Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Amphetamines'
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1
Bailey, Jordan Michele Newland M. Christopher. "Mechanisms and performance measures in mastery-based incremental repeated acquisition behavioral and pharmacological analