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Journal articles on the topic 'Amylostereum'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Burnip, G. M., I. C. Harvey, D. Voice, and M. Braithwaite. "New host association for Sirex noctilio and Amylostereum areolatum on Cedrus atlantica." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6866.

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Wood boring larvae considered to be Sirex wood wasp were found together with its symbiot the pathogenic Amylostereum fungi associated with ca 20 dead and dying cedar trees at a Christchurch golf club MAF Biosecurity New Zealand was contacted because it was thought that the Sirex was possibly a species not present in New Zealand such as Sirex juvencus or Urocerus gigas (both high impact forest pests) since the single Sirex species present here (Sirex noctilio) had not previously been recorded attacking Cedrus sp (cedar) in New Zealand or elsewhere Furthermore if the Sirex was a recent incursion of a new to New Zealand species the Amylostereum fungi might also have been an exotic species Further examinations revealed a single adult Sirex (live preemergence) within a larval tunnel This allowed definitive morphological identification as Sirex noctilio the species already present in New Zealand Molecular diagnostics (direct sequencing) determined the fungi to be Amylostereum areolatum; the Amylostereum fungi commonly found in association with Sirex noctilio in New Zealand Pinus spp Investigations suggest tree stress (probably nontarget herbicide impacts) resulted in the cedar becoming susceptible to Sirex noctilio attack This represents a new record of association between Sirex noctilio and Amylostereum areolatum on Cedrus atlantica host

2

Wooding, Amy L., Michael J. Wingfield, Brett P. Hurley, Jeffrey R. Garnas, Peter de Groot, and Bernard Slippers. "Lack of fidelity revealed in an insect–fungal mutualism after invasion." Biology Letters 9, no. 4 (August 23, 2013): 20130342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0342.

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Symbiont fidelity is an important mechanism in the evolution and stability of mutualisms. Strict fidelity has been assumed for the obligate mutualism between Sirex woodwasps and their mutualistic Amylostereum fungi. This assumption has been challenged in North America where the European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio , and its fungal mutualist, Amylostereum areolatum , have recently been introduced. We investigate the specificity of the mutualism between Sirex and Amylostereum species in Canada, where S. noctilio co-infests Pinus with native Sirex nigricornis and its mutualist, Amylostereum chailletii . Using phylogenetic and culture methods, we show that extensive, reciprocal exchange of fungal species and strains is occurring, with 75.3 per cent of S. nigricornis carrying A. areolatum and 3.5 per cent of S. noctilio carrying A. chailletii . These findings show that the apparent specificity of the mutualism between Sirex spp. and their associated Amylostereum spp. is not the result of specific biological mechanisms that maintain symbiont fidelity. Rather, partner switching may be common when shifting geographical distributions driven by ecological or anthropogenic forces bring host and mutualist pairs into sympatry. Such novel associations have potentially profound consequences for fitness and virulence. Symbiont sharing, if it occurs commonly, may represent an important but overlooked mechanism of community change linked to biological invasions.

3

Baxter, A. P., I. H. Rong, and A. L. Schutte. "Amylostereum areolatum (Aphyllophorales: Stereaceae) in South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 61, no. 6 (December 1995): 352–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30558-5.

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4

Tabata, Masanobu, and Yasuhisa Abe. "Amylostereum laevigatum associated with a horntail, Urocerus antennatus." Mycoscience 40, no. 6 (December 1999): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02461032.

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5

Ryan, Kathleen, Jean-Marc Moncalvo, Peter de Groot, and Sandy M. Smith. "Interactions between the fungal symbiont of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and two bark beetle-vectored fungi." Canadian Entomologist 143, no. 3 (June 2011): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n11-001.

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AbstractThe woodwasp Sirex noctilio F. is invading North American forests, where it will interact with a large guild of pine-inhabiting beetles and their associated fungi. The woodwasp's obligate fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum (Fries) Boidin (Stereaceae), plays an essential role in the wasp's larval development but is expected to be a poor competitor in the presence of fungi vectored by co-occurring insects. We examined the outcomes of competitive interactions between A. areolatum and two fungal species vectored by bark beetles, Leptographium wingfieldii Morelet (Ophiostomataceae) and Ophiostoma minus (Hedgcock) H. and P. Sydow (Ophiostomataceae), and the effect of temperature and substrate on these interactions. Beetle-associated fungi were usually able to capture more uncolonized resource than A. areolatum regardless of substrate or temperature. Amylostereum areolatum was able to colonize relatively more space in some cases but could not gain substrate already colonized by the ophiostomatoid competitor. These findings suggest that competitive interactions between beetle-vectored fungal species and A. areolatum could influence the reproductive fitness and distribution of S. noctilio within individual trees and also across a wide geographic area.

6

van der Nest, M. A., E. T. Steenkamp, B. Slippers, A. Mongae, K. van Zyl, J. Stenlid, M. J. Wingfield, and B. D. Wingfield. "Gene expression associated with vegetative incompatibility in Amylostereum areolatum." Fungal Genetics and Biology 48, no. 11 (November 2011): 1034–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2011.08.001.

