Journal articles on the topic 'Anabolic Agents/pharmacology'
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Adami, Silvano, O. Viapiana, and D. Gatti. "Bone Anabolic Agents: The Unanswered Queries." Pharmacology and Toxicology 94, no. 6 (June 2004): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2004.pto940601.x.
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Zdanowicz, Martin M. "Use of Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 for Treatment of Tissue Wasting in Catabolic Conditions." Hospital Pharmacy 35, no. 2 (February 2000): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001857870003500219.
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Trauma, surgery, burn injury, sepsis, prolonged bed rest, cancer, and AIDS are examples of catabolic states that can lead to a significant loss of lean body tissues and skeletal muscle. The physiologic stresses associated with these catabolic conditions can impair immune function, alter drug response, and delay the recovery process. Although enhanced nutritional supplementation is a mainstay for treating tissue wasting in these conditions, it is of limited effectiveness in reversing skeletal muscle protein loss or enhancing anabolism in lean body tissues. The use of anabolic hormones such as Growth Hormone (GH) or Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) to limit lean body wasting and preserve muscle mass in these conditions has been widely investigated. This article was designed to give pharmacists and patient care professionals an overview of recent literature involving anabolic hormone treatment of tissue wasting. The use of these agents in the clinical setting may undergo significant expansion in the near future.
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Beotra, A., S. Jain, T. Kaur, Ranjit Lal, and MadhusudhanaI Reddy. "Purification of urine samples to improve detection limit of anabolic agents." Indian Journal of Pharmacology 39, no. 1 (2007): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.30762.
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Smith, Daniel A., and Paul J. Perry. "The Efficacy of Ergogenic Agents in Athletic Competition Part I: Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 4 (April 1992): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809202600414.
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OBJECTIVE: To summarize the literature describing the epidemiology, pharmacology, efficacy, and adverse effects associated with androgenic-anabolic steroid (AAS) use among athletes. DATA SOURCES: Relevant articles were identified from a MEDLINE search using the search terms “Doping in Sports,” “Anabolic Steroids (exploded),” and “Androgens (exploded).” Additional references were found in the bibliographies of these articles. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION: We reviewed studies of AAS use among professional athletes. Interpretation of these studies is difficult because of poor research design. The efficacy studies lacked adequate placebo control. Much of the literature describing adverse effects consists of anecdotal reports. All of this literature was considered for review. DATA SYNTHESIS: Of all ergogenic drugs, AASs are the most widely abused. Abuse of AASs among high school students is estimated at five to ten percent. AASs are hypothesized to produce ergogenic effects during periods of concomitant positive nitrogen balance via antagonism of the catabolic effect of glucocorticoids released during intense exercise. Despite years of study, the extent of the ergogenic effects associated with AASs remains unclear. This may be because most studies have failed to approximate athletes' AAS usage patterns. The primary toxic effects of AASs are divided into four areas: hepatic, reproductive, cardiovascular, and psychiatric. Athletes do not consider these effects severe enough to refrain from using these drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Athletes view AASs as an essential component for success. Without adequate intervention measures, AAS abuse is likely to continue unchecked.
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Lynch, Gordon S., Jonathan D. Schertzer, and James G. Ryall. "ANABOLIC AGENTS FOR IMPROVING MUSCLE REGENERATION AND FUNCTION AFTER INJURY." Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 35, no. 7 (July 2008): 852–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.04955.x.
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Wos, John A., and Mark W. Lundy. "Patent developments in anabolic agents for treatment of bone diseases." Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 13, no. 8 (August 2003): 1141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543776.13.8.1141.
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Fleming, Angeleen, Masahiko Sato, and Paul Goldsmith. "High-Throughput In Vivo Screening for Bone Anabolic Compounds with Zebrafish." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 10, no. 8 (October 18, 2005): 823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057105279952.
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Osteoporosis and diseases of bone loss are a major public health problem for the present and the future since longevity and prevalence of the disease are increasing in all parts of the world. The bisphosphonates, widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis, act by inhibiting bone resorption. However, there are few agents that promote or increase bone formation in patients who have suffered substantial bone loss. To facilitate the identification of novel anabolic therapies, the authors have developed a rapid, high-throughput in vivo screen using larval zebrafish ( Danio rerio) inwhich they are able to identify agentswith anabolic effects in the skeletonwithin a 6-day time period. Vitamin D 3 analogs and intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) result in dose-dependent increases in the formation of mineralized bone, whereas continuous exposure to PTH results in net bone loss. Because this model is fast, economical, and genetically tractable, it provides a powerful adjunct to mammalian models for the identification of new anabolic bone agents and offers the potential for genetic elucidation of pathways important in osteoblastic activity.
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Ip, Eric J., Karen Trinh, Michael J. Tenerowicz, Jai Pal, Tristan A. Lindfelt, and Paul J. Perry. "Characteristics and Behaviors of Older Male Anabolic Steroid Users." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 28, no. 5 (March 18, 2014): 450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190014527319.
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Objective: To compare and contrast the characteristics of 2 groups of men ≥40 years old: reported anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) users and nonusers. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Thirty-eight online fitness, weight lifting, bodybuilding, and steroid Web sites. Participants: A total of 67 male AAS users and 76 male nonusers ≥40 years old. Main Outcomes Measured: Demographics, utilization of AAS and other performance-enhancing agents (PEAs), exercise patterns, history of illicit drugs and alcohol use, and psychiatric traits/diagnoses. Results: The majority of AAS users ≥40 years old were caucasian (92.5%), heterosexual (97.0%), and classified themselves as recreational exercisers (79.1%). AAS users took more PEAs (11.5 ± 5.6 vs 4.6 ± 2.7; P < .001), were more likely to binge drink (47.8% vs 29.0%; P = .025), report heavy alcohol use (21.0% vs 7.9%; P = .031), meet criteria for substance dependence disorder (27.4% vs 4.0%; P < .001), and report an anxiety disorder diagnosis (12.0% vs 2.6%; P = .046) than nonusers. Conclusions: AAS misuse is prevalent among older men and is associated with polypharmacy, more aggressive alcohol use, and a higher incidence of substance dependence and anxiety disorders compared to nonusers. This information may help clinicians and researchers identify and develop appropriate intervention strategies for AAS abuse among older men.
