Academic literature on the topic 'Ampoule method'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ampoule method"
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McDowell, William H., Jonathan J. Cole, and Charles T. Driscoll. "Simplified Version of the Ampoule–Persulfate Method for Determination of Dissolved Organic Carbon." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-029.
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A simplified method for the determination of dissolved organic carbon is based upon the ampoule–persulfate wet digestion procedure. The modification proposed involves use of a continuous stream of sparging gas (technical grade oxygen) during the ampoule sealing process to minimize entry of combustion products from the sealing flame. The method provides reliable results with a minimum of training and equipment compared with other methods of sealing ampoules. Further, the proposed method is inexpensive, relatively simple, and compares favorably with costly, automated analysis of dissolved organic carbon.
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Koloskova, G. M., and V. Yu Koloskov. "Modelling of impact of temperature gradient on content of polymer ampoule during its forming." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 1, no. 100 (May 1, 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1958.
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Purpose: The aim of the represented study was to model the impact of temperature gradient on content of polymer ampoule during its forming. Design/methodology/approach: The model of polymer ampoules forming is built in SolidWorks software on the basis of finite element method. Using the developed model the study of temperature condition changes is carried out. Numerical modelling was carried out for two types of polymer packaging materials – polypropylene and polyvinylchloride – in similar conditions. Findings: During polymer ampoule forming the highest temperature of liquid is obtained at the bottom of it. The most effective packaging method is to form the ampoule from polypropylene by means of aluminium die. Investigation results have shown that the highest obtained liquid temperature has linear dependence from initial one. Linear coefficients of heating were evaluated for polypropylene (equal to 0.72) and polyvinylchloride (equal to 0.58). Practical implications: Decrease of initial liquid temperature value gives an opportunity to expand the range of products allowed to be packed in polymer ampoules in represented method. Safe conditions for packaging of liquid products in polymer ampoules are formulated, The results of the study may be used to improve the quality of liquid products packaging in polymer ampoules. Originality/value: For the first time the model was developed for determination of liquid heating degree during its packaging in polymer ampoules. The calculations of the temperature distribution are represented for polypropylene and polyvinylchloride ampoules forming by means of aluminium and ceramic dies. The results of the study may be of interest to specialists in the field of polymer packaging manufacturing for food or pharmaceutical industry.
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Wang, Kai Bao, Qiu Xiao Yang, Guang Hao Song, Bo Wang, and Wen Kai Ma. "Design and Research on Automatic Opening Device for the Medical Ampoule." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 1912–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.1912.
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In various medical institutions, the ampoule is an essential container in daily medical operations. The automatic opening device for medical ampoule based on optimization design method and dynamics analysis is introduced in the paper. The automatic opening device can be used in the place of hospitals and clinics and fitted for different specifications of the ampoule. The necessary operational process that included nick, disinfection and break in the work of ampoule opening was integrated in the device. The work efficiency was improved greatly through the mechanisms arranged in circular. In the process of using, all ampoules kept an intermittent motion in a circulation under the control of transmission unit. The process of automatic opening will be completed in its cyclical-intermittent motion in about 30 seconds. In the research, the virtual prototype technology was used to simulate the kinematics and dynamics characteristics of the mechanical system. The feasibility of the design scheme of mechanical system was proved with the simulation analysis results. The equipment has advantages of the structure is compact, safe and reliable, easy to use. The research of the automatic opening device for the medical ampoule can be regarded as the reference of the related research.
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Hubbard, A. R. "Standardization of Protein C in Plasma: Establishment of an International Standard." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 59, no. 03 (1988): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1647516.
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SummaryAn international collaborative study, involving 18 laboratories, was carried out to establish an international standard for protein C in plasma. The proposed standard, which consisted of a freeze-dried ampouled plasma preparation coded 86/622, was assayed against fresh normal plasma and the participants’ local standards. Protein C activity assays were placed in four groups, depending on the method of activation and detection of protein C. The combined potencies (units per ampoule) for the proposed international standard were: thrombin activation/clottirg assays, 0.86; thrombin activation/chromogenic assays, 0.81; snake venom activation/clotting assays, 0.81 and snake venom activation/chromogenic assays, 0.82. Measurement of protein C antigen gave potency estimates of 0.81 and 0.82 units per ampoule for the Laurell electroimmunoassay and ELISA techniques, respectively. The good agreement in potency estimates between the different methods indicates that the overall combined figure (226 assays) for the international standard of 0.82 international units per ampoule should serve for all methods. Accelerated degradation studies have indicated that the standard should be suitably stable when stored at −20° C.The freeze-dried plasma 86/622 has been established by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization as the 1st International Standard for Protein C in Plasma, with an assigned unitage of 0.82 international units per ampoule.
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Merriman, S., M. J. Paech, and A. D. Keil. "Bacterial Contamination in Solution Aspirated from Non-Sterile Packaged Fentanyl Ampoules: A Laboratory Study." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 37, no. 4 (July 2009): 608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0903700413.
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Iatrogenic meningitis is a rare complication of spinal anaesthesia. It is mandatory to use a technique which minimises the risk of introducing bacteria into the subarachnoid space. Currently available fentanyl ampoules require a careful drawing-up technique, as the outside of the ampoule is not sterile and there is potential to contaminate the contents in the drawing-up process. We designed a pilot laboratory study to determine the extent of bacterial contamination of fentanyl solutions drawn up from non-sterile packaged glass fentanyl ampoules using three different methods: aspirating through a 5 μm filter needle only, aspirating through a 5 μm filter needle after swabbing the neck of the ampoule with isopropyl alcohol and aspirating through an antibacterial filter in addition to the 5 μm filter needle. Ten anaesthetists used each method once, in randomised order, to draw up solution from three different fentanyl ampoules. Samples underwent bacterial culture in blood agar and enrichment broth for 48 hours. No significant growth was seen in any sample. This pilot study did not identify any bacterial contamination of fentanyl solution irrespective of which of the three methods for aspiration was used.
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Takano, Naoki, Hitoshi Kohri, and Takayoshi Yagasaki. "The Synthesis of In-Se by Vapor Transport Method." Advances in Science and Technology 77 (September 2012): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.77.291.
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The α and β phases of In2Se3 are attractive thermophotovolβtaic (TPV) materials. For example, they have a direct transition and an optimal bandgap for TPV systems. We investigated about the influence of the growth conditions on the crystal forms of In-Se prepared by vapor transport. Firstly, only bulk In2Se3 was encapsulated in a quartz ampoule and crystals were grown by vapor transport. Hollow hexagonal cylinders that were approximately 10 μm in diagonal dimension were obtained. They were identified as a mixed phase of In2Se3 by XRD. Secondly, the deposition surface configuration was varied by using an ampoule with a smaller internal diameter and a silicon oxide substrate. Hollow hexagonal cylinders that were approximately 20 μm in diagonal dimension were obtained on the inner wall of the ampoule with a smaller internal diameter. Solid hexagonal crystals of approximately 10 μm in diagonal dimension grew perpendicular to the silicon oxide substrate, whereas hollow hexagonal cylinders grew on the inner wall of the ampoule. Finally, the surface energy of the deposition surface was varied for silicon substrate. Nanoparticles with diameters of approximately 50 nm were sparsely deposited on the textured silicon surface.
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Storring, P. L., and R. E. Gaines Das. "The International Standard for Recombinant DNA-derived Erythropoietin: collaborative study of four recombinant DNA-derived erythropoietins and two highly purified human urinary erythropoietins." Journal of Endocrinology 134, no. 3 (September 1992): 459–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1340459.
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ABSTRACT The International Standard (IS) for Recombinant DNA-Derived (rDNA) Erythropoietin (EPO) (in ampoules coded 87/684) and three other rDNA EPO preparations in ampoules coded 87/690, 87/696 and 88/574 respectively, were compared with two preparations of highly purified human urinary (HU) EPO and the 2nd International Reference Preparation of Human Urinary Erythropoietin for Bioassay (2nd IRP) by 26 laboratories in 11 countries using a wide range of in-vivo and in-vitro bioassays and immunoassays. These EPO preparations were also compared by electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Estimates of EPO content in terms of the 2nd IRP by all in-vivo bioassay methods gave combined unweighted geometric means (with 95% fiducial limits) of: 86 (75–99) IU/ampoule for the IS, 81 (70–94) IU/ampoule for 87/690, 58 (48–71) IU/ampoule for 87/696 and 120 (100–143) IU/ampoule for 88/574. Mean estimates of EPO content in terms of the 2nd IRP by in-vitro bioassays (except receptor assays) were larger than, and those by immunoassays were similar to, the mean estimates by in-vivo bioassays. The use of purified rDNA or HU EPO as standards in place of the 2nd IRP reduced the inter-laboratory variability of estimates of purified EPO preparations by in-vivo and in-vitro bioassays and by immunoassays, and reduced the variability of overall mean estimates for each of these preparations between the three types of method. The inter-laboratory variability of immunoassay estimates of human serum EPO was similar whether the 2nd IRP or one of the purified EPOs was used as standard. Significant differences in in-vivo and in-vitro biological, immunological and physicochemical properties were found between these four rDNA EPO preparations and between them and the HU EPO in the two purified preparations and in the 2nd IRP. There were also differences between the immunoreactivities of the two serum EPO samples included in the study, and between them and the immunoreactivities of the purified EPOs. The differences between rDNA EPOs appeared to be related to differences between the cells used for their biosynthesis, but may also be the result of differences in purification methods and of inter-batch variations. Significant differences in assay specificity were observed within each of the three general types of method. The specificity of the in-vivo bioassays was influenced by the route of hormone administration. The specificities of the mouse spleen cell in-vitro bioassays differed from that of the mouse spleen receptor-binding assay. The specificity of one-site immunoassays differed with the type of EPO used as antigen or tracer, with most notable differences between assays using antisera to rDNA and HU EPO. Two-site immunoassays gave significantly lower estimates for serum EPO than one-site immunoassays. On the basis of these results, the World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Biological Standardization established the preparation in ampoules coded 87/684 as the International Standard for Recombinant DNA-Derived Erythropoietin with an activity of 86 IU Erythropoietin, rDNA-Derived, per ampoule. It also recommended that the WHO keep under consideration the establishment of separate standards for naturally occurring EPO and for rDNA EPO produced in different cell lines. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 134, 459–484
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Jin, Min, Jia Yue Xu, Qing Bo He, Yong Zheng Fang, Hui Shen, Zhan Yong Wang, and Guo Jian Jiang. "Growth of Undoped GaAs Single Crystal by Pulling-Down Method." Materials Science Forum 663-665 (November 2010): 1213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.663-665.1213.
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Undoped GaAs single crystal has been grown in PBN crucibles by the pulling-down method. The temperature profile of the furnace was optimized with a narrow melting zone and a small temperature gradient at the solid-liquid interface. Quartz ampoules were used to protect the evaporation of As during the growth and the deformation of the ampoule was discussed as a function of temperature, time and pressure differential. A Ø56 mm×70 mm GaAs crystal with nearly 100 % single crystalline yield was obtained. X-ray rocking curve analysis revealed the excellent crystalline quality. The average EPD and electrical properties of the crystal were tested comparable to those of the crystal produced by the VGF method. Therefore, the pulling down method was a feasible approach for GaAs crystal production.
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Storring, PL, and RE Gaines Das. "The fourth International Standard for Human Urinary FSH and LH: specificities of LH seminal vesicle weight gain assays in the collaborative study differ between laboratories." Journal of Endocrinology 171, no. 1 (October 1, 2001): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1710119.
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The fourth International Standard for Human Urinary FSH and LH (IS; in ampoules coded 98/704) was compared with the third International Standard for Urinary FSH and LH (IS 71/264) by 10 laboratories in nine countries, using FSH and LH in vivo bioassays. Estimates of the FSH content of the IS by augmented ovarian weight gain assays were homogeneous within each laboratory and over all laboratories. The combined weighted geometric mean estimate of FSH content of the IS (with 95% fiducial limits) in terms of IS 71/264 was 71.9 (69.0-74.9) IU/ampoule. Although estimates by seminal vesicle weight gain (SVW) assays of the relative LH activities of the IS and IS 71/264 were homogeneous within laboratories, estimates were heterogeneous between laboratories. This indicated differences between the spectrum of LH isoforms in the IS and IS 71/264, which were obtained from different manufacturers, and differences between the specificities of SVW assays performed in different laboratories. The differences between the specificities of SVW assays appeared to be related to interactions among mean laboratory seminal vesicle weights, age and genetic strain of rat. The finding of inter-laboratory differences in the specificities of SVW assays is of some significance, as this assay method has been generally adopted by Pharmacopoeias for the control of the LH content of therapeutic products. The combined unweighted geometric mean estimate of LH content of the IS (with 95% fiducial limits) in terms of IS 71/264 by SVW and ovarian ascorbate depletion assays was 70.2 (61.7-80.0) IU/ampoule. Estimates of the FSH and LH content of ampoules of the IS kept at increased temperatures suggested that the IS would be adequately stable under normal storage conditions. On the basis of these results, the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Biological Standardization established the preparation in ampoules coded 98/704 as the fourth International Standard for Human Urinary FSH and LH, and assigned to the contents of each ampoule an activity of 72 International Units of urinary FSH and an activity of 70 International Units of urinary LH.
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Ivanova, O. V., S. A. Zelepugin, A. S. Yunoshev, and V. V. Sil’vestrov. "Experimental and Numerical Research in Explosive Loading of Two- and Three-Component Solid Mixtures." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 16, no. 1 (December 22, 2013): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj162.
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We have conducted experimental and numerical research in two- and three-component solid mixtures placed into a cylindrical recovery ampoule under explosive loading. Behavior of the mixture is described by a mathematical model of a multicomponent medium. In the model, every component of a mixture simultaneously occupies the same volume as the mixture. Components interact with each other, exchanging momentum, energy, and mass (if the chemical reaction between the components occurs). An equality of components’ pressure is chosen as a condition for joint deformation of components. Finite element method is used for solving the problems. We considered experimentally and numerically explosive loading of the<br />aluminum-sulfur mixture, and explosive compaction of the aluminum-sulfur-carbon mixture in a cylindrical steel ampoule. The inert substance (graphite) was added to the mixture to avoid the reaction between aluminum and sulfur. Most of the focus is on simulating the action of explosion products on the ampoule.<br />In the computations the actions of the detonation products surrounding the ampoule was simulated by the action of pressure on the upper part of the ampoule in a vertical (axial) direction and on the lateral surface of the ampoule in a horizontal (radial) direction. We varied the thickness of the explosive that acts on the upper part of the ampoule in the axial direction in order to study the influence of the parameter on a final shape and size of the ampoule. We founded the essential influence of the thickness of the explosive layer on the final result of explosive compaction. Insufficient thickness of explosives, as well as the excessive thickness may be a reason for an incompletely compacted final product or lead to the formation of cracks or damage.<br /><br />
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ampoule method"
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Castillo, Sandra. "Comparison between different freezing and thawing methods for human spermatozoa." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk biokemi och mikrobiologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-158842.
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Preservation of cells and tissues by freezing at temperatures below 70°C has led to new possibilities for the storage of germ cells for fertility preservation. During the freezing process problems might occur, the greatest being ice crystallization which can cause membrane destruction and thus cell death. To minimize this risk, solutions that reduce the freezing point can be added to reduce crystallization and increase survival rates. These solutions are called cryoprotectants. The best method for freezing is still not known.The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of various parameters on the survival rate of human semen frozen with liquid nitrogen. The parameters investigated were thawing method (incubator or water bath) and container choice (straw or ampoule). In addition, two different cryoprotectants were tested.The method used was the instruction for preservation with Sperm CryoProtec™ II from Nidacon. In total 16 samples were collected for the first test and 13 samples for the second test. Sperm concentration and motility was measured.There seem to be no significant differences depending on container choice or thawing method leading to the conclusion that the most cost effective method of storage and thawing may be used. A small but significant difference was found in survival after thawing dependent on cryoprotectant p=0.041. However the study sample was limited and further studies might be of value.
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Artifon, Everson Luiz de Almeida. "Colangiopancreatografia endoscópica: análise da ocorrência de pancreatite aguda em diferentes modalidades técnicas de cateterização da papila duodenal maior." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5154/tde-09102014-104212/.
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Na realização da colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada a cateterização da papila duodenal maior é passo fundamental na obtenção do acesso biliar profundo e correlaciona -se com complicações biliopancreáticas das quais a pancreatite aguda pós-CPER é a mais comum. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: a) comparar o índice de sucesso na canulação seletiva da via biliar com uso do canulótomo e canulótomo com fio guia; b) comparar, entre ambos os grupos, as dosagens séricas de amilase, lipase e proteína C reativa; c) avaliar a incidência de pancreatite nos grupos em estudo. No período de julho de 2002 a outubro de 2003 foram realizadas 341 CPER em três Instituições de nível terciário, destas foram randomizados prospectivamente e de maneira consecutiva 300 pacientes para cateterização papilar com canulótomo (Grupo I) e canulótomo com fio guia (Grupo II). Os procedimentos endoscópicos foram realizados pelo autor nas três Instituições. Procedeu-se a caracterização do perfil técnico-laboratorial e avaliação da incidência de pancreatite através de métodos clínicolaboratoriais e imagenológicos, para ambos os grupos. Todos os pacientes do estudo foram mantidos internados por 24 horas após a CPRE. A cateterização inadvertida do ducto pancreático foi semelhante para os dois grupos (p= 0,161). A fistulopapilotomia foi mais freqüente no grupo I (p= 0,011), porém apresentou significativamente menor incidência de pancreatite aguda no grupo II (p= 0,041). As dosagens séricas de amilase coletadas quatro, 12 e 24 horas após CPER foram significativamente maior no grupo I (p= 0,0087; p= 0,045; p= 0,0474; respectivamente). As dosagens séricas de lipase e proteína C-reativa após a CPER foram similares para ambos os grupos. O tempo de manipulação pancreática apresentou elevação similar nas dosagens séricas de amilase após a CPRE, porém todas as dosagens de lipase coletadas após a CPER foram significativamente maior no grupo I para a categorização de um a cinco minutos (p= 0,025; p= 0,032; p= 0,049). O número de cateterizações pancreáticas categorizadas em uma a cinco vezes apresentou elevação significativamente maior no grupo I, para as amostras de amilase, lipase e proteína C-reativa coletadas quatro, 12 e 24 horas após a CPER (amilase: p=0,006; p= 0,0023; p= 0,0095/lipase: p= 0,13; p= 0,018; p= 0,028 / PC-R: p= 0,005; p= 0,01; p= 0,01). As papilotomias realizadas no grupo II apresentaram significativamente maior elevação das dosagens séricas de amilase coletadas 12 e 24 horas após a CPER (p= 0,033; p= 0,049). As dosagens séricas de lipase e proteína C-reativa apresentaram elevações similares tanto na papilotomia como na fistulopapilotomia. A pancreatite aguda pós-CPER foi significativamente maior no grupo I (p= 0,037). Conclusões: a) O acesso biliar através do cateter com fio guia proporcionou maior índice de sucesso na canulação biliar seletiva; b) No perfil laboratorial estudado a dosagem de amilase se mostrou com diferença significante na comparação entre os grupos estudados. O mesmo não ocorreu nas dosagens de lipase e PC-R; c) O uso do fio guia foi um fator de prevenção na ocorrência da pancreatite aguda pós-CPREDuring the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) the main step is the cannulation of major duodenal papilla to obtain deep bile duct access, and it is correlated to pancreaticobiliary complications being acute pancreatitis the most frequent. The aims were: a) compare the rate of success to achieve selective cannulation of common bile duct using a single cannula and cannula with guide-wire; b) compare the amylase, lypase and Creactive protein serum level between the groups; c) evaluate the incidence of pancreatitis in the groups. From July 2002 to October 2003 there were performed 341 ERCP on three institutions of tertiary level. From them, 300 patients were randomized, on a prospective and consecutive fashion to major duodenal papilla cannulation using single cannula (Group I) and cannula with guide wire (Group II). The author himself performed all the endoscopic procedures on the three institutions. The characterization of technicallaboratory profile and evaluation of the incidence of pancreatitis were proceeded by clinical-laboratory and image methods to both groups. All patients were hospitalized by 24 hours after ERCP. The cannulations of pancreatic duct were similar to both groups (p=0,161). The fistulosphincterotomy was more frequent in group I (p=0,011), but group II presented significant lower incidence of acute pancreatitis (p=0,041). The amylase serum were collected 4, 12 and 24 hours after ERCP and were significantly higher in group I (p=0,0087; p=0,045; p=0.0474, respectively). The lypase and C-reactive protein after ERCP were similar to both groups. The time of pancreatic manipulation presented similar elevation of amylase serum after ERCP, therefore all lypase serum after ERCP were significantly higher in group I for the categorization of 1 to 5 minutes (p=0,025; p=0,032;p=0,049). The