Journal articles on the topic 'Amphetamines'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Amphetamines.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Amphetamines.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Martin-Iverson, Mathew T., and Bruce A. Lodge. "Effects of chronic treatment of rats with "designer" amphetamines on brain regional monoamines." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 1825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y91-270.
Full textAbstract:
(+)-Amphetamine and two structurally related analogues, 4-methoxyamphetamine and a recent "designer drug," 4-ethoxy-amphetamine, were given to rats via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps for 1–14 days. Regional brain levels of the drugs as well as monoamine neurotransmitters and some of their major acidic metabolites were determined. Amphetamine produced depletions of dopamine in the striatum after at least 3 days of treatment but not in the nucleus accumbens or olfactory tubercle, even after 14 days of treatment. In contrast, the two ring-substituted amphetamine analogues increased levels of the monoamines and decreased levels of their acid metabolites. These data indicate that the two ring-substituted amphetamine analogues, at least one of which is a potent hallucinogen, have potent monoamine oxidase inhibition properties that are sustained during chronic treatment. Furthermore, these two compounds do not share amphetamine's regionally selective neurotoxic effects on dopamine-releasing terminals, even though brain and striatal drug levels are the same or higher than those of amphetamine.Key words: (+)-amphetamine, 4-methoxyamphetamine, 4-ethoxyamphetamine, designer amphetamines, monoamines, rats, chronic treatment.
2
Al-Imam, Ahmed. "Adverse Effects of Amphetamines on the Cardiovascular System: Review and Retrospective Analyses of Trends." Global Journal of Health Science 9, no. 11 (September 18, 2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v9n11p102.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND: Amphetamine and amphetamine-type stimulants are powerful physical and psychostimulants; they are phenethylamine derivatives. The use of amphetamines can be either medicinal or illicit. Several amphetamines have been redesigned into illegal drugs of potent properties, also known as research chemicals and designer drugs. Hence, they are named novel (new) psychoactive substances (NPS).MATERIALS & METHODS: This study is a hybrid study of; data crunching and retrospective analysis of a trends database (1), and a systematic review of literature in relation to the amphetamines-induced adverse effects on the cardiovascular system (2). Google Trends database has been analysed in retrospect (2012-2017) to evaluate the attentiveness of surface web users towards amphetamine and a potent renowned amphetamine derivative known as captagon (fenethylline).RESULTS: Amphetamines appear to be highly popular worldwide, particularly in the developed world including North America and European countries, and to a less extent in the developing countries including the Middle East. However, the trends are oscillating with time with significant year-to-year changes although there was some steadiness in the temporal patterns (trends), for example in 2013-2014 (p-value=0.258). Variations in the trends were found to be correlated with global events including international terrorism. The adverse effects of amphetamines were found to be highly related to the cardiovascular system with a high incidence of intoxications and deaths among substance (ab)users.CONCLUSION: Several amphetamines are potent and used illicitly beyond their original therapeutic potential, as in the case of captagon, culminating in monumental public and economic threats. Legalising bodies should exercise tremendous and systematic efforts to counteract these threats. Database analyses can provide an accurate insight into this phenomenon that has been growing exponentially in the past decade.
3
Woodworth, Alison, Al N. Saunders, John W. Koenig, Thomas P. Moyer, John Turk, and Dennis J. Dietzen. "Differentiation of Amphetamine/Methamphetamine and Other Cross-Immunoreactive Sympathomimetic Amines in Urine Samples by Serial Dilution Testing." Clinical Chemistry 52, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 743–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.060616.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background: Immunoassay-based screening for amphetamines has a variable positive predictive value (PPV) for detecting amphetamine abuse. The lack of immunoassay specificity necessitates confirmatory testing by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS), but the technical complexity and expense of GC/MS limit its availability. Physicians may make decisions regarding patient disposition based on unverified results. In this study we assessed the utility of using dose–response properties to distinguish urine samples containing amphetamines from samples containing cross-immunoreactive species. Methods: Urine was supplemented with known concentrations of amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), or pseudoephedrine. Using a series of dilutions, we determined the maximum change in rate over the fractional change in concentration for each compound in the Emit® II amphetamine/methamphetamine immunoassay. Patient urine samples that screened positive for amphetamines were diluted 1:1, 1:10, and 1:20, and maximum slope estimates within the dynamic assay range were determined. An optimal slope cutoff that differentiated samples containing (meth)amphetamine from those containing cross-reacting species was determined by ROC analysis. Results: The slope of the dose response was largest for amphetamine and methamphetamine, followed by MDMA and pseudoephedrine. The optimum slope cutoff for identifying patient specimens containing (meth)amphetamine was 320 (sensitivity, 96%; specificity, 90%; PPV, 92%). High concentrations of less reactive compounds may mask low concentrations of amphetamines. Conclusions: Use of the slope of the dose–response relationship in patient urine specimens can enhance the PPV of presumptive positive immunoassay results but does not exclude the presence of low amphetamine concentrations in samples containing high concentrations of cross-reactive species.
4
Obaid, Sami, Lior M. Elkaim, Charles Gariepy, Harrison J. Westwick, Sung-Joo Yuh, and Daniel Shedid. "Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma related to amphetamine abuse: A case report." Surgical Neurology International 13 (February 4, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_1114_2021.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is a rare condition that is typically associated with hypertension, the use of antithrombotic or sympathomimetic drugs. Here, we report a case of SSEH attributed to the use of amphetamines. Case Description: A 27-year-old amphetamine user presented with the sudden onset of paraplegia (Frankel A) following amphetamine use. An MRI revealed C7–T2 spinal cord compression due to an epidural hematoma. Following a negative angiogram, the SSEH was removed, and the patient markedly recovered. Notably, by exclusion, the etiology for the SSEH was attributed to the use of amphetamines. Conclusion: Here, we demonstrate the case of a 27-year-old male who presented paraplegic due to an acute C7– T2 SSEH secondary to amphetamine abuse.
5
Al-Asmari, Ahmed I., Faiz D. Al-Solami, Abdulnasser E. Al-Zahrani, and Torki A. Zughaibi. "Post-Mortem Quantitation of Amphetamine in Cadaveric Fluids in Saudi Arabia." Forensic Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 222–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci2010017.
Full textAbstract:
Amphetamine abuse is a known problem in Saudi Arabia; it is estimated that 40% of drug abusers misuse amphetamines. Here, our aim was to perform an up-to-date epidemiological study of amphetamine-related postmortem cases in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in which 235 postmortem cases were included. The largest number of cases was recorded for the groups aged between 31 and 40 years (86 cases) and the lowest number of cases was recorded for the group aged between 61 and 70 years old (5 cases). Amphetamine was co-ingested with other drug(s) in 55% of the total cases (blood with sodium fluoride (BN), median, 0.3 mg/L). Approximately 23% of all deaths were due to other co-ingested drugs (BN, median, 0.2 mg/L). Amphetamines alone were detected in 107 cases, (BN, median, 0.5 mg/L). Amphetamine was the sole cause of death in 16% of the studied cases (BN, median, 1.0 mg/L). The combination of amphetamine and a pre-existing disease were observed in 9.4% of all deaths (BN, median, 0.7 mg/L). The causes of death were determined to be accidental in the majority (47%) of cases, homicides in 26% of cases, suicides in 11% of cases, and unknown in 7% of cases. This is the first discussion of the amphetamine concentration in bile in amphetamine-related deaths, the relationship between amphetamine concentration in different bodily fluids, and the amphetamine concentration in putrefied corpses. This study concluded that amphetamine abuse in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, increased over 400% between 2012 and 2018, and 41% of these cases involved violence. This result also suggests that preventive programs targeting youth and adolescent students are required to keep schools and universities free from drugs, especially amphetamines.
6
Moselhy, H. F., G. Georgiou, A. Kahn, and E. Day. "A survey of amphetamine prescribing by drug services in the East and West Midlands." Psychiatric Bulletin 26, no. 2 (February 2002): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.26.2.61.
Full textAbstract:
Aims and MethodThis study aimed to assess the current level of amphetamine prescribing for adults in drug services in the West and East Midlands. A questionnaire was developed to investigate prescribing habits and attitudes, and was addressed to the senior member of staff in each drug service within the West and East Midlands area.ResultsA total of 41 services were identified, and 29 questionnaires were returned (a 71% response rate). Of the services that replied, 20 (69%) prescribed amphetamines, with 132 (12%) patients identified as amphetamine misusers currently receiving a prescription. However, 26 (90%) services felt that substitute prescribing did have a role in a comprehensive service for this group.Clinical ImplicationsAlthough amphetamine prescribing has been shown to reduce both criminal and injecting behaviour, only two-thirds of the local services prescribe such drugs, with a small percentage of amphetamine users receiving a prescription. There is a need for a national consensus about substitute prescribing of amphetamines and increased flexibility within drug services when managing the problem.
7
Nevescanin, Marina, Sonja Banovic-Stevic, Slobodan Petrovic, and Vlatka Vajs. "Analysis of amphetamines illegally produced in Serbia." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 73, no. 7 (2008): 691–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0807691n.
Full textAbstract:
Forensic practice in the Republic of Serbia faced the illegal production of amphetamine for the first time in 2003. This paper presents the results of the chemical characterization of 32 batches of amphetamine samples from three separate cases, for the purpose of identification of the active components and additives. Through the profiling of impurities of all samples, using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), 30 compounds associated with amphetamine were identified. The results of the analysis of powder tartrate, sulfate and phosphate salts of amphetamine, as well as variously formulated tablets are presented in this study. The analyses showed that the amphetamines were synthesized by the Leuckart method in all cases. .
8
Wagner, Gabriela Arantes, Lúcio Garcia de Oliveira, Lucia Pereira Barroso, Raphael Nishimura, Luciana Morita Ishihara, Vladimir de Andrade Stempliuk, Paulina do Carmo Arruda Vieira Duarte, and Arthur Guerra de Andrade. "Drug use in college students: a 13-year trend." Revista de Saúde Pública 46, no. 3 (June 2012): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102012005000033.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECTIVE: To analyze drug use trends among college students in 1996, 2001 and 2009. METHODS: A cross-sectional epidemiological study with a multistage stratified cluster sample with 9,974 college students was conducted in the city of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on drug use assessed in lifetime, the preceding 12 months and the preceding 30 days. The Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons of drug use rates between surveys. RESULTS: There were changes in the lifetime use of tobacco and some other drugs (hallucinogens [6.1% to 8.8%], amphetamines [4.6% to 8.7%], and tranquilizers [5.7% to 8.2%]) from 1996 to 2009. Differences in the use of other drugs over the 12 months preceding the survey were also seen: reduced use of inhalants [9.0% to 4.8%] and increased use of amphetamines [2.4% to 4.8%]. There was a reduction in alcohol [72.9% to 62.1%], tobacco [21.3% to 17.2%] and marijuana [15.0% to 11.5%] use and an increase in amphetamine use [1.9% to 3.3%] in the preceeding 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Over the 13-year study period, there was an increase in lifetime use of tobacco, hallucinogens, amphetamines, and tranquilizers. There was an increase in amphetamine use and a reduction in alcohol use during the preceding 12 months. There was an increase in amphetamine use during the preceding 30 days.
9
Leclercq, Marion, Marion Soichot, Brigitte Delhotal-Landes, Emmanuel Bourgogne, Hervé Gourlain, Bruno Mégarbane, and Laurence Labat. "False positive amphetamines and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine immunoassays in the presence of metoprolol—two cases reported in clinical toxicology." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 2 (August 2, 2019): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz051.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Amphetamines, frequently used recreational drugs with high risk of toxicity, are commonly included in urine drug screens. This screening is based on enzyme immunoassay, which is a quick and easy-to-perform technique, but may lack specificity resulting from cross-reactivity with other compounds, causing false positive results. We present two cases of presumed false positive MULTIGENT® amphetamine/methamphetamine and MULTIGENT® ecstasy (Abbott®) immunoassays with the beta-blocker metoprolol. Both metoprolol-poisoned patients presented positive urine screening despite no history of drug abuse. No confirmation for amphetamine molecular structures was found with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The cross-reactivity was further investigated by doping urine samples with metoprolol and its two major phase-I metabolites. Metoprolol showed positive results for both amphetamine and MDMA tests at low concentrations (200 and 150 μg/mL, respectively). Metoprolol metabolites cross-reacted with the amphetamines immunoassay only, but at higher concentrations (i.e., 2000 μg/mL for α-hydroxymetoprolol and 750 μg/mL for O-demethylmetoprolol). In conclusion, false positive results in amphetamines and MDMA immunoassays are possible in the presence of metoprolol. Toxicologists should be aware of frequent analytical interferences with immunoassays and a detailed medication history should be taken into consideration for interpretation. In vitro investigation of suspected cross-reactivity should include not only the parent drug but also its related metabolites.
10
Fonseca, Juliana Gusmão, Gustavo Magalhães Viana, Joyce Elen Murça de Souza, and Luiza Augusta Rosa Rossi-Barbosa. "FATORES ASSOCIADOS AO USO DE ANFETAMINAS ENTRE CAMINHONEIROS." Revista Interdisciplinar de Estudos em Saúde 8, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33362/ries.v8i1.1474.
Full textAbstract:
As anfetaminas conhecidas como "rebites" são normalmente utilizadas por caminhoneiros. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência e fatores associados à utilização autorrelatada de anfetaminas entre caminhoneiros que trafegam na rodovia BR 251, no trecho de Montes Claros, MG, com parada em um posto de combustível. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, quantitativo com seleção dos indivíduos por amostragem de conveniência. Foi utilizado um questionário com dados sociodemográficos, econômicos, ocupacionais e relacionados às anfetaminas. Realizou-se a análise bivariada, cuja variável dependente foi o uso de anfetaminas e aquelas que apresentaram associação ao nível de 20% (p≤0,20) foram selecionadas para a análise múltipla utilizando a Regressão de Poisson. Permaneceram no modelo as variáveis com desfecho ao nível de 5% (p≤ 0,05). Dentre os 306 pesquisados, 22,2% eram usuários de anfetaminas, sendo o princípio ativo mais utilizado o Femproporex (Desobesi®). A média de idade foi de 41 anos, variando de 22 a 77 anos. A maioria trabalha mais de 10 horas diárias. O uso de anfetaminas esteve associado aos profissionais mais jovens e com maior carga horária de trabalho. Faz-se necessário um controle maior sobre a venda desses medicamentos por parte dos órgãos competentes.Palavras-chave: Prevalência. Anfetaminas. Drogas Ilícitas. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE AMPHETAMINES USE AMONG TRUCK DRIVERSABSTRACT: Amphetamines known as "rivets" are commonly used by truck drivers. This study aimed to verify the prevalence and factors associated with the self-reported use of amphetamines among truck drivers who travel on the BR 251 highway, in the Montes Claros stretch, MG, stopping at a fuel station. It is a cross-sectional, quantitative study with selection of individuals by convenience sampling. A questionnaire with socio-demographic, economic, occupational and amphetamine-related data was used. The bivariate analysis was performed, whose dependent variable was the use of amphetamines, and those that showed association at the level of 20% (p≤0.20) were selected to multiple variety analysis using Poisson Regression. Remain in analysis only variables whose end point was 5% (p≤0.05). Among 306 participants, 22.2% had used amphetamine, Femproporex (Desobesi®)was the most common active principle used. Mean age was 41 years, range 22 to 77 years old. Most interviewed works more than 10 hours a day. Younger drivers and more daily hours of work were associated with amphetamine use. Finally, to decrease amphetamine use and abuse, it is essential a closer sale control on this drugs by the government.Keywords: Prevalence. Amphetamines. Illicit Drugs.
