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Journal articles on the topic 'Amphibia'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Liando, Greace Kurniawati, Deidy Yulius Katili, and Lalu Wahyudi. "KEANEKARAGAMAN AMPHIBIA DI KAMPUS UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI." PHARMACON 8, no. 3 (August 28, 2019): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/pha.8.2019.29337.

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Amphibia is a vertebrate animal that lives in two realms: water and land. Amphibia consists of three orders, namely Caecilia, Caudata and Anura. Most amphibians have limbs such as limbs and fingers. This research aims to determine the extent of amphibian diversity that exists at the University Sam Ratulagi Manado campus based on the value of Shannon-Wiener index. The study used purposive sampling methods conducted in September-November 2017. Based on the research results there are six types of amphibia found namely, Peltophryne Lemur, Phrynoidis asper, Ingerophrynus biporcatus, Bufo melanostictus, Bufo bankorensis, and Bufo Gargarizans. The most widely discovered amphibian is Phrynoidis asper and the fewest found is Bufo bankorensis. The diversity index of amphibians observed on the campus of Unsrat is included in the medium with the value of Indeks1,783.Keywords: Diversity, Amphibia.ABSTRAKAmphibia merupakan hewan bertulang belakang yang hidup di dua alam yaitu air dan darat. Amphibia terdiri dari tiga ordo, yaitu Caecilia, Caudata dan Anura. Sebagian besar amphibia mempunyai anggota gerak seperti tungkai dan jari-jari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan tingkat keanekaragaman amphibia yang ada di Kampus Universitas Sam Ratulagi Manado berdasarkan nilai indeks Shannon-Wiener. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling yang dilaksanakan pada bulan September-November 2017. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terdapat enam jenis amphibia yang ditemukan yaitu, Peltophryne lemur, Phrynoidis asper, Ingerophrynus biporcatus, Bufo melanostictus, Bufo bankorensis, dan Bufo gargarizans. Amphibia yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah Phrynoidis asper dan yang paling sedikit ditemukan adalah Bufo bankorensis. Indeks keanekaragaman dari amphibia yang diamati terdapat di kampus Unsrat termasuk dalam kategori sedang dengan nilai indeks1,783.Kata kunci: Keanekaragaman, Amphibia.

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2

Gotkiewicz, Wojciech, Krzysztof Wittbrodt, and Ewa Dragańska. "The Dynamics of Changes in the Amphibian (Amphibia) Population Size in the Masurian Landscape Park Monitoring Results of Spring Migration Monitoring from the Years 2011–2019." Environmental Protection and Natural Resources 31, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2020-0013.

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Abstract The study presents the results of nine-year-long monitoring of the population size of amphibians (Amphibia) as one of the indicator communities used to assess the biological diversity level. The study was conducted in the Masurian Landscape Park located in Warmińsko-MazurskieVoivodeship. The obtained results demonstrated that 13 out of the 18 domestic amphibian species occurred in the area selected for research activities, including the species entered in the IUCN Red List. No clear correlation was found between the dynamics of population changes and the environmental, primarily climatic, determinants.

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3

Desnitskiy, A. G. "Pregastrular Development of Amphibians: Ontogenetic Diversity and Eco-Devo." Онтогенез 54, no. 2 (March 1, 2023): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0475145023020027.