number of pancreatic cannulations categorized in 1 to 5 times presented significant higher elevation in group I, to the samples of amylase, lypase and C-reactive protein serum collected 4, 12 and 24 hours after ERCP (amylase: p=0,006; p=0,0023; p=0,0095/ lypase: p=0,13; p=0,018;p=0,028/ C-RP: p=0,005; p=0,01; p=0,01). The endoscopic papillotomy performed in group II presented significant higher elevation of amylase serum collected at 12 and 24 hour post ERCP (p=0,033;p=0,049). The lypase and C-reactive protein serum presented similar elevation such as in papillotomy as in fistulosphincterotomy. The acute pancreatitis post ERCP were significantly higher in group I (p=0,037). Conclusion: a) The biliar access by cannula with guide wire offered a higher success to selective biliar cannulation; b) the laboratory profile of amylase serum showed a significant difference between the groups. It did not occur with lypase and C-reactive protein serum levels; c) the use of guide wire was a preventing factor of acute pancreatitis post ERCP
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Zhao, Yongqiang. "Synthesis of Advanced Electrocatalysts via the Ampoule Method for Water Electrolysis." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/120969.
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The commercial development of highly-efficient and low-cost bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water electrolysis devices requires a simple synthesis method for controllable electrocatalyst preparation. However, common synthesis methods suffer from tedious process requirements and uncontrolled synthesis. Consequently, the development of efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts using simple and controlled techniques is particularly desirable for this field. To this end, the objectives of this thesis are to develop a simple strategy for the controllable synthesis of highly-efficient and low-cost bifunctional electrocatalysts and to investigate their electrocatalytic mechanisms. The first aspect of this thesis focuses on charge state manipulation in cobalt selenide catalysts for overall water electrolysis coupled with a synchrotron-based study of the electrocatalytic mechanism. Three-dimensional cobalt selenide electrodes with CoSe and Co9Se8 phases are synthesized by a one-step calcination of Co foil with Se powder in a vacuum-sealed ampoule. The charge state of Co species and the electrocatalytic performance of the prepared catalysts are manipulated by controlling the Co to Se mass ratio. The mechanism study shows that for the as-prepared cobalt selenide electrocatalysts, a high Co charge state favors oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity while a low Co charge state promotes hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity. The resultant materials can act as free-standing bifunctional electrocatalytic electrodes for the OER and HER in alkaline media. Moreover, a 10.3 mA cm-2 current density at 1.8 V is achieved for overall seawater electrolysis by exploiting the as-synthesized cobalt selenide electrodes as both anode and cathode. This performance is three times higher than that for a noble-metal-based seawater electrolyzer benchmark at the same voltage (2.9 mA cm-2). The second part of this thesis is to develop interfacial nickel nitride/sulfide as a bifunctional electrode to promote dissociative adsorption of water molecules for highly efficient overall water electrolysis. A nickel nitride/sulfide electrode (NiNS), whereby Ni3N and Ni3S2 species are interfaced, is synthesized via a one-step calcination process of Ni foam with thiourea in a vacuum-sealed ampoule. The resultant NiNS can be employed directly as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting with excellent activity toward the HER and OER. The significant electrocatalytic performance of NiNS is attributed to the interface between Ni3N and Ni3S2, which functions as the electrochemical active sites and is beneficial for dissociative adsorption of water molecules. Current densities of 12.4 mA cm−2 and 48.3 mA cm-2 at 1.8 V are achieved for overall water electrolysis under neutral pH conditions and in seawater, respectively, when NiNS is applied as both the anode and cathode. This performance is significantly better than that of the benchmark Ir-C and Pt-C electrode system. The third section of this thesis is to establish non-metal single iodine atom electrocatalysts for the HER. The single atom nickel iodide (SANi-I) electrocatalyst with atomically dispersed non-metal iodine atoms is prepared via a simple calcination step in a vacuum-sealed ampoule and subsequent cyclic voltammetry activation. Various advanced characterizations, including aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy are applied to confirm the atomic-level dispersion of iodine atoms and detailed structure of SANi-I. Single iodine atoms are found to be isolated by oxygen atoms. The SANi-I exhibits robust structural stability and exceptional electrocatalytic activity