Academic literature on the topic 'Anabolic resistance'
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Journal articles on the topic "Anabolic resistance"
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Morton, Robert W., Daniel A. Traylor, Peter J. M. Weijs, and Stuart M. Phillips. "Defining anabolic resistance." Current Opinion in Critical Care 24, no. 2 (April 2018): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mcc.0000000000000488.
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Engelen, Mariëlle P. K. J., Barbara S. van der Meij, and Nicolaas E. P. Deutz. "Protein anabolic resistance in cancer." Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 19, no. 1 (January 2016): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mco.0000000000000236.
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Mitchell, Cameron J., Randall F. D'Souza, Vandre C. Figueiredo, Alex Chan, Kirsten Aasen, Brenan Durainayagam, Sarah Mitchell, et al. "Effect of dietary arachidonic acid supplementation on acute muscle adaptive responses to resistance exercise in trained men: a randomized controlled trial." Journal of Applied Physiology 124, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 1080–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01100.2017.
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Arachidonic acid (ARA), a polyunsaturated ω-6 fatty acid, acts as precursor to a number of prostaglandins with potential roles in muscle anabolism. It was hypothesized that ARA supplementation might enhance the early anabolic response to resistance exercise (RE) by increasing muscle protein synthesis (MPS) via mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activation and/or the late anabolic response by modulating ribosome biogenesis and satellite cell expansion. Nineteen men with ≥1 yr of resistance-training experience were randomized to consume either 1.5 g daily ARA or a corn-soy-oil placebo in a double-blind manner for 4 wk. Participants then undertook fasted RE (8 sets each of leg press and extension at 80% 1-repetition maximum), with vastus lateralis biopsies obtained before exercise, immediately postexercise, and at 2, 4, and 48 h of recovery. MPS (measured via stable isotope infusion) was not different between groups ( P = 0.212) over the 4-h recovery period. mTOR pathway members p70 S6 kinase and S6 ribosomal protein were phosphorylated postexercise ( P < 0.05), with no difference between groups. 45S preribosomal RNA increased 48 h after exercise only in ARA ( P = 0.012). Neural cell adhesion molecule-positive satellite cells per fiber increased 48 h after exercise ( P = 0.013), with no difference between groups ( P = 0.331). Prior ARA supplementation did not alter the acute anabolic response to RE in previously resistance-trained men; however, at 48 h of recovery, ribosome biogenesis was stimulated only in the ARA group. The findings do not support a mechanistic link between ARA and short-term anabolism, but ARA supplementation in conjunction with resistance training may stimulate increases in translational capacity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Four weeks of daily arachidonic acid supplementation in trained men did not alter their acute muscle protein synthetic or anabolic signaling response to resistance exercise. However, 48 h after exercise, men supplemented with arachidonic acid showed greater ribosome biogenesis and a trend toward greater change in satellite cell content. Chronic arachidonic acid supplementation does not appear to regulate the acute anabolic response to resistance exercise but may augment muscle adaptation in the following days of recovery.
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Dardevet, Dominique, Didier Rémond, Marie-Agnès Peyron, Isabelle Papet, Isabelle Savary-Auzeloux, and Laurent Mosoni. "Muscle Wasting and Resistance of Muscle Anabolism: The “Anabolic Threshold Concept” for Adapted Nutritional Strategies during Sarcopenia." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/269531.
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Skeletal muscle loss is observed in several physiopathological situations. Strategies to prevent, slow down, or increase recovery of muscle have already been tested. Besides exercise, nutrition, and more particularly protein nutrition based on increased amino acid, leucine or the quality of protein intake has generated positive acute postprandial effect on muscle protein anabolism. However, on the long term, these nutritional strategies have often failed in improving muscle mass even if given for long periods of time in both humans and rodent models. Muscle mass loss situations have been often correlated to a resistance of muscle protein anabolism to food intake which may be explained by an increase of the anabolic threshold toward the stimulatory effect of amino acids. In this paper, we will emphasize how this anabolic resistance may affect the intensity and the duration of the muscle anabolic response at the postprandial state and how it may explain the negative results obtained on the long term in the prevention of muscle mass. Sarcopenia, the muscle mass loss observed during aging, has been chosen to illustrate this concept but it may be kept in mind that it could be extended to any other catabolic states or recovery situations.
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Nilsson, Mats I., Nicholas P. Greene, Justin P. Dobson, Michael P. Wiggs, Heath G. Gasier, Brandon R. Macias, Kevin L. Shimkus, and James D. Fluckey. "Insulin resistance syndrome blunts the mitochondrial anabolic response following resistance exercise." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 299, no. 3 (September 2010): E466—E474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00118.2010.
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Metabolic risk factors associated with insulin resistance syndrome may attenuate augmentations in skeletal muscle protein anabolism following contractile activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not the anabolic response, as defined by an increase in cumulative fractional protein synthesis rates (24-h FSR) following resistance exercise (RE), is blunted in skeletal muscle of a well-established rodent model of insulin resistance syndrome. Four-month-old lean ( Fa/?) and obese ( fa/fa) Zucker rats engaged in four lower body RE sessions over 8 days, with the last bout occurring 16 h prior to muscle harvest. A priming dose of deuterium oxide (2H2O) and 2H2O-enriched drinking water were administered 24 h prior to euthanization for assessment of cumulative FSR. Fractional synthesis rates of mixed (−5%), mitochondrial (−1%), and cytosolic (+15%), but not myofibrillar, proteins (−16%, P = 0.012) were normal or elevated in gastrocnemius muscle of unexercised obese rats. No statistical differences were found in the anabolic response of cytosolic and myofibrillar subfractions between phenotypes, but obese rats were not able to augment 24-h FSR of mitochondria to the same extent as lean rats following RE (+14% vs. +28%, respectively). We conclude that the mature obese Zucker rat exhibits a mild, myofibrillar-specific suppression in basal FSR and a blunted mitochondrial response to contractile activity in mixed gastrocnemius muscle. These findings underscore the importance of assessing synthesis rates of specific myocellular subfractions to fully elucidate perturbations in basal protein turnover rates and differential adaptations to exercise stimuli in metabolic disease.