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7

Tabata, Masanobu, and Yasuhisa Abe. "Amylostereum laevigatum associated with the Japanese horntail, Urocerus japonicus." Mycoscience 38, no. 4 (December 1997): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02461682.

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8

Fitza, Katrin N. E., Masanobu Tabata, Natsumi Kanzaki, Koki Kimura, Jeff Garnas, and Bernard Slippers. "Host specificity and diversity of Amylostereum associated with Japanese siricids." Fungal Ecology 24 (December 2016): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.08.005.

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9

Tabata, Masanobu, Thomas C. Harrington, Wei Chen, and Yasuhisa Abe. "Molecular phylogeny of species in the genera Amylostereum and Echinodontium." Mycoscience 41, no. 6 (December 2000): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02460925.

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10

Wilson, A. D., N. M. Schiff, D. A. Haugen, and E. R. Hoebeke. "First Report of Amylostereum areolatum in Pines in the United States." Plant Disease 93, no. 1 (January 2009): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-1-0108a.

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The wood decay fungus Amylostereum areolatum (Fr.) Boidin, native to Eurasia and North Africa (4), is the mycosymbiont of several siricid woodwasps including Sirex noctilio Fabricius, a major pest of pines in New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa where it has been introduced. Adult females of S. noctilio are effective vectors of arthrospores (hyphal fragments) of the fungus, stored internally within mycangia in the abdomen, which are injected with the eggs and a phytotoxic mucus into the outer sapwood of coniferous tree hosts during oviposition. The toxin is translocated upward into the foliage causing needle wilting, necrosis, and crown dieback. The fungus decays the wood (white rot) and provides food for hatching larvae that form borer galleries. Extensive damage to the host via wood decay, galleries, and toxin effects cause mortality in heavily infested trees. S. noctilio adults have been intercepted from several locations in North America prior to 2003, but there has been no evidence of an established population in any native forests until recently. In September 2004, a single adult female was collected from a funnel-trap at the edge of a forest stand in Fulton, NY (Oswego County) and identified in February 2005 (3). A local survey in May 2005 revealed red pines and Scotch pines infested with siricid larvae on the SUNY Oswego campus and in Rice Creek Nature Preserve, 3 km from campus. All larvae from infested trees were identified as S. noctilio using the DNA barcode method (2). Bole sections of infested red pines were sent to the USDA-ARS quarantine facility in Stoneville, MS. Wood samples, taken from areas of incipient decay adjacent to larval galleries, were plated onto 4.5% potato dextrose agar. Fungal colonies in pure cultures arising from wood pieces were appressed and exhibited microscopic characters typical of A. areolatum. Molecular confirmation of identifications for nine isolates was achieved by PCR amplification and sequencing of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region using ITS1 and ITS4 universal primer pairs. BLAST program analyses of these sequences compared against the NCBI GenBank database revealed the isolates were identical (GenBank Accession No. FJ040860) and had 98.8 to 99.8% sequence homology with five A. areolatum GenBank sequences (AF454428, AY781245, AF218389, EU249343, and EU249344) from Germany, Sweden, Japan, and Canada. To our knowledge, this represents the first confirmed isolation of A. areolatum from a native pine stand in the United States and confirms the first incidence of infections of North American pines, 16 months prior to isolations in Ontario (1). This insect vector-decay fungus complex, native to Eurasia, has a very high-risk rating and threatens many pine (Pinus) species in North America, particularly southern U.S. species that have been severely attacked and killed where introduced in the Southern Hemisphere. The lack of complete sequence homology between New York and Ontario, Canada strains of A. areolatum suggests that these recent incidences probably resulted from multiple woodwasp introductions rather than from vector (S. noctilio female) movement after one introduction. References: (1) M. J. Bergeron et al. Plant Dis. 92:1138, 2008. (2) P. D. N. Hebert et al. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270:313, 2003. (3) E. R. Hoebeke et al. Newsl. Mich. Entomol. Soc. 50:24, 2005. (4) J. P. Spradbery and A. A. Kirk. Bull. Entomol. Res. 68:341, 1978.

11

Slippers, B., M. J. Wingfield, T. A. Coutinho, and B. D. Wingfield. "Population structure and possible origin of Amylostereum areolatum in South Africa." Plant Pathology 50, no. 2 (April 2001): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00552.x.

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12

Vasiliauskas, Rimvydas, and Jan Stenlid. "Vegetative compatibility groups of Amylostereum areolatum and A. chailletii from Sweden and Lithuania." Mycological Research 103, no. 7 (July 1999): 824–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756298007862.

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13

VASILIAUSKAS, RIMVYDAS, JAN STENLID, and IBEN M. THOMSEN. "Clonality and genetic variation in Amylostereum areolatum and A. chailletii from northern Europe." New Phytologist 139, no. 4 (August 1998): 751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00240.x.