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Reiter, M., M. W. Pfaffl, M. Schönfelder, and H. H. D. Meyer. "Gene Expression in Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells after Treatment with Stanozolol." Biomarker Insights 4 (December 23, 2008): BMI.S1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bmi.s1173.
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Doping with anabolic agents is a topic in sports where strength is crucial, e.g. sprinting, weight lifting and many more. Testosterone and its functional analogs are the drugs of choice taken as pills, creams, tape or injections to increase muscle mass and body performance, and to reduce body fat. Stanozolol (17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-5α-androst-2-eno[3,2c]pyrazol) is a testosterone analogue with the same anabolic effect like testosterone but its ring structure makes it possible to take it orally. Therefore, stanozolol is one of the most frequently used anabolic steroids. Common verification methods for anabolic drugs exist, identifying the chemicals in tissues, like hair or blood samples. The idea of this feasibility study was to search for specific gene expression regulations induced by stanozolol to identify the possible influence of the synthetically hormone on different metabolic pathways. Finding biomarkers for anabolic drugs could be supportive of the existing methods and an additional proof for illegal drug abuse. In two separate cell cultures, human HFDPC (hair follicle dermal papilla cells) from a female and a male donor were treated with stanozolol. In the female cell culture treatment concentrations of 0 nM (control), 1 nM, 10 nM and 100 nM were chosen. Cells were taken 0 h, 6 h, 24 h and 48 h after stimulation and totalRNA was extracted. Learning from the results of the pilot experiment, the male cell culture was treated in 10 nM and 100 nM concentrations and taken after 0 h, 6 h, 24 h and 72 h. Using quantitative real-time RT-PCR expression of characteristics of different target genes were analysed. Totally 13 genes were selected according to their functionality by screening the actual literature and composed to functional groups: factors of apoptosis regulation were Fas Ligand (FasL), its receptor (FasR), Caspase 8 and Bcl-2. Androgen receptor (AR) and both estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ) were summarized in the steroid receptor group. The growth factor group included the insulin like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) and growth hormone receptor (GHR). Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and keratinocyte growth factor (FGF7) were summarized in the hair cycle factor group. 5α-Steroidreductases (SRD5A1, SRD5A2) represented the enzyme group. Three reference genes were taken for relative quantification: ubiquitin (UBQ), glycerinaldehyde-3-phsophate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and β-actin (ACTB). In cell culture 1 AR, FasR, FGF2 showed significant regulations within one treatment time, significant gene expressions over time were analysed for Caspase 8. In cell culture 2 AR, FasR and SRD5A2 were significantly regulated within one treatment time. In this feasibility study first biomarker for a screening pattern of anabolic agents could be identified providing the rationality to investigate modified, metabolic pathways in the whole hair follicle.
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M. Taher, Al-Muhannad, May S. Al-Sabbagh, and Dawser K. Al-Khashali. "Effects of Abuse of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids on Iraqi Athletes." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 17, no. 2 (March 30, 2017): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol17iss2pp9-17.
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Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are man-made derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone, originally designed for therapeutic uses to provide higher anabolic potency with lower androgenic effects. Increasing numbers of young athletes are using these agents illicitly to enhance physical fitness, appearance, and performance despite their numerous side effects and worldwide banning. Today, their use remains one of the main health problems in sports because of their availability and low price. The present study focuses on investigating the adverse effects of anabolic androgenic steroid abuse on sex hormones, liver and renal function tests, fasting glucose levels and lipid metabolism in Iraqi male recreational bodybuilders. We have recruited fifteen male bodybuilders (age 19-32 years) and an equal number of healthy non-obese, non-AAS-using sedentary controls. Serum hormones (luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone, and prolactin), liver function indices (serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), total and direct bilirubin), renal function parameters (serum creatinine and urea), lipid profile and serum glucose levels were measured. Abuse of AAS was associated with significant decreases (p< 0.005) in serum levels of LH (66.9%), FSH (49.8 %) and testosterone (63.7%) together with significant increases (p< 0.05) in prolactin concentrations (49.8%) in AAS-using bodybuilders compared to sedentary controls. Anabolic androgenic steroids-using athletes had significantly higher (p< 0.05) circulating levels of total bilirubin (116.3%), direct bilirubin (127.6%), aspartate (1752.9%) and alanine (263.1 %) transaminases than those of sedentary control subjects. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels were not significantly different (p> 0.05) between the two groups. Concerning renal function, AAS-using athletes had significantly higher serum concentrations of creatinine (28.6%) and urea (21.3%) than sedentary controls. Meanwhile, AAS abuse was accompanied by atherogenic lipid profile. Anabolic androgenic steroids -using athletes had significantly higher (p< 0.05) serum levels of triglycerides (TG) (45.6%), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (26.0%) and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(VLDL-C) (45.6%) together with significantly lower serum concentrations of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (31.3%) than sedentary controls. Serum total cholesterol (TC) and fasting glucose concentrations were not significantly different (p> 0.05) between the two groups. The results presented in the study confirm that abuse of AAS induces unfavorable body functions and undesirable side effects. Therefore, efforts should be sought against use of these compounds outside the therapeutic frame.
Key words: anabolic steroids, athletes, bodybuilding, exercise.
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Nykyforuk, Andriy, Liudmyla Fira, Petro Lykhatskyi, and Victor Pyda. "Experimental research of garden spinach extract as a potential anabolic medicinal product." Pharmacia 67, no. 4 (October 26, 2020): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e56880.
