Academic literature on the topic 'Amygdaloid body'

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Journal articles on the topic "Amygdaloid body"

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King, Bruce M., Bethany L. Rollins, Samuel G. Stines, Sofia A. Cassis, Holland B. McGuire, and Michelle L. Lagarde. "Sex differences in body weight gains following amygdaloid lesions in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 277, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): R975—R980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.4.r975.

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Lesions of the most posterodorsal aspects of the amygdala resulted in equal weight gains (mean = 58 g) in male and female rats during a 22-day observation period. However, the absolute weight gains in the first 5 days after lesions were greater in females (+41.4 g) than in males (+18.8 g), as were the longer-term gains relative to their respective control groups. In a second study with female rats, it was found that amygdaloid lesions had little effect on the estrous cycle and that ovariectomy resulted in additional excessive weight gains in both rats with sham lesions and those with amygdaloid lesions. The weight gains produced by amygdaloid lesions and ovariectomy were additive. It is concluded that there is a sex difference in weight gains after amygdaloid lesions, but that the lesion-induced obesity is independent of estrogen levels. Similarities to lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus are noted, and an amygdaloid-ventromedial hypothalamic pathway for the regulation of feeding behavior is proposed.
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Manolova, A., and S. Manolov. "Ultrastructural study on the development of rat amygdaloid body." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (August 12, 1990): 432–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100159709.

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Relatively few data on the development of the amygdaloid complex are available only at the light microscopic level (1-3). The existence of just general morphological criteria requires the performance of other investigations in particular ultrastructural in order to obtain new and more detailed information about the changes in the amygdaloid complex during development.The prenatal and postnatal development of rat amygdaloid complex beginning from the 12th embrionic day (ED) till the 33rd postnatal day (PD) has been studied. During the early stages of neurogenesis (12ED), the nerve cells were observed to be closely packed, small-sized, with oval shape. A thin ring of cytoplasm surrounded their large nuclei, their nucleoli being very active with various size and form (Fig.1). Some cells possessed more abundant cytoplasm. The perikarya were extremely rich in free ribosomes. Single sacs of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were observed among them. The mitochondria were with light matrix and possessed few cristae. Neural processes were viewed to sprout from some nerve cells (Fig.2). Later the nuclei were still comparatively large and with various shape.
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Kosmal, Anna, Monika Malinowska, and Danuta Kowalska. "Thalamic and amygdaloid connections of the auditory association cortex of the superior temporal gyrus in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)." Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 57, no. 3 (September 30, 1997): 165–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-1997-1224.

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Thalamic and amygdaloid connections of three association auditory areas (AA1, AA2, AA3) of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) were investigated. In order to define the projections of the particular areas, injections of fluorescent tracers were made in three monkeys. Distribution of labeling indicates that area AA1 differs from areas AA2 and AA3 in patterns of both thalamo-cortical and amygdalo-cortical connections. Area AA1 receives its predominant inputs from the ventral and dorsal nuclei of the medial geniculate body (MGB). The amygdaloid projection to the area AA1 originates from the basal nuclei, whereas input from the lateral nucleus was not found. The characteristic thalamic projections to areas AA2 and AA3 originate from the dorsal MGB nucleus and the polymodal nuclei of the posterior thalamus. The density of projections from the dorsal nucleus gradually decreases from area AA1 to area AA3 while projections from the Plm, Sg and Lim nuclei increase in the same direction. Areas AA2 and AA3 are the source of strong connections with the lateral nucleus of amygdala, which density increases progressively when injections shift from area AA2 to AA3. The basal and accessory basal nuclei are the source of a less significant amygdalofugal projections to both cortical areas. Thus, our experimental data indicate that influence of the polymodal thalamic nuclei increases substantially in the direction of the higher order association areas. The strong relation of the same cortical areas with the lateral amygdaloid nucleus might suggest that areas AA2 and AA3, in addition to auditory input are the site of transfer of complex sensory information to the amygdala.
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Grundmann, Scott J., Edward A. Pankey, Misty M. Cook, Aimee L. Wood, Bethany L. Rollins, and Bruce M. King. "Combination unilateral amygdaloid and ventromedial hypothalamic lesions: evidence for a feeding pathway." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 288, no. 3 (March 2005): R702—R707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00460.2004.

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Previous studies have reported hyperphagia and obesity in female rats with bilateral lesions of the most posterodorsal part of the amygdala. In rats with unilateral posterodorsal amygdaloid lesions, a dense pattern of anterograde degeneration appears in the ipsilateral ventromedial hypothalamus, but not the contralateral nucleus. In the present study, female rats with unilateral ventromedial hypothalamic lesions or sham lesions were given either sham lesions or unilateral lesions of the posterodorsal amygdala (PDA) 20 days later. Unilateral lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus resulted in hyperphagia and excessive weight gain. Subsequent amygdaloid lesions that were contralateral to the initial hypothalamic lesions resulted in hyperphagia and additional excessive weight gains, but amygdaloid lesions ipsilateral to the initial hypothalamic lesions did not. It is concluded that the effects of the two lesions on body weight are not additive and that the PDA and ventromedial hypothalamus are part of the same ipsilateral pathway regulating feeding behavior and body weight regulation.
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Mohandas Rao, K. G., S. Muddanna Rao, and S. Gurumadhva Rao. "Enhancement of Amygdaloid Neuronal Dendritic Arborization by Fresh Leaf Juice ofCentella asiatica(Linn) during Growth Spurt Period in Rats." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6, no. 2 (2009): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nem079.

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Centella asiatica(CeA) is a creeping herb, growing in moist places in India and other Asian Countries. Ayurvedic system of medicine, an alternate system of medicine in India, uses leaves of CeA for memory enhancement. Here, we have investigated the role of CeA fresh leaf juice treatment during growth spurt period of rats on dendritic morphology of amygdaloid neurons, one of the regions concerned with learning and memory. The present study was conducted on neonatal rat pups. The rat pups (7-days-old) were fed with 2, 4 and 6 ml/kg body of fresh leaf juice of CeA for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. After the treatment period, the rats were killed, brains removed and amygdaloid neurons impregnated with Silver nitrate (Golgi staining). Amygdaloid neurons were traced using camera lucida and dendritic branching points (a measure of dendritic arborization) and intersections (a measure dendritic length) quantified. These data were compared with those of age-matched control rats. The results showed a significant increase in dendritic length (intersections) and dendritic branching points along the length of dendrites of the amygdaloid neurons of rats treated with 4 and 6 ml/kg body weight/day of CeA for longer periods of time (i.e. 4 and 6 weeks). We conclude that constituents/active principles present in CeA fresh leaf juice has neuronal dendritic growth stimulating property; hence it can be used for enhancing neuronal dendrites in stress and other neurodegenerative and memory disorders.
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Kandror, V. I., I. G. Akmayev, and L. B. Kalimullina. "The cerebral amygdaloid body: Functional morphology and neuroendocrinology." Problems of Endocrinology 41, no. 2 (April 15, 1995): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11376.

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Due to the fact that endocrine functions are inherent in almost all areas of the brain, the hypothalamus ceases to be an exclusive object of research by neuroendocrinologists. An increasing number of brain regions are being drawn into the orbit of neuroendocrine research. Among them, the limbic region of the brain attracts the most attention, an important link of which, participating in the regulation of reproductive functions, is the amygdala complex (MC). Latest fundamental analysis, including structural, concerning histophysiologic and neuroendocrinological approaches are presented in the reviewed book. It must be admitted that the publication of this book is timely. Drawing on many years of experience of their own research and extensive literature, the authors analyze in detail the features of the structural organization of this region of the brain and the mechanisms of its interaction with the centers of the brain that control reproductive function. The book consists of a brief introduction, three main chapters and a conclusion. In addition to a large summary of the cited literature, attracts the attention of a rich and very illustrative material. The latter includes a volumetric reconstruction of the entire MC of the brain and its individual components, the reconstruction of the MC on a series of histological sections, each of which is further reproduced in the form of a schematic diagram, and finally, a series of the most informative sections of the MC, reflecting the main structures of this brain region on the frontal sections. Due to its uniqueness, the illustrative material can be used as an atlas of the structural organization of the MC, and therefore it is of independent value.
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Weiss, Alessandro, Davide Tiziano Di Carlo, Paolo Di Russo, Francesco Weiss, Maura Castagna, Mirco Cosottini, and Paolo Perrini. "Microsurgical anatomy of the amygdaloid body and its connections." Brain Structure and Function 226, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 861–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-020-02214-3.

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Qu, Yuan, Bichen Ren, Xiaoyu Chang, Jinnan Zhang, Youqiong Li, Haobo Duan, Kailiang Cheng, and Jincheng Wang. "Morphologic Study of Superior Temporal Sulcus–Amygdaloid Body and Lateral Fissure–Amygdaloid Body Surgical Approach by Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Volume Rendering." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 27, no. 1 (January 2016): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0000000000002340.

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Malis, Milos, Valentina Nikolic, Vuk Djulejic, Dejan Opric, Lukas Rasulic, and Laslo Puskas. "Morphometric characteristics of Neuropeptide Y immunoreactive neurons of human cortical amygdaloid nucleus." Medical review 61, no. 5-6 (2008): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0806235m.

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Introduction Cortical amygdaloid nucleus belongs to the corticomedial part of the amygdaloid complex. In this nucleus there are neurons that produce neuropetide Y. This peptide has important roles in sleeping, learning, memory, gastrointestinal regulation, anxiety, epilepsy, alcoholism and depression. Material and methods We investigated morphometric characteristics (numbers of primary dendrites, longer and shorter diameters of cell bodies and maximal radius of dendritic arborization) of NPY immunoreactive neurons of human cortical amygdaloid nucleus on 6 male adult human brains, aged 46 to 77 years, by immunohistochemical avidin-biotin technique. Results Our investigation has shown that in this nucleus there is a moderate number of NPY immunoreactive neurons. 67% of found neurons were nonpyramidal, while 33% were pyramidal. Among the nonpyramidal neurons the dominant groups were multipolar neurons (41% - of which 25% were multipolar irregular, and 16% multipolar oval). Among the pyramidal neurons the dominant groups were the neurons with triangular shape of cell body (21%). All found NPY immunoreactive neurons (pyramidal and nonpyramidal altogether) had intervals of values of numbers of primary dendrites 2 to 6, longer diameters of cell bodies 13 to 38 ?m, shorter diameters of cell bodies 9 to 20 ?m and maximal radius of dendritic arborization 50 to 340 ?m. More than a half of investigated neurons (57%) had 3 primary dendrites. Discussion and conclusion The other researchers did not find such percentage of pyramidal immunoreactive neurons in this amygdaloid nucleus. If we compare our results with the results of the ather researchers we can conclude that all pyramidal NPY immunoreactive neurons found in this human amygdaloid nucleus belong to the class I of neurons, and that all nonpyramidal NPY immunoreactive neurons belong to the class II of neurons described by other researchers. We suppose that all found pyramidal neurons were projectional.
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SAH, P., E. S. L. FABER, M. LOPEZ DE ARMENTIA, and J. POWER. "The Amygdaloid Complex: Anatomy and Physiology." Physiological Reviews 83, no. 3 (July 2003): 803–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00002.2003.

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Sah, P., E. S. L. Faber, M. Lopez de Armentia, and J. Power. The Amygdaloid Complex: Anatomy and Physiology. Physiol Rev 83: 803–834, 2003; 10.1152/physrev.00002.2003.—A converging body of literature over the last 50 years has implicated the amygdala in assigning emotional significance or value to sensory information. In particular, the amygdala has been shown to be an essential component of the circuitry underlying fear-related responses. Disorders in the processing of fear-related information are likely to be the underlying cause of some anxiety disorders in humans such as posttraumatic stress. The amygdaloid complex is a group of more than 10 nuclei that are located in the midtemporal lobe. These nuclei can be distinguished both on cytoarchitectonic and connectional grounds. Anatomical tract tracing studies have shown that these nuclei have extensive intranuclear and internuclear connections. The afferent and efferent connections of the amygdala have also been mapped in detail, showing that the amygdaloid complex has extensive connections with cortical and subcortical regions. Analysis of fear conditioning in rats has suggested that long-term synaptic plasticity of inputs to the amygdala underlies the acquisition and perhaps storage of the fear memory. In agreement with this proposal, synaptic plasticity has been demonstrated at synapses in the amygdala in both in vitro and in vivo studies. In this review, we examine the anatomical and physiological substrates proposed to underlie amygdala function.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Amygdaloid body"

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Herman, David Hans Keele N. Bradley. "The role of hyperpolarization-activated non-selective cation current in amygdala excitability and serotonin mediated effects." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5098.

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Holahan, Matthew R. "Amygdala involvement in aversive conditioning." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19529.

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Research over the past several decades has revealed that the amygdala is involved in aversive, or fear, conditioning. However, the precise nature of this involvement remains a matter of debate. One hypothesis suggests that disrupting amygdala function eliminates the storage of memories formed during aversive conditioning, eliminating the production of internal responses that alter the expression of observable behaviors. Alternatively, lesions or inactivation of the amygdala may impair the modulation of memories in other brain regions and disrupt the ability to perform certain observable behaviors. The experiments reported in the present thesis examined these arguments by making multiple behavioral measures during exposure to unconditioned (US) or conditioned (CS) aversive cues. Amygdala activity was inferred from changes in c-Fos protein expression or activity was temporarily suppressed with muscimol injections. The relationship between the behavioral measures and the role of the amygdala in producing them was examined. Amygdala neurons expressing the c-Fos protein tracked exposure to the US and CS but did not coincide with expression of freezing. Temporary inactivation of the amygdala with muscimol injections before presentation of the US or exposure to the CS attenuated the expression of freezing and active place avoidance; two incompatible behaviors. Finally, temporary inactivation of amygdala activity blocked freezing, place avoidance, and memory modulation produced by the same posttraining exposure to an aversive CS. Since amygdala activation alone was not sufficient to produce freezing and inactivation of the amygdala eliminated freezing, place avoidance, and memory modulation, the results cannot be interpreted as reflecting a direct role for the amygdala in production of observable behaviors. The results also preclude the idea that memory modulation is the only function of the amygdala. Rather, the results of all three studies suggest that the amygdala stores an aversive representation of the US which promotes the expression of various behaviors, possibly through the production of internal responses reflecting an aversive affective state.
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Hamdani, Selma. "Effect of basolateral amygdala lesions on learning taste avoidance under various water deprivation schedules." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116086.

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Learned taste avoidance (LTA) was studied by allowing rats to drink a novel sweet solution followed by induction of gastric malaise (training). When the solution was presented again (test), normal rats reduced their consumption. Ultrasonic vocalizations indicated that the rats experienced positive affect during training which shifted to negative affect during the test. Basolateral amygdala lesions eliminated the LTA and the negative affective shift when the rats were 23 hr water deprived during both training and test suggesting amygdala-based Pavlovian conditioning, but only attenuated the LTA and eliminated the aversive shift when the rats were 3 hr deprived on the test, suggesting instrumental learning. When rats were 3 h deprived during training the lesions had no effect on either the LTA or the negative affective shift, suggesting an amygdala-independent form of LTA based on latent learning.
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Austin, Mason. "Is the lateral septum's inhibitory influence on the amygdala mediated by GABA-ergic neurons?" Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/741.

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Sovran, Peter. "A behavioural and anatomical investigation of amygdaloid mediation of affective memory." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22808.

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This thesis examined the involvement of the lateral, central and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala in both appetitive and aversive affective behavior. In Experiment I, using electrolytic lesions, it was found that damage to the lateral but not central or basolateral nuclei blocked a Conditioned Cue Preference (CCP) to food (Froot Loops) in rats that were not deprived of food. In Experiment II, also using electrolytic lesions, it was found that damage to the basolateral but not central or lateral nuclei blocked a Conditioned Cue Aversion (CCA) produced by a lithium chloride injection (42 mg/kg). In Experiment III results similar to those in Experiments I and II were obtained using axon-sparing NMDA lesions. The results of Experiments I-III demonstrate a double dissociation of affective memory with respect to the amygdala. The lateral nucleus of the amygdala mediated the memory of an appetitive affective experience and the basolateral nucleus mediated memory for an aversive affective experience.
In Experiment IV the contributions of appetitive and aversive affective states to a food CCP were examined. Lesions of the lateral but not the basolateral nucleus were found to attenuate but not completely eliminate a food CCP when the rats were food deprived in the Paired compartment and sated in the Unpaired compartment. Food deprivation alone produced a CCA and lesions of the basolateral but not the lateral nucleus blocked this effect. The possibility that both the appetitive and aversive behaviours are mediated through connections from the dopamine-reward centres in the ventral striatum is discussed.
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Blakeley, Hillary Joy Keele N. Bradley. "Functional roles of arg-vasopressin and oxytocin on cellular excitability in neurons of the rat lateral amygdala." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5127.

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Merzlyak, Irina Y. "The Role of the basolateral amygdala in affective associative learning, arousal and adaptation." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3205363.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed April 4, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Beaulieu, Nicole. "Behavioral investigation of the basolateral amygdala and of the pyriform cortex in rats." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70179.