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14

Slippers, Bernard, Michael J. Wingfield, Brenda D. Wingfield, and Teresa A. Coutinho. "Relationships among Amylostereum Species Associated with Siricid Woodwasps Inferred from Mitochondrial Ribosomal DNA Sequences." Mycologia 92, no. 5 (September 2000): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3761590.

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15

Vasiliauskas, R. "Spread of Amylostereum areolatum and A. chailletii decay in living stems of Picea abies." Forestry 72, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/72.2.95.

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16

Slippers, Bernard, Michael J. Wingfield, Brenda D. Wingfield, and Teresa A. Coutinho. "Relationships among Amylostereum species associated with siricid woodwasps inferred from mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences." Mycologia 92, no. 5 (September 2000): 955–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2000.12061239.

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17

Caetano, Isis A. L., E. Erin Morris, and Ann E. Hajek. "Growth of the Sirex-parasitic nematode Deladenus siricidicola on the white rot fungus Amylostereum." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 134 (February 2016): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2015.12.009.

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18

Erin Morris, E., Ann E. Hajek, Elliott Zieman, and David W. Williams. "Deladenus (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae) reproduction on species and strains of the white rot fungus Amylostereum." Biological Control 73 (June 2014): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.03.002.

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19

Morris, E. E., A. Jimenez, S. J. Long, D. W. Williams, and A. E. Hajek. "Variability in growth of Deladenus siricidicola on strains of the white rot fungus Amylostereum areolatum." BioControl 57, no. 5 (March 18, 2012): 677–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10526-012-9447-1.

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20

van der Nest, Magriet A., Bernard Slippers, Jan Stenlid, Pieter M. Wilken, Rimvis Vasaitis, Michael J. Wingfield, and Brenda D. Wingfield. "Characterization of the systems governing sexual and self-recognition in the white rot homobasidiomycete Amylostereum areolatum." Current Genetics 53, no. 6 (April 15, 2008): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00294-008-0188-8.

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21

Margrete Thomsen, Iben, and Jorgen Koch. "Somatic compatibility in Amylostereum areolatum and A. chailletii as a consequence of symbiosis with siricid woodwasps." Mycological Research 103, no. 7 (July 1999): 817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756298007783.

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22

Bergeron, M. J., R. C. Hamelin, I. Leal, C. Davis, and P. de Groot. "First Report of Amylostereum areolatum, the Fungal Symbiont of Sirex noctilio, on Pinus spp. in Canada." Plant Disease 92, no. 7 (July 2008): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-7-1138a.

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Amylostereum areolatum (Fr.) Boidin (Russulales: Stereaceae) is a white rot fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with several woodwasps including Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae). The vectored fungus together with a phytotoxic mucus, both injected during oviposition by the female S. noctilio, rapidly weaken the host tree, rendering it susceptible to larval development (3). Host trees of A. areolatum include species of Pinus (mainly), Abies, Larix, and Picea and Cryptomeria japonica and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Fungal Databases [online]; USDA). The siricid woodwasp is native to Eurasia and North Africa and has been introduced into New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa (1). In July of 2005, the first established North American population of S. noctilio was reported in Oswego, NY. Prompted by this initial discovery, a trap survey of Ontario counties located along the Canada-U.S. border, close to Upstate New York, was conducted in September and October of 2005. S. noctilio females were captured in four locations in southern Ontario. Two additional locations for S. noctilio were also reported in a survey conducted independently (2). In September and October of 2006, logs of Scots pines showing current Sirex oviposition sites were harvested from the Ontario area bordered by Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario to determine the presence of the species-specific fungal symbiont of S. noctilio, A. areolatum. Fungal isolates were obtained by surface sterilizing wood chips showing decay columns followed by incubation at 20°C on 2% malt extract agar. Cultures with morphological characteristics typical of A. areolatum–presence of clamp connections and arthrospores–were used for DNA analysis to confirm species identification. DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal RNA gene were queried against the NCBI GenBank database. There was a 99 to 100% match between the ITS sequences from the Ontario isolates and sequences from European and Asian A. areolatum isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. EU249343 and EU249344 versus AF454428, AF506405, AY781245, and AF218389). Matches with A. chailletii (Pers.) Boidin, a native related species, were around 97%. These results confirmed the presence of A. areolatum in the infested material. Cultures were deposited in the National Mycological Herbarium of Canada (DAOM 239280–DAOM 239295). To our knowledge, this represents the first report of A. areolatum in Canada. In its natural range, the insect-fungal complex exists in equilibrium with its host trees and parasites, thus, few negative impacts are observed. However, in the Southern Hemisphere where it has been introduced, it has become a major pest, attacking many important commercial North American species planted as exotics (1). Conifer forests in Canada are threatened by the spread of the S. noctilio/A. areolatum complex, particularly plantations and stands of Pinus banksiana, P. contorta, P. ponderosa, P. resinosa, P. strobus, and P. sylvestris. A survey of Eastern Canada to detect the presence of S. noctilio is on going, and genetics work is being conducted to determine the origin of the introduction of A. areolatum. References: (1) W. M. Ciesla. J. For. 101:18, 2003. (2) P. de Groot et al. Gt. Lakes Entomol. 39:49, 2006. (3) B. Slippers et al. S. Afr. J. Sci. 99:70, 2003.

23

MARTÍNEZ, ANDRÉS S., VALERIA FERNÁNDEZ-ARHEX, and JUAN C. CORLEY. "Chemical information from the fungus Amylostereum areolatum and host-foraging behaviour in the parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides." Physiological Entomology 31, no. 4 (November 2006): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.2006.00523.x.

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24

Leal, I., B. Foord, C. Davis, P. de Groot, X. O. Mlonyeni, and B. Slippers. "Distinguishing isolates of Deladenus siricidicola, a biological control agent of Sirex noctilio, from North America and the Southern Hemisphere using PCR–RFLP." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 6 (June 2012): 1173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-058.

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The woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius, along with its obligate symbiotic fungus Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fr.) Boidin, is amongst the most damaging invasive species to many commercial pine plantations. The most effective biocontrol agent for management of this woodwasp has been the nematode Deladenus siricidicola Bedding. Before this agent can be used in North America, answering key questions about its interaction with native siricids and other strains of the nematode is essential, as would be the need to track its spread after release. The aim of this study was to develop tools to differentiate between the North American D. siricidicola isolates and the Southern Hemisphere Kamona strain of this species. We sequenced a region from ribosomal DNA and the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 and developed a PCR–RFLP method based on a single nucleotide polymorphism flanking a microsatellite sequence. These markers will be useful for science-based operational biocontrol of S. noctilio.

25

van der Nest, M. A., B. Slippers, E. T. Steenkamp, L. De Vos, K. Van Zyl, J. Stenlid, M. J. Wingfield, and B. D. Wingfield. "Genetic linkage map for Amylostereum areolatum reveals an association between vegetative growth and sexual and self-recognition." Fungal Genetics and Biology 46, no. 9 (September 2009): 632–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2009.06.002.

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26

Mlonyeni, X. Osmond, Michael J. Wingfield, Jaco M. Greeff, Brenda D. Wingfield, and Bernard Slippers. "Genetic diversity of Amylostereum areolatum , the fungal symbiont of the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio in South Africa." Forest Pathology 48, no. 6 (June 11, 2018): e12449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/efp.12449.

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27

He, Shuang-Hui, and Hai-Jiao Li. "Amylostereum orientalesp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Russulales) and first report ofA. areolatumin China based on morphological and molecular characters." Nordic Journal of Botany 31, no. 6 (November 11, 2013): 728–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.01756.x.

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28

Slippers, B., B. D. Wingfield, T. A. Coutinho, and M. J. Wingfield. "DNA sequence and RFLP data reflect geographical spread and relationships of Amylostereum areolatum and its insect vectors." Molecular Ecology 11, no. 9 (September 2002): 1845–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01572.x.

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29

Faal, Hajar, Dong H. Cha, Ann E. Hajek, and Stephen A. Teale. "A double-edged sword: Amylostereum areolatum odors attract both Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and its parasitoid, Ibalia leucospoides." Fungal Ecology 54 (December 2021): 101108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101108.

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30

Nogal-Prata, Sandra, Nitaro Maekawa, Toshinori Matozaki, Margarita Dueñas, María P. Martín, and M. Teresa Telleria. "Based on DNA sequences of ITS and rpb 2, Amylostereum orientale is reported for the first time in Japan." Mycoscience 58, no. 3 (May 2017): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2016.12.005.

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31

Olatinwo, Rabiu O., Timothy D. Schowalter, Daniel Doucet, Susan Bowman, Wood C. Johnson, and Jeremy D. Allison. "Intergenic Spacer Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms for Genotyping Amylostereum areolatum (Russulales: Amylostereacea) Symbionts of Native and Non-native Sirex Species." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 113, no. 4 (March 16, 2020): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz058.

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Abstract In North America Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fr.) Boidin is a fungal symbiont associated with both the non-native Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and less commonly the native Sirex nigricornis Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) woodwasps. The relationship between S. noctilio and A. areolatum constitutes a serious threat to pine plantation in the southern hemisphere. Studies have shown evidence of exchange of symbionts between non-native and native Sirex species. Our objectives were 1) to identify and assemble a panel of rDNA intergenic spacer–single nucleotide polymorphisms (IGS-SNPs) for genotyping strains of A. areolatum symbionts associated with Sirex species in North America, and 2) to develop genetic markers for monitoring the spread of specific A. areolatum haplotypes associated with S. noctilio across regions. The IGS-SNPs panel analyzed included haplotypes B1, B2, D1, D2 (from known IGS type B and D), E, and F. Genetic markers and haplotype-specific primers were designed to detect the IGS haplotypes D and E of A. areolatum. We found that haplotype D was absent in A. areolatum from S. nigricornis in Louisiana, while haplotype E was detected in all A. areolatum from S. nigricornis in Canada and Louisiana. Both haplotype D and E were co-detected in approximately 5% of samples from Canada. The IGS-SNP markers detected specific haplotypes accurately. Observing haplotype D in any A. areolatum from the native S. nigricornis likely indicates the presence of the potentially harmful S. noctilo-A. areolatum complex. The work highlights how IGS-SNPs can help in early detection without direct occurrence/observations of the non-native species of concern.

32

Hurley, B. P., H. J. Hatting, M. J. Wingfield, K. D. Klepzig, and B. Slippers. "The influence of Amylostereum areolatum diversity and competitive interactions on the fitness of the Sirex parasitic nematode Deladenus siricidicola." Biological Control 61, no. 3 (June 2012): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.02.006.

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33

Fu, Ningning, Jiaxing Li, Ming Wang, Lili Ren, and Youqing Luo. "Genes Identification, Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation Analysis of Laccases from Amylostereum areolatum Provides Molecular Basis of Laccase Bound to Lignin." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22 (November 22, 2020): 8845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228845.

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An obligate mutualistic relationship exists between the fungus Amylostereum areolatum and woodwasp Sirex noctilio. The fungus digests lignin in the host pine, providing essential nutrients for the growing woodwasp larvae. However, the functional properties of this symbiosis are poorly described. In this study, we identified, cloned, and characterized 14 laccase genes from A. areolatum. These genes encoded proteins of 508 to 529 amino acids and contained three typical copper-oxidase domains, necessary to confer laccase activity. Besides, we performed molecular docking and dynamics simulation of the laccase proteins in complex with lignin compounds (monomers, dimers, trimers, and tetramers). AaLac2, AaLac3, AaLac6, AaLac8, and AaLac10 were found that had low binding energies with all lignin model compounds tested and three of them could maintain stability when binding to these compounds. Among these complexes, amino acid residues ALA, GLN, LEU, PHE, PRO, and SER were commonly present. Our study reveals the molecular basis of A. areolatum laccases interacting with lignin, which is essential for understanding how the fungus provides nutrients to S. noctilio. These findings might also provide guidance for the control of S. noctilio by informing the design of enzyme mutants that could reduce the efficiency of lignin degradation.

34

Castrillo, Louela A., Ann E. Hajek, Juan A. Pajares, Iben M. Thomsen, György Csóka, Shawn C. Kenaley, Ryan M. Kepler, Paula Zamora, and Sergio Angeli. "Multilocus genotyping of Amylostereum spp. associated with Sirex noctilio and other woodwasps from Europe reveal clonal lineage introduced to the US." Fungal Biology 119, no. 7 (July 2015): 595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2015.03.004.

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35

Morris, E. Erin, S. Patricia Stock, Louela A. Castrillo, David W. Williams, and Ann E. Hajek. "Characterisation of the dimorphic Deladenus beddingi n. sp. and its associated woodwasp and fungus." Nematology 20, no. 10 (2018): 939–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003188.

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Summary A new dimorphic species of Deladenus isolated from Sirex californicus from Washington, USA, is described as D. beddingi n. sp. Evolutionary relationships of the new species with other Deladenus species were assessed using multilocus sequencing. Phylogenetic relationships derived from analyses of mtCO1 and ITS showed D. beddingi n. sp. to be genetically distinct from other North American Deladenus parasitising Sirex. Molecular analyses indicated that D. beddingi n. sp. is a member of the D. siricidicola species complex, which also includes undescribed native Deladenus from Sirex cyaneus and S. nitidus, and D. siricidicola from S. noctilio. Mycophagous adults were characterised by the position of the excretory pore, which was located 32 (22-52) and 48 (38-69) μm anterior to the hemizonid in mycophagous females and males, respectively. Typologically, the new species is most similar to D. siricidicola, D. proximus and D. nitobei, but can be distinguished from these species by several morphometric traits, including the value of ratios a, b, c of the mycophagous females and males, ratio b of the infective females, and the morphology of the tail of the mycophagous females, which is narrow and gradually tapering. This novel nematode species feeds on the fungus Amylostereum chailletii during its mycophagous phase. Experimental results showed very little reproduction by D. beddingi n. sp. when feeding on A. areolatum compared to robust reproduction when feeding on A. chailletii.

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Bergeron, Marie-Josée, Isabel Leal, Brett Foord, Grace Ross, Chuck Davis, Bernard Slippers, Peter de Groot, and Richard C. Hamelin. "Putative origin of clonal lineages of Amylostereum areolatum, the fungal symbiont associated with Sirex noctilio, retrieved from Pinus sylvestris, in eastern Canada." Fungal Biology 115, no. 8 (August 2011): 750–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2011.05.009.