11
Halfman, C. J., and D. W. Jay. "Homogeneous, micelle quenching fluoroimmunoassay for detecting amphetamines in urine." Clinical Chemistry 32, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 1677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.9.1677.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract We developed a homogeneous fluoroimmunoassay for detecting amphetamines in urine. Only fluorescence intensity need be measured because the emission of non-protein-bound fluorescein-labeled amphetamine is preferentially quenched by detergent micelles. In a previous reported prototype assay system for measuring gentamicin in serum we used fluorescein and dodecyl sulfate (Anal Chem 1985; 57:1928-30). We have found that favorable hydrophobic and (or) ionic character of the analyte and unfavorable polar and (or) ionic character of the fluor are important determinants of the desired interactions. An anionic detergent and fluorescein, therefore, should be appropriate for apolar of cationic analytes, such as gentamicin and amphetamines. A greater [H+] at the anionic micelle surface is important for quenching emission from the fluor moiety. Millimolar concentrations of dodecyl sulfate rapidly denature immunoglobulin unless hapten is bound with sufficiently high affinity. Affinity was sufficiently high for the antibody used in the prototype gentamicin assay but not for the amphetamine antibody. Thus for the amphetamine assay, we used a non-denaturing detergent, dodecyl(oxyethylene)12 sulfate. The assay requires 30 microL of specimen in 2 mL of total assay volume. Amphetamine(d-,dl-, and meth-), at a concentration of 1 mg per liter of urine, is readily detected.
12
Beck, O., M. Kraft, M. R. Moeller, B. L. Smith, S. Schneider, and R. Wennig. "Frontline ® immunochromatographic device for on-site urine testing of amphetamines: laboratory validation using authentic specimens." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 37, no. 2 (March 1, 2000): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0004563001899005.
Full textAbstract:
We evaluated a new test device for amphetamines and methamphetamines (Frontline ®, cut-off limit 300 ng/mL) using authentic clinical and forensic specimens. The device is based on immunochromatography and is dipped into urine and read visually by comparison with a colour scale after a few minutes. A total of 658 specimens were tested by comparing results of the screening procedure with established immunoassays. Discordant results were further investigated by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry or gas chromatography (with flame ionization detector). The Frontline device had a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 98%. When specimens were classified by urine amphetamine concentration, close agreement was obtained at concentrations below 150 ng/mL and above 1000 ng/mL. A small number of specimens with amphetamine concentrations between 300 and 1000 ng/mL tested negative in the Frontline test. This finding could to some extent be explained by the enantioselectivity of the antibodies in the Frontline test to d-amphetamine. We conclude that the performance of the Frontline test device for amphetamines is adequate for presumptive clinical and forensic screening.
13
Breivik Storvestre, Guttorm, Arvid Jensen, Espen Bjerke, Natalia Tesli, Cato Rosaeg, Trine Lagerberg, Christine Friestad, Ole A. Andreassen, Ingrid Melle, and Unn K. Haukvik. "S97. IS EARLY DEBUT OF SUBSTANCE USE ASSOCIATED WITH VIOLENT OFFENDING IN SCHIZOPHRENIA?" Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S71—S72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.163.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Substance use is one of many risk factors for schizophrenia, and substance use is also associated with violent offending. This study compared a group of individuals suffering from schizophrenia with a history of violent offending (SCZ-V) to a group of schizophrenia patients without any history of violent offending (SCZ-NV). We investigated whether there is a difference between the SCZ-V and SCZ-NV groups when it comes to lifetime use, and debut age for use, of alcohol, cannabis, and amphetamines. Methods This study examined the overall lifetime substance-use and the debut age of use of alcohol, cannabis and amphetamine among a selected group of patients with schizophrenia and a history of violent offending (SCZ-V n=25) recruited from psychiatric security wards in South-Eastern Norway, compared to a matched group of schizophrenia patients without violent offending (SCZ-NV n=34). Participants completed interviews and questionnaires to confirm diagnoses and to map the history of substance use. Results While we found no significant difference in lifetime use of alcohol and cannabis between the groups (alcohol: SCZ-V: 88%, SCZ-NV: 97%, cannabis: SCZ-V: 76%, SCZ-NV: 71%), the SCZ-V group reported significantly more lifetime use of amphetamines compared to the SCZ-NV group (SCZ-V: 76% vs SCZ-NV: 18%, p<0.001). When comparing debut ages for substance use, the SCZ-V group was significantly younger than the SCZ-NV group at debut of alcohol (Mean age SCZ-V: 13.8 vs. SCZ-NV: 16.4, p=.004), cannabis (Mean age SCZ-V: 14.0 vs. SCZ-NV: 18.3, p<.001), and amphetamines (Mean age SCZ-V: 15.6 vs. SCZ-NV: 21.2, p=.001). Discussion The SCZ-V group reported significantly more lifetime use of amphetamine and a significantly lower debut age for use of alcohol, cannabis, and amphetamines than the SCZ-NV group. According to the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, the average lifetime uses of cannabis for the general Norwegian population between 16 and 64 years old is 20.6%, while the average for the population between 16 and 34 years old when it comes to ever have used amphetamines is 4.7%. The numbers for both the SCZ-V and the SCZ-NV groups were noticeably higher than the population averages. What separates the groups are the significantly lower debut age of drug use in the SCZ-V group, and especially the higher number of lifetime amphetamines use. The findings point towards an association between the early debut of use of alcohol, cannabis, and amphetamines, and later violent offending in patients suffering from schizophrenia.
14
Yarnold, Barbara M. "Use in 1992 of Amphetamines among Miami's Public School Students." Psychological Reports 81, no. 2 (October 1997): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.2.411.
Full textAbstract:
This analysis examined self-reported amphetamine use by 473 adolescents in Dade County, Florida public schools in 1992. Significant factors which increase the probability of use include peers' use of amphetamines and the fact that the adolescent is a female.
15
Salim, Sarnia, and Dyna Grace Romatua Aruan. "IDENTIFIKASI AMFETAMIN PADA URINE SOPIR ANGKOT DI PAJAK HORAS PEMATANGSIANTAR." JURNAL ANALIS LABORATORIUM MEDIK 8, no. 1 (June 14, 2023): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51544/jalm.v8i1.3989.
Full textAbstract:
The prevalence of drug abuse is quite high in Indonesia in the land transportation sector, including public transportation. Amphetamines are among the most widely used drugs in the community which are included in the Psychotropic class II. Amphetamines are also a group of drugs that stimulate the central nervous system, which can affect the brain's cortex to increase mental activity. Amphetamines can trigger the release of several neurotransmitters in the body, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serQotonin. The increase caused by these neurotransmitters can increase energy stimulation, increase physical endurance, motor activity, and cause a feeling of pleasure. All organs in the body work harder, so users feel more focused, empowered, confident and able to think quickly. The effect of using amphetamine is that it can eliminate fatigue and drowsiness. The aim of the study was to determine whether the content of amphetamine compounds was present in the urine samples of public transportation drivers at the Horas Pematangsiantar Tax. The sampling location was carried out at the Pematangsiantar Horas Tax while the research location was carried out at the Simpang Bah Jambi Health Center. The type of research used is qualitative data research which is described descriptively using a stick test tool with the Immunoassay method which was carried out in May 2023. The examination results of 50 samples were negative. The conclusion based on the results of the examination was that there was no amphetamine content or negative results in the urine of public transportation drivers at the Horas Pematangsiantar Tax.
16
Perez-Downes, Julio, Abdulwahab Hritani, Candice Baldeo, and Patrick Antoun. "Amphetamine Containing Dietary Supplements and Acute Myocardial Infarction." Case Reports in Cardiology 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6404856.
Full textAbstract:
Weight loss is one of the most researched and marketed topics in American society. Dietary regimens, medications that claim to boost the metabolism, and the constant pressure to fit into society all play a role in our patient’s choices regarding new dietary products. One of the products that are well known to suppress appetite and cause weight loss is amphetamines. While these medications suppress appetite, most people are not aware of the detrimental side effects of amphetamines, including hypertension, tachycardia, arrhythmias, and in certain instances acute myocardial infarction. Here we present the uncommon entity of an acute myocardial infarction due to chronic use of an amphetamine containing dietary supplement in conjunction with an exercise regimen. Our case brings to light further awareness regarding use of amphetamines. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion of use of these substances when young patients with no risk factors for coronary artery disease present with acute arrhythmias, heart failure, and myocardial infarctions.
