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Journal articles on the topic 'Anabaena, Aphanizomenon and Cylindrospermopsis'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 19 February 2023

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1

Ballot, Andreas, Jutta Fastner, and Claudia Wiedner. "Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin-Producing Cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile in Northeast Germany." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 4 (January 4, 2010): 1173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02285-09.

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ABSTRACT Neurotoxic paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, anatoxin-a (ATX), and hepatotoxic cylindrospermopsin (CYN) have been detected in several lakes in northeast Germany during the last 2 decades. They are produced worldwide by members of the nostocalean genera Anabaena, Cylindrospermopsis, and Aphanizomenon. Although no additional sources of PSP toxins and ATX have been identified in German water bodies to date, the observed CYN concentrations cannot be produced solely by Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, the only known CYN producer in Germany. Therefore, we attempted to identify PSP toxin, ATX, and CYN producers by isolating and characterizing 92 Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, and Anabaenopsis strains from five lakes in northeast Germany. In a polyphasic approach, all strains were morphologically and phylogenetically classified and then tested for PSP toxins, ATX, and CYN by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and screened for the presence of PSP toxin- and CYN-encoding gene fragments. As demonstrated by ELISA and LC-MS, 14 Aphanizomenon gracile strains from Lakes Melang and Scharmützel produced four PSP toxin variants (gonyautoxin 5 [GTX5], decarbamoylsaxitoxin [dcSTX], saxitoxin [STX], and neosaxitoxin [NEO]). GTX5 was the most prevalent PSP toxin variant among the seven strains from Lake Scharmützel, and NEO was the most prevalent among the seven strains from Lake Melang. The sxtA gene, which is part of the saxitoxin gene cluster, was found in the 14 PSP toxin-producing A. gracile strains and in 11 non-PSP toxin-producing Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi, A. flos-aquae, Anabaena planktonica, and Anabaenopsis elenkinii strains. ATX and CYN were not detected in any of the isolated strains. This study is the first confirming the role of A. gracile as a PSP toxin producer in German water bodies.

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2

Al-Tebrineh, Jamal, Troco Kaan Mihali, Francesco Pomati, and Brett A. Neilan. "Detection of Saxitoxin-Producing Cyanobacteria and Anabaena circinalis in Environmental Water Blooms by Quantitative PCR." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 23 (October 8, 2010): 7836–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00174-10.

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ABSTRACT Saxitoxins (STXs) are carbamate alkaloid neurotoxins produced by marine “red tide” dinoflagellates and several species of freshwater filamentous cyanobacteria, including Anabaena circinalis, Aphanizomenon spp., Lyngbya wollei, and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. A specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) method based on SYBR green chemistry was developed to quantify saxitoxin-producing Anabaena circinalis cyanobacteria, which are major bloom-forming freshwater cyanobacteria. The aim of this study was to infer the potential toxigenicity of samples by determining the copy number of a unique and unusual polyketide synthase (PKS) sequence (sxtA) in the STX biosynthesis gene cluster identified in cyanobacteria. Our qPCR approach was applied to water samples collected from different Australian lakes, dams, and rivers. The STX concentration and cyanobacterial cell density of these blooms were also determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and microscopic cell counting, respectively. STX concentrations correlated positively with STX gene copy numbers, indicating that the latter can be used as a measure of potential toxigenicity in Anabaena circinalis and possibly other cyanobacterial blooms. The qPCR method targeting STX genes can also be employed for both monitoring and ecophysiological studies of toxic Anabaena circinalis blooms and potentially several other STX-producing cyanobacteria.

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3

Cirés, Samuel, Lars Wörmer, Andreas Ballot, Ramsy Agha, Claudia Wiedner, David Velázquez, María Cristina Casero, and Antonio Quesada. "Phylogeography of Cylindrospermopsin and Paralytic Shellfish Toxin-Producing Nostocales Cyanobacteria from Mediterranean Europe (Spain)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 4 (December 13, 2013): 1359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03002-13.

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ABSTRACTPlanktonicNostocalescyanobacteria represent a challenge for microbiological research because of the wide range of cyanotoxins that they synthesize and their invasive behavior, which is presumably enhanced by global warming. To gain insight into the phylogeography of potentially toxicNostocalesfrom Mediterranean Europe, 31 strains ofAnabaena(Anabaena crassa,A. lemmermannii,A. mendotae, andA. planctonica),Aphanizomenon(Aphanizomenon gracile,A. ovalisporum), andCylindrospermopsis raciborskiiwere isolated from 14 freshwater bodies in Spain and polyphasically analyzed for their phylogeography, cyanotoxin production, and the presence of cyanotoxin biosynthesis genes. The potent cytotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) was produced by all 6Aphanizomenon ovalisporumstrains at high levels (5.7 to 9.1 μg CYN mg−1[dry weight]) with low variation between strains (1.5 to 3.9-fold) and a marked extracellular release (19 to 41% dissolved CYN) during exponential growth. Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) neurotoxins (saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, and decarbamoylsaxitoxin) were detected in 2Aphanizomenon gracilestrains, both containing thesxtAgene. This gene was also amplified in non-PSP toxin-producingAphanizomenon gracileandAphanizomenon ovalisporum. Phylogenetic analyses supported the species identification and confirmed the high similarity of SpanishAnabaenaandAphanizomenonstrains with other European strains. In contrast,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskiifrom Spain grouped together with American strains and was clearly separate from the rest of the European strains, raising questions about the current assumptions of the phylogeography and spreading routes ofC. raciborskii. The present study confirms that the nostocalean genusAphanizomenonis a major source of CYN and PSP toxins in Europe and demonstrates the presence of thesxtAgene in CYN-producingAphanizomenon ovalisporum.

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4

Iteman, Isabelle, Rosmarie Rippka, Nicole Tandeau de Marsac, and Michael Herdman. "rDNA analyses of planktonic heterocystous cyanobacteria, including members of the genera Anabaenopsis and Cyanospira The GenBank accession numbers of the 16S rDNA gene sequences reported in this paper are AY038032–AY038037." Microbiology 148, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 481–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-148-2-481.