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Olatinwo, Rabiu, Jeremy Allison, James Meeker, Wood Johnson, Douglas Streett, M. Catherine Aime, and Christopher Carlton. "Detection and Identification of Amylostereum areolatum (Russulales: Amylostereaceae) in the Mycangia of Sirex nigricornis (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in Central Louisiana." Environmental Entomology 42, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 1246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/en13103.

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Nielsen, Charlotte, David W. Williams, and Ann E. Hajek. "Putative source of the invasive Sirex noctilio fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum, in the eastern United States and its association with native siricid woodwasps." Mycological Research 113, no. 11 (November 2009): 1242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.012.

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Wang, Lixiang, Chunchun Li, Juan Shi, Chengcheng Li, Jiale Li, Lili Ren, and Youqing Luo. "Incidental Fungi in Host Trees Disrupt the Development of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) Symbiotic Fungus and Larvae." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 832–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz314.

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Abstract The woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Fabricius, is an exotic pest of Pinus L. in the southern hemisphere and North America, and it is an emerging threat in northeastern China. Adult woodwasps have numerous insect competitors for oviposition substrates, and developing larvae must compete for resources with other subcortical invaders. Its mutualistic fungus Amylostereum areolatum (Fr.) Boidon, is less competitive than many other fungal colonists present in pine ecosystems. This study investigated the effects of incidental, host-colonizing fungi on the growth and development of woodwasp larvae and A. areolatum. Fungi were isolated from dead S. noctilio larvae within galleries (primarily Trichoderma Pers, Ophiostoma Sydow, and Sphaeropsis Sacc.), and effects of these fungi on woodwasp brood survival were investigated via inoculations of S. noctilio-infested logs. Larval mortality was significantly increased in sample logs inoculated with Ophiostoma minus (Hedgc.) Sydow Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fr.) Jülich, Trichoderma atroviride Bissett, Trichoderma viride Pers, and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai. Inoculation of logs with O. minus resulted in the highest mortality and greatest reductions in wood moisture content. When grown on artificial media, these fungi grew faster than and inhibited growth of A. areolatum mycelium. We propose that the adverse effects of incidental fungi on the survival of S. noctilio larvae may be caused at least in part by an indirect mechanism involving inhibition of the fungal symbiont. The findings provide potentially valuable information for suppressing S. noctilio populations using microbial control agents.

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Matsumoto, Takeshi, and Shigeho Sato. "Oviposition Preference and Reproductive Success of Xeris spectrum on Logs Inoculated with a Fungal Symbiont Amylostereum laevigatum of Wood Wasps." Journal of the Japanese Forest Society 97, no. 5 (2015): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4005/jjfs.97.238.

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Gao, Chenglong, Lili Ren, Ming Wang, Zhengtong Wang, Ningning Fu, Huiying Wang, Xiaochen Wang, et al. "Proteo-Transcriptomic Characterization of Sirex nitobei (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) Venom." Toxins 13, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080562.

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The wood-boring woodwasp Sirex nitobei is a native pest in Asia, infecting and weakening the host trees in numerous ecological and commercial coniferous forest plantations. In China, hosts of S. nitobei are diverse, so the pest has spread to several provinces of China, resulting in considerable economic and ecological damage. During female oviposition, S. nitobei venom along with arthrospores of the symbiotic fungus Amylostereum areolatum or A. chaetica is injected into host trees, and the combination of these two biological factors causes the death of xylem host trees. The presence of venom alone causes only the yellowing and wilting of needles. In this study, we constructed the venom gland transcriptome of S. nitobei for the first time and a total of 15,036 unigenes were acquired. From the unigenes, 11,560 ORFs were identified and 537 encoding protein sequences with signal peptides at the N-terminus. Then, we used the venomics approach to characterize the venom composition of female S. nitobei and predicted 1095 proteins by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. We focused on seven proteins that were both highly expressed in the venom gland transcriptome and predicted in the crude venom proteome. These seven proteins are laccase-2, laccase-3, a protein belonging to the Kazal family, chitooligosaccharidolytic β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, icarapin-like protein, and waprin-Thr1-like protein. Using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), we also proved that the genes related to these seven proteins are specifically expressed in the venom glands. Finally, we revealed the functional role of S. nitobei venom in the physiological response of host trees. It can not only promote the colonization of symbiotic fungus but contribute to the development of eggs and larvae. This study provides a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism of the woodwasp–pine interaction.

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Gao, Tai, and Juan Shi. "The Potential Global Distribution of Sirex juvencus (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) under Near Current and Future Climatic Conditions as Predicted by the Maximum Entropy Model." Insects 12, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030222.