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Comparative and ecological aspects of the reorganizations of early development in the class Amphibia are analyzed. We used data on the developmental diversity in a number of families belonging to the orders Anura and Caudata, in which many species had lost their connection with the aquatic environment. Model representatives of the class Amphibia (Ambystoma mexicanum, Rana temporaria, and Xenopus laevis) have small eggs (no more than 2.5 mm in diameter). In these species, the slowdown in the rate of cell divisions and the loss of synchrony occur at the midblastula stage. However, phylogenetically basal amphibian species (Ascaphus truei, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) are characterized by the large (4–6 mm in diameter) yolky eggs and a short series of synchronous blastomere divisions (the synchrony is already lost at the 8-cell stage of cleavage). They do not have a “midblastula transition”, which is characteristic of the above model species. On the other hand, many evolutionarily advanced non-model species of caudate and anuran amphibians (for example, Desmognathus fuscus, Gastrotheca riobambae, Philoria sphagnicolus), as well as the basal species, are characterized by the large, yolk-rich eggs and the early loss of cell division synchrony. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the cleavage pattern of the most extensively studied amphibians, the Mexican axolotl (Caudata) and the African clawed frog (Anura), represents a homoplasy. The midblastula transition, which is characteristic of these two species, might have evolved convergently in these two orders of amphibians as an embryonic adaptation to development in lentic water.

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4

Marushchak, O., and O. Muravynets. "Morphological abnormalities in tailless amphibians (Amphibia, Anura) in Ukraine." Geo&Bio 2018, no. 16 (November 25, 2018): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/gb.2018.16.076.

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5

Hime, Paul M., Alan R. Lemmon, Emily C. Moriarty Lemmon, Elizabeth Prendini, Jeremy M. Brown, Robert C. Thomson, Justin D. Kratovil, et al. "Phylogenomics Reveals Ancient Gene Tree Discordance in the Amphibian Tree of Life." Systematic Biology 70, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaa034.

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Abstract Molecular phylogenies have yielded strong support for many parts of the amphibian Tree of Life, but poor support for the resolution of deeper nodes, including relationships among families and orders. To clarify these relationships, we provide a phylogenomic perspective on amphibian relationships by developing a taxon-specific Anchored Hybrid Enrichment protocol targeting hundreds of conserved exons which are effective across the class. After obtaining data from 220 loci for 286 species (representing 94% of the families and 44% of the genera), we estimate a phylogeny for extant amphibians and identify gene tree–species tree conflict across the deepest branches of the amphibian phylogeny. We perform locus-by-locus genealogical interrogation of alternative topological hypotheses for amphibian monophyly, focusing on interordinal relationships. We find that phylogenetic signal deep in the amphibian phylogeny varies greatly across loci in a manner that is consistent with incomplete lineage sorting in the ancestral lineage of extant amphibians. Our results overwhelmingly support amphibian monophyly and a sister relationship between frogs and salamanders, consistent with the Batrachia hypothesis. Species tree analyses converge on a small set of topological hypotheses for the relationships among extant amphibian families. These results clarify several contentious portions of the amphibian Tree of Life, which in conjunction with a set of vetted fossil calibrations, support a surprisingly younger timescale for crown and ordinal amphibian diversification than previously reported. More broadly, our study provides insight into the sources, magnitudes, and heterogeneity of support across loci in phylogenomic data sets.[AIC; Amphibia; Batrachia; Phylogeny; gene tree–species tree discordance; genomics; information theory.]

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6

Grogan, Laura F., Josephine E. Humphries, Jacques Robert, Chantal M. Lanctôt, Catherine J. Nock, David A. Newell, and Hamish I. McCallum. "Immunological Aspects of Chytridiomycosis." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (October 19, 2020): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040234.

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Amphibians are currently the most threatened vertebrate class, with the disease chytridiomycosis being a major contributor to their global declines. Chytridiomycosis is a frequently fatal skin disease caused by the fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). The severity and extent of the impact of the infection caused by these pathogens across modern Amphibia are unprecedented in the history of vertebrate infectious diseases. The immune system of amphibians is thought to be largely similar to that of other jawed vertebrates, such as mammals. However, amphibian hosts are both ectothermic and water-dependent, which are characteristics favouring fungal proliferation. Although amphibians possess robust constitutive host defences, Bd/Bsal replicate within host cells once these defences have been breached. Intracellular fungal localisation may contribute to evasion of the induced innate immune response. Increasing evidence suggests that once the innate defences are surpassed, fungal virulence factors suppress the targeted adaptive immune responses whilst promoting an ineffectual inflammatory cascade, resulting in immunopathology and systemic metabolic disruption. Thus, although infections are contained within the integument, crucial homeostatic processes become compromised, leading to mortality. In this paper, we present an integrated synthesis of amphibian post-metamorphic immunological responses and the corresponding outcomes of infection with Bd, focusing on recent developments within the field and highlighting future directions.

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7

Hetherington, Thomas E., and Justin R. Tugaoen. "Histochemical studies on the amphibian opercularis muscle (Amphibia)." Zoomorphology 109, no. 5 (July 1990): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00312194.

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8

Partridge, James W. "Persicaria amphibia (L. ) Gray (Polygonum amphibium L.)." Journal of Ecology 89, no. 3 (June 2001): 487–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00571.x.

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9

Vences, Miguel, and Jörn Köhler. "Global diversity of amphibians (Amphibia) in freshwater." Hydrobiologia 595, no. 1 (December 18, 2007): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9032-2.

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10

Lang, M. A., J. S. Handler, and H. Gainer. "Neurohypophysial peptide potencies in cultured anuran epithelia (A6)." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 251, no. 1 (July 1, 1986): R77—R81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1986.251.1.r77.

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To characterize the V2 receptor (for antidiuretic hormone), we have studied the effect of a number of neurohypophysial hormone analogues on cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation and short-circuit current in cultured epithelia formed by A6 cells. A6 is the designation of a continuous cell line derived from the kidney of Xenopus laevis. The order of potency for stimulating cAMP accumulation and short-circuit current in A6 epithelia is like that for stimulating water permeability in toad urinary bladder. As anticipated, arginine vasotocin (AVT), the antidiuretic hormone of Amphibia, is more potent than arginine vasopressin (AVP), the antidiuretic hormone of most mammals. The two hormones differ only in the third amino acid (Phe-3 in AVP is a substitution for Ile-3 in AVT). However, there are a number of striking differences in the responsiveness of these amphibian V2 receptors and mammalian V2 receptors to changes in the 7th, 8th, and 9th amino acids where AVT and AVP are identical. 1) Substitution of Lys-8 for Arg-8 in AVP results in marked loss of potency in Amphibia, whereas there is only modest loss of potency in mammals. 2) Desglycinamide AVP is nearly as potent as AVP in Amphibia, whereas it is inactive in mammals. 2) Tocinoic acid, lacking amino acids 7, 8, and 9, has activity in Amphibia, but pressinoic acid, lacking the same three amino acids, is inactive.

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11

Wei, Jie, Yan-Yan Li, Li Wei, Guo-Hua Ding, Xiao-Li Fan, and Zhi-Hua Lin. "Evolution of erythrocyte morphology in amphibians (Amphibia: Anura)." Zoologia (Curitiba) 32, no. 5 (October 2015): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-46702015000500005.

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12

RIVERA-CORREA, MAURICIO, DIEGO BALDO, FLORENCIA VERA CANDIOTI, VICTOR GOYANNES DILL ORRICO, DAVID C. BLACKBURN, SANTIAGO CASTROVIEJO-FISHER, KIN ONN CHAN, et al. "Amphibians in Zootaxa: 20 years documenting the global diversity of frogs, salamanders, and caecilians." Zootaxa 4979, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4979.1.9.

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Zootaxa is a mega-journal that since its inception, 20 years ago, has contributed to the documentation of the planet’s biodiversity. Its role concerning terrestrial vertebrates has been crucial especially for amphibians, which are the most threatened class of vertebrates. As current editors of the Amphibia section, we reviewed the state of knowledge of taxonomic publications on amphibians over the last two decades (from 2001 to 2020). Our review reveals that 2,533 frogs, 259 salamanders, and 55 caecilians have been named in these 20 years, mainly in the tropical regions of South America, Asia, and Africa. More than half (57%) of these species descriptions were published in only 10 journals. At least 827 species of the new amphibians (29% of the total) were described in Zootaxa. This mega-journal has served also as a place of publication for monographs and systematic reviews, in addition to short articles documenting the vocalizations of anurans and the morphology of embryos and larvae. Its efficient evaluation process, the freedom of manuscript length, including full-color figures, and free of cost for the authors, has made Zootaxa a favorite for amphibian researchers. In an era of accelerating rates of biodiversity loss, documenting, describing, naming, and proposing evolutionary scenarios for species is, more than ever, an urgent task.

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13

Schwartz, Frank J., V. Barus, and O. Oliva. "Obojzwilnice (Amphibia)." Copeia 1995, no. 2 (May 3, 1995): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1446928.

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14

Dobrovoljc, Katarina, Ingrid Falnoga, Magda Tušek Žnidarič, Darja Mazej, Janez Ščančar, and Boris Bulog. "Cd, Cu, Zn, Se, and Metallothioneins in Two Amphibians, Necturus maculosus (Amphibia, Caudata) and Bufo bufo (Amphibia, Anura)." Biological Trace Element Research 150, no. 1-3 (June 16, 2012): 178–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-012-9461-2.

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15

Faizulin, A. I. "ECOLOGICAL AND FAUNISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AMPHIBIANS (AMPHIBIA) OF THE CHUVASH REPUBLIC." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences 24, no. 5 (2022): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/1990-5378-2022-24-5-5-9.

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Data on the history of studying the fauna and ecology of amphibians in the Chuvash Republic are given. Currently, the taxonomic composition of amphibians in the region includes 11 species. The habitat of a species of hybridogenic origin - an edible frog and two cryptic forms - the "western" and "eastern" lake frogs, has been confirmed. Further research is needed on the geographic distribution of amphibians, parasite fauna, and amphibian food links in the region.

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16

Clack, J. A., and A. R. Milner. "Morphology and systematics of the Pennsylvanian amphibian Platyrhinops lyelli (Amphibia: Temnospondyli)." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 100, no. 3 (September 2009): 275–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691010009023.

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ABSTRACTThe morphology of the amphibamid temnospondyl amphibian Platyrhinops lyelli from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Linton, Ohio is reassessed from previously described and undescribed specimens. Newly reported or newly significant features include the presence of bicuspid marginal teeth, anteriorly widened frontals, elongate choanae, a broad rhomboidal sphenethmoid and a pair of flattened blade-like ceratohyals. One specimen shows an unusual distribution of tooth sizes along the premaxillaries. No derived characters can be found to justify reference of the species lyelli to the genus Amphibamus as represented by its type species A. grandiceps, but Platyrhinops does belong to the ‘Amphibamus branch’ of the Amphibamidae.

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17

Eisenberg, Tobias, Ahmad Fawzy, Ute Kaim, Anne Nesseler, Karin Riße, Iris Völker, Silke Hechinger, et al. "Chronic wasting associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae in three ex situ breeding facilities for tropical frogs." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 113, no. 12 (November 5, 2020): 2139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10482-020-01483-6.

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AbstractA number of different Chlamydia spp. have been detected in the class Amphibia with C. pneumoniae being the predominant species involved. Chlamydiae have been linked to mass mortality events, thereby representing significant pathogens that deserve attention with respect to worldwide amphibian decline. We here present six cases of chlamydiosis and asymptomatic chlamydial infections in different frog species from three ex situ amphibian conservation facilities. Clinical signs predominantly characterised by regurgitation, chronic wasting, lethargy and suspended breeding were associated with C. pneumoniae infection. Despite various treatment regimens, it was not possible to clear infections. However, intra vitam diagnostics succeeded from skin, faeces and urine for the first time.

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18

Wake, Thomas A., Marvalee H. Wake, and Richard G. Lesure. "First Quaternary Fossil Record of Caecilians from a Mexican Archaeological Site." Quaternary Research 52, no. 1 (July 1999): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2046.