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The taxonomic coherence and phylogenetic relationships of 11 planktonic heterocystous cyanobacterial isolates were examined by investigating two areas of the rRNA operon, the 16S rRNA gene (rrnS) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) located between the 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genes. The rrnS sequences were determined for five strains, including representatives of Anabaena flos-aquae, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Nodularia sp. and two alkaliphilic planktonic members of the genera Anabaenopsis and Cyanospira, whose phylogenetic position was previously unknown. Comparison of the data with those previously published for individual groups of planktonic heterocystous cyanobacteria showed that, with the exception of members assigned to the genus Cylindrospermopsis, all the planktonic strains form a distinct subclade within the monophyletic clade of heterocystous cyanobacteria. Within this subclade five different phylogenetic clusters were distinguished. The phylogenetic groupings of Anabaena and Aphanizomenon strains within three of these clusters were not always consistent with their generic or specific assignments based on classical morphological definitions, and the high degree of sequence similarity between strains of Anabaenopsis and Cyanospira suggests that they may be assignable to a single genus. Ribotyping and additional studies performed on PCR amplicons of the 16S rDNA or the ITS for the 11 planktonic heterocystous strains demonstrated that they all contain multiple rrn operons and ITS regions of variable size. Finally, evidence is provided for intra-genomic sequence heterogeneity of the 16S rRNA genes within most of the individual isolates.

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5

Bowling, L. "Occurrence and possible causes of a severe cyanobacterial bloom in Lake Cargelligo, New South Wales." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 5 (1994): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940737.

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Although smaller cyanobacterial blooms had occurred in Lake Cargelligo in previous summers, a severe bloom of Anabaena circinalis occurred in the lake in November 1990. Cell numbers exceeded 100 000 cells m L -1 , and toxicity tests revealed the bloom to be highly hepatotoxic. This resulted in the first known closure of a town water supply due to cyanobacteria in New South Wales. Blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa, Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi, Oscillatoria rnougeotii and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii also occurred in the lake at similar very high cell numbers during the summer and autumn of 1990-91. All five species persisted until May 1991, although there was no detectable toxicity from January onwards. Severe flooding in the Lachlan River valley upstream of Lake Cargelligo during the winter of 1990 led to nutrient enrlched inflows to the lake. These elevated nutrient concentrations would have been a major factor contributing to the bloom. However, other physico-chemical factors were also suitable for cyanobacterial growth.

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6

Steenhauer, Lisa M., Peter C. Pollard, Corina P. D. Brussaard, and Christin Säwström. "Lysogenic infection in sub-tropical freshwater cyanobacteria cultures and natural blooms." Marine and Freshwater Research 65, no. 7 (2014): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13094.

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Lysogeny has been reported for a few freshwater cyanobacteria cultures, but it is unknown how prevalent it is in freshwater cyanobacteria in situ. Here we tested for lysogeny in (a) cultures of eight Australian species of subtropical freshwater cyanobacteria; (b) seven strains of one species: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii; and (c) six cyanobacterial blooms in drinking water reservoirs in South East Queensland, Australia. Lysogenic infection in the cyanobacteria was induced through mitomycin C addition. By measuring the decline in host cell numbers and the concomitant increase in cyanophages over the course of the experiment, we observed lysogenic infection in five of the eight species of cyanobacteria (i.e. Nodularia spumigena, Anabaena circinalis, Anabaenopsis arnoldii, Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, Microcystis botrys, Microcystis aeruginosa, C. raciborskii and Anabaena spp., and in four of the seven strains of C. raciborskii) but only in two of the six natural cyanobacteria blooms. Lysogeny dominated laboratory culture strains whereas in natural blooms of cyanobacteria few species were lysogenic (i.e. not mitomycin C inducible). Thus, lysogenic laboratory cultures may not necessarily reflect the genetics nor the physiology of a natural cyanobacterial population, and more information on both forms is needed to understand better how cyanobacteria behave and exist in their natural habitat.

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7

Stüken, Anke, Jacqueline Rücker, Tina Endrulat, Karina Preussel, Mike Hemm, Brigitte Nixdorf, Ulf Karsten, and Claudia Wiedner. "Distribution of three alien cyanobacterial species (Nostocales) in northeast Germany: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Anabaena bergii and Aphanizomenon aphanizomenoides." Phycologia 45, no. 6 (November 2006): 696–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.2216/05-58.1.

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8

Ballot, A., J. Ramm, T. Rundberget, R. N. Kaplan-Levy, O. Hadas, A. Sukenik, and C. Wiedner. "Occurrence of non-cylindrospermopsin-producing Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and Anabaena bergii in Lake Kinneret (Israel)." Journal of Plankton Research 33, no. 11 (August 3, 2011): 1736–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbr071.

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9

Paerl, Hans W., Rolland S. Fulton, Pia H. Moisander, and Julianne Dyble. "Harmful Freshwater Algal Blooms, With an Emphasis on Cyanobacteria." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 76–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.16.