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Murphy, Chaise, and Karsten Koehler. "Caloric restriction induces anabolic resistance to resistance exercise." European Journal of Applied Physiology 120, no. 5 (March 31, 2020): 1155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04354-0.
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Murton, Andrew J. "Muscle protein turnover in the elderly and its potential contribution to the development of sarcopenia." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 74, no. 4 (March 31, 2015): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665115000130.
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The underlying aetiology of sarcopenia appears multifaceted and not yet fully defined, but ultimately involves the gradual loss of muscle protein content over time. The present evidence suggests that the loss of lean tissue in the elderly is exacerbated by low dietary protein intake. Moreover, acute stable-isotope-based methodologies have demonstrated that the muscle anabolic response to a given amount of protein may decline with age, a phenomenon that has been termed anabolic resistance. Although the mechanism responsible for the inability of muscle to mount a satisfactory anabolic response to protein provision with increasing age is presently unknown, it does not appear due to impaired digestion or absorption of dietary protein. Rather, the issue could reside with any combination of: a diminished delivery of amino acids to peripheral tissues, impaired uptake of amino acids into muscle cells, or an inability of amino acids to elicit intracellular events pivotal for anabolism to occur. Despite the presence of anabolic resistance to dietary protein, present evidence suggests that protein supplementation may be able to overcome these issues, particularly when combined with resistance exercise programmes. As such, protein supplementation may prove to be an effective approach to delay the loss of muscle mass with age and has led to calls for the recommended daily intake of protein to be increased for the elderly population.
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Pereira, Ericson, Samuel Jorge Moyses, Sérgio Aparecido Ignácio, Daniel Komarchewski Mendes, Diego Sgarbi da Silva, Everdan Carneiro, Ana Maria Trindade Grégio Hardy, Edvaldo Antônio Ribeiro Rosa, Patrícia Vida Cassi Bettega, and Aline Cristina Batista Rodrigues Johann. "Anabolic steroids among resistance training practitioners." PLOS ONE 14, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): e0223384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223384.
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Rennie, Michael J. "Anabolic resistance in critically ill patients." Critical Care Medicine 37 (October 2009): S398—S399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181b6ec1f.
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Drummond, Micah J., Robin L. Marcus, and Paul C. LaStayo. "Targeting Anabolic Impairment in Response to Resistance Exercise in Older Adults with Mobility Impairments: Potential Mechanisms and Rehabilitation Approaches." Journal of Aging Research 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/486930.
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Muscle atrophy is associated with healthy aging (i.e., sarcopenia) and may be compounded by comorbidities, injury, surgery, illness, and physical inactivity. While a bout of resistance exercise increases protein synthesis rates in healthy young skeletal muscle, the effectiveness of resistance exercise to mount a protein synthetic response is less pronounced in older adults. Improving anabolic sensitivity to resistance exercise, thereby enhancing physical function, is most critical in needy older adults with clinical conditions that render them “low responders”. In this paper, we discuss potential mechanisms contributing to anabolic impairment to resistance exercise and highlight the need to improve anabolic responsiveness in low responders. This is followed with evidence suggesting that the recovery period of resistance exercise provides an opportunity to amplify the exercise-induced anabolic response using protein/essential amino acid ingestion. This anabolic strategy, if repeated chronically, may improve lean muscle gains, decrease time to recovery of function during periods of rehabilitation, and overall, maintain/improve physical independence and reduce mortality rates in older adults.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Anabolic resistance"
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Smeuninx, Benoit. "Mechanisms of, and countermeasures to, age-related muscle anabolic resistance and sarcopenia." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7619/.
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Sarcopenia negatively impacts physical function and health. Although the mechanisms underpinning sarcopenia are unclear, a blunted response to anabolic stimuli is observed. Accordingly, Chapter 2 explored how dose, timing, distribution and source of dietary protein intake differed between healthy young and older individuals. We showed that, whilst the recommended dietary allowance for protein was met by most individuals, total protein intake was lower and unevenly distributed across meals in old. The observation of sub-optimal protein intakes in older individuals has important implications for skeletal muscle maintenance. Therefore, in Chapter 3 we investigated the muscle anabolic response in young lean, old lean and obese old individuals to a suboptimal protein dose. Whilst young lean and, to a lesser extent, old lean significantly increased postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS), this response was blunted in obese old. Furthermore, MyoPS correlated significantly with step count and leg fat mass in old. Based on the age-related decrease in MyoPS, we assessed the ability of phosphatidic acid (PA) to increase MyoPS at rest and after exercise in Chapter 4. Compared to a placebo treatment, MyoPS was blunted upon PA consumption in the late phase of resistance exercise recovery and was probably due to impaired anabolic signaling.
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Bird, Randy Lee. "The Effect of Post Exercise Nutrition on Anabolic Response to Resistance Exercise." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31585.
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Purpose: To determine the effect of four postexercise beverages, differing in macronutrient content, on metabolic response to an acute resistance exercise bout. Methods: Forty male subjects performed five sets of eight repetitions at 80% 1RM for leg press and leg extension, and then consumed one of four postexercise beverages (Placebo, PL: a carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage, CE; or one of two milk-based beverages, MILK 1: 1% chocolate milk; MILK 2: a high protein milk beverage). Indicators of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) were assessed before and 1-hr after consuming a postexercise beverage. Muscle protein degradation (MPD) was examined the day before and the day of exercise.
Results: No significant differences were found among groups in MPS. The resistance exercise bout increased the amount of eIF4E-eIF4G by 4.5% 1-hr postexercise (p<0.05) without affecting the amount of eIF4E-4E-BP1. One hour after beverage consumption, serum total amino acid concentration increased for MILK 1 (p=0.003) and MILK 2 (p<0.001) but decreased for CE (p=0.028) and PL (p=0.276). Consumption of MILK 1, MILK 2, and CE significantly increased circulating levels of serum insulin (p<0.001). Serum growth hormone increased 3-fold as a result of the exercise bout but fell to baseline for all groups by 60 min (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The resistance exercise bout was anabolic as shown by the increase in the active eIF4E-eIF4G complex and serum growth hormone. Consumption of MILK 2 led to the most optimal environment for muscle anabolism; however, none of the experimental beverages influenced the measured indicators of muscle protein translation 1-hr after ingestion.
Master of Science
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Hollings, Matthew. "The evidence-base and clinical application of anabolic exercise in older adults at high cardiovascular risk." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23968.
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Ageing is associated with an increase in the risk of cardiovascular (CV) mortality, and this risk is elevated in the presence of cardiometabolic disorders such as coronary artery disease (CAD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In addition, ageing and disease can negatively impact other physiological variables that are closely linked to cardiovascular risk such as cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), skeletal muscle volume and function, metabolic function, psychosocial health and functional performance. Resistance exercise provides a potentially safe treatment modality to address many of these impairments in older adults at high CV risk, while concomitantly addressing a range of other co-morbidities associated with older age such as cognitive impairment, peripheral artery disease, kidney disease, cancer, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and depression. To evaluate the feasibility of resistance exercise in older adults at high CV risk, the aims of this thesis are threefold; (1) evaluate the effects of resistance training on individuals with existing CAD, (2) evaluate the current implementation of resistance training within cardiac rehabilitation settings in Australia, (3) evaluate the effect of a novel resistance training prescription, high-intensity power training, on CRF and other CV risk factors in high risk individuals with CAD and T2D. Collectively, the chapters within this thesis have presented a comprehensive narrative of the inter-relationship between CRF, body composition, metabolic health, CV disease and ageing, and advanced the understanding of how to approach older adults in a more wholistic and evidence-based way to best optimise health and well-being. We have also demonstrated the important role of resistance training in counteracting the deterioration of metabolic and physiological health attributed to age and disease, and its potential application as a central and vital medicine for older adults with benefits extending beyond those discussed in this thesis.
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Consitt, Leslie A. N. "Comparison of anabolic hormone responses to aerobic and resistance exercise in physically active premenopausal females." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ65480.pdf.
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Goldman, Lauren Paige. "Effects of a dietary milk or carbohydrate supplement with resistance training on body composition, muscle strength and anabolic hormones in untrained men." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30809.
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Twenty untrained men (18-25 y) were assigned to consume either a milk supplement (MILK) or a carbohydrate-electrolyte supplement (CHO) immediately following each resistance workout during a 10 wk resistance training program. Subjects trained 3 d/wk beginning with an intensity of 55% 1-RM and progressing to 97% 1-RM by wk 10. Muscle strength (1-RM), body composition (DEXA) and resting, fasted serum concentrations of total and free testosterone and IGF-1 were measured pre- and post-training. CHO tended to reduce, while MILK increased body weight (P = 0.10). All subjects significantly reduced percent body fat (1.1%) and significantly increased lean body mass (1.21 kg) as a result of the resistance training with no significant differences between treatments. However, MILK tended to increase lean body mass (P = 0.1) more than CHO (1.6 and 0.8 kg, respectively). About 39% of lean mass gain for all subjects was in the leg region, while the arms accounted for about 28% of lean gain. Resistance training also caused a similar significant 44% increase in muscle strength for the seven exercises combined for both groups. Resting total and free testosterone concentrations significantly decreased from baseline values in both groups of subjects (16.7% and 11%, respectively), while resting insulin concentrations significantly increased in all subjects (P<0.01). There were no significant changes in resting, fasted IGF-1 concentrations. In summary, dietary supplementation with a MILK or CHO beverage immediately following resistance exercise resulted in similar changes in muscle strength and hormone concentrations following a 10 wk periodized resistance training program. MILK tended to increase body weight and lean body mass more so than CHO.Master of Science
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Kumar, Vinod. "Effects of resistance exercise (intensity and volume) with or without leucine enriched protein supplementation on human myofibrillar protein synthesis and cell anabolic signalling." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11571/.
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Sarcopenia or the involuntary age associated muscle wasting starts in the fourth decade of life and accelerates markedly from the fifth decade. This gradual loss of muscle mass eventually results in an inability of older people to carry out simple daily tasks, instability, is associated with an increased risk of falls and fractures, loss of independence, and reduced quality of life. As the number of older people is growing steadily in our society, this in turn places an increasing burden on health care resources, making the topic of sarcopenia and its consequences an important area for research. Resistance exercise and protein enriched feeding are potent stimulators of MPS and act synergistically to increase the MPS; however, the muscle protein synthetic responses to amino acids are blunted in the elderly in the resting state. Leucine has been shown to be the most potent branched-chain amino acid acting as a signal for accelerating MPS in the resting state. How intensity and duration of resistance exercise can affect MPS and anabolic signalling in the elderly is less well understood. Can leucine enriched protein supplementation coupled with resistance exercise rejuvenate the MPS responses in the elderly? We aimed to answer these questions. The results revealed a sigmoidal dose-response relationship between exercise intensity and the stimulation of MPS in the post absorptive state, with little increase from 20-40% 1RM, then a bigger rise at 60 % of 1 RM with no significant further increase up to 90% 1RM in both the young and the elderly. Both groups showed quantitatively similar increases in phosphorylation of both p70s6K and 4E-BP1, which were maximal for exercise at 60-90% 1 RM at 1 h post exercise, i.e. just before the maximal increase in MPS. However, older men demonstrated a blunted rise in MPS and anabolic signalling activity after exercise, suggesting a general pattern of a reduced protein synthetic response to exercise in the elderly. This may explain, in part the mechanisms through which muscle is lost gradually with ageing. Increasing exercise volume from 3 to 6 sets at 40% and 75% 1RM produced no additional MPS responses in post absorptive young men; however, in older men, it resulted in enhanced MPS and p70S6K responses at both intensities, suggesting that the muscle of older men requires a greater volume of exercise to activate the protein synthetic machinery sufficiently to achieve synthetic responses comparable to those seen in younger men. Exercise, irrespective of intensity and volume caused only short term stimulation in MPS (returned to basal level at 4h post exercise) in the post absorptive state. Leucine supplementation to protein feeding after resistance exercise appeared to overcome age-related anabolic blunting of responses of myofibrillar protein synthesis and p70S6K phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of older men by rejuvenating their synthetic responses. In summary, the results gave a clear indication as to the likely optimal exercise intensity and volume of acute resistance exercise (6 sets of 8-10 reps at 75% 1RM) coupled with optimal amino acid supplementation (leucine supplemented drink containing about 20 g of protein) required to effectively stimulate MPS and anabolic signalling in the elderly for maintenance of muscle mass. This work helps shed light on the pathophysiology of sarcopenia and suggests strategies that could be used to develop effective countermeasures to counteract sarcopenia.
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Figueroa-Galvez, Arturo. "Resistance exercise training, hormone replacement therapy, lean and fat mass, and serum anabolic and catabolic hormones in non-obese and obese postmenopausal women." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/283924.
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The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and exercise training would be related to differences in resting hormone levels in association with soft tissue composition changes in postmenopausal women. Estrone (E₁), estradiol (E₂), androstenedione (A-4), cortisol, growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were determined along with estimates of lean soft tissue (LST) and fat mass in total and regional body by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in a cross-sectional sample of women on HRT (n = 38) and not on HRT (no HRT, n = 46) and in a 12 month longitudinal data of the effects of exercise training on these variables. Postmenopausal women aged 40-65 years who were on HRT and no HRT were randomized to exercise [HRT (EX+HRT) and no HRT (EX))] and no exercise [HRT (HRT) and no HRT (CONTROL)]. Subjects were further classified in non-obese and obese (>40% fat) resulting in the following groups: no EX (non-obese and obese) and EX (non-obese and obese). Obese HRT had significant higher E₁, E₂, and lower GH than non-obese HRT. IGF-I was lower in obese HRT compared to both non-obese HRT and no HRT. Non-obese HRT had higher cortisol than non-obese no HRT. Exercise training decreased E₁ and E₂ with no effect on GH, IGF-I, A-4 and cortisol. Exercise training without HRT increased total body, arms and legs LST and decreased % fat. Arm LST increased in EX+HRT and in both non-obese EX and obese EX. Leg LST and % fat increased and decreased, respectively, in non-obese EX. The following was concluded from the study: there were no HRT effect on LST: HRT resulted in high E₁, E₂, GH, and cortisol, and low IGF-I; obesity was positively related to E₂ and negatively related to GH and IGF-I; obesity in addition to HRT was associated with a greater decrease in IGF-I; HRT had no beneficial effect on LST gains and fat mass losses resulting from exercise training; our exercise training effectively increased arm LST but not leg LST in the obese; exercise training did not modify E₁, E₂, A-4, cortisol, GH and IGF-I.
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Oliveira, Ubirajara de 1964. "O uso de esteroides androgênicos anabolizantes entre adolescentes e sua relação com a prática da musculação." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/310105.
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Orientador: José Martins FilhoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: A dimensão mais valorizada do corpo, na contemporaneidade, é a aparência, pois o corpo belo, jovem e magro tornou-se objeto de consumo, sendo exaltado, sobretudo, pelos meios de comunicação e pela publicidade. Importantes implicações para a saúde, em decorrência da massificação desse discurso de exaltação do corpo, são sentidas, especialmente, entre os adolescentes. Tais implicações vão dos distúrbios alimentares ao consumo de esteróides anabolizantes. Este culto do corpo, em que estilo, forma, aparência e juventude contam como seus mais importantes atributos, leva-nos a considerar que, atualmente, o corpo pode ser modelado, construído e reconstruído. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de identificar entre adolescentes do sexo masculino sua relação com a prática de musculação com a finalidade de alteração corporal por meio da utilização dos EAA. Na metodologia utilizou-se um estudo epidemiológico, mediante um corte transversal da população, envolvendo 3150 adolescentes do sexo masculino praticantes de musculação, com idade entre 15 a 20 anos e matriculados em escolas do município de São Paulo, que foi realizado através de questionário investigativo a que os sujeitos foram submetidos após um estudo piloto. Foi feita uma análise descritiva dos resultados entre as variáveis do estudo realizado pelo teste não-paramétrico do Quiquadrado, considerando como intervalo de confiança 95%. Os resultados apontam que os adolescentes apresentaram alto nível de satisfação com sua corporeidade quando há alteração corporal no que diz respeito ao aumento da massa. Os resultados mostram também que a prática de musculação na academia com esse fim tem sido feita sem orientação profissional e tem se caracterizado pela predisposição ao consumo dos EAA. Mesmo afirmando não saber o que são, os adolescentes declaram assumir o risco de utilização com objetivo estético. Na busca pelo corpo perfeito, estes estão associando a prática da musculação à predisposição ao uso dos EAA, tendo na academia o lugar propício para este envolvimento, o que se transforma em um problema de saúde pública em função da sua ausência de conhecimento sobre os efeitos reais do uso dessas substâncias
Abstract: The body's most valued dimension, in contemporary times, is the appearance, whereas the beautiful, young and thin body has become an object of consumption, exalted above all by the media and advertising. Important implications for health, due to the massification of this discourse on the exaltation of the body, affect especially adolescents. These implications range from eating disorders to consumption anabolic steroids. This cult of the body, of which style, form, appearance and youth count as its most important attributes, leads to the conclusion that, currently, the body can be modeled, built and rebuilt. The aim of this work was to identify among adolescent males their relation to the practice of bodybuilding for the purpose of body modification and the use of AAS. As methodology, an epidemiologicalstudy was appliedusing a cross-section of the population involving 3150 bodybuildersmaleadolescents, aged 15 to 20 years enrolled in schools of São Paulo city through investigative questionnaire applied to the subjects after a pilot study. It was made a descriptive analysis of the variables of the study conducted by the nonparametric Chi-square test, considering a confidence interval of 95%. Results have shown that adolescents demonstrated a high level of satisfaction with their corporeality when there is possibility of body change with regard to mass increase. Results have shown yet that the practice of bodybuilding at the gym has been made without professional guidance and is characterized by the predisposition to consumption of AAS. Even claiming not to know what they are, adolescents declare to assume the risk for use with aesthetic goal. It was observed that adolescents, in the search for the perfect body, are associating the practice of bodybuilding with the predisposition for the use of AAS, having the gym as the appropriate place for this involvement, what leads to a public health problem due to their lack of knowledge about the actual effects of using these substances
Doutorado
Saude da Criança e do Adolescente
Doutor em Ciências
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Urtado, Christiano Bertoldo 1980. "Prevalência e perfil da utilização de esteróides anabolizantes por praticantes de treinamento de força com idade entre 14 e 24 anos na cidade de Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil = Prevalence and profile of use of anabolic steroids in subject's regular resistance trained among 14 and 24 years in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/310103.
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Orientador: José Martins FilhoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Os esteróides anabólicos androgênicos (EAAs), são hormônios sintéticos derivados da testosterona e têm sido usados, por muitos atletas, de diferentes modalidades para melhorar a performance esportiva. Além disso, seu uso se estende também entre os adolescentes e jovens com objetivos estéticos. Faltam dados epidemiológicos relacionados ao uso desses hormônios por adolescentes e jovens frequentadores de academias de ginástica, praticantes de treinamento de força, principalmente no Brasil. Diante disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver, padronizar e validar um questionário de uso de esteróides anabolizantes em jovens praticantes de treinamento de força e aplicar o instrumento em população alvo específica. Após a elaboração do instrumento, dez especialistas divididos nas áreas de medicina, educação física, nutrição, fisioterapia e estatística, participaram da primeira etapa de validação, através do método de porcentagem de concordância. Após adequação ou retirada das questões que atingiram concordância inferior a 90%, foi realizada a segunda etapa de teste-reteste em 50 jovens com idade entre 14 à 24 anos. Posteriormente a validação, foram aplicados 560 questionários em jovens entre 14 à 24 anos praticantes de treinamento de força na cidade de Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil. Os dados foram inicialmente inseridos no Micosoft Excel for Mac 2011 e analisados através do software SPSS for Windows 20.0. Foi realizado o teste de correlação de Spearman (rs) para avaliação da reprodutibilidade e para a segunda etapa da pesquisa foi usada estatística descritiva e teste do Quiquadrado. Na etapa de validação do instrumento, 30 questões