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A single vertebra from an Early Formative period archaeological site in coastal Chiapas, México, is identified as belonging to the amphibian Dermophis mexicanus (Duméril and Bibron) 1841 (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Caeciliidae). The vertebra was recovered from deposits dated to approximately 1200–1350 B.C. The specimen represents the first Quaternary fossil record for gymnophiones. Its presence suggests the possible role of the species as a bioturbator. Its recovery is further evidence of the utility of fine-grained archaeological recovery techniques.

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19

Maksimovic, Milica, Marina Jovanovic, Biljana Nikolic, Nina Tomic, Dina Tenji, Tatjana Stevic, and Dragana Mitic-Culafic. "Persicaria amphibia, an old traditional remedy and wild edible herb: In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties." Botanica Serbica 47, no. 1 (2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/botserb2301001m.

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Persicaria amphibia (subfam. Polygonoideae), an aquatic macrophyte rich in dietary polyphenolics, is used as a traditional remedy and culinary herb. Nevertheless, P. amphibia from the Balkan region has been insufficiently studied and underutilized. Here, the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties of the previously chemically characterised ethanol extract of P. amphibia aerial parts were tested. The following methods were carried out: the MTT assay, qRT-PCR, microdilution assay, Chromobacterium violaceum screening assay (monitoring of quorum sensing, QS) and the agar plating method (antifungal activity). The study was conducted to determine the cytotoxic effects of P. amphibia against lung cancer cells (A549) and its combination with cytostatic doxorubicin (Dox). A dose-dependent decrease in cell viability (up to 82% reduction) and additive interactions of the tested agents were noted. Both alone and combined with Dox, P. amphibia reduced the expression of Nrf2 (p < 0.05). In terms of antimicrobial effects, P. amphibia exhibited an antipathogenic effect since it disrupted QS communication, which was evident through the inhibition of violacein production of C. violaceum CV025. The antifungal screening revealed that P. amphibia induced significant growth inhibition of Aspergillus spp. (28.23%). Based on the obtained results, further examination of the potential use of P. amphibia in modern phytotherapy and diet-derived cancer chemoprevention is encouraged.

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20

DUBOIS, ALAIN, and THIERRY FRÉTEY. "Herpetological higher taxa nomina. 8. Amphibia Blainville, 1816." Bionomina 21, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 84–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bionomina.21.1.5.

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Under the Duplostensional Nomenclatural System, the valid nomen of the class including all recent amphibians and all the Palaeozoic groups of anamniote tetrapods subsequent to the ‘lissamphibian-amniote phylogenetic split’ is the sozodiaphonym Amphibia Blainville, 1816. This corresponds to the usage that has been in force for two centuries in thousands of publications, and it should not be challenged, as this would entail instability and confusion.

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21

Schmid, Michael, Ben J. Evans, and James P. Bogart. "Polyploidy in Amphibia." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 145, no. 3-4 (2015): 315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000431388.

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This review summarizes the current status of the known extant genuine polyploid anuran and urodelan species, as well as spontaneously originated and/or experimentally produced amphibian polyploids. The mechanisms by which polyploids can originate, the meiotic pairing configurations, the diploidization processes operating in polyploid genomes, the phenomenon of hybridogenesis, and the relationship between polyploidization and sex chromosome evolution are discussed. The polyploid systems in some important amphibian taxa are described in more detail.

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22

Pantanowitz, L. "Letter. Amphibia alert." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 45, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/45.2.123.

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23

Sichel, Giovanni, Marina Scalia, and Concetta Corsaro. "Amphibia Kupffer cells." Microscopy Research and Technique 57, no. 6 (June 15, 2002): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.10101.

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24

Loebmann, Daniel, and Ana Cecília Giacometti Mai. "Amphibia, Anura, Coastal Zone, state of Piauí, Northeastern Brazil." Check List 4, no. 2 (May 1, 2008): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/4.2.161.

