative anaesthetics /." Uppsala : Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/9991326.pdf.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Anaesthetics'

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