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Suspended algae, or phytoplankton, are the prime source of organic matter supporting food webs in freshwater ecosystems. Phytoplankton productivity is reliant on adequate nutrient supplies; however, increasing rates of nutrient supply, much of it manmade, fuels accelerating primary production or eutrophication. An obvious and problematic symptom of eutrophication is rapid growth and accumulations of phytoplankton, leading to discoloration of affected waters. These events are termed blooms. Blooms are a prime agent of water quality deterioration, including foul odors and tastes, deoxygenation of bottom waters (hypoxia and anoxia), toxicity, fish kills, and food web alterations. Toxins produced by blooms can adversely affect animal (including human) health in waters used for recreational and drinking purposes. Numerous freshwater genera within the diverse phyla comprising the phytoplankton are capable of forming blooms; however, the blue-green algae (or cyanobacteria) are the most notorious bloom formers. This is especially true for harmful toxic, surface-dwelling, scum-forming genera (e.g., Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Nodularia, Microcystis) and some subsurface bloom-formers (Cylindrospermopsis, Oscillatoria) that are adept at exploiting nutrient-enriched conditions. They thrive in highly productive waters by being able to rapidly migrate between radiance-rich surface waters and nutrient-rich bottom waters. Furthermore, many harmful species are tolerant of extreme environmental conditions, including very high light levels, high temperatures, various degrees of desiccation, and periodic nutrient deprivation. Some of the most noxious cyanobacterial bloom genera (e.g., Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Nodularia) are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen (N2), enabling them to periodically dominate under nitrogen-limited conditions. Cyanobacteria produce a range of organic compounds, including those that are toxic to higher-ranked consumers, from zooplankton to further up the food chain. Both N2- and non-N2-fixing genera participate in mutualistic and symbiotic associations with microorganisms, higher plants, and animals. These associations appear to be of great benefit to their survival and periodic dominance. In this review, we address the ecological impacts and environmental controls of harmful blooms, with an emphasis on the ecology, physiology, and management of cyanobacterial bloom taxa. Combinations of physical, chemical, and biotic features of natural waters function in a synergistic fashion to determine the sensitivity of water bodies. In waters susceptible to blooms, human activities in water- and airsheds have been linked to the extent and magnitudes of blooms. Control and management of cyanobacterial and other phytoplankton blooms invariably includes nutrient input constraints, most often focused on nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P). The types and amount of nutrient input constraints depend on hydrologic, climatic, geographic, and geologic factors, which interact with anthropogenic and natural nutrient input regimes. While single nutrient input constraints may be effective in some water bodies, dual N and P input reductions are usually required for effective long-term control and management of harmful blooms. In some systems where hydrologic manipulations (i.e., plentiful water supplies) are possible, reducing the water residence time by enhanced flushing and artificial mixing (in conjunction with nutrient input constraints) can be particularly effective alternatives. Implications of various management strategies, based on combined ecophysiological and environmental considerations, are discussed.

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10

Dreher, Theo W., Amanda J. Foss, Edward W. Davis, and Ryan S. Mueller. "7-epi-cylindrospermopsin and microcystin producers among diverse Anabaena/Dolichospermum/Aphanizomenon CyanoHABs in Oregon, USA." Harmful Algae 116 (July 2022): 102241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2022.102241.

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11

França, Josefa Marciana Barbosa de, Samíria Maria Oliveira da Silva, Cláudio Maurício Gesteira Monteiro, Walt Disney Paulino, and José Capelo Neto. "Qualidade da água em um sistema de reservatórios em cascata – um estudo de caso no semiárido brasileiro." Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental 27, no. 1 (February 2022): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-415220200328.

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RESUMO A escassez hídrica e o aumento da demanda de água para usos múltiplos incentivaram a construção de diversos reservatórios e sistemas de transferências hídricas entre bacias hidrográficas em diversas partes do mundo, principalmente em regiões áridas e semiáridas. Apesar de essas medidas mitigarem os aspectos quantitativos do abastecimento, a diminuição da qualidade da água disponível pode se tornar uma limitação importante. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade da água no sistema de transferência que abastece a Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza, Ceará. Foram analisados 20 parâmetros de qualidade de água ao longo do sistema. Aplicou-se em seguida a análise de agrupamento utilizando a distância euclidiana associada ao método de ligação de Ward para agrupar os 13 pontos de coleta que foram estabelecidos conforme suas similaridades. A piora da qualidade da água ficou evidente ao longo do sistema, com o aumento da concentração de cianobactérias, pH, nitrogênio total, oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez e clorofila-a. Com relação às cianobactérias, duas espécies mostraram-se dominantes — Oscillatoria sp. e Microcystis sp. — e sete abundantes — Merismopedia sp., Cylindrospermopsis sp., Pseudanabaena sp., Anabaena sp., Aphanizomenon sp., Aphanocapsa sp. e Dolichospermum sp. A presença de cianobactérias potencialmente tóxicas e a piora da qualidade da água tornam a realização de monitoramentos frequentes e o desenvolvimento de sistemas de alerta essenciais para a adequada gestão dos recursos hídricos, tanto do ponto de vista ambiental quanto do de saúde pública.

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12

Castiglioni, Bianca, Ermanno Rizzi, Andrea Frosini, Kaarina Sivonen, Pirjo Rajaniemi, Anne Rantala, Maria Angela Mugnai, et al. "Development of a Universal Microarray Based on the Ligation Detection Reaction and 16S rRNA Gene Polymorphism To Target Diversity of Cyanobacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 12 (December 2004): 7161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.12.7161-7172.2004.

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ABSTRACT The cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes of significant ecological and biotechnological interest, since they strongly contribute to primary production and are a rich source of bioactive compounds. In eutrophic fresh and brackish waters, their mass occurrences (water blooms) are often toxic and constitute a high potential risk for human health. Therefore, rapid and reliable identification of cyanobacterial species in complex environmental samples is important. Here we describe the development and validation of a microarray for the identification of cyanobacteria in aquatic environments. Our approach is based on the use of a ligation detection reaction coupled to a universal array. Probes were designed for detecting 19 cyanobacterial groups including Anabaena/Aphanizomenon, Calothrix, Cylindrospermopsis, Cylindrospermum, Gloeothece, halotolerants, Leptolyngbya, Palau Lyngbya, Microcystis, Nodularia, Nostoc, Planktothrix, Antarctic Phormidium, Prochlorococcus, Spirulina, Synechococcus, Synechocystis, Trichodesmium, and Woronichinia. These groups were identified based on an alignment of over 300 cyanobacterial 16S rRNA sequences. For validation of the microarrays, 95 samples (24 axenic strains from culture collections, 27 isolated strains, and 44 cloned fragments recovered from environmental samples) were tested. The results demonstrated a high discriminative power and sensitivity to 1 fmol of the PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene. Accurate identification of target strains was also achieved with unbalanced mixes of PCR amplicons from different cyanobacteria and an environmental sample. Our universal array method shows great potential for rapid and reliable identification of cyanobacteria. It can be easily adapted to future development and could thus be applied both in research and environmental monitoring.

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13

Stüken, Anke, Rebecca J. Campbell, Antonio Quesada, Assaf Sukenik, Pawan K. Dadheech, and Claudia Wiedner. "Genetic and morphologic characterization of four putative cylindrospermopsin producing species of the cyanobacterial genera Anabaena and Aphanizomenon." Journal of Plankton Research 31, no. 5 (February 18, 2009): 465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbp011.

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14

Flores-Rojas, Esterhuizen-Londt, and Pflugmacher. "Uptake, Growth, and Pigment Changes in Lemna minor L. Exposed to Environmental Concentrations of Cylindrospermopsin." Toxins 11, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110650.

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Cylindrospermopsin (CYN)-producing cyanobacterial blooms such as Raphidiopsis, Aphanizomenon, Anabaena, Umezakia, and Lyngbya spp. are occurring more commonly and frequently worldwide. CYN is an environmentally stable extracellular toxin, which inhibits protein synthesis, and, therefore, can potentially affect a wide variety of aquatic biota. Submerged and floating macrophytes, as primary producers in oligotrophic habitats, are at risk of exposure and information on the effects of CYN exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations is limited. In the present study, we investigated CYN uptake in the floating macrophyte Lemna minor with exposure to reported environmental concentrations. The effects were evaluated in terms of bioaccumulation, relative plant growth, and number of fronds per day. Variations in the concentrations and ratios of the chlorophylls as stress markers and carotenoids as markers of oxidative stress defense were measured. With exposure to 25 μg/L, L. minor could remove 43% of CYN within 24 h but CYN was not bioaccumulated. Generally, the pigment concentrations were elevated with exposure to 0.025, 0.25, and 2.5 μg/L CYN after 24 h, but normalized quickly thereafter. Changes in relative plant growth were observed with exposure to 0.25 and 2.5 μg/L CYN. Adverse effects were seen with these environmentally realistic concentrations within 24 h; however, L. minor successfully recovered within the next 48–96 h.

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15

Rajaniemi, Pirjo, Pavel Hrouzek, Klára Kaštovská, Raphaël Willame, Anne Rantala, Lucien Hoffmann, Jiří Komárek, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Phylogenetic and morphological evaluation of the genera Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Trichormus and Nostoc (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63276-0.

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The heterocytous cyanobacteria form a monophyletic group according to 16S rRNA gene sequence data. Within this group, phylogenetic and morphological studies have shown that genera such as Anabaena and Aphanizomenon are intermixed. Moreover, the phylogeny of the genus Trichormus, which was recently separated from Anabaena, has not been investigated. The aim was to study the taxonomy of the genera Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Nostoc and Trichormus belonging to the family Nostocaceae (subsection IV.I) by morphological and phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene, rpoB and rbcLX sequences. New strains were isolated to avoid identification problems caused by morphological changes of strains during cultivation. Morphological and phylogenetic data showed that benthic and planktic Anabaena strains were intermixed. In addition, the present study confirmed that Anabaena and Aphanizomenon strains were not monophyletic, as previously demonstrated. The evolutionary distances between the strains indicated that the planktic Anabaena and Aphanizomenon strains as well as five benthic Anabaena strains in cluster 1 could be assigned to a single genus. On the basis of the 16S rRNA, rpoB and rbcLX gene sequences, the Anabaena/Aphanizomenon strains (cluster 1) were divided into nine supported subclusters which could also be separated morphologically, and which therefore might represent different species. Trichormus strains were morphologically and phylogenetically heterogeneous and did not form a monophyletic cluster. These Trichormus strains, which were representatives of three distinct species, might actually belong to three genera according to the evolutionary distances. Nostoc strains were also heterogeneous and seemed to form a monophyletic cluster, which may contain more than one genus. It was found that certain morphological features were stable and could be used to separate different phylogenetic clusters. For example, the width and the length of akinetes were useful features for classification of the Anabaena/Aphanizomenon strains in cluster 1. This morphological and phylogenetic study with fresh isolates showed that the current classification of these anabaenoid genera needs to be revised.

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16

De Nobel, W. T. (Pim), N. Staats, and L. R. Mur. "Competition between nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria during phosphorus-limited growth." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0170.

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The phosphorus-limited growth of cultures of the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon and Anabaena was investigated. In conditions of nutrient and light excess Anabaena has a competitive advantage. The lower the light intensity conditions at which Aphanizomenon populations dominate are indicated for future study.

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17

Österholm, Julia, Rafael V. Popin, David P. Fewer, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Phylogenomic Analysis of Secondary Metabolism in the Toxic Cyanobacterial Genera Anabaena, Dolichospermum and Aphanizomenon." Toxins 12, no. 4 (April 11, 2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040248.

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Cyanobacteria produce an array of toxins that pose serious health risks to humans and animals. The closely related diazotrophic genera, Anabaena, Dolichospermum and Aphanizomenon, frequently form poisonous blooms in lakes and brackish waters around the world. These genera form a complex now termed the Anabaena, Dolichospermum and Aphanizomenon (ADA) clade and produce a greater array of toxins than any other cyanobacteria group. However, taxonomic confusion masks the distribution of toxin biosynthetic pathways in cyanobacteria. Here we obtained 11 new draft genomes to improve the understanding of toxin production in these genera. Comparison of secondary metabolite pathways in all available 31 genomes for these three genera suggests that the ability to produce microcystin, anatoxin-a, and saxitoxin is associated with specific subgroups. Each toxin gene cluster was concentrated or even limited to a certain subgroup within the ADA clade. Our results indicate that members of the ADA clade encode a variety of secondary metabolites following the phylogenetic clustering of constituent species. The newly sequenced members of the ADA clade show that phylogenetic separation of planktonic Dolichospermum and benthic Anabaena is not complete. This underscores the importance of taxonomic revision of Anabaena, Dolichospermum and Aphanizomenon genera to reflect current phylogenomic understanding.

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18

Costa, I. A. S., S. M. F. O. Azevedo, P. A. C. Senna, R. R. Bernardo, S. M. Costa, and N. T. Chellappa. "Occurrence of toxin-producing cyanobacteria blooms in a Brazilian semiarid reservoir." Brazilian Journal of Biology 66, no. 1b (February 2006): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842006000200005.