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Amphibians are an important component of terrestrial and aquatic freshwater communities worldwide. Especially to the Northern coastal zone of Brazil, the knowledge about amphibian communities is very scarce. We have studied amphibian assemblages along the coastal strip zone of the state of Piauí for two years, covering a distance of ca. 70 km. It was possible to prepare a list of 21 anurans from 6 families (Microhylidae, Hylidae, Leptodactylidae, Cycloramphidae, Leiuperidae, and Bufonidae). All species are common and widely distributed in Brazilian territory, tinga biome. The results are important to amplify the knowledge on the biodiversity found at the knowledge on the biodiveristy found at the coastal zone of the state of Piauí.

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25

Matsumoto, Ryoko, and Susan E. Evans. "The first record of albanerpetontid amphibians (Amphibia: Albanerpetontidae) from East Asia." PLOS ONE 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2018): e0189767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189767.

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26

Smith, Paul, Pier Cacciali, Karina Atkinson, Helen Pheasey, and Martha Motte. "New distributional records of amphibians for Departamento San Pedro, Paraguay (Amphibia)." Check List 8, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.5.903.

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New distributional data are provided for 12 species of amphibian in Departamento San Pedro, Paraguay. Records are from the Reserva Natural Laguna Blanca, a small private reserve located in an area of transition from Atlantic Forest to Cerrado-type habitats. The chronic under-sampling of amphibian populations in Paraguay is highlighted.

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27

Faizulin, A. I. "ECOLOGICAL AND FAUNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AMPHIBIANS (AMPHIBIA) OF THE PENZA REGION." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences 25, no. 5 (2023): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/1990-5378-2023-25-5-78-87.

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Data on the history of studying the fauna and ecology of amphibians of the Penza region are presented. Currently, the taxonomic composition of amphibians includes 11 species. The habitation of edible frog and critical forms of lake frog on the territory of the region has been confirmed.

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28

Zardoya, Rafael, and Axel Meyer. "Mitochondrial Evidence on the Phylogenetic Position of Caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)." Genetics 155, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 765–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.2.765.

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Abstract The complete nucleotide sequence (17,005 bp) of the mitochondrial genome of the caecilian Typhlonectes natans (Gymnophiona, Amphibia) was determined. This molecule is characterized by two distinctive genomic features: there are seven large 109-bp tandem repeats in the control region, and the sequence for the putative origin of replication of the L strand can potentially fold into two alternative secondary structures (one including part of the tRNACys). The new sequence data were used to assess the phylogenetic position of caecilians and to gain insights into the origin of living amphibians (frogs, salamanders, and caecilians). Phylogenetic analyses of two data sets—one combining protein-coding genes and the other combining tRNA genes—strongly supported a caecilian + frog clade and, hence, monophyly of modern amphibians. These two data sets could not further resolve relationships among the coelacanth, lungfishes, and tetrapods, but strongly supported diapsid affinities of turtles. Phylogenetic relationships among a larger set of species of frogs, salamanders, and caecilians were estimated with a mitochondrial rRNA data set. Maximum parsimony analysis of this latter data set also recovered monophyly of living amphibians and favored a frog + salamander (Batrachia) relationship. However, bootstrap support was only moderate at these nodes. This is likely due to an extensive among-site rate heterogeneity in the rRNA data set and the narrow window of time in which the three main groups of living amphibians were originated.

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29

HEYER, W. RONALD. "Ultraviolet-B and Amphibia." BioScience 53, no. 6 (2003): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0540:uaa]2.0.co;2.

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30

Schmid, M., T. Haaf, C. Steinlein, I. Nanda, and M. Mahony. "Chromosome banding in Amphibia." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 97, no. 3-4 (2002): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000066614.

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31

Schmid, M., C. G. Ziegler, C. Steinlein, I. Nanda, and T. Haaf. "Chromosome banding in Amphibia." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 97, no. 3-4 (2002): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000066615.

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32

Schmid, M., C. Steinlein, and T. Haaf. "Chromosome banding in Amphibia." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 104, no. 1-4 (2004): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000077502.