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Wood wasp species in the genus Sirex are known pests of forestry. They cause significant economic losses due to their impacts on plant health and wood quality. S. juvencus (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), widely distributed in Asia, Europe, and North America, is known to negatively impact forestry, infesting Picea, Pinus, Larix, Abies, Cupressus, and Pseudotsuga species. This pest destroys plants by depositing eggs, mucus, and its obligate mutualistic fungus, Amylostereum areolatum. Its obligate mutualistic fungus is to provide nutrition for S. juvencus larva. Despite its extensive distribution range, little is known about which environmental variables significantly impact current and future distribution patterns of S. juvencus for pest control and monitoring. Here we used the maximum entropy model in conjunction with occurrence points of S. juvencus and environmental variables to predict the current and future global potential distribution of S. juvencus. We used the jackknife method and Pearson’s correlation analysis to select the environmental variables that influence the geographic distribution of S. juvencus, which resulted in the inclusion of the monthly average maximum temperature in February, the max temperature of warmest month, monthly average minimum temperature in July, monthly total precipitation in June, precipitation of the driest month, monthly total precipitation in September, and the temperature annual range. Temperature and precipitation are mainly likely to drive the distribution enabled by its obligate mutualistic fungus and the potential to co-infect with other Sirex species. The high temperature and low humidity influence S. juvencus eggs and larvae directly and indirectly via fungus-growth, which enables the larvae to survive. Furthermore, S. juvencus may increase its distribution to moderately suitable areas due to competition or dependency on other Sirex species during the infestation. Under the future climatic conditions, the highly suitable area increased by 32.79%, while the moderately suitable area, low suitable area, and unsuitable area increased by 28.14%, 3.30%, and 2.15%. Under climate changes, S. juvencus may spread in previously unsuitable areas rapidly.

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Li, D., J. Shi, M. Lu, L. Ren, C. Zhen, and Y. Luo. "Detection and Identification of the Invasive Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) Fungal Symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum (Russulales: Amylostereacea), in China and the Stimulating Effect of Insect Venom on Laccase Production by A. areolatum YQL03." Journal of Economic Entomology 108, no. 3 (April 22, 2015): 1136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/tov072.

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Whitney, R. D., R. L. Fleming, K. Zhou, and D. S. Mossa. "Relationship of root rot to black spruce windfall and mortality following strip clear-cutting." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-194.

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Root and butt rots are often implicated as causal factors influencing windfall and mortality of residual trees following partial cutting. Measurements of decay at stump level (i.e., the upward extension of root rot) were made on cross-sectional discs taken from windfallen and standing dead 100- to 130-year-old black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) near Nipigon in northwestern Ontario. Subsequently, causal fungi were identified using laboratory culturing procedures. The incidence and amount of decay in windfallen trees within leave strips following alternate strip clear-cutting was higher than the general stand levels but lower than that found in windfallen trees in uncut forest. The incidence and amount of decay was also higher in windfallen trees near the centres of the leave strips than in those near the edges and corners of these strips. These results indicate a strong association between root rot and windfall and suggest that for comparable windfirmness, trees near the edges of residual stands must have less decay than those in more sheltered locations. Decay levels tended to be lower on poorly drained sites than on well-drained sites. In uncut forest, and especially in the leave strips, more trees were uprooted than died standing or suffered stem breakage. The incidence and amount of decay tended to be lower in uprooted trees than in standing dead trees or those with stem breakage, although in uncut forest virtually all windfallen or standing dead trees had some degree of stump-level decay. Of the 21 wood-rotting Basidiomycetes isolated from windfallen and standing dead trees, Inonotus tomentosus (Fr.:Fr.) Teng was the most frequent, followed in order by Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink, Coniophora puteana (Schum.:Fr.) Karst., and Scytinostroma galactinum (Fr.) Donk. The incidence of I. tomentosus, C. puteana, Xeromphalina campanella (Batsch.:Fr.) Kuhner & Maire, and Serpula himantioides (Fr.:Fr.) Karst., but not Armillaria ostoyae, Scytinostroma galactinum, and Sistotrema brinkmanii (Bres.) Erik., was greater in windfallen and standing dead trees from the leave strips than in the general stand populations. In the leave strips, I. tomentosus, Amylostereum chailletii (Pers.:Fr.) Boid., and Trichaptum abietinum (Dickson:Fr.) Ryv. tended to greater relative abundance in standing dead trees, while the relative abundance of C. puteana and Serpula himantioides was greater in trees with stem breakage. Armillaria ostoyae and Scytinostroma galactinum were as abundant in uprooted trees as in standing dead trees or those with stem breakage. Ascocoryne sarcoides (Jacq.:Fr.) G. & W., a staining fungus that may protect against decay fungi, was frequently isolated in this study.

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López, Sofía N., Alina G. Greslebin, Silvia B. González, and María Belén Pildain. "Efecto del potencial agua y de la defensa primaria del hospedante sobre el crecimiento de Amylostereum areolatum y A. chailletii, simbiontes fúngicos de los sirícidos, y estudio de la micobiota asociada a la madera de coníferas en Patagonia argentina." Bosque (Valdivia) 34, no. 2 (August 2013): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-92002013000200005.