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We report the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms and the presence of cyanotoxins in water samples from the Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves reservoir (06° 08’ S and 37° 07’ W), located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. The cyanobacterial species were identified and quantified during the rainy and dry seasons in the year 2000. Cyanotoxins such as microcystins, saxitoxins and cylindrospermopsins were analyzed and quantified using HPLC and ELISA methods. The mixed toxic blooms of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Microcystis spp (M. panniformis, M. protocystis, M. novacekii) and Aphanizomenon spp (Aphanizomenon gracile, A. cf. manguinii, A. cf. issastschenkoi) were persistent and represented 90-100% of the total phytoplankton species. Toxic cyanobacterial blooms from the Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves reservoir were analyzed and found to have three phases in relation to the annual cycle. During the rainy season, an intense toxic bloom of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii was recorded along with saxitoxins (3.14 µg.L-1). During the transition period, between the rainy and dry seasons, different species of Microscytis occurred and microcystin as high as 8.8 µg.L-1 was recorded. In the dry season, co-dominance of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Microcystis spp and Aphanizomenon spp occurred and the concentrations of saxitoxin remained very low. Our results indicate the presence of microcystins (8.8 µg.L-1) and saxitoxins (3.14 µg.L-1) into the crude water, with increasing concentrations from the second fortnight of April to late May 2000. The occurrence of toxic blooms in this reservoir points to a permanent risk of cyanotoxins in supply waters, indicating the need for the implementation of bloom control measures to improve the water quality. Exposure of the local population to cyanotoxins through their potential accumulation in fish muscle must also be considered.

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19

Gugger, M. "Phylogenetic comparison of the cyanobacterial genera Anabaena and Aphanizomenon." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY 52, no. 5 (September 1, 2002): 1867–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02270-0.

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Gugger, Muriel, Christina Lyra, Peter Henriksen, Alain Couté, Jean-François Humbert, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Phylogenetic comparison of the cyanobacterial genera Anabaena and Aphanizomenon." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52, no. 5 (September 1, 2002): 1867–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-52-5-1867.

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Stüken, Anke, and Kjetill S. Jakobsen. "The cylindrospermopsin gene cluster of Aphanizomenon sp. strain 10E6: organization and recombination." Microbiology 156, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 2438–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.036988-0.

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Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a potent hepatoxin, occurs in freshwaters worldwide. Several cyanobacterial species produce the toxin, but the producing species vary between geographical regions. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, a common algae species in temperate fresh and brackish waters, is one of the three well-documented CYN producers in European waters. So far, no genetic information on the CYN genes of this species has been available. Here, we describe the complete CYN gene cluster, including flanking regions from the German Aphanizomenon sp. strain 10E6 using a full genome sequencing approach by 454 pyrosequencing and bioinformatic identification of the gene cluster. In addition, we have sequenced a ∼7 kb fragment covering the genes cyrC (partially), cyrA and cyrB (partially) of the same gene cluster in the CYN-producing Aphanizomenon sp. strains 10E9 and 22D11. Comparisons with the orthologous gene clusters of the Australian Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii strains AWT205 and CS505 and the partial gene cluster of the Israeli Aphanizomenon ovalisporum strain ILC-146 revealed a high gene sequence similarity, but also extensive rearrangements of gene order. The high sequence similarity (generally higher than that of 16S rRNA gene fragments from the same strains), atypical GC-content and signs of transposase activities support the suggestion that the CYN genes have been horizontally transferred.

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Kling, Hedy J., David L. Findlay, and Jiri Komárek. "Aphanizomenon schindleri sp.nov.: a new nostocacean cyanoprokaryote from the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 2267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-230.

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Aphanizomenon schindleri sp.nov., a new nostocacean, bluegreen, cyanoprokaryote (cyanobacterium), is described from artificially eutrophied Canadian Shield lakes in the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario. It is unique to low conductivity Canadian Shield waters to which nutrients have been added, and it became the dominant bloom species after years of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) loading followed by N limitation (N:P ≤ 5:1 by mass) (Findlay et al. 1994. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51: 2254–2266). The new Aphanizomenon species appears to be most closely related to A. gracile but also resembles species of Anabaena with straight filaments. It differs from other species of Aphanizomenon in cell dimensions, length and width of akinetes and heterocytes, and in akinete and end cell shape.

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Rzymski, Piotr, Barbara Poniedziałek, Joanna Mankiewicz-Boczek, Elisabeth J. Faassen, Tomasz Jurczak, Ilona Gągała-Borowska, Andreas Ballot, Miquel Lürling, and Mikołaj Kokociński. "Polyphasic toxicological screening of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon gracile isolated in Poland." Algal Research 24 (June 2017): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2017.02.011.

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Seligman, K., A. K. Enos, and H. H. Lai. "A Comparison of 1988-1990 Flavor Profile Analysis Results with Water Conditions in Two Northern California Reservoirs." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0030.

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Flavor Profile Analysis (FPA) results were compared with water quality data for two storage reservoirs of the East Bay Municipal Utility District in Oakland, California to determine what conditions exist at the time of an earthy or musty taste and odor episode. Strong musty and earthy aromas coincided most frequently with fall Anabaena sp. blooms and summer Anacystis sp. blooms. Occasional Aphanizomenon sp. blooms were concurrent with Anabaena sp. blooms, so odor problems associated with Aphanizomenon sp. could not be distinguished. Geosmin concentrations of 30-140 ng/L were found in water containing 100,000-300,000 Anabaena sp. cells/100 mL, but 2-methylisoborneol concentrations never exceeded 25 ng/L. Both reservoirs experienced relatively odorless large spring diatom blooms resulting in high chlorophyll a concentrations, so chlorophyll a alone did not serve as a helpful indicator of imminent odor problems. Fall cyanobacteria blooms closely followed the onset of reservoir destratification, so weekly temperature and dissolved oxygen depth profiles successfully predicted the start of a cyanobacteria bloom. Musty and earthy odors in the filter plant effluent were lower than those in the influent, but effluent FPA numbers reached 4 during two large taste and odor episodes, suggesting that granular activated carbon installed 1-2 years earlier may not remove all odor-causing compounds of a large taste and odor episode.

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Yılmaz, Mete, Edward J. Phlips, Nancy J. Szabo, and Susan Badylak. "A comparative study of Florida strains of Cylindrospermopsis and Aphanizomenon for cylindrospermopsin production." Toxicon 51, no. 1 (January 2008): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.08.013.