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Disorders of protein metabolism – one of the pathologies, the treatment of which is an urgent problem of modern medicine and pharmacy. The importance of the problem is stipulated due to the prevalence of diseases that are accompanied by a violation of protein metabolism in the body. Restoration of protein resources during such conditions requires adequate intake of structural components from the outside – proteins, amino acids and other biologically active substances-correctors of protein metabolism. In recent decades, much attention has been paid to the discoveries of anabolic agents of natural origin, especially from plants. We conducted research on the study of the anabolic and antioxidant properties of dry extract of spinach garden leaves on the model of food deprivation in rats. Established, that the dry extract at the dose of 100 mg/kg body weight of animals prevents the development of organic disorders of protein metabolism, oxidative stress, prevents a sharp decrease in body weight and slows down the generalized catabolism caused by starvation in rats. Under the influence of the extract on the model of food deprivation, the diuretic function of the kidneys is preserved at the physiological level.
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Kaysin, Meryem Yilmaz, İlknur Aktaş, Feyza Ünlü Özkan, and İrem Buse Kurucu Zeytin. "Changes in dual energy X-ray absorptiometry parameters in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis who received at least 12 months of denosumab treatment." Journal of Surgery and Medicine 6, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 778–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.28982/josam.1020236.
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Background/Aim: Denosumab is a human monoclonal antibody that binds to the receptor-activated nuclear factor kappa beta ligand (RANKL). Densosumab leads to a reduction in bone resorption by inhibiting RANKL and has been approved for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP). The present study investigated real life data by evaluating the demographic data of postmenopausal patients with OP who received denosumab treatment and the changes in dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) parameters before and after denosumab treatment.
Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 49 postmenopausal female patients followed in our OP outpatient clinic who were treated with 60 mg subcutaneous denosumab every six months for at least 12 months. The study retrospectively analyzed and recorded patient age, body mass index, age of menopause, fracture history, antiresorptive and/or anabolic drug treatment history, and pre- and post-denosumab T-scores in addition to L1–4, femoral neck, and total hip bone mineral densities (BMDs) on DEXA scans. The changes that occurred before and after the treatment in addition to those that occurred after the treatment based on whether previous anabolic or antiresorptive agents had been used were statistically compared.
Results: The L1–4 and total hip T-scores and L1–4 and total hip BMD values measured prior to denosumab treatment showed a statistically significant increase after denosumab treatment (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, P = 0.028, and P = 0.002, respectively). No statistically significant changes in the femoral neck T-score and BMD after denosumab treatment compared to that before denosumab use (P = 0.056 and P = 0.138, respectively) were found. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-denosumab DEXA parameters in the patients who used antiresorptive agents and those who did not (P > 0.05) was found. Additionally, pre- and post-denosumab parameters were not statistically significantly different between those who received and did not receive anabolic therapy before denosumab (P > 0.05).
Conclusion: Denosumab treatment for postmenopausal OP leads to a significant increase in lumbar and total hip T-scores and BMDs.
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Soper, David Lindsey, Yili Wang, Biswanath De, Mitchell Anthony deLong, Michelle Jeanine Dirr, Michele Elaine Soehner, Mark Walden Lundy, Glen Edward Mieling, and John August Wos. "The design and synthesis of selective prostaglandin analogs as bone anabolic agents for the potential treatment of osteoporosis." Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators 59, no. 1-6 (December 1999): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0090-6980(99)90323-4.
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Genah, Shirley, Monica Monici, and Lucia Morbidelli. "The Effect of Space Travel on Bone Metabolism: Considerations on Today’s Major Challenges and Advances in Pharmacology." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 4585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094585.
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Microgravity-induced bone loss is currently a significant and unresolved health risk for space travelers, as it raises the likelihood for irreversible changes that weaken skeletal integrity and the incremental onset of fracture injuries and renal stone formation. Another issue related to bone tissue homeostasis in microgravity is its capacity to regenerate following fractures due to weakening of the tissue and accidental events during the accomplishment of particularly dangerous tasks. Today, several pharmacological and non-pharmacological countermeasures to this problem have been proposed, including physical exercise, diet supplements and administration of antiresorptive or anabolic drugs. However, each class of pharmacological agents presents several limitations as their prolonged and repeated employment is not exempt from the onset of serious side effects, which limit their use within a well-defined range of time. In this review, we will focus on the various countermeasures currently in place or proposed to address bone loss in conditions of microgravity, analyzing in detail the advantages and disadvantages of each option from a pharmacological point of view. Finally, we take stock of the situation in the currently available literature concerning bone loss and fracture healing processes. We try to understand which are the critical points and challenges that need to be addressed to reach innovative and targeted therapies to be used both in space missions and on Earth.
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Abourehab, Mohammed A. S. "Hyaluronic Acid Modified Risedronate and Teriparatide Co-loaded Nanocarriers for Improved Osteogenic Differentiation of Osteoblasts for the Treatment of Osteoporosis." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 27 (October 9, 2019): 2975–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190801140703.