17
Reissig, James E., and Amy M. Rybarczyk. "Pharmacologic Treatment of Opioid-Induced Sedation in Chronic Pain." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39, no. 4 (April 2005): 727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1e309.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECTIVE: To review the literature for pharmacologic management of opioid-induced sedation (OIS) in patients with chronic pain. DATA SOURCES: A search of MEDLINE (1966–October 2004) for English-language literature and selected bibliographies was completed. Search terms included pain, opioid, sedation, psychostimulants, amphetamines, modafinil, and donepezil. DATA SYNTHESIS: Amphetamines and amphetamine-like agents, caffeine, donepezil, and modafinil have been evaluated for OIS. Available literature is limited by numbers of subjects, duration, and trial design; however, there is limited support for the use of methylphenidate, donepezil, and modafinil. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacologic treatment of OIS should be utilized selectively, given the available literature. Methylphenidate, donepezil, and modafinil may be considered in appropriate patients.
18
Oliveira, Lúcio Garcia de, Bernardo dos Santos, Priscila Dib Gonçalves, Heráclito de Barbosa Carvalho, Eduardo Massad, and Vilma Leyton. "Attention performance among Brazilian truck drivers and its association with amphetamine use: pilot study." Revista de Saúde Pública 47, no. 5 (October 2013): 1001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047004702.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this article was to describe the attention functioning of twenty-two truck drivers and its relationship with amphetamine use. Those drivers who reported using amphetamines in the twelve months previous to the interview had the best performance in a test evaluating sustained attention functioning. Although amphetamine use may initially seem advantageous to the drivers, it may actually impair safe driving. The findings suggest the importance of monitoring the laws regarding amphetamine use in this country.
19
Solmi, Marco, Michele Fornaro, Kuniyoshi Toyoshima, Andrè F. Carvalho, Cristiano A. Köhler, Nicola Veronese, Brendon Stubbs, Andrea de Bartolomeis, and Christoph U. Correll. "Systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis of the efficacy, safety, and biological effects of psychostimulants and atomoxetine in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder." CNS Spectrums 24, no. 5 (November 21, 2018): 479–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852918001050.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectiveOur aim was to summarize the efficacy and safety of atomoxetine, amphetamines, and methylphenidate in schizophrenia.MethodsWe undertook a systematic review, searching PubMed/Scopus/Clinicaltrials.gov for double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies of psychostimulants or atomoxetine in schizophrenia published up to 1 January 2017. A meta-analysis of outcomes reported in two or more studies is presented.ResultsWe included 22 studies investigating therapeutic effects of stimulants (k=14) or measuring symptomatic worsening/relapse prediction after stimulant challenge (k=6). Six studies of these two groups plus one additional study investigated biological effects of psychostimulants or atomoxetine. No effect resulted from interventional studies on weight loss (k=1), smoking cessation (k=1), and positive symptoms (k=12), and no improvement was reported with atomoxetine (k=3) for negative symptoms, with equivocal findings for negative (k=6) and mood symptoms (k=2) with amphetamines. Attention, processing speed, working memory, problem solving, and executive functions, among others, showed from no to some improvement with atomoxetine (k=3) or amphetamines (k=6). Meta-analysis did not confirm any effect of stimulants in any symptom domain, including negative symptoms, apart from atomoxetine improving problem solving (k=2, standardized mean difference (SMD)=0.73, 95% CI=0.10–1.36,p=0.02, I2=0%), and trending toward significant improvement in executive functions with amphetamines (k=2, SMD=0.80, 95% CI=−1.68 to +0.08,p=0.08, I2=66%). In challenge studies, amphetamines (k=1) did not worsen symptoms, and methylphenidate (k=5) consistently worsened or predicted relapse. Biological effects of atomoxetine (k=1) and amphetamines (k=1) were cortical activation, without change in β-endorphin (k=1), improved response to antipsychotics after amphetamine challenge (k=2), and an increase of growth hormone–mediated psychosis with methylphenidate (k=2). No major side effects were reported (k=6).ConclusionsNo efficacy for stimulants or atomoxetine on negative symptoms is proven. Atomoxetine or amphetamines may improve cognitive symptoms, while methylphenidate should be avoided in patients with schizophrenia. Insufficient evidence is available to draw firm conclusions.
20
O'Reilly, Bridie, Paul Rysavy, and Chris Moon. "The Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) 1999: Northern Territory drug patterns and trends." South Pacific Journal of Psychology 11, no. 2 (1999): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400000602.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe national Illicit Drug Reporting System acts as an early warning system to detect and track amphetamine, heroin, cannabis, and cocaine use patterns and emerging trends. In the Northern Territory, structured interviews of 28 key informants and analysis of other drug indicator data, demonstrated that there was were diverse groups of amphetamine, opiate, and cannabis users in Darwin. There were reports of increasing use by Aborigines and youth. Amphetamines and morphine were usually injected and there had been a 338% increase in needle and syringe distribution in the 4 years to 1998/99. MS Contin 100mg was the usual opiate used, and the consumption of this Schedule 8 morphine narcotic had increased 1,100% from 1996 to 1998. Opiate overdoses were rare. The purity of amphetamines was low, but cannabis potency was high. All three drugs were considered to be easy to obtain. The policy and research implications of the results are discussed.
21
Armbruster, D. A., E. C. Hubster, M. S. Kaufman, and M. K. Ramon. "Cloned enzyme donor immunoassay (CEDIA) for drugs-of-abuse screening." Clinical Chemistry 41, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/41.1.92.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Large numbers of specimens (5000-18,000) were screened for amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, marijuana, opiates, and phencyclidine by RIA (Roche), Emit II (Syva), and a new immunoassay, CEDIA (cloned enzyme donor immunoassay, Microgenics). All immunoassays performed equivalently for cocaine, opiates, and phencyclidine. All immunoassays detected the same amphetamine/methamphetamine-positive specimens, but all also detected numerous specimens containing cross-reacting sympathomimetic amines. CEDIA detected 100%, Emit II 93%, and RIA 82% of the barbiturate-positive specimens. Emit II and CEDIA detected 86-88% of the specimens found by RIA to be marijuana positive. A subset of specimens was additionally screened by OnLine (Roche) and TDx (Abbott) for amphetamines, cocaine, and marijuana. OnLine and TDx also detected all of the amphetamine-positive specimens and numerous specimens containing cross-reacting sympathomimetic amines. All immunoassays performed equivalently for cocaine, and the four nonisotopic tests detected 86-89% of the marijuana positives found by RIA. Interfering sympathomimetic amine drug compounds can be eliminated by using an oxidizing agent, thus decreasing the number of unconfirmable amphetamine presumptive positives. The CEDIAs for all of the major drugs of abuse are reliable and effective for large-volume urine screening programs.
22
McBride, Shawna M., and Francis W. Flynn. "Centrally administered vasopressin cross-sensitizes rats to amphetamine and drinking hypertonic NaCl." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293, no. 3 (September 2007): R1452—R1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00048.2007.
Full textAbstract:
Prior sodium restriction cross-sensitizes rats to the psychomotor effects of amphetamines and vice versa. Repeated central injections of vasopressin (VP) induce a psychomotor sensitization similar to amphetamine sensitization and repeated sodium deficiency. Thus brain VP signaling may be a common mechanism involved in mediating these two motivational systems. In experiment 1, we tested the hypothesis that rats previously sensitized to central VP would show enhanced psychomotor responses to amphetamine. Rats were administered saline, VP (50 ng), or amphetamine (1 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg) on days 1 and 2, and given saline or amphetamine on day 3. Amphetamine produced psychomotor arousal in all groups. However, amphetamine on day 3 elicited a significantly greater psychomotor response in rats that had prior injections of amphetamine or VP than in rats previously treated with saline. In experiment 2, the hypothesis that prior experience with central VP would cross-sensitize rats to drinking hypertonic sodium (NaCl) solutions was tested. Rats were administered VP (50 ng) or saline for 3 days. On the fourth day, nondeprived rats were given access to 0.3 M NaCl and water for 1 h. Control and saline-treated rats only drank 1 ml of 0.3 M NaCl, but rats previously exposed to central VP drank significantly more hypertonic saline (4 ml). These results show that prior experience with central VP cross-sensitizes rats to the psychomotor stimulant effects of amphetamine and the ingestion of concentrated NaCl solutions. This pattern of cross-sensitization links central VP signaling, amphetamine, and sodium deficiency, and therefore it may play a role in the cross-sensitization between sodium appetite and amphetamines.