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Nobel, W. T. Pim, Jef Huisman, Jacky L. Snoep, and Luuc R. Mur. "Competition for phosphorus between the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Anabaena and Aphanizomenon." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 24, no. 3 (January 17, 2006): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1997.tb00443.x.

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De Nobel, W. "Competition for phosphorus between the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Anabaena and Aphanizomenon." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 24, no. 3 (November 1997): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-6496(97)00067-6.

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Kim, Song-Gun, Sung-Keun Rhee, Chi-Yong Ahn, So-Ra Ko, Gang-Guk Choi, Jin-Woo Bae, Yong-Ha Park, and Hee-Mock Oh. "Determination of Cyanobacterial Diversity during Algal Blooms in Daechung Reservoir, Korea, on the Basis of cpcBA Intergenic Spacer Region Analysis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 5 (May 2006): 3252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.5.3252-3258.2006.

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ABSTRACT The detection and prevention of cyanobacterial blooms are important issues in water quality management. As such, the diversity and community dynamics of cyanobacteria during cyanobacterial bloom in the Daechung Reservoir, Korea, were studied by analyzing the intergenic spacer (IGS) region between phycocyanin subunit genes cpcB and cpcA (cpcBA IGS). To amplify the cpcBA IGS from environmental samples, new PCR primers that could cover a wider range of cyanobacteria than previously known primers were designed. In the samples taken around the bloom peak (2 September 2003), seven groups of cpcBA IGS sequences were detected, and none of the amplified cpcBA IGSs was closely related to the cpcBA IGS from chloroplasts. Apart from the Microcystis-, Aphanizomenon (Anabaena)-, Pseudanabaena-, and Planktothrix (Oscillatoria)-like groups, the three other groups of cpcBA IGS sequences were only distantly related to previously reported sequences (<85% similarity to their closest relatives). The most prominent changes during the bloom were the gradual decrease and eventual disappearance of the Aphanizomenon (Anabaena)-like group before the bloom peak and the gradual increase and sudden disappearance of Planktothrix (Oscillatoria)-like groups right after the bloom peak. The community succession profile obtained based on the cpcBA IGS analysis was also supported by a PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the 16S rRNA genes.

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BRADBURN, MARK J., WILLIAM M. LEWIS, and JAMES H. McCUTCHAN. "Comparative adaptations of Aphanizomenon and Anabaena for nitrogen fixation under weak irradiance." Freshwater Biology 57, no. 5 (March 15, 2012): 1042–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02765.x.

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Lyra, C., S. Suomalainen, M. Gugger, C. Vezie, P. Sundman, L. Paulin, and K. Sivonen. "Molecular characterization of planktic cyanobacteria of Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis and Planktothrix genera." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 51, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-51-2-513.

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Houliez, Emilie, Enora Briand, Florent Malo, Georges-Augustin Rovillon, Fabienne Hervé, Elise Robert, Laetitia Marchand, Agata Zykwinska, and Amandine M. N. Caruana. "Physiological changes induced by sodium chloride stress in Aphanizomenon gracile, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Dolichospermum sp." Harmful Algae 103 (March 2021): 102028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2021.102028.

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Halinen, Katrianna, Jouni Jokela, David P. Fewer, Matti Wahlsten, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Direct Evidence for Production of Microcystins by Anabaena Strains from the Baltic Sea." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 20 (August 31, 2007): 6543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01377-07.

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ABSTRACT Anabaena is a filamentous, N2-fixing, and morphologically diverse genus of cyanobacteria found in freshwater and brackish water environments worldwide. It contributes to the formation of toxic blooms in freshwater bodies through the production of a range of hepatotoxins or neurotoxins. In the Baltic Sea, Anabaena spp. form late summer blooms, together with Nodularia spumigena and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. It has been long suspected that Baltic Sea Anabaena may produce microcystins. The presence of microcystins has been reported for the coastal regions of the Baltic proper, and a recent report also indicated the presence of the toxin in the open Gulf of Finland. However, at present there is no direct evidence linking Baltic Sea Anabaena spp. to microcystin production. Here we report on the isolation of microcystin-producing strains of the genus Anabaena in the open Gulf of Finland. The dominant microcystin variants produced by these strains included the highly toxic MCYST-LR as well as [d-Asp3]MCYST-LR, [d-Asp3]MCYST-HtyR, MCYST-HtyR, [d-Asp3,Dha7]MCYST-HtyR, and [Dha7]MCYST-HtyR variants. Toxic strains were isolated from the coastal Gulf of Finland as well as from the easternmost open-sea sampling station, where there were lower salinities than at other stations. This result suggests that lower salinity may favor microcystin-producing Anabaena strains. Furthermore, we sequenced 16S rRNA genes and found evidence for pronounced genetic heterogeneity of the microcystin-producing Anabaena strains. Future studies should take into account the potential presence of microcystin-producing Anabaena sp. in the Gulf of Finland.

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Pechar, L. "Long-term changes in fish pond management as ‘an unplanned ecosystem experiment’: importance of zooplankton structure, nutrients and light for species composition of cyanobacterial blooms." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0183.

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The study presents data on the species composition of cyanobacterial water blooms in Czech fish ponds from the 1950s to the 1990s. Since the 1950s, a shift from large-colonial Aphanizomenon flos-aquae var. flos-aquae through Microcystis aeruginosa and small-colonial species of Anabaena to single-filament species (Planktohrix agardhii, Limnothrix redekei, Aphanizomenon gracile) or single-cell forms (Microcystis ichtyoblabe), has been observed. The changes in the species composition of the water blooms are closely related to changes in fishery management (increase in fish stock, increase in application of organic fertilizers). At present the high predation of fish upon zooplankton results in elimination of large colonial blooms of A. flos-aquae associated with large filtering zooplankton (Daphnia). Low grazing pressure of zooplankton, low light conditions and low N:P ratios are suitable conditions for mass development of the small species of cyanobacteria. High pH is not necessary to achieve cyanobacteria dominance.

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Kim, Yong-Jin, Hae-Kyung Park, and In-Soo Kim. "Assessment of the Appearance and Toxin Production Potential of Invasive Nostocalean Cyanobacteria Using Quantitative Gene Analysis in Nakdong River, Korea." Toxins 14, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050294.