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Background: Owing to its multifactorial intricate pathogenesis, combined therapeutic regimen is considered appropriate for the treatment of osteoporosis. However, a multi-drug regimen is also associated with adverse effects due to the non-specific distribution of drugs. Therefore, the present study aims for efficient codelivery of risedronate (RDN) (a potent bone anti-resorptive drug) and teriparatide (TPD) (anabolic agent) as hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified chitosan nanoparticles (NPs). Methods: RDN/TPD NPs were synthesized using the high- pressure homogenization – solvent evaporation technique. The fabricated NPs were then characterized and optimized for suitable physicochemical characteristics. The optimized NPs were then evaluated for bone remodeling potential via assessment of time-mannered modulation in proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblasts. Results: Results showed that HA-RDN/TPD NPs exhibited excellent physicochemical characteristics (nanoscopic size, stable zeta potential, high entrapment efficiency, and smooth spherical shape) and remained stable upon storage in the refrigerator. Assessment of various aspects of the cell growth cycle (i.e., proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization) evidenced promising bone regeneration efficacy of HA-RDN/TPD NPs. Conclusion: This new strategy of employing simultaneous delivery of anti-resorptive and bone-forming agents would open new horizons for scientists, researchers, and healthcare providers as an efficient pharmacotherapy for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Ghareeb, Suha, Ali Ahmed, Rania Helmy, and Nagwa Elsharawy. "Comparison of Antimicrobials and Hormone-Like Anabolic Agents Residuals in Chicken Meat and Their Offal Under Two Different Country Legislation." Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences 68, no. 1 (2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.28720.
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Balog, Denise L., Marcia E. Epstein, and Maria I. Amodio-Groton. "HIV Wasting Syndrome: Treatment Update." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 32, no. 4 (April 1998): 446–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.17072.
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OBJECTIVE: To review the pathophysiology and treatment of HIV wasting syndrome. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: MEDLINE searches (January 1987–September 1997) of the English-language medical literature were conducted. Bibliographies were also selected during a manual review. DATA SYNTHESIS: HIV-related weight loss, often referred to as HIV wasting syndrome, is a common manifestation of advanced HIV infection. Wasting in HIV involves the preferential loss of lean body mass with a paradoxical preservation of body fat. The etiology of wasting appears to be the result of many factors, which may include decreased caloric intake, malabsorption, alterations in energy expenditure and metabolism, cytokine effects, and endocrine dysfunction. Pharmacologic treatment options include appetite stimulants (e.g., dronabinol, megestrol acetate), cytokine inhibitors (e.g., thalidomide, cyproheptadine, ketotifen, pentoxifylline, fish oil, N-acetylcysteine), and anabolic agents (e.g., testosterone, nandrolone, oxandrolone, recombinant human growth hormone). CONCLUSIONS: Wasting associated with HIV has a high morbidity and mortality rate if not adequately managed. Therapeutic strategies include appetite stimulants, cytokine inhibitors, and growth-promoting agents. Selection of the appropriate agent(s) depends on the underlying cause for weight loss, adverse effects, and cost of therapy. OBJETIVO: Revisar la patofisiología y tratamiento del síndrome de desgaste causado por el VIH. FUENTES DE DATOS: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de la literatura médica en el idioma inglés utilizando la base de datos del MEDLINE. SÍNTESIS: La pérdida de peso asociado al VIH, también conocido como el síndrome de desgaste, es una manifestación común de la infección avanzada causada por el virus. El desgaste envuelve principalmente la pérdida de masa magra, y paradójicamente la preservación de grasa corporal. La etiología del síndrome de desgaste aparenta ser el resultado de varios factores que pueden incluir la disminución de ingesta calórica, malabsorción, alteración en la utilización de energía, alteración del metabolismo, efectos de las citoquinas, y disfunción endocrina. Las opciones para el tratamiento farmacológico incluyen estimuladores del apetito (dronabinol y acetato de megestrol), inhibidores de citoquinas (talidomida, ciproheptadina, ketotifen, pentoxyfilina, accite de pescado, y N-acetil cisteína), y agentes anabólicos (testosterona, nandrolona, oxandrolona, y la hormona de crecimiento). CONCLUSIONES: La etiología del desgaste asociado a la infección con el VIH es multifactorial. La condición conlieva una alta morbilidad y mortalidad si no es manejada adecuadamente. Las estrategías terapéuticas incluyen la estimulación de apetito, inhibidores de citoquinas y agentes que promueven el crecimiento. La selección de los agentes apropiados dependerá de la causa de la pérdida de peso, los efectos adversos, y el costo de la terapia. Aunque se necesita estudiar la condición más a fondo, la terapia combinada puede ser que resulte ser la modalidad de mayor beneficio para el paciente con el síndrome de desgaste por el VIH. OBJECTIF: Réviser la pathophysiologie et le traitement du syndrome d'émaciation associé au VIH. REVUE DE LITTÉRATURE ET SÉLECTION DES ÉTUDES: Une recherche de la documentation médicale de langue anglaise a été effectuée à l'aide de MEDLINE. Des bibliographies ont aussi été choisies grâce à une révision manuelle. RÉSUMÉ: La perte de poids associée au VIH, souvent appelée le syndrome d'émaciation, est une manifestation fréquente d'une infection avancée au VIH. l'émaciation chez les patients infectés par le VIH entraîne une perte préférentielle du tissu maigre et une conservation du tissu adipeux. l'étiologie du syndrome semble être le résultat de plusieurs facteurs dont l'ingestion calorique, la malabsorption, les modifications au niveau de la dépense énergétique et du métabolisme, les effets des cytokines, et les anormalités endocriniennes. Les options du traitement pharmacologique incluent les stimulants de l'appétit (le dronabinol et l'acétate de mégestrol), les inhibiteurs des cytokines (le thalidomide, la cyproheptadine, le kétotifène, la pentoxifylline, l'huile de poisson, et le N-acétylcystéine), et des agents anabolisants (la testostérone, le nandrolone, l'oxandrolone, et l'hormone de croissance humaine recombinée). CONCLUSIONS: Le syndrome d'émaciation associé au VIH a un taux de morbidité et de mortalité élevé s'il n'est pas adéquatement traité. Les stratégies thérapeutiques incluent les stimulants de l'appétit, les inhibiteurs des cytokines, et les agents stimulant la croissance. La sélection du ou des agents appropriés dépendra de la cause sous-jacente de la perte de poids, des effets indésirables, et du coût de la thérapie.