23
Loosmore, S., and D. Armstrong. "Do-Do Abuse." British Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 2 (August 1990): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.157.2.278.
Full textAbstract:
Three cases of prolonged abuse of Do-Do tablets, an over-the-counter remedy for “coughs, wheezing and breathlessness”, are reported. They have an amphetamine-like action and were used as easily obtained amphetamine substitutes, in one case to relieve social anxiety. Withdrawal symptoms similar to those following cessation of amphetamines occurred in two cases. Do-Do tablets are CNS stimulants and their abuse may be accounted for by the fact that they perhaps affect amine neurotransmitters.
24
Elk, Carrie. "MDMA (Ecstacy): Useful Information for Health Professionals Involved in Drug Education Programs." Journal of Drug Education 26, no. 4 (December 1996): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/k2pl-q2yf-wng0-54qd.
Full textAbstract:
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “Ecstacy”) is an amphetamine derivative that is related chemically to both amphetamines and hallucinogens. Despite reports of an increase in MDMA usage among adolescents and young adults in the past decade, systematic scientific information concerning MDMA and its effects remains insufficient, thus limiting or eliminating MDMA from inclusion in the drug education curriculum.
25
Saud D AlOtaibi, Ashraf M. Emara, and Hossam Abdelkader Elsisi. "Mechanisms of psychiatric disorders induced by amphetamines: A comprehensive review." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 11, no. 1 (January 30, 2024): 260–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: Amphetamines are stimulants and addictive drugs. Saudi officials announced in 2023 a huge campaign against abused drugs. Numerous studies have shown that amphetamines abuse may affect the functions and structures of the brain and result in damage and psychiatric disorders. Nothing evidence was gathered and summarized for all available mechanisms to induce psychiatric disorders. Therefore, we summarized the alterations that cause psychiatric disorders. Methods: We are accessed the studies included in our scope by conducting a literature review involves using engines of the health database such as APA, PubMed, Cochrane Review, Scopus, Google Scholar, Medline, and EMBASE to collect the data and identify the materials that describe the topic by using multi-key words including amphetamines, methamphetamine, ecstasy which known as (MDMA) 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine , mechanisms of psychiatric disorders; substance-induced psychiatric disorders; psychosis; abuse mechanisms; cognitive-behavioral abnormalities. Results: Psychiatric Disorders induced by amphetamines is a result of direct mechanisms such as abnormalities in the levels of dopamine, glutamate, and GABA, in addition to high dopamine in the midbrain and forebrain, neuronal network dysregulation, and ultimately, cortical and subcortical damage. Indirect mechanisms are confirmed, such as long-term use, high doses, sleep deprivation, genetics, and reactive oxygen species. Dopamine functions and sensitization are confirmed in schizophrenia and drug-induced psychiatric disorders. Conclusion: Mechanisms that induce psychiatric disorders are complex and interrelated. Research focuses on alterations of dopaminergic, sensitization, glutamatergic, neuronal inflammation, cortical GABAergic neurons, apoptosis following neurotoxicity, and mediators of protein kinases. Amphetamine-induced psychiatric disorders could be avoided by early prevention and detoxification.
26
Sinha, Archana, O’Dene Lewis, Rajan Kumar, Sri Lakshmi Hyndavi Yeruva, and Bryan H. Curry. "Amphetamine Abuse Related Acute Myocardial Infarction." Case Reports in Cardiology 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7967851.
Full textAbstract:
Amphetamine abuse is a global problem. The cardiotoxic manifestations like acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, or arrhythmia related to misuse of amphetamine and its synthetic derivatives have been documented but are rather rare. Amphetamine-related AMI is even rarer. We report two cases of men who came to emergency department (ED) with chest pain, palpitation, or seizure and were subsequently found to have myocardial infarction associated with the use of amphetamines. It is crucial that, with increase in amphetamine abuse, clinicians are aware of this potentially dire complication. Patients with low to intermediate risk for coronary artery disease with atypical presentation may benefit from obtaining detailed substance abuse history and urine drug screen if deemed necessary.
27
Hasenhuetl, Peter S., Shreyas Bhat, Felix P. Mayer, Harald H. Sitte, Michael Freissmuth, and Walter Sandtner. "A kinetic account for amphetamine-induced monoamine release." Journal of General Physiology 150, no. 3 (February 9, 2018): 431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201711915.
Full textAbstract:
The plasmalemmal monoamine transporters for dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin (SERT) are targets for amphetamines. In vivo, amphetamines elicit most, if not all, of their actions by triggering monoamine efflux. This is thought to be accomplished by an amphetamine-induced switch from the forward-transport to the substrate-exchange mode. The mechanism underlying this switch has remained elusive; available kinetic models posit that substrates and cosubstrate Na+ ions bind either in a random or in a sequential order. Neither can account for all reported experimental observations. We used electrophysiological recordings to interrogate crucial conformational transitions associated with the binding of five different substrates (serotonin, para-chloroamphetamine, and the high-affinity naphthyl-propan-amines PAL-287, PAL-1045, and PAL-1046) to human SERT expressed in HEK293 cells; specifically, we determined the relaxation kinetics of SERT from a substrate-loaded to a substrate-free state at various intracellular and extracellular Na+ concentrations. These rates and their dependence on intracellular and extracellular Na+ concentrations differed considerably between substrates. We also examined the effect of K+ on substrate affinity and found that K+ enhanced substrate dissociation. A kinetic model was developed, which allowed for random, but cooperative, binding of substrate and Na+ (or K+). The synthetic data generated by this model recapitulated the experimental observations. More importantly, the cooperative binding model accounted for the releasing action of amphetamines without any digression from alternating access. To the best of our knowledge, this model is the first to provide a mechanistic framework for amphetamine-induced monoamine release and to account for the findings that some substrates are less efficacious than others in promoting the substrate-exchange mode.
28
Warner, A. "Interference of common household chemicals in immunoassay methods for drugs of abuse." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.4.648.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract I report how some adulterants affect results for drugs of abuse in urine as measured by Roche RIA, Syva emit d.a.u., and Abbott TDx fpia (fluorescence polarization immunoassay) for the following drugs: amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates, and phencyclidine (PCP). Sodium chloride interfered negatively with all of these drugs when assayed by emit and caused a slight decrease in measured benzodiazepine concentration by fpia. Drug concentrations were also decreased by added H2O2 (emit: benzodiazepine), Joy detergent (emit: cannabinoid, benzodiazepines, PCP), NaHCO3 (emit: opiate; fpia: PCP), or NaClO [corrected] (emit, RIA, fpia: amphetamines, opiates, PCP; emit, fpia: cannabinoid; emit: benzodiazepines). False-positive results were caused by H2O2 (fpia: benzodiazepines) and Joy (RIA, fpia: benzodiazepine, cannabinoid; fpia: barbiturate, amphetamine). Sodium bicarbonate causes a suspiciously high pH in the urine, NaClO [corrected] an apparently low pH (using pH paper).