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"Amylostereum areolatum. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, October (August 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20210038254.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fries) Boidin (Agaricomycotina: Russulales: Stereaceae). Hosts: conifers. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa (South Africa), Asia (China, Gansu, Heilongjiang, Ningxia, Japan), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, England), North America (Canada, Ontario, USA, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont), Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tanzania, Victoria, New Zealand) and South America (Argentina, Brazil, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Chile, Uruguay).

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Fu, Ningning, Ming Wang, Lixiang Wang, Youqing Luo, and Lili Ren. "Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Fungal Symbiont of Sirex noctilio, Amylostereum areolatum: Revealing the Biology of Fungus-Insect Mutualism." mSphere 5, no. 3 (May 13, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00301-20.

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ABSTRACT Amylostereum areolatum is the symbiotic fungus of the Eurasian woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, a globally invasive species. The mutualistic symbiont is associated with the woodwasp, assisting the damage process and providing nutrition for its insect partners. Colonization and growth of A. areolatum have essential impacts on the development and spread of S. noctilio, though the mechanism of interaction between the two has been poorly described. In this study, the first genome of this symbiotic fungus was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. The assembled A. areolatum genome was 57.5 Mb (54.51% GC content) with 15,611 protein-coding genes. We identified 580 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), 661 genes associated with pathogen-host interactions, and 318 genes encoding transport proteins in total. The genome annotation revealed 10 terpene/phytoene synthases responsible for terpenoid biosynthesis, which could be classified into three clades. Terpene synthase gene clusters in clade II were conserved well across Russulales. In this cluster, genes encoding mevalonate kinase (MK), EGR12 (COG1557), and nonplant terpene cyclases (cd00687) were the known biosynthesis and regulatory genes. Genome sequence analysis of this fungus would prove the possibility of A. areolatum volatiles affecting the host selection of S. noctilio on a molecular basis. We further clarified that A. areolatum was a strict obligate symbiotic fungus. The wasps might protect the fungus before it was introduced into a suitable host substrate by oviposition, while the fungus would provide S. noctilio with a suitable environment and nutrients for the larval growth. These results would lay a foundation for our understanding of the mechanism of this entomogenous symbiosis. IMPORTANCE Sirex noctilio (F.), together with Amylostereum areolatum, a wood-decaying symbiotic fungus, causes severe damage to Pinus species worldwide. In China, it causes extensive death of Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica). There is an obligate dependency mutualism between the woodwasp and its fungus. Studies have suggested that the fungal growth rate affected the size of the wasps: larger adults emerged from sites with a higher fungus growth rate. This genome is the first reported genome sequence of a woodwasp symbiotic fungus. Genome sequence analysis of this fungus would prove the possibility of A. areolatum volatiles affecting the host selection of S. noctilio on a molecular basis. We further clarified that A. areolatum was a strict obligate symbiotic fungus and that it would provide S. noctilio with a suitable environment and with nutrients for the larval growth. These results would lay a foundation for our understanding of the mechanism of this entomogenous symbiosis.

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Li, Jiale, Chengcheng Li, Ming Wang, Lixiang Wang, Xiaobo Liu, Chenglong Gao, Lili Ren, and Youqing Luo. "Gut Structure and Microbial Communities in Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and Their Predicted Contribution to Larval Nutrition." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (April 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.641141.

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The European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Fabricius, is a major invasive quarantine pest that attacks and kills pine trees outside of its native range. Insect gut structure and gut microbiota play crucial roles in various life activities. Despite a few reports in nutrition and survival, an extensive study on the S. noctilio larval gut microbiome is lacking. We studied the gut structure using a stereo microscope and used high throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) regions to investigate gut microbiota in different developmental stages of S. noctilio, including larvae, adults, and larval frass. We used PICRUSt2 to predict the functional profiles. The larval gut was thin and thread-like from the oral cavity to the anus, carrying few xylem particles in the crop. Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Burkholderia s.l were the dominant bacteria in the guts of larvae, adults, and frass, respectively. Even though Pseudomonas was the most abundant among all bacteria, Zoogloea, Ruminobacter, and Nitrosospira, which might be involved in degrading organic matter and fixing nitrogen occurred exclusively in the larval gut indicating their possible role in the growth and development of larvae in pine tree xylem. Fungal communities did not change significantly across different developmental stages or the frass. Amylostereum was dominant in the woodwasp’s larval gut. Functional prediction of bacterial and fungal communities revealed that they may encod enzymes involved in degrading lignocellulose and fixing nitrogen. Ours is the first study that compares gut microbial communities present in S. noctilio larvae, adults, and frass. This study could provide an understanding of larval nutrient acquisition in nutrient-deficient host xylem to some extent. Our study may unlock novel strategies for the development of pest management approaches based on interfering with the gut microbiota and restricting their role in larval survival and development.