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Invasive nostocalean cyanobacteria (INC) were first reported in tropical regions and are now globally spreading rapidly due to climate change, appearing in temperate regions. INC require continuous monitoring for water resource management because of their high toxin production potential. However, it is difficult to analyze INC under a microscope because of their morphological similarity to nostocalean cyanobacteria such as the genus Aphanizomenon. This study calculates the gene copy number per cell for each target gene through quantitative gene analysis on the basis of genus-specific primers of genera Cylindrospermopsis, Sphaerospermopsis, and Cuspidothrix, and the toxin primers of anatoxin-a, saxitoxin, and cylindrospermopsin. In addition, quantitative gene analysis was performed at eight sites in the Nakdong River to assess the appearance of INC and their toxin production potential. Genera Cylindrospermopsis and Sphaerospermopsis did not exceed 100 cells mL−1 at the maximum, with a low likelihood of related toxin occurrence. The genus Cuspidothrix showed the highest cell density (1759 cells mL−1) among the INC. Nakdong River has potential for the occurrence of anatoxin-a through biosynthesis by genus Cuspidothrix because the appearance of this genus coincided with that of the anatoxin-a synthesis gene (anaF) and the detection of the toxin by ELISA.

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Cirés, Samuel, Lars Wörmer, Ramsy Agha, and Antonio Quesada. "Overwintering populations of Anabaena, Aphanizomenon and Microcystis as potential inocula for summer blooms." Journal of Plankton Research 35, no. 6 (August 21, 2013): 1254–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbt081.

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Tsuchiya, Y., and A. Matsumoto. "Identification of Volatile Metabolites Produced by Blue-Green Algae." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1988): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0236.

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Some of the volatile metabolites of eight species of blue-green algae of the genera Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Aphanizomenon, and Anabaena were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). As a result, five sesquiterpene alcohols (C15H26O) and two sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (germacrene-D and γ-cadi-nene) were detected in the cultures of Oscillatoriasplendida. O. amoena, and Anabaenamacrospora. Three aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-heptadecane,1-heptadecene and 7-methylheptadecane) were also identified in the cultures of most of these algae. None of these compounds appeared to impart an unpleasant taste or odor to water supplies.

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Rzymski, Piotr, Daniel M. Evans, Patrick J. Murphy, and Mikołaj Kokociński. "A study of polymethoxy-1-alkenes in Raphidiopsis (Cylindrospermopsis) raciborskii and Aphanizomenon gracile isolated in Poland." Toxicon 171 (December 2019): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.10.002.

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Matsuzaki, Mayla, José Luiz Negrão Mucci, and Aristides Almeida Rocha. "Comunidade fitoplanctônica de um pesqueiro na cidade de São Paulo." Revista de Saúde Pública 38, no. 5 (October 2004): 679–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102004000500010.

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OBJETIVO: A avaliação da qualidade da água e da comunidade fitoplanctônica em ambientes destinados à recreação permite estabelecer formas de manejo desses sistemas, evitando possíveis problemas à saúde humana. Assim, realizou-se estudo com objetivo de analisar a variação sazonal do fitoplâncton de um sistema lacustre natural, e sua relação com a qualidade da água. MÉTODOS: O lago estudado faz parte de um pesqueiro localizado na zona sul da cidade de São Paulo. Foram realizadas quatro coletas no período de um ano, em três pontos de amostragem. As amostras foram analisadas quanto à composição florística e às variáveis físicas e químicas da água. RESULTADOS: A análise qualitativa do fitoplâncton revelou o total de 91 táxons distribuídos em oito classes: Chlorophyceae (52%), Cyanophyceae (16%), Euglenophyceae (12%), Zygnemaphyceae (10%), Bacillariophyceae (5%), Xantophyceae (3%), Dinophyceae (1%) e Chrysophyceae (1%). Alguns dos parâmetros físicos e químicos parecem ter influenciado o comportamento do fitoplâncton; a classe Chlorophyceae foi a mais favorecida pelas condições ambientais. Dentre as espécies de cianofíceas identificadas, destacaram-se Microcystis paniformis, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii e espécies de Anabaena, que apresentaram maior importância do ponto de vista sanitário devido à produção de toxinas. CONCLUSÕES: Algumas variáveis físicas e químicas da água interferiram na estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica. A presença de Microcystis paniformis, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii e espécies de Anabaena indicam o potencial tóxico e os possíveis problemas que podem ocorrer à saúde pública, caso esse ambiente não seja continuamente monitorado. Estudos adicionais são recomendados, com a finalidade de se evitar efeitos deletérios ao ambiente e à saúde da população.

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van der Ploeg, M., C. S. Tucker, and C. E. Boyd. "Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol Production by Cyanobacteria in Fish Ponds in the Southeastern United States." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0063.

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Levels of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol and composition of phytoplankton communities were determined for water samples collected from 35 fish ponds at Auburn, Alabama, and 34 ponds in west-central Mississippi. In Auburn ponds, geosmin levels ranged from 0.05 to 8.9 µg/l but 2-methylisoborneol was never detected. Highest geosmin concentrations were measured in ponds with plankton blooms dominated by Anabaena species with straight trichomes. In Mississippi ponds, 2-methylisoborneol levels ranged from 0.05 to 76 µg/l. Highest 2-methylisoborneol concentrations were associated with blooms of Oscillatoria cf. chalybea, a cyanobacterium that produces 2-methylisoborneol in unialgal culture. Geosmin was found infrequently in Mississippi pond waters; geosmin levels ranging from 0.05 to 6.25 µg/l could be associated with blooms of Anabaena spiroides, and always concurred with 2-methylisoborneol concentrations ranging from 0.45 to 3.25 µg/l. Neither geosmin nor 2-methylisoborneol at either location could be associated with phytoplankton blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Oscillatoria agardhii, Raphidiopsis brookii, or Microcystis aeruginosa.

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DE NOBEL, W. T. (PIM), HANS C. P. MATTHIJS, ERIC VON ELERT, and LUUC R. MUR. "Comparison of the light-limited growth of the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Anabaena and Aphanizomenon." New Phytologist 138, no. 4 (April 1998): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00155.x.