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The experiments reported in the present dissertation investigated the contribution of the pyriform cortex and of the basolateral amygdala to three classes of affective behavior: conditioned aversions, conditioned preferences, and neophobia. It was demonstrated that lesions of the pyriform cortex cause an impairment in the acquisition of aversions to olfactory, but not gustatory, stimuli and that this impairment is not secondary to alterations in primary olfactory function. The acquisition of a preference for a particular odor paired with reward was also shown to be impaired by such lesions. These results are discussed in terms of the rich innervation of the pyriform cortex by olfactory fibers, and of its projections to sub-cortical structures. Ibotenic-acid lesions of the basolateral amygdala caused a significant deficit in conditioned taste aversion, whereas these same lesions did not affect conditioned odor aversion. This dissociation was examined in light of the differences in anatomical projections from the olfactory and gustatory cortical areas to the basolateral region. The performance of animals with electrolytic lesions of the basolateral amygdala on a conditioned taste- and a conditioned odor-preference task raised some important questions concerning the contribution of this neural structure to stimulus-reward associations. The last two experiments demonstrated that the pyriform cortex plays an important role in neophobia, a role that is not limited to olfactory stimuli. This suggests that the analysis and subsequent transmission of olfactory information is critical to the expression of the neophobic response.
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Lasher, Bonnie Ka Keele N. Bradley. "5,7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions of the rat amygdala increase learned fear behavior." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5302.

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Wong, Tak-hing Michael. "Brain function and structure in violent metally abnormal offenders." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21254163.

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Books on the topic "Amygdaloid body"

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editor, Martin Noah, ed. Amygdala: The study of dexterity of the brain. New York: Hayle Medical, 2015.

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Streicher, Maria. Über den Einfluss von Abtragungen polymodaler Gebiete des frontalen, parietalen und temporalen Cortex und der Amygdala auf das intermodale Erkennen beim Affen. Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre, 1986.

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P, Aggleton John, ed. The amygdala: A functional analysis. 2nd ed. Oxford, OX: Oxford University Press, 2000.

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Kalimullina, L. B. (Lilii͡a Baryevna), ed. Mindalevidnyĭ kompleks mozga: Funkt͡sionalʹnai͡a morfologii͡a i neĭroėndokrinologii͡a. Moskva: "Nauka", 1993.

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P, Aggleton John, ed. The Amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1992.

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What Freud didn't know: A three-step practice for emotional well-being through neuroscience and psychology. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press, 2009.

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(Editor), Patricia Shinnick-Gallagher, Asla Pitkanen (Editor), Anantha Shekhar (Editor), and Larry Cahill (Editor), eds. The Amygdala in Brain Function: Basic and Clinical Approaches (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences). New York Academy of Sciences, 2003.

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The Amygdala in Brain Function: Basic and Clinical Approaches (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, V. 985). New York Academy of Sciences, 2003.

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The Amygdala. John Wiley & Sons, 1993.

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Aggleton, John P. The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Mental Dysfunction. Wiley-Liss, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Amygdaloid body"

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Schröder, Hannsjörg, Natasha Moser, and Stefan Huggenberger. "The Mouse Amygdaloid Body." In Neuroanatomy of the Mouse, 289–304. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19898-5_12.

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Heimer, Lennart. "Amygdaloid Body and Extended Amygdala." In The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, 415–22. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2478-5_20.

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Di Marino, Vincent, Yves Etienne, and Maurice Niddam. "Technique for Dissecting the Amygdaloid Body and Its Close Connections." In The Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex, 43–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23243-0_5.

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"Amygdaloid Body." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 155. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_3306.

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Weiss, Alessandro, and Francesco Weiss. "The Amygdaloid Body as the Anatomical Substrate of Emotional Memory: Implications in Health and Disease." In Learning and Memory - From Molecules and Cells to Mind and Behavior [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1002619.

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The Amygdaloid Body is a heterogeneous nuclear complex that establishes extensive connections with numerous structures of the limbic system, the thalamus, the brainstem, and the neocortex, and constitutes the focal center of its widespread three-dimensional white matter chassis. Since the 50s, the neurophysiological observations of Wilder Penfield et al. began to clarify the role of the AB in human memory. More recently, the introductions of a more advanced neuroimaging technology (PET, fMRI, DTI) led to a growing awareness of its crucial implications in the etiology of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as trauma spectrum and mood spectrum disorders. Additionally, the AB and its connections have been successfully used as a target for Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) in the treatment of refractory forms of psychiatric disorders, especially trauma spectrum disorders. Therefore, gaining a deeper understanding of the morphophysiology of the AB has increasingly become utmost relevance for neuroscientists and clinicians alike. With the present chapter, we attempt to provide an exhaustive description of the functional anatomy of the AB, hopefully providing a useful tool for the approach to the anatomical substrates of the emotional components of memory and learning and to their role in the phenomenology and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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