29
Giacovelli, L., V. Battini, M. Boscacci, C. Carnovale, and B. Dell’Osso. "Psychotropic drugs cross-reactivity with amphetamines in a FAERS sample: an international pharmacovigilance study." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.875.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction Urine Drug Screening (USD) is one of the most used techniques for drug testing. However, one of the main issues related to USD is the high frequency of cross-reactivity with other molecules. Amphetamines, because of their simple structures, are highly subjected to cross-reactivity with other molecules. Objectives Our aim was to investigate and characterize the role of psychopharmacological drugs in the occurrence of false-positive amphetamine drug screening, by performing an international pharmacovigilance study through the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), in which user’s medication errors for drugs are reported in the form of Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs). Methods All ICSRs recorded between 2010 and 2020 with a positive screening for amphetamine reported as adverse reaction in patients with a psychiatric diagnosis were included in the study. Duplicated records and ICSRs with missing values for age and gender, were excluded from the study. Results Among 249 ICSRs involving false-positive amphetamine drug screening, 109 ICSRs reported psychiatric disorders and/or psychiatric drugs. In 83 (76%) cases, drugs were known for cross-react. 66 cases reported drugs known as “suspect”. 24% of cases reported unknown false-positive reactions: acetaminophen (5%), duloxetine (5%) and oxycodone (5%). Conclusions The high cross-reactivity of psychotropic drugs with amphetamine testing in USDs may be linked to the neuromodulatory effect of these drugs, suggesting a similar molecular structure. In this perspective, antidepressants and amphetamines share a similar mechanism of action, maybe partially explaining why the most reported cross-reactions are with antidepressant (59%). Disclosure No significant relationships.
30
&NA;. "Amphetamines." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 903 (May 2002): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200209030-00014.
Full text
31
Schilderman, Marcela. "Amphetamines." London Student Journal of Medicine 1, no. 1 (June 15, 2009): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4201/lsjm.psy.001.
Full text
32
Miller, Norman S. "Amphetamines:." Advances in Alcohol & Substance Abuse 8, no. 2 (December 1989): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j251v08n02_03.
Full text
33
Botsford, Daniel R. "Amphetamines." JAMA 296, no. 23 (December 20, 2006): 2859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.23.2859.
Full text
34
Sassi, Karina Lúcia Moreira, Natalia Pessoa Rocha, Gabriela Delevati Colpo, Vineeth John, and Antonio Lucio Teixeira. "Amphetamine Use in the Elderly: A Systematic Review of the Literature." Current Neuropharmacology 18, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159x17666191010093021.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: To systematically review the literature on the therapeutic use of amphetamine, lisdexamfetamine and methylphenidate in elderly population with and without dementia. Methods: We conducted two researches on the PubMed, Scopus and Embase using the keywords (“elderly”) AND (“amphetamine” OR “methylphenidate” OR “lisdexamfetamine”) and then (“Alzheimer” OR “dementia”) AND (“amphetamine” OR “methylphenidate” OR “lisdexamfetamine”). Results: Twenty-nine papers met all the eligibility criteria. The results are encouraging as 81.5% of the studies showed clinical improvement of the investigated condition. Conclusion: Amphetamines and methylphenidate are probably effective strategies for different conditions in the elderly population. However, further studies are needed to provide more robust evidence on efficacy, dosage and safety for this population.
35
Oliveira, Lúcio Garcia de, Letícia Maria de Araújo de Souza, Lúcia Pereira Barroso, Marcela Júlio César Gouvêa, Carlos Vinícius Dias de Almeida, Daniel Romero Muñoz, and Vilma Leyton. "Occupational conditions and the risk of the use of amphetamines by truck drivers." Revista de Saúde Pública 49 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005944.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECTIVE To test whether the occupational conditions of professional truck drivers are associated with amphetamine use after demographic characteristics and ones regarding mental health and drug use are controlled for.METHODS Cross-sectional study, with a non-probabilistic sample of 684 male truck drivers, which was collected in three highways in Sao Paulo between years 2012 and 2013. Demographic and occupational information was collected, as well as data on drug use and mental health (sleep quality, emotional stress, and psychiatric disorders). A logistic regression model was developed to identify factors associated with amphetamine use. Odds ratio (OR; 95%CI) was defined as the measure for association. The significance level was established as p < 0.05.RESULTS The studied sample was found to have an average age of 36.7 (SD = 7.8) years, as well as low education (8.6 [SD = 2.3] years); 29.0% of drivers reported having used amphetamines within the twelve months prior to their interviews. After demographic and occupational variables had been controlled for, the factors which indicated amphetamine use among truck drivers were the following: being younger than 38 years (OR = 3.69), having spent less than nine years at school (OR = 1.76), being autonomous (OR = 1.65), working night shifts or irregular schedules (OR = 2.05), working over 12 hours daily (OR = 2.14), and drinking alcohol (OR = 1.74).CONCLUSIONS Occupational aspects are closely related to amphetamine use among truck drivers, which reinforces the importance of closely following the application of law (Resting Act (“Lei do Descanso”); Law 12,619/2012) which regulates the workload and hours of those professionals. Our results show the need for increased strictness on the trade and prescription of amphetamines in Brazil.
36
Mora, Francisco, and Alberto Porras. "Effects of amphetamine on the release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia of the conscious rat." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, no. 5-6 (May 1, 1993): 348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-054.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of systemic injections of amphetamine sulfate on the release of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and glutamine were studied using a push–pull perfusion system in the conscious rat. Amphetamine produced a dose-related increase of the extracellular levels of aspartic acid and glutamic acid. The mean time effect of amphetamine was 40 min, followed by a recovery to baseline levels. The mean percentage increase in amino acids released by the highest dose of amphetamine (5 mg/kg) was as follows: Asp, 334.6%; Glu, 224.5%; and Gln, 317.6%. All these effects were blocked by the dopamine D1–D2 receptor blocker haloperidol. It is suggested that dopamine, released by amphetamine, induces the release of amino acid neurotransmitters in the neostriatum. In addition, it is proposed that dopamine could mediate the neurotoxic effects produced by amphetamines through their secondary action on the release of excitatory amino acids.Key words: amphetamine, dopamine, excitatory amino acids, neostriatum, conscious rat.
37
Richards, John R., Valeria F. Farias, and Chris S. Clingan. "Association of Leukocytosis with Amphetamine and Cocaine Use." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/207651.
Full textAbstract:
Objective. Determining the etiology of unexplained leukocytosis in asymptomatic patients may incur unnecessary testing, cost, and prolonged emergency department stay. The objective was to delineate if use of amphetamines and/or cocaine is a factor.Methods. For two years we reviewed all psychiatric patients presenting for medical clearance with exclusions for infection, epilepsy, trauma, or other nonpsychiatric medical conditions.Results. With a total of 1,206 patients, 877 (72.7%) amphetamines/cocaine-negative drug screen controls had mean WBC8.4±2.6×103/µL. The 240 (19.9%) amphetamines-positive, cocaine-negative, patients had WBC9.4±3.3×103/µL (P<0.0001). The 72 (6.0%) amphetamines-negative, cocaine-positive, patients had WBC7.1±1.8×103/µL (P<0.0001). The remaining 17 (1.4%) amphetamines/cocaine-positive patients had WBC10.0±4.2×103/µL (P=0.01). Amphetamines-positive patients had a supranormal WBC ratio significantly higher than controls (23.8% versus 14.8%,P=0.001), whereas only one cocaine-positive patient had a supranormal WBC count, with significantly lower ratio (1.4%,P=0.0003).Conclusion. Use of amphetamines, not cocaine, may be associated with idiopathic leukocytosis. This may be explained by unique pharmacologic, neuroendocrine, and immunomodulatory differences.