for the HER. In-situ Raman spectroscopy reveals that the hydrogen adatom (Hads) is adsorbed by a single iodine atom, forming the I-Hads intermediate, which promotes the HER process. The fourth part of this thesis focuses on contemporaneous oxidation state manipulation of cobalt nitride and sulfide (CoNS) bifunctional electrocatalysts to accelerate intermediates desorption for both OER and HER. The contemporaneous manipulation of Co, N, and S oxidation states was realized via the simple synthesis of CoNS, in which cobalt foil was activated by hydrochloric acid to prepare activated cobalt (ACo) and afterwards ACo was sealed with thiourea in an evacuated ampoule to synthesize CoNS. The oxidation state analyses via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal that low Co oxidation state favors the OER while high N and S oxidation state promotes the HER. This indicates that the water splitting process for this electrocatalyst is kinetically governed by intermediates desorption. A 100 mA cm−2 OER current density is achieved for CoNS at an overpotential of 275 mV, which is lower than that for the Ir/C benchmark (374 mV) in 1.0 M KOH. A 4.5 mA cm-2 current density at a voltage of 1.8 V is achieved for CoNS when employed for overall electrolysis in neutral buffer solution, which is higher than that for the noble-metal based system at the same voltage (3.4 mA cm-2).Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, 2019
Books on the topic "Ampoule method"
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Validation of a method for resin and fatty acids: Ampoules for spiking reagent water and direct methylation : report. [Toronto]: The Branch, 1990.
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Validation of a method for resin and fatty acids: Ampouled standards in two different solvents for direct methylation and instrumental injection : report. [Toronto]: The Branch, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Ampoule method"
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Braissant, Olivier, and Alma U. “Dan” Daniels. "Closed Ampoule Isothermal Microcalorimetry for Continuous Real-Time Detection and Evaluation of Cultured Mammalian Cell Activity and Responses." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 191–208. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-108-6_20.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Ampoule method"
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Lin, Bochuan, Chao Li, Heng Ban, Rosalia N. Scripa, Shen Zhu, Ching-Hua Su, and Sandor L. Lehoczky. "Theory and Simulation of a Novel Viscosity Measurement Method for High Temperature Semiconductor Melt." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32352.
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A novel viscosity measurement technique was developed in which angular deflection-oscillation of a sealed quartz ampoule containing a semiconductor melt is measured upon application of a rotating magnetic field. This paper provides a theoretical basis for this novel method. Equations for coupled fluid flow and ampoule torsional oscillation were solved numerically. The predictions of the melt flow and ampoule oscillation were in good agreement with the experimental data. The results also showed that both electrical conductivity and viscosity could be calculated from the experimental data by a numerical fitting procedure. The transient velocity of the melt caused by the rotating magnetic field was found to reach steady state in about one minute, within which both the electrical conductivity and the viscosity of the melt can be obtained. This is a significant improvement over the existing oscillation cup method, which requires about one hour of measurement to obtain viscosity.
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Yoo, In-Sung, Soon-Jin So, and Choon-Bae Park. "Fabrication of high mobility p-type ZnO thin film by ampoule-tube method." In 2006 IEEE Nanotechnology Materials and Devices Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nmdc.2006.4388891.
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Sahai, Vivek, and John W. Williamson. "Effect of Crucible Conductivity on Large Diameter, Low Gravity, Bridgman Crystal Growth." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-1037.
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Abstract This study examines the effect of crucible conductivity in minimizing convection and solute segregation in a Bridgman crystal growth system. Crystal diameter to length ratios from 0.5 to 2.5 are considered. A quasi-steady state numerical method is used to model the directional solidification of gallium doped germanium. The coupled governing equations for the melt, solidified crystal, and the ampoule wall are solved subject to appropriate boundary and interface conditions to determine the velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions. Results are presented at reduced gravity and include the effects of reducing the dimensionless ampoule conductivity from 0.67 to 0.05.
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Sahai, Vivek, and John W. Williamson. "Effect of Crucible Conductivity on Large Diameter, Low Gravity, Bridgman Crystal Growth." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-1259.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study examines the effect of crucible conductivity in minimizing convection and solute segregation in a Bridgman crystal growth system. Crystal diameter to length ratios from 0.5 to 2.5 are considered. A quasi-steady state numerical method is used to model the directional solidification of gallium doped germanium. The coupled governing equations for the melt, solidified crystal, and the ampoule wall are solved subject to appropriate boundary and interface conditions to determine the velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions. Results are presented at reduced gravity and include the effects of reducing the dimensionless ampoule conductivity from 0.67 to 0.05.
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Ma, Y., and L. L. Zheng. "Dependence of Radiation Effects on System Configuration and Physical Properties in Bridgman Growth of Optical Crystals." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59907.
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Optical crystals, such as YAG, GGG, sapphire, CaF2, are of high melting temperature. As a result, the radiative heat transfer during the crystal growth process is an important factor to influence the temperature distribution and hence the quality of as-grown crystals. However, the radiation effect is complicated in the optical crystal growth system. It depends on the system geometry and properties, such as the spectral transmittance of the oxide crystals, and the emissivity of the ampoule and the furnace inner wall. In this paper, the analysis of heat transfer coupled with radiation effect has been carried out using one-dimensional thermal resistance network method for optical crystals growth. The results show that radiation plays a significant role in the heat transfer and temperature distribution during growth, and the subsequent quality of the grown crystal. Two-dimensional numerical simulations have also been conducted and the simulation results have been compared with the one-dimensional results. Effects of system configuration and physical properties on crystal quality are also analyzed and discussed.
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Mazuruk, Konstantin. "Methods of viscosity measurements in sealed ampoules." In SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, edited by Narayanan Ramachandran. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.351286.
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Pereira, Maria Luiza Scardua, Sarah Santos Gonçalves, Creuza Rachel Vicente, Carolina Salume Xavier, Bárbara Ellen Santos Carvalhais, and Kenia Valeria Santos. "Can the therapeutic protocol recommended for gonococcal infection be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic?" In XIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de DST - IX Congresso Brasileiro de AIDS - IV Congresso Latino Americano de IST/HIV/AIDS. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/dst-2177-8264-202133p173.
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Introduction: The World Health Organization has warned of antibiotics misuse in the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, the clinical management protocol for patients with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection includes the use of empirical antibiotic therapy only for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia in patients admitted with severe acute respiratory syndrome. This protocol includes ceftriaxone, azithromycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, vancomycin, and meropenem. In Brazil, ceftriaxone 500 mg plus azithromycin 1 g is the recommended treatment regimen for mild and moderate anogenital gonococcal infection. The high consumption of these drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 may impact antimicrobial resistance, interfering with the treatment protocol for gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted infections. Objective: This study aims to describe the ceftriaxone and azithromycin dispensing before the COVID-19 pandemic and throughout 2020. Methods: Data of azithromycin and ceftriaxone dispensing in 2018, 2019, and 2020 were collected by MV2000i system at the central pharmacy of a reference hospital for the treatment of COVID-19, in Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Data from cases of COVID-19 were obtained on the website of the Government of the State of Espírito Santo. Results: We observed an increase in azithromycin and ceftriaxone dispensing at the beginning of the pandemic compared to previous years. Azithromycin returns to previous levels from August 2020, but ceftriaxone remains with increased discharge until December. The annual accumulated azithromycin in 2018, 2019, and 2020 was 447, 590, and 1,866 units of 500 mg ampoule vial (p=0.007), respectively. For ceftriaxone, the annual cumulative was 8,299, 9,098, and 18,209 units of 1 g ampoule vial (p<0.0001) in the respective years. Conclusion: There was an increase in ceftriaxone and azithromycin dispensing in 2020. Surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae should be a priority to ensure the efficacy of the recommended therapeutic regimen for uncomplicated anogenital gonococcal infection.