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Mierke, Dale F., and Maria Pellegrini. "Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein: Model Systems for the Development of an Osteoporosis Therapy." Current Pharmaceutical Design 5, no. 1 (January 1999): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612805666230109195250.
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The parathyroid hormone (PTH) plays a vital role in the homeostasis of calcium within the blood stream. Given its unique ability to increase bone density, an understanding of the molecular mechanism by which the hormone is recognized and binds to its receptor should provide targets for the development of PTH based, anabolic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis. Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP), a genetically and structurally distinct hormone which displays similar binding and activation profiles as PTH, has greatly facilitated the effort to establish a structure-biological function relationship by allowing for direct comparisons. In an analogous manner, the presence of two receptors, PTH/PTHrP (PTHl) and PTH2, which differ in their ligand selectivity (PTH2 is activated by PTH, not PTHrP) has provided a unique vehicle for probing the structural motifs of the receptor required for ligand recognition and binding. Recent photo-affinity cross-linking studies of PTH and PTHrP binding to PTHI have produced direct points of contact between the ligand and receptor. Here, we review each of the components involved in this important hormone system, with particular emphasis on the structural features of each: the ligands (PTH and PTHrP), the receptors (PTHl and PTH2), and the interaction between ligand and receptor. Although the current understanding of the molecular mechanism of ligand binding and receptor activation does not allow for the rational design of drug candidates, and indeed contains much conjecture, significant strides have been made towards this end.
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Deutsch, Daniel A. von, Imad K. Abukhalaf, Lawrence E. Wineski, Natalia A. Silvestrov, Mohamed A. Bayorh, and David E. Potter. "Changes in muscle proteins and spermidine content in response to unloading and clenbuterol treatment." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y02-169.
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Anabolic agents such clenbuterol (Cb) are useful tools for probing the mechanisms by which muscles respond to disuse. Cb was examined under different loading conditions with respect to its effects on muscle mass, protein (myofibrillar and cytosolic), and spermidine content in mature male rats. Compared with control treatment, Cb significantly increased loaded and unloaded soleus, plantaris, and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) mass. Likewise, Cb significantly increased loaded and unloaded soleus (24.8 and 21.6%, respectively), plantaris (12.1 and 22.9%, respectively), and EDL (22.4 and 13.3%, respectively) myofibrillar protein content. After unloading, cytosolic proteins significantly increased in the EDL but decreased in the soleus and plantaris. Cb significantly increased cytosolic protein levels in all loaded muscles, while only causing increases in unloaded soleus. When compared with controls, unloading caused significant reductions in spermidine levels in the soleus (40.4%) and plantaris (35.9%) but caused increases in the EDL (54.8%). In contrast, Cb increased spermidine levels in unloaded soleus (42.9%), plantaris (102.8%), and EDL (287%). In loaded muscles, Cb increased spermidine levels in all three muscles, but to a lesser degree than under unloading conditions. Nonlinear regression analyses indicated that the plantaris behaves like a slow-twitch muscle under unloading conditions and like a fast-twitch muscle when loaded. This suggests that the responses of these muscles to unloading and (or) Cb treatment might be influenced by factors beyond fiber type alone.Key words: microgravity, skeletal muscle atrophy, nonlinear regression, clenbuterol, polyamines.
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Morley, Paul, James F. Whitfield, and Gordon E. Willick. "Design and Applications of Parathyroid Hormone Analogues." Current Medicinal Chemistry 6, no. 11 (November 1999): 1095–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986730611220401164817.
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The endocrine parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the major regulator of serum calcium levels. In contrast, the autocrine/paracrine parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) has been associated with organism development. Both are secreted as much larger molecules but have their major functions associated with their N-terminal 34 residues. They share a common receptor expressed in organs critical to PTH function - bone, kidney, and intestine. PTH and PTHrP receptor activation stimulates adenylyl cyclase (AC), phospholipase C (PLC), and phospholipase D (PLD) in target cells. It has been possible to separate the AC-stimulation from that of PLC. AC-stimulation requires at least the N-terminal 28 residues of PTH and PLC stimulation requires a minimum of residues 29-32-NH2 . Intermittent administration of PTH stimulates bone growth and requires AC-stimulation. The shortest linear sequence of hPTH with essentially full anabolic activity for bone growth-stimulation is hPTH(1-31)NH2. Two applications are postulated for PTH and PTHrP-based pharmaceuticals - treatment of bone loss due to osteoporosis and reversal of the hypercalcemic effect of malignancy. PTHrP analogues which strongly inhibit PTHrP AC-stimulation showed promise for the treatment of malignancy associated hypercalcemia in animal trials but failed in human ones. However, both animal and human trials of hPTH have shown significant bone growth-stimulating effects. New deletion, substitution and cyclized analogues of PTH show great promise both for greater in vitro activity and possibly for improved delivery and greater specificity as agents for restoration of bone loss in osteoporosis.
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Brito, Ciro José, Rayssa Lodi Moser, Erasmo Montes Assis de Bem, Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho, Andreia Cristiane Carrenho Queiroz, Fábio Dal Bello, Lindsei Brabec Mota Barreto, and Bianca Miarka. "Exploratory study on illegal pharmacologic agents in mixed martial arts performance." Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance 20, no. 3 (June 20, 2018): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2018v20n3p269.
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Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a combat sport that requires maximum physical effort during competitions. In this context, some athletes can use illicit substances in order to improve their performance. By means of paired analysis, the present study compared the motor actions of athletes who had failed an anti-doping test versus their performance in combat against a winner or loser without doping presence. For this, 267 rounds (male and female) were analyzed in professional matches. The rounds were paired by athletes in the conditions: doping, winning and losing. Motor actions were analyzed through a specific and previously-validated protocol. Of the substances detected, anabolic androgenic steroids represented 55% (p≤0.001). Doped athletes had lower pause time (83.4±68.3 vs. 131.7±95.2, p≤0.001) and longer time at high-intensity (85.2±86.6 vs. 51.2±73.3, p=0.002) compared to the losing condition. Regarding the technical-tactical analysis in standing combat, winning presented a higher mean compared to doping in all variables except for Knockdowns (p=0.08), single body strikes landed (p=0.15), single leg strikes landed (p=0.25) and single strike attempts (p=0.4). In conclusion, athletes who tested positive presented higher performance in the physical variables (effort and pause time) in comparison to the losing condition; however, doping did not reflect in better technical-tactical performance.
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Franchetti, Palmarisa, and Mario Grifantini. "Nucleoside and Non-nucleoside IMP Dehydrogenase- Inhibitors as Antitumor and Antiviral Agents." Current Medicinal Chemistry 6, no. 7 (July 1999): 599–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986730607220401123801.
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IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is an enzyme which catalyzes the NAD-dependent conversion of inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-monophosphate (XMP) at the metabolic branch point in the de novo purine nljcleotide synthetic pathway. IMPDH was shown to be increased significantly in cancer cells and therefore considered to be a sensitive target for cancer chemotherapy. By blocking the conversion of IMP to XMP, IMPDH inhibitors lead to depletion of the guanylate (GMP, GDP, GTP and dGTP) pools. Two isoforms of human IMPDH, designed type I and type II, have been identified and sequenced. Type I is constitutively expressed and is the predominant isoform in normal cells, while type II is selectively up-regulated in neoplastic and replicating cells. Two types of IMPDH inhibitors, endowed with antineoplastic, antiviral and immunosoppressive activity, have been discovered so far: nucleoside inhibitors, such as ribavirin and tiazofurin, and non-nucleoside, such as mycophenolic acid. Ribavirin produces IMPDH inhibition via its anabolite 5' monophosphate. Tiazofurin inhibits the enzyme after metabolic conversion into thiazole-4- carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), an analogue of the cofactor NAD. It was hypothesized that the inhibitory activity of tiazofurin is due to an attractive electrostatic interaction between the heterocyclic sulphur atom and the furanose oxygen 1' which constrain rotation about the C-glycosidic bond in tiazofurin and in its active anabolite TAD. To check this hypothesis, we studied several C-nucleosides related to tiazofurin and their NAD analogues. Non-nucleoside IMPDH inhibitors are also reviewed.
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Sjuvarsson, Elena, Vijaya L. Damaraju, Delores Mowles, Michael B. Sawyer, Rohit Tiwari, Hitesh K. Agarwal, Ahmed Khalil, et al. "Cellular Influx, Efflux, and Anabolism of 3-Carboranyl Thymidine Analogs: Potential Boron Delivery Agents for Neutron Capture Therapy." Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 347, no. 2 (September 4, 2013): 388–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.113.207464.
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M. Vani, M. Vani, M. Uma M.Uma, V. K. Nirmala V. K. Nirmala, and P. Uma Maheswari Devi. "Synergistic Activity of Green Tea and Seagrass Extract in the Regression of Alcohol Induced Liver Toxicity in Rats." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2380.
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Liver, an important organ of the body, plays a key role in the anabolism of biomolecules along with detoxification of several xenobiotics. Thus, the protection of liver from alcohol toxicity and its causative effects such as steatosis, necrosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and steato-hepatitis is of global concern.The consumption of alcohol results in the production of ROS and RNS in the liver thereby causing oxidative stress and free radical injuries. Therefore, reliable hepato-protective agents are at demand to combat against alcohol induced toxicity. At this point, we investigated the synergistic efficacy of aqueous extracts of Green tea and seagrassin the regression of liver damage induced by alcohol intoxication. Alcohol –induced rat models were adopted to perform biochemical and histo-pathological studies. The results demonstrated tremendous decline in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity with mixed extract which indicates the synergistic and supra additive activity of phytochemicals of both green tea and seagrass.
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Vatolin, Sergei, and Jaroslaw P. Maciejewski. "Novel Small Molecule Stimulants of Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Their Mode of Action." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-114838.
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Abstract Agents that can improve the function and/or numbers of hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells (HSC) are of great importance for the treatment of bone marrow failures of different etiology. However, except for the hematopoietic growth factors, which lead to significant depletion HSC via simultaneous differentiation and some anabolic steroids, the list of capable agents that can improve the function or numbers of HSC is very short. However, such drugs would have a tremendous range of application from ex vivo expansion, to bone marrow regeneration in aplastic anemia (AA) post chemotherapy, HSC transplantation or to improve the function of normal HSC in aging. While performing a multidrug screen for the agents that could simultaneously decrease senescence and overcome proliferative block in pre-senescent cells, we have identified two compounds violuric acid (VA) and 1-naphthoquinone-2-monoxime (N2N1). Both compounds considerably extended the replicative life span (RLS) of normal cells. We applied these drugs to stromal/mesenchymal cells obtained from healthy bone marrows, primary human normal dermal fibroblasts, progeroid primary cells derived from the patients diagnosed with Werner or Bloom syndromes and small panel of cancer cell lines (SKM-1, K562, KG-1, THP-1). Both compounds, in dose dependent manner prolonged the RLS of replicatively pre-aged cells. On an average, 10-15 additional population doublings (PD) were achieved after addition of N2N1 at 1μM. VA treatment has added 8-10 extra population doublings. If compared with untreated controls that can propagate up to 45-50 PD, the treatment with VA or N2N1 adds from 16 to 30% increase in replicative life