tiveram índice de concordância maior ou igual a 90%, sendo 7 que apresentaram índice menor que 90% foram reformuladas ou retiradas. Os resultados mostram alto nível de reprodutibilidade em cada questão, sendo algumas delas rs= 1,00 (p=0,0001). O menor valor de reprodutibilidade encontrado foi de rs= 0,66 (p=0,0001). Após aplicação do teste do quiquadrado, a prevalência do uso de EAAs foi de 15% para o sexo masculino e de 2,6% para o sexo feminino. A hipertrofia muscular apareceu como objetivo mais prevalente (22,8%), seguido de definição muscular (4,6%), emagrecimento (2,9%) e o menos prevalente a saúde (2,6%). Dentre os hormônios, o mais citado foi Durateston (43%), seguido por Deposteron e Winstrol (34%) e Decanoato de Nandrolona (26%). Já os suplementos alimentares mais citados foram BCAA com 17%, Whey Protein e Hipercalórico com 15%, seguidos por Albumina, Maltodextrina e creatina, todos com 13% de utilização. Nossos dados demonstram que o instrumento desenvolvido para a pesquisa foi válido e reprodutível e que há um número importante de jovens praticantes de treinamento de força na cidade de Piracicaba-SP usuários de hormônios e outras substâncias, sendo considerado um problema de saúde pública e que merece atenção e conduta especial dos profissionais envolvidos na saúde do adolescente
Abstract: The androgenic anabolic steroids (AASs) are synthetic hormones derived from testosterone and they have been used by many athletes of diverse modalities to improve sports performance. Besides that, their use also extends to adolescents and young with esthetic goals. There is a lack of epidemiological data related to the use of those hormones by adolescents and young who attend gyms for gymnastics, who practice resistance training, especially in Brazil. In face of that, the goal of this work was to develop, standardize and validate a questionnaire about the use of anabolic steroids in young resistance trained subjects and apply the instrument in a specific target population. After developing the instrument, ten specialists divided into the areas of medicine, physical education, nutrition, physicaltherapy and statistics participated in the first phase of the validation, by means of the method of agreement percentage. After making adaptations or withdrawing the questions which reached an agreement of less than 80%, there was a second phase of testing-retesting carried out in 50 young, ages 14 to 24 years. Subsequent to the validation, 560 questionnaires were applied to young between 14 to 24 years who practiced resistance training in the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The data was initially inserted into Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011 and analyzed through SPSS software for Windows 20.0. The Spearman (rs) correlation test was carried in order to evaluate the reproductabilty and for the second phase of the research descriptive statistics and the chi-square test were used. In the validation of the instrument phase, 30 questions had an index of agreement higher or equal to 90%, 7 having evinced an index smaller than 90% were restated or withdrawn. The results evinced a high level of reproducibility in each question, some of them being rs= 1.00 (p=0.0001). The smallest value of reproducibility found was of rs= 0.66 (p=0.0001). After the application of the chi¿square test, the prevalence of use of AAS was of 15% for males and 2.6% females. Muscle hypertrophy appeared as the most prevalent goal (22.8%), followed by muscle definition (4.6%), weight loss (2.9%) and the less prevalent was health (2.6%). Among the hormones, Durateston (43%) was the most cited, followed by Deposteron and Winstrol (34%) and Nandrolone Decanoate (26%). Now the most cited dietary supplements were BCAA with 17%, Whey Protein and Hypercaloric with 15%, followed by Albumin, Maltodextrine and creatine, all with 13% of usage. Our data shows that the instrument developed for the research was valid and reproducible and the is a considerable number of young who practice resistance training in the city of Piracicaba-SP users of hormones and other substances, it being considered a public health problem and which deserves the special attention and conduct of the professionals involved in the health of the adolescent
Doutorado
Saude da Criança e do Adolescente
Doutor em Ciências
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Porello, Rafael Armani. "Avaliação da resposta neurovascular durante o exercício físico isométrico e estresse mental em usuários de esteroides androgênicos anabolizantes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-03012018-112814/.
Full textAbstract:
Introdução: Os esteroides androgênicos anabolizantes (EAA) são hormônios sintéticos análogos à testosterona, utilizados em homens para tratar o hipogonadismo. Sabendo dos potenciais efeitos tróficos na musculatura esquelética, muitos atletas e frequentadores de academia começaram a autoadministrar estes ergogênicos de forma ilícita e abusiva. Segundo a literatura, o uso abusivo interfere diretamente no sistema nervoso central, com aumento exacerbado da atividade nervosa simpática muscular (ANSM) associado à uma redução do fluxo sanguíneo muscular (FSM) periférico em repouso. Porém, não é conhecido o comportamento reflexo da ANSM e FSM pelo estímulo mecano/metaborreflexo (exercício isométrico) e do comando central (estresse mental) em jovens usuários de EAA. Objetivos: Testar a hipótese de que indivíduos que fazem uso de EAA, apresentam exacerbação da resposta da ANSM e redução do FSM pela via aferente mecanorreflexa e metaborreflexa, bem como, pela via eferente do comando central. Métodos: Foram selecionados 37 voluntários praticantes de treinamento resistido (musculação) por pelo menos 2 anos. Dezenove usuários de EAA (UEAA) por pelo menos 2 anos e 18 não usuários (NUEAA) foram incluídos no estudo. Todos os participantes realizaram anamnese, coleta de urina para análise toxicológica e avaliação da composição corporal por meio da absorciometria de raio-X de dupla energia (DXA). A ANSM foi avaliada pela técnica de microneurografia. O FSM do antebraço foi avaliado pelo método de pletismografia de oclusão venosa. A pressão arterial foi avaliada de forma não invasiva, batimento-a-batimento cardíaco, pelo método oscilométrico (Finometer®) e a frequência cardíaca (FC) foi registrada pelo eletrocardiograma. O estímulo mecano/metaborreflexo foi testado pelo exercício isométrico (preensão de mão) a 30% da contração voluntária máxima durante 3 minutos. O estímulo do comando central foi testado pelo estresse mental (Stroop Color Word Test) durante 4 minutos. Resultados: O grupo UEAA apresentou maior peso corporal (90,7±12,0 vs. 81,0±12,5 kg, respectivamente; p=0,02), índice de massa corporal (29,1± 2,8 vs. 25,3±2,2 kg/m2, respectivamente; p < 0,001) e massa magra (78,1±7,6 vs. 63,0±7,3 kg, respectivamente; p<0,001) quando comparado ao grupo NUEAA. No período basal, observamos maior ANSM (23±6 vs. 15±4 disparos/min; p < 0,001), ANSM/100 batimentos cardíaco (34±9 vs. 24±6 disparos/100bat; p=0,001) e FC (69±6 vs. 61±6 bpm; p < 0,001) no grupo UEAA quando comparado ao NUEAA. Para as demais variáveis hemodinâmicas e neurovasculares no período basal, não foram observadas diferenças significativas. Durante o exercício isométrico, a resposta pico do 3º min da FC (84±8 vs. 76±11bpm; p < 0,05) e PAM (122±14 vs. 113±11 mmHg; p < 0,05) foram maiores no grupo UEAA quando comparado ao NUEAA, entretanto, não houve diferença na resposta da ANSM, ANSM/100bat, FSM e CVA entre os grupos. Durante o estresse mental, a resposta pico do 4º min da ANSM (31±3 vs. 24 ± 5 disparos/min; p < 0,01) e da FC (76±7 vs. 69±10 bpm; p=0,01) foi maior no grupo UEAA quando comparado ao NUEAA. A resposta pico do FSM (3,08±1,16 vs. 4,34±1,57 ml/min/100ml; p < 0,01) e da CVA (3,00±1,29 vs. 4,21±1,25 ml/min/100ml; p < 0,01) foi menor no grupo UEAA quando comparado ao grupo NUEAA. Não houve diferença na resposta da ANSM/100bat entre os grupos. Conclusão: Durante a estimulação mantida de mecano-metaborreceptores, os UEAA apresentaram respostas semelhantes da ANSM, FSM e CVA. No entanto, durante a estimulação do comando central, os UEAA apresentaram ANSM exacerbada e atenuação da resposta vasodilatadora muscular. Dessa forma, o comando central parece ser uma importante via de ativação neural que desencadeia a disfunção vasodilatadora muscular observada em UEAA em situações reacionais de estresseIntroduction: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic hormones analogous to testosterone used to treat hypogonadism in men. Assuming the potential trophic effects on skeletal muscle, many athletes have used these illicit drugs abusively. According to the literature, AAS abuse directly interferes with the central nervous system, with an exacerbated increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) associated with a reduction in forearm blood flow (FBF). However, the reflex response of MSNA and FBF by the mechano/metaboreflex stimulus (isometric exercise) and the central command (mental stress) in young AAS users have never been tested. Objective: To test the hypothesis that AAS abuse would cause an exacerbated MSNA associated with reduced FBF by increasing afferent mecanorreflex and metaboreflex activation and efferent central command response. Methods: We enrolled 37 participants who have been practicing resistance training for at least 2 years. Nineteen AAS users self-administering AAS for at least 2 years (AASU) aged 31±6 yr and eighteen AAS nonusers (AASNU) aged 29±4 yr were included. All participants underwent anamnesis, urine collection for toxicological analysis and body composition assessment using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). MSNA was evaluated by microneurography technique and FBF was evaluated by venous occlusion plethysmography. Blood pressure was evaluated non-invasively, beat-by-beat by oscillometric method (Finometer®) and heart rate (HR) was recorded by electrocardiogram. The mechano/metaboreflex stimulus was tested by isometric exercise (handgrip) at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction for 3 minutes. The central command stimulus was tested by mental stress (Stroop color-word test) for 4 minutes. Results: AASU had higher body weight (90.7±12.0 vs. 81.0 ± 12.5 kg, respectively, p = 0.02), body mass index (29.1 ± 2.8 vs. 25.3 ± 2.2 kg/m2, respectively, p < 0.001) and lean mass (78.1 ± 7.6 vs. 63.0 ± 7.3 kg, respectively, p < 0.001) when compared with AASNU. At baseline, we observed higher MSNA (23 ± 6 vs. 15 ± 4 burts / min, p < 0.001), MSNA / 100 beats (34 ± 9 vs. 24 ± 6 burts / 100 beats, p = 0.001) and HR (69 ± 6 vs. 61 ± 6 beats/min, p < 0.001) in AASU compared with AASNU. There were no significant differences for hemodynamic and neurovascular variables at baseline. During isometric exercise, peak HR response at 3rd min (84 ± 8 vs. 76 ± 11bpm, p < 0.05) and median arterial blood pressure (122 ± 14 vs. 113 ± 11 mmHg, p < 0.05) were higher in AASU when compared with AASNU. There were no differences in MSNA response, MSNA / 100 beats, FBF and FVC between groups. During mental stress, peak MSNA response at 4th min (31 ± 3 vs. 24 ± 5 bursts / min, p < 0.01) and HR (76 ± 7 vs. 69 ± 10 beats/ min, p = 0,01) was higher in AASU when compared with AASNU. Peak FBF (3.08 ± 1.16 vs. 4.34 ± 1.57 ml / min / 100 ml, p < 0.01) and FVC responses (3.00 ± 1.29 vs. 4.21 ± 1.25 ml / min / 100 ml, p < 0.01) were lower in AASU compared with AASNU. There was no difference in MSNA / 100 beats response between groups. Conclusions: During sustained mechano-metaboreceptors stimulation, AASU presented similar MSNA, FBF and FVC responses. However, during central command stimulation, AASU presented exacerbated MSNA and blunted FBF. Thus, the central command seems to be an important neural activation pathway that triggers the muscular vasodilator dysfunction observed in AASU in reactive stress situations
Books on the topic "Anabolic resistance"
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Effects of acute bouts of resistance training on diurnal levels of endogenous anabolic hormones. 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Anabolic resistance"
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Abrams, David B., J. Rick Turner, Linda C. Baumann, Alyssa Karel, Susan E. Collins, Katie Witkiewitz, Terry Fulmer, et al. "Anabolic Resistance." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 85. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_100066.
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Thissen, Jean-Paul. "Anabolic Resistance." In The Stress Response of Critical Illness: Metabolic and Hormonal Aspects, 45–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27687-8_5.
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Dardevet, Dominique, Didier Rémond, Marie-Agnés Peyron, Isabelle Papet, Isabelle Savary-Auzeloux, and Laurent Mosoni. "Muscle Wasting and Resistance of Muscle Anabolism: The “Anabolic Threshold Concept” for Adapted Nutritional Strategies during Sarcopenia." In Clinical Nutrition and Aging, 209–20. Toronto; New Jersey : Apple Academic Press, 2015.: Apple Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315364971-13.
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"Anabolic Resistance." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_300072.
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Infante, Marco. "The Insulin Journey in the Human Body." In Evolving Concepts in Insulin Resistance [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107906.
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Insulin represents the paramount anabolic hormone and the master regulator of glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. This chapter describes the sequential stages of the physiologic journey of insulin in the human body, from its synthesis/secretion to its action in peripheral tissues and, ultimately, to its clearance and degradation. These stages include i) insulin synthesis and release from pancreatic beta cells; ii) insulin first-pass metabolism and partial clearance in the liver; iii) insulin action on the vasculature and exit from the capillary beds; iv) insulin action in peripheral and central target tissues (skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, and central nervous system); and v) final insulin degradation in the kidney. Each of these stages is regulated by complex intracellular mechanisms that take place in different tissues and allow for the anabolic actions of insulin. Understanding the abovementioned stages is pivotal to comprehending the clinical consequences of impaired insulin secretion and action, as defects in one or more of these stages can be associated with the development of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, a thorough knowledge of the insulin bodily journey can assist clinicians in therapeutic decision-making for diabetic patients on exogenous insulin therapy in different clinical settings.
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Dardevet, Dominique, Didier Rémond, Marie-Agnès Peyron, Isabelle Papet, Isabelle Savary-Auzeloux, and Laurent Mosoni. "Muscle Wasting and Resistance of Muscle Anabolism: The “Anabolic Threshold Concept” for Adapted Nutritional Strategies during Sarcopenia." In Clinical Nutrition and Aging, 209–20. Apple Academic Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19985-14.
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Lambert, Charles. "Attenuating Cancer Cachexia-Prolonging Life." In Frailty and Sarcopenia - Recent Evidence and New Perspectives. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101250.
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Death by cancer cachexia is dependent on the time allotted to cancer to cause muscle and fat wasting. If clinicians, nurses, researchers can prolong the life of a cancer patient other therapeutic interventions such as radiation and chemotherapy may be given the time to work and rid the cancer patient of tumors and save lives. Three areas by which cancer induces cachexia is through impaired insulin-like growth factor signaling, elevations in the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and subsequent reductions in muscle protein synthesis and increases in muscle protein degradation. Therefore, it is important to augment the IGF-1 signaling, block TNF-α and IL-6 in cancer cachexia and in other ways augment muscle protein synthesis or decrease muscle protein degradation. Ghrelin like growth hormone secretagogues, monoclonal antibodies to TNF-α and IL-6, testosterone, and anabolic steroids, the beta 2 agonist albuterol, resistance exercise, and creatine monohydrate (with resistance exercise) are beneficial in increasing muscle protein synthesis and/or reducing muscle protein breakdown. With these muscle augmenting agents/interventions, the duration that a cancer patient lives is prolonged so that radiation and chemotherapy as well as emerging technologies can rid the cancer patient of cancer and save lives.
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Angelopoulos, Pavlos, Konstantinos Mylonas, Grigorios Tsigkas, Elias Tsepis, Evdokia Billis, and Konstantinos Fousekis. "Blood Flow Restriction Training in Cardiovascular Disease Patients." In Recent Advances in Sport Science [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96076.
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Over the past two decades, blood flow restriction training (BFRT) has gained popularity not only in athletic performance training, but also with many researchers and physical therapists as an innovative rehabilitation tool. Blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise is a novel exercise modality in clinical settings, which induces muscle hypertrophy and increases strength with low to moderate training intensity through increased anabolic processes mediated by BFR (usually with cuff inflation). BFR limits arterial and venous blood flow and leads to blood pooling, which could increase the effects of exercise-induced training. Strength training at lower intensities (20–40% of maximum strength) in combination with BFR showed similar effects on muscle hypertrophy as training at 70% strength level without BFR. In this context, considering that periods of immobilization (or reduced functionality) due to pathology, injury, or surgery cause harmful effects on muscle mass and strength in both young and old people, muscular adaptations of occlusion exercise could be beneficial to the elderly and post-operative patients in rehabilitation regarding muscle regeneration. Furthermore, as this type of exercise does not require high loads, it might be a feasible method in cardiac rehabilitation. Therefore, this chapter aims to review all recent literature regarding the impact of low-load BFR resistance training in patients with cardiovascular pathologies on muscle strength and hypertrophy, vascular function, safety, cardiovascular responses, and inflammatory markers.
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Sasako, Takayoshi, and Kohjiro Ueki. "ER Stress Response Failure and Steatohepatitis Comorbid with Diabetes." In Psychology and Patho-physiological Outcomes of Eating [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100054.
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Dynamic metabolic changes occur in the liver during the transition between fasting and eating, which is mainly mediated by insulin, a hormone to promote anabolism and suppress catabolism. In obesity and diabetes, insulin resistance is induced via various mechanisms, and among them is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We recently reported that eating induces transient ER stress and consequent ER stress response in the liver. During eating, expression of Sdf2l1, an ER-resident molecule involved in ER stress-associated degradation, is induced as a part of ER stress response. XBP-1s regulates expression of Sdf2l1 at the transcription level, and Sdf2l1 terminates eating-induced ER stress in the liver, consequently regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. In obesity and diabetes, however, ER stress response is impaired, partly because insulin-mediated translocation of XBP-1s to the nucleus is suppressed, which results in further excessive ER stress. Induction of Sdf2l1 by XBP-1s is highly down-regulated, but restoration of Sdf2l1 ameliorates glucose intolerance and fatty liver. In diabetic patients, hepatic insulin resistance induces enhanced ER stress and ER stress response failure in the liver, which in turn promote hepatic fibrosis and contribute to the development of steatohepatitis comorbid with diabetes.