38
Trotti, Lynn Marie, Tyler Blake, Romy Hoque, David Rye, Surina Sharma, and Donald Bliwise. "0635 Modafinil vs Amphetamine-dextroamphetamine for Idiopathic Hypersomnia & Narcolepsy Type 2: A Non-inferiority Trial." SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (April 20, 2024): A271—A272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0635.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Introduction Despite recent introduction of several FDA-approved treatments for narcolepsy, clinical management of narcolepsy type 2 (NT2) and idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) still relies heavily on treatment with modafinil and amphetamines. While modafinil has a strong recommendation for use in these disorders by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, clinical trial evidence regarding efficacy of amphetamines is scarce. Methods We performed a 12-week, randomized, fully-blinded, non-inferiority trial to determine if amphetamine-dextroamphetamine was non-inferior to modafinil in people with IH and NT2. Eligible participants were randomized 1:1 to modafinil (starting 100 mg once daily, titrating as tolerated to maximum 200 mg twice daily) or amphetamine-dextroamphetamine (starting 10 mg once daily, titrating as tolerated to maximum 20 mg twice daily). The primary outcome was Epworth change from baseline. Secondary outcomes included Patient Global Impression of Change (PGI-C, for overall severity, sleepiness, sleep inertia, cognitive symptoms), the Hypersomnia Severity Index (HSI), and the Sleep Inertia Questionnaire (SIQ). Outcomes were collected at baseline, weeks 4, 8, and 12, with last observation carried forward in the case of missing responses or dropouts. Results 44 participants were randomized and took at least one dose of medication (75% with IH, 84% women, mean age 35.4 +/- 8.9). Although change in Epworth scores was similar between the two medications (5.0 +/- 2.7 points improved for modafinil group, 4.4 +/- 4.7 for amphetamine-dextroamphetamine), non-inferiority of amphetamine-dextroamphetamine was not demonstrated. However, amphetamine-dextroamphetamine was shown to be non-inferior to modafinil for several secondary outcomes, including PGI-C for cognitive symptoms and sleep inertia, change in HSI, and change in SIQ. Participants experiencing at least one adverse event was similar between groups (77.3% for each medication); dropouts due to adverse events were numerically but not statistically higher in the modafinil group (32% for modafinil, 9% for amphetamine-dextroamphetamine, p=0.13). Conclusion Amphetamine-dextroamphetamine is non-inferior to modafinil across a variety of disease measures included as secondary outcomes, but may not be non-inferior for sleepiness as measured by the Epworth. Depending on patient symptoms, this study provides evidence in support of amphetamine-dextroamphetamine. Support (if any) American Academy of Sleep Medicine Foundation, National Institutes of Health (UL1TR002378, NS111280)
39
Shi, Jia-Wei, Jing-Feng Zhou, Xiong He, and Yun Zhang. "Rapid Analysis of Four Amphetamines in Urine by Self-Made Pipette-Tip Solid-Phase Extraction Followed by GC-MS/MS." Journal of Chromatographic Science 58, no. 6 (May 11, 2020): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmaa018.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A simple and rapid pipette-tip solid-phase extraction (PT-SPE) procedure with derivatization prior to gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis is developed for the simultaneous determination of amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in urine samples. The PT-SPE procedure using self-made sorbent could extract drugs within 6 min from 100-μL urine samples, requiring low solvent-consumption (<2.0 mL). Besides, the self-made pipette tip could be reused at least five times. Under optimized conditions, the recoveries of four amphetamines at spiked levels (low, medium and high) ranged from 87.7 to 110.4%, with relative standard deviations < 9.5%. The limit of detections and limit of quantifications for AMP, MA, MDA and MDMA were in the range of 2.52–8.25 ng⋅mL−1 and 8.4–27.5 ng⋅mL−1, respectively. Validation results show that the proposed method is suitable for the quantitation of amphetamines and has been successfully applied in the urine samples of suspected drug abusers.
40
Farhad, Homayoun, Shahnam Abolghasemi, and Tahereh HamzehPoor Haghighi. "The effectiveness of matrix therapy in resilience and relapse of amphetamine addicts." Journal of Adolescent and Youth Psychological Studies 5, no. 1 (2024): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.61838/kman.jayps.5.1.13.
Full textAbstract:
Background and Aim: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of matrix therapy in resilience and relapse in amphetamine addicts. Research method: This research was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design, an experimental group and a control group. The statistical population of the research consists of 1,400 men addicted to amphetamines, self-referred to addiction treatment centers in Tehran. Sampling According to the sample drop, 40 people from the community were selected by available sampling method and they were randomly selected into two groups of 20 people, control and experimental, and the questionnaires of consumption temptation and Beck depression were used. Findings: The results showed that the matrix treatment was significantly different from the control group, the matrix treatment led to an increase in resilience and reduced relapse, and also the matrix treatment reduced the rate of relapse to consumption. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that matrix therapy can be used as a complementary drug treatment in people dependent on amphetamines.
41
Zhou, Xun, Jamal Bouitbir, Matthias E. Liechti, Stephan Krähenbühl, and Riccardo V. Mancuso. "Para-Halogenation of Amphetamine and Methcathinone Increases the Mitochondrial Toxicity in Undifferentiated and Differentiated SH-SY5Y Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 8 (April 18, 2020): 2841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082841.
Full textAbstract:
Halogenation of amphetamines and methcathinones has become a common method to obtain novel psychoactive substances (NPS) also called “legal highs”. The para-halogenated derivatives of amphetamine and methcathinone are available over the internet and have entered the illicit drug market but studies on their potential neurotoxic effects are rare. The primary aim of this study was to explore the neurotoxicity of amphetamine, methcathinone and their para-halogenated derivatives 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA), 4-chloroamphetamine (PCA), 4-fluoromethcathinone (4-FMC), and 4-chloromethcathinone (4-CMC) in undifferentiated and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. We found that 4-FA, PCA, and 4-CMC were cytotoxic (decrease in cellular ATP and plasma membrane damage) for both cell types, whereby differentiated cells were less sensitive. IC50 values for cellular ATP depletion were in the range of 1.4 mM for 4-FA, 0.4 mM for PCA and 1.4 mM for 4-CMC. The rank of cytotoxicity observed for the para-substituents was chloride > fluoride > hydrogen for both amphetamines and cathinones. Each of 4-FA, PCA and 4-CMC decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential in both cell types, and PCA and 4-CMC impaired the function of the electron transport chain of mitochondria in SH-SY5Y cells. 4-FA, PCA, and 4-CMC increased the ROS level and PCA and 4-CMC induced apoptosis by the endogenous pathway. In conclusion, para-halogenation of amphetamine and methcathinone increases their neurotoxic properties due to the impairment of mitochondrial function and induction of apoptosis. Although the cytotoxic concentrations were higher than those needed for pharmacological activity, the current findings may be important regarding the uncontrolled recreational use of these compounds.
42
&NA;. "Amphetamines abuse." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1416 (August 2012): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201214160-00026.
Full text
43
&NA;. "Amphetamines abuse." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1315 (August 2010): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201013150-00033.
Full text
44
Green, PA, CLF Battersby, RM Heath, and L. McCrossan. "A fatal case of amphetamine induced ischaemic colitis." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 99, no. 7 (September 2017): e200-e201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2016.0350.
Full textAbstract:
Amphetamine induced ischaemic colitis is an exceedingly rare presentation of amphetamine toxicity. The cases reported in the literature have described mild or transient disease. We present a fatal case of ischaemic colitis induced by amphetamine use in a 44-year-old woman who presented in extremis after a cardiac arrest en route to the emergency department. A short history of headache, abdominal pain, vomiting and agitation preceded her admission. Imaging revealed changes consistent with ischaemic colitis. Emergency laparotomy revealed widespread colonic necrosis necessitating a subtotal colectomy. Despite aggressive resuscitation and inotropic support from arrival, the patient deteriorated intraoperatively and died in the immediate postoperative period. Histology showed arterial type ischaemia/reperfusion injury of the area supplied by the superior mesenteric artery. The patient’s serum amphetamine level was 0.52mg/l (peak therapeutic levels <0.2mg/l). The postmortem examination concluded that amphetamines were the likely cause of the vasospasm, leading to profound colonic ischaemia.
45
Shapovalov, Valentyn. "Interdisciplinary Legal, Forensic and Pharmaceutical, Forensic and Chemical, Forensic and Narcological, Forensic and Toxicological, Criminal and Legal Study of the Illegal Trafficking of Amphetamine." SSP Modern Law and Practice 3, no. 3 (August 8, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53933/sspmlp.v3i3.108.
Full textAbstract:
Noted that the illegal circulation of amphetamine in the world is growing. A legal, forensic and pharmaceutical, forensic and chemical, forensic and narcological, forensic and toxicological, forensic and psychiatric, criminal and legal study of the illegal circulation and distribution of amphetamine and its derivatives in an interdisciplinary context was conducted. The classification and legal group of amphetamine has been established. The experience of the international anti-narcotic association on the impact of amphetamine on life, the state of the body, and side effects was studied. Forensic and pharmaceutical analysis of criminal offenses was conducted. The results of a European online survey on the circulation of prohibited psychoactive substances in 21 EU countries, 9 non-EU countries, including Ukraine, were studied. Types of illegal amphetamines were analyzed. Drugs with amphetamine for the pharmacotherapy of narcolepsy were given. Forensic and pharmaceutical practice was summarized. Amendments and additions to Part 3 of Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine regarding the strengthening of criminal liability for illegal trafficking of amphetamine were proposed. The peculiarities of the toxicology of amphetamine in the human body were given. The algorithm of pharmacotherapy of amphetamine addiction was summarized.
46
CLARK, RICHARD F., and STEVEN C. CURRY. "Pseudoephedrine Dangers." Pediatrics 85, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.85.3.389.
Full textAbstract:
To the Editor.— Pseudoephedrine is an over-the-counter amphetamine commonly used as a decongestant. Pseudoephedrine is a mixed-acting sympathomimetic amine, causing both the release of neurotransmitters from adrenergic nerve endings and the direct stimulation of adrenergic receptors. While overdoses of other amphetamines can produce a life-threatening adrenergic crisis comprising hypertension, tachycardia, hyperthermia, agitation, and convulsions, serious overdoses with pseudoephedrine alone are rare.1-3 We report the case of a child who suffered a generalized seizure after ingesting pseudoephedrine tablets, a finding not previously reported after isolated pseudoephedrine ingestions.
47
Foye, William O. "Sulfur Compounds in Therapy: Radiation-Protective Agents, Amphetamines, and Mucopolysaccharide Sulfation." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 9 (September 1992): 1144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809202600918.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECTIVE: Sulfur-containing compounds have been used in the search for whole-body radiation-protective compounds, in the design of amphetamine derivatives that retain appetite-suppressive effects but lack most behavioral effects characteristic of amphetamines, and in the search for the cause of kidney stone formation in recurrently stoneforming patients. METHODS: Organic synthetic procedures were used to prepare radiation-protective compounds having a variety of sulfur-containing functional groups, and to prepare amphetamine derivatives having electron-attracting sulfur functions. In the case of the kidney stone causation research, isolation of urinary mucopolysaccharides (MPS) from recurrently stoneforming patients was carried out and the extent of sulfation of the MPS was determined by electrophoresis. RESULTS: Whole-body radiation-protective agents with a high degree of protection against lethal doses of gamma-radiation in mice were found in a series of quinolinium and pyridinium bis(methylthio) and methylthio amino derivatives. Mechanism studies showed that the copper complexes of these agents mimicked the beneficial action of superoxide dismutase. Electron-attracting sulfur-containing functions on amphetamine nitrogen, as well as 4'-amino nitrogen provided amphetamine derivatives with good appetite-suppressant effects and few or no adverse behavioral effects. Higher than normal levels of sulfation of the urinary MPS of stone formers suggested a cause for recurrent kidney stone formation. A sulfation inhibitor was found to prevent recurrence of stone formation and inhibit growth of existing stones. CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of various sulfur-containing functions in organic molecules yielded compounds having whole-body radiation protection from lethal doses of gamma-radiation in animals. The presence of electron-attracting sulfur functions in amphetamine gave derivatives that retained appetite-suppressant effects and eliminated most adverse behavioral effects. A therapy for recurrent urolithiasis resulted from inhibition of MPS sulfation, after the finding that stoneforming patients had abnormally high levels of MPS sulfation.
48
Ouellet-Plamondon, C., A. Abdel-Baki, É. Salvat, and S. Potvin. "Specific impact of stimulant, alcohol and cannabis use disorders on first-episode psychosis: 2-year functional and symptomatic outcomes." Psychological Medicine 47, no. 14 (April 20, 2017): 2461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717000976.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundMany studies have concluded that cannabis use disorder (CUD) negatively influences outcomes in first-episode psychosis (FEP). However, few have taken into account the impact of concurrent misuse of other substances.MethodsThis 2-year, prospective, longitudinal study of FEP patients, aged between 18 and 30 years, admitted to early intervention programs in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, examined the specific influence of different substance use disorders (SUD) (alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines) on service utilization, symptomatic and functional outcomes in FEP.ResultsDrugs and alcohol were associated with lower functioning, but drugs had a greater negative impact on most measures at 2-year follow-up. Half of CUD patients and more than 65% of cocaine or amphetamine abusers presented polysubstance use disorder (poly-SUD). The only group that deteriorated from years 1 to 2 (symptoms and functioning) were patients with persistent CUD alone. Outcome was worse in CUD than in the no-SUD group at 2 years. Cocaine, amphetamines and poly-SUD were associated with worse symptomatic and functional outcomes from the 1st year of treatment, persisting over time with higher service utilization (hospitalization).ConclusionThe negative impact attributed to CUD in previous studies could be partly attributed to methodological flaws, like including polysubstance abusers among cannabis misusers. However, our investigation confirmed the negative effect of CUD on outcome. Attention should be paid to persistent cannabis misusers, since their condition seems to worsen over time, and to cocaine and amphetamine misusers, in view of their poorer outcome early during follow-up and high service utilization.
49
Tumayhi, Murad, David Banji, Ibrahim Khardali, Otilia J. F. Banji, Saeed Alshahrani, Saad S. Alqahtani, Safiah Muqri, Amal Abdullah, Wedad Sherwani, and Ibraheem Attafi. "Amphetamine-Related Fatalities and Altered Brain Chemicals: A Preliminary Investigation Using the Comparative Toxicogenomic Database." Molecules 28, no. 12 (June 15, 2023): 4787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124787.
Full textAbstract:
Amphetamine is a psychostimulant drug with a high risk of toxicity and death when misused. Abuse of amphetamines is associated with an altered organic profile, which includes omega fatty acids. Low omega fatty acid levels are linked to mental disorders. Using the Comparative Toxicogenomic Database (CTD), we investigated the chemical profile of the brain in amphetamine-related fatalities and the possibility of neurotoxicity. We classified amphetamine cases as low (0–0.5 g/mL), medium (>0.5 to 1.5 g/mL), and high (>1.5 g/mL), based on amphetamine levels in brain samples. All three groups shared 1-octadecene, 1-tridecene, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosane, and oleylamide. We identified chemical–disease associations using the CTD tools and predicted an association between DHA, AA and curated conditions like autistic disorder, disorders related to cocaine, Alzheimer’s disease, and cognitive dysfunction. An amphetamine challenge may cause neurotoxicity in the human brain due to a decrease in omega-3 fatty acids and an increase in oxidative products. Therefore, in cases of amphetamine toxicity, a supplement therapy may be needed to prevent omega-3 fatty acid deficiency.
50
Tomaszewski, Waldemar, Vladimir Gun’ko, Roman Leboda, and Jadwiga Skubiszewska-Zięba. "Interaction of methoxy- and methylenedioxyamphetamines with carbon and polymeric adsorbents in polar liquids." Open Chemistry 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 750–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-010-0042-y.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSolid phase extraction (SPE) of methoxy- and methylenedioxyamphetamines from diluted aqueous solutions was investigated on carbon and polymeric adsorbents of different textures and chemical compositions. Those adsorbents were applied cartridges packed with three chemically modified carbons prepared from plum stones (initial A2PS, oxidized A2PS-O, and reduced A2PS-H) and commercially available adsorbents (polymeric LiChrolut EN, graphitized Hypercarb and Carboprep). Several factors influence the recovery rates of amphetamine derivatives such as the polarity of adsorbates (free energy of salvation), the specific surface area and surface composition of adsorbents, and the solvent characteristics. Different combinations of these factors affect the recovery rate (R1) for high- and low-surface area adsorbents. The minimal R1 values are observed for an amphetamine derivative at a maximal solvation effect and for a set of amphetamines adsorbed on graphitized carbons.