span. To compare, the effect of rapamycin (1nM) on human fibroblasts showed the RLS increase ranged from 5 to 10%. Treatment with both VA and N2N1 results in restoration of cell cycle progression, decreased activity of SAβG, down-regulation of p16, p21 and γH2A.X and, up-regulation of lamin B1 protein. Treatment with both compounds resulted in maintenance of normal telomere length. In term of HSC these agents in vivo increased the performance of HSC in competitive repopulation assay. Bone marrow cells were isolated from mice (CD45.1) treated with the vehicle or experimental drugs for three weeks. After that, they were mixed with the equal number of competitor bone marrow cells CD45.2 and injected into irradiated CD45.2 host animals. In three weeks, we observed a substantial domination of CD45.1 cells over CD45.2 in experimental groups, while control (vehicle) group exhibited equal representation of both genotypes. In vitro, treatment with VA or N2N1 contributed to prolonged availability of HSC in serial replating CFU assays in methylcellulose and long-term culture initiating cell (LTC-IC) assays. Addition of VA or N2N1 to the short-term cultures (7-14 days) of normal bone marrow cells in a medium containing a cocktail of growth factors (Il6, IL3, FLT3L, TPO, SCF) resulted in maintenance and growth of HSC or progenitors. Gated on lymphocyte sub-population, treated with N2N1 or VA samples revealed ~0.3%±0.02 or 0.2% ±0.02 of CD34+, CD45+ cells correspondingly, while control samples had 0.08% of these cells (the result of three independent experiments). Most importantly, we observed colonies formation, after application of these drugs to the bone marrow isolated from the patients diagnosed with severe AA. Further studies also indicated that these agents do not promote growth of leukemic cell. Analysis of mechanism of action showed that VA and N1N2 function as redox co-factors in oxidations of NAD(P)H. VA transfers electrons non-enzymaticly from NAD(P)H to oxidized glutathione or peroxides. N2N1 is a redox co-factor for the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) 1 (NQO1) and together they move electrons from NAD(P)H to cytochrome c or CoQ10. As such, we presented here a comprehensive prove that pharmacologic manipulation of redox balance controlled by glutathione or NQO1 activity via redox catalysts can ameliorate the detrimental consequences of HSC loss during normal aging by interfering with direct ROS mediated signaling or attenuating collateral ROS mediated damages. Figure. Figure. Disclosures Maciejewski: Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc: Consultancy; Apellis Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc: Consultancy; Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Apellis Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau.
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Yuen, Geoffrey J., Yu Lou, Nancy F. Bumgarner, Jim P. Bishop, Glenn A. Smith, Victoria R. Otto, and David D. Hoelscher. "Equivalent Steady-State Pharmacokinetics of Lamivudine in Plasma and Lamivudine Triphosphate within Cells following Administration of Lamivudine at 300 Milligrams Once Daily and 150 Milligrams Twice Daily." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 1 (January 2004): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.1.176-182.2004.
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ABSTRACT Once-daily administration of 300 mg of lamivudine in combination with other antiretroviral agents has been proposed as a possible way to optimize anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment and to facilitate adherence. A single-center, randomized, two-way, crossover study was conducted in 60 healthy subjects to compare the steady-state pharmacokinetics of lamivudine in plasma and its putative active anabolite, lamivudine 5′-triphosphate (lamivudine-TP), in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) following 7 days of treatment with lamivudine at 300 mg once daily and 7 days of the standard regimen of 150 mg twice daily. Serial blood samples were collected over 24 h for determination of plasma lamivudine concentrations by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and intracellular lamivudine-TP concentrations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by high-performance liquid chromatography/radioimmunoassay methods. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated based on lamivudine and lamivudine-TP concentration-time data. Regimens were considered bioequivalent if 90% confidence intervals (CI) for the ratio (once daily/twice daily) of geometric least-squares (GLS) means for lamivudine and lamivudine-TP pharmacokinetic values fell within the acceptance range of 0.8 to 1.25. Steady-state plasma lamivudine pharmacokinetics following the once- and twice-daily regimens were bioequivalent with respect to the area under the drug concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h at steady state (AUC24,ss) (GLS mean ratio, 0.94; 90% CI, 0.92, 0.97) and average plasma lamivudine concentration over the dosing interval (C ave,ss) (GLS mean ratio, 0.94; 90% CI, 0.92, 0.97). Steady-state intracellular lamivudine-TP pharmacokinetics after the once- and twice-daily regimens were bioequivalent with respect to AUC24,ss (GLS mean ratio, 0.99; 90% CI, 0.88, 1.11), C ave,ss (GLS mean ratio, 0.99; 90% CI, 0.88, 1.11), and maximum lamivudine concentration (C max,ss) (GLS mean ratio, 0.93; 90% CI, 0.81, 1.07). Lamivudine-TP trough concentrations were modestly lower (by 18 to 24%) during the once-daily regimen; the clinical importance of this is unclear, given the large intersubject variability in values that was observed (coefficient of variation, 48 to 124%). Once-daily lamivudine was as well tolerated as the twice-daily regimen. Overall, the results of this study suggest that for key AUC-related parameters, lamivudine at 300 mg once daily is pharmacokinetically equivalent to lamivudine at 150 mg twice daily.
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Li, Shan-Shan, Shi-Hao He, Peng-Yu Xie, Wei Li, Xin-Xin Zhang, Tian-Fang Li, and Dai-Feng Li. "Recent Progresses in the Treatment of Osteoporosis." Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 (July 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.717065.
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Osteoporosis (OP) is a chronic bone disease characterized by aberrant microstructure and macrostructure of bone, leading to reduced bone mass and increased risk of fragile fractures. Anti-resorptive drugs, especially, bisphosphonates, are currently the treatment of choice in most developing countries. However, they do have limitations and adverse effects, which, to some extent, helped the development of anabolic drugs such as teriparatide and romosozumab. In patients with high or very high risk for fracture, sequential or combined therapies may be considered with the initial drugs being anabolic agents. Great endeavors have been made to find next generation drugs with maximal efficacy and minimal toxicity, and improved understanding of the role of different signaling pathways and their crosstalk in the pathogenesis of OP may help achieve this goal. Our review focused on recent progress with regards to the drug development by modification of Wnt pathway, while other pathways/molecules were also discussed briefly. In addition, new observations made in recent years in bone biology were summarized and discussed for the treatment of OP.