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Karlsson-Elfgren, Irene, and Anna-Kristina Brunberg. "THE IMPORTANCE OF SHALLOW SEDIMENTS IN THE RECRUITMENT OF ANABAENA AND APHANIZOMENON (CYANOPHYCEAE)1." Journal of Phycology 40, no. 5 (October 2004): 831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.04070.x.

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Nogueira, Isabel C. G., Alexandre Lobo-da-Cunha, and Vítor M. Vasconcelos. "Effects of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (cyanobacteria) ingestion on Daphnia magna midgut and associated diverticula epithelium." Aquatic Toxicology 80, no. 2 (November 16, 2006): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.08.008.

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43

Wu, Zhongxing, Junqiong Shi, and Renhui Li. "Comparative studies on photosynthesis and phosphate metabolism of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii with Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae." Harmful Algae 8, no. 6 (September 2009): 910–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2009.05.002.

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44

Sousa, Eliane Brabo de, Aline Lemos Gomes, Celly Jenniffer da Silva Cunha, Paola Vitória Brito Pires, Samara Cristina Campelo Pinheiro, and Vanessa Bandeira Costa-Tavares. "Phytoplankton, with emphasis on potentially toxic cyanobacteria, from Amor Island, Alter do Chão (Santarém, Pará, Brazil)." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 5 (April 9, 2022): e35411528227. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i5.28227.

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Amor Island (Alter do Chão, Santarém, Pará, Brazil) is considered a region of great natural beauty and a national and international tourist attraction. The aim of this study was to determine the composition and density of the phytoplankton of the Amor Island, with emphasis on heterocytous cyanobacteria. Water samples for phytoplankton were collected and analyzed at seven points in October 2021. Filaments of heterocytous cyanobacteria were cultured and analyzed, measuring the cells of the first 30 trichomes. The abundance, diversity and evenness of phytoplankton species were calculated and balneability of beach in relation to algal blooms was evaluated. 106 generic and infrageneric taxa were identified, highlighting the Chlorophyta. Phytoplankton density was higher at Verde Lake (145.6 ± 22.0 org.L-1), diversity and evenness were higher at point 03 (Lake Verde) with 3.0 bits.cell-1 and 0.47, respectively. The most abundant species were: Aphanothece minutissima, Ankistrodesmus sp., Aphanothece sp., Aphanizomenon sp., Mougeotia sp., Merismopedia sp. and Quadrigula sp. The average density of cyanobacteria was higher in the Tapajós River (517.0 cell.mL-1). No algal and cyanobacterial blooms were identified, indicating water appropriate for bathing. Through morphological and morphometric description, the cultivated species were identified as Aphanizomenon gracile and Cylindrospermopsis/Raphidiopsis raciborskii, cited among the cyanobacteria with the highest occurrence of toxic blooms in the world. The region deserves phytoplankton monitoring studies, due to reports of cyanobacterial blooms, and greater knowledge of its planktonic biodiversity, since it is a threatened region.

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Baker, PD, and AR Humpage. "Toxicity associated with commonly occurring cyanobacteria in surface waters of the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 5 (1994): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940773.

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Surveys of cyanobacterial blooms were made over four consecutive summer seasons (1990-93) in surface waters of the Murray-Darling Basin in south-eastern Australia to determine the incidence and geographic distribution of toxicity associated with a range of recognized taxa.<P. In all, 231 field samples and 143 cultured isolates, representing 13 genera, were tested for toxicity by intra-peritoneal mouse bioassay. Toxicity was recorded in 42% of all field samples and was expressed quantitatively on the basis of both dry weight and cell number. Anabaena was the most abundant genus in blooms occurring in riverine and wetland habitats, and Anabaena circinalis was prominent in all field samples that were neurotoxic. Neurotoxicity was not demonstrated in any other species of Anabaena, or in any other genus, in both field and cultured material. Assays for anatoxin-a were negative, and symptoms of neurotoxicity in mice were not consistent with those reported elsewhere for anatoxin-a(s). Hepatotoxic blooms occurred predominantly in standing waters and were invariably caused by Microcystis aeruginosa f. aeruginosa throughout the greater part of the Basin. Toxic blooms of Nodularia spumigena were recorded only in Lake Aiexandrina and Lake Albert at the mouth of the River Murray. Hepatotoxicity was also demonstrated in strains of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, which was previously recognized in Australia only as a subtropical cyanobacterium.

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Rajaniemi, Pirjo, Jiří Komárek, Raphaël Willame, Pavel Hrouzek, Klára Katovská, Lucien Hoffmann, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Taxonomic consequences from the combined molecular and phenotype evaluation of selected Anabaena and Aphanizomenon strains." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 117 (October 1, 2005): 371–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1864-1318/2005/0117-0371.

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47

Zapomělová, Eliška, Jitka Jezberová, Pavel Hrouzek, Daniel Hisem, Klára Řeháková, and Jaroslava Komárková. "POLYPHASIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THREE STRAINS OF ANABAENA RENIFORMIS AND APHANIZOMENON APHANIZOMENOIDES (CYANOBACTERIA) AND THEIR RECLASSIFICATION TO SPHAEROSPERMUM GEN. NOV. (INCL. ANABAENA KISSELEVIANA)1." Journal of Phycology 45, no. 6 (November 13, 2009): 1363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00758.x.

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Berry, John P., Patrick D. L. Gibbs, Michael C. Schmale, and Martin L. Saker. "Toxicity of cylindrospermopsin, and other apparent metabolites from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, to the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo." Toxicon 53, no. 2 (February 2009): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.11.016.

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Gugger, M. "Cellular fatty acids as chemotaxonomic markers of the genera Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis, Nostoc and Planktothrix (cyanobacteria)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY 52, no. 3 (May 1, 2002): 1007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.01917-0.

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50

Gugger, Muriel, Christina Lyra, Irmgard Suominen, Irina Tsitko, Jean-François Humbert, Mirja S. Salkinoja-Salonen, and Kaarina Sivonen. "Cellular fatty acids as chemotaxonomic markers of the genera Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis, Nostoc and Planktothrix (cyanobacteria)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52, no. 3 (May 1, 2002): 1007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-52-3-1007.

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