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33

Tsonis, Panagiotis A., and Katia Del Rio-Tsonis. "Spontaneous Neoplasms in Amphibia." Tumor Biology 9, no. 4 (1988): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000217565.

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34

VAN DIJK, D. E. "Melanism inStrongylopus(Amphibia: Ranidae)." African Journal of Herpetology 46, no. 1 (January 1997): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21564574.1997.9649976.

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35

Cummings, Bruce F. "Distant Orientation in Amphibia." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 82, no. 1 (August 21, 2009): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1912.tb07000.x.

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Schmid, M., C. Steinlein, W. Feichtinger, and M. Poot. "Chromosome banding in Amphibia." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 62, no. 1 (1993): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000133442.

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Schmid, M., S. Ohta, C. Steinlein, and M. Guttenbach. "Chromosome banding in Amphibia." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 62, no. 4 (1993): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000133486.

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Schmid, M., and R. Klett. "Chromosome banding in Amphibia." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 65, no. 1-2 (1994): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000133616.

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Schmid, M., W. Feichtinger, R. Weimer, C. Mais, F. Bolaños, and P. León. "Chromosome banding in Amphibia." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 69, no. 1-2 (1995): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000133929.

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Schmid, M., W. Feichtinger, C. Steinlein, T. Haaf, M. Schartl, R. Visbal García, J. Manzanilla Pupo, and A. Fernández Badillo. "Chromosome banding in Amphibia." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 99, no. 1-4 (2002): 330–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000071612.

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Schmid, M., C. Steinlein, and T. Haaf. "Chromosome banding in Amphibia." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 101, no. 1 (2003): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000073419.

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Schmid, M., W. Feichtinger, C. Steinlein, R. Visbal García, and A. Fernández Badillo. "Chromosome banding in Amphibia." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 101, no. 1 (2003): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000073420.

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Schmid, M., and C. Steinlein. "Chromosome banding in Amphibia." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 101, no. 1 (2003): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000073421.

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Schmid, M., W. Feichtinger, C. Steinlein, I. Nanda, C. Mais, T. Haaf, R. Visbal García, and A. Fernández Badillo. "Chromosome banding in Amphibia." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 96, no. 1-4 (2002): 228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000063016.

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Schmid, M., W. Feichtinger, C. Steinlein, A. Rupprecht, T. Haaf, and H. Kaiser. "Chromosome banding in Amphibia." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 97, no. 1-2 (2002): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000064055.

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Carroll, Robert L., Paul Bybee, and William D. Tidwell. "The oldest microsaur (Amphibia)." Journal of Paleontology 65, no. 2 (March 1991): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000020552.

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Abstract:

Utaherpeton franklini n. gen. and sp., from the Manning Canyon Shale Formation of Utah, is the oldest known microsaur. The horizon is dated as equivalent to the lowermost Namurian B of Europe (transitional from Upper Mississippian into lowermost Pennsylvanian in North American terminology) on the basis of a rich assemblage of fossil plants. The specimen may be tentatively placed within the suborder Microbrachomorpha. It exhibits the primitive character state for many microsaur features, but no synapomorphies are recognized that support a specific sister-group relationship between microsaurs and any other group of Paleozoic tetrapods.

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Schmid, M., and C. G. de Almeida. "Chromosome banding in Amphibia." Chromosoma 96, no. 4 (April 1988): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00286915.

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Schmid, M., S. H. Sims, T. Haaf, and H. C. Macgregor. "Chromosome banding in Amphibia." Chromosoma 94, no. 2 (August 1986): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00286992.

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Schmid, M., L. Vitelli, and R. Batistoni. "Chromosome banding in Amphibia." Chromosoma 95, no. 4 (July 1987): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00294784.

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Schmid, M., C. Steinlein, and W. Feichtinger. "Chromosome banding in Amphibia." Chromosoma 97, no. 6 (May 1989): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00295027.

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