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Li, Hanxuan, Zhousheng Xiao, L. Darryl Quarles, and Wei Li. "Osteoporosis: Mechanism, Molecular Target, and Current Status on Drug Development." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27 (March 30, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867327666200330142432.
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: Osteoporosis is a pathological loss of bone mass due to an imbalance in bone remodeling where osteoclast-mediated bone resorption exceeds osteoblast-mediated bone formation resulting in skeletal fragility and fractures. Anti-resorptive agents such as bisphosphonates and SERMs, and anabolic drugs that stimulate bone formation, including PTH analogues and sclerostin inhibitors, are current treatments for osteoporosis. Despite their efficacy, severe side effects and loss of potency may limit the long term usage of a single drug. Sequential and combinational use of current drugs, such as switching from an anabolic to an anti-resorptive agent, may provide an alternative approach. Moreover, there are novel drugs being developed against emerging new targets such as Cathepsin K and 17β-HSD2 that may have less side effects. This review will summarize the molecular mechanisms of osteoporosis, current drugs for osteoporosis treatment, and new drug development strategies.
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Lu, Junjie, Desheng Hu, Chen Ma, and Bo Shuai. "Advances in Our Understanding of the Mechanism of Action of Drugs (including Traditional Chinese Medicines) for the Intervention and Treatment of Osteoporosis." Frontiers in Pharmacology 13 (June 14, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.938447.
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Osteoporosis (OP) is known as a silent disease in which the loss of bone mass and bone density does not cause obvious symptoms, resulting in insufficient treatment and preventive measures. The losses of bone mass and bone density become more severe over time and an only small percentage of patients are diagnosed when OP-related fractures occur. The high disability and mortality rates of OP-related fractures cause great psychological and physical damage and impose a heavy economic burden on individuals and society. Therefore, early intervention and treatment must be emphasized to achieve the overall goal of reducing the fracture risk. Anti-OP drugs are currently divided into three classes: antiresorptive agents, anabolic agents, and drugs with other mechanisms. In this review, research progress related to common anti-OP drugs in these three classes as well as targeted therapies is summarized to help researchers and clinicians understand their mechanisms of action and to promote pharmacological research and novel drug development.
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M, Nashawi, Ahmed MS, Ahmad M, Issa O, and Abualfoul M. "Cardiovascular Health, Testosterone, and Oxandrolone: Leveraging the Myotrophic-Androgenic Ratio in Males with a Sarcopenic Obese Phenotype." Austin Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 9, no. 3 (June 11, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.26420/austinjpharmacolther.2021.1139.
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Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are a group of organic compounds that include testosterone, or related compounds that induce similar effects by serving as structural analogues. Because of their propensity to induce gene expression that promotes protein synthesis, increased lean body mass, and strength, they have found utility in medicine to aide patients with chronic wasting syndromes, deficiencies in growth stature, and trauma recovery (e.g., burns). Contemporary off-label use of these classes of agents are also being used in anti-aging capacities under clinical supervision, and those with cardiovascular deficits related to metabolic derangement. Nevertheless, as hormones, testosterone and its analogues have systemic effects and their glut can be deleterious to global organs, namely the heart. Chronic utilization of these agents can be seen in domains of competitive physical activities given their performance enhancing effects. Associated with this abuse in particular have been ubiquitous clinical accounts of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE), chronic hypertension, dyslipidemia, and left ventricular remodeling given the pleiotropic effects of testosterone and its analogues. One agent in particular, oxandrolone, a synthetic AAS, has an interesting profile as it has a biological disposition to more anabolic and metabolic effects compared to other AAS, with less profuse androgenic properties. There has been evidence to show that even oxandrolone supplementation may show promise in improving peripheral homeostasis conducive to positive cardiovascular health, especially in obese patients with features of metabolic syndrome, a condition related to endocrinological dysfunction and aberrant adiposity. In this commentary we will review the effects of this AAS with a commentary on cardiovascular physiology constructed around translational biology and clinical data. Commentaries such as the latter are scant in the literature and offer perspectives crucial to understanding the intersections between habitus, physiologic status, and the heart. Overall, oxandrolone shows promise related to its pharmacology in patients with low muscle tone and significant adiposity, namely cardiometabolic profiles if administered with clinical prudence due to its novel structure, metabolism, and effects.
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Zhang, Chenggui, and Chunli Song. "Combination Therapy of PTH and Antiresorptive Drugs on Osteoporosis: A Review of Treatment Alternatives." Frontiers in Pharmacology 11 (January 27, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.607017.
Full textAbstract:
Antiresorptive drugs have been widely used for osteoporosis. Intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH), an anabolic agent, increases osteoblast production rate and inhibits apoptosis of osteoblasts, thus increasing skeletal mass besides improving bone microarchitecture and strength. Combination therapy for osteoporosis produced great interests and controversies. Therefore, we performed a systematic literature search from PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, CINDHL, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews using the search terms PTH or teriparatide combined with bisphosphonate, alendronate, ibandronate, risedronate, raloxifene, denosumab, and zoledronic acid with the limit osteoporosis. At last, 36 related articles were included for further analysis. Findings from previous studies revealed that combination therapy in different conditions of naive or previous bisphosphonate treatment might have different outcomes. The use of combination therapy, however, may be an alternative option among osteoporotic patients with a history of bisphosphonate use. Combined teriparatide with denosumab appear to show the most substantial and clinically relevant skeletal benefits to osteoporotic patients. Additional research is necessary to define optimal methods of developing sequential and/or cyclical combinations of PTH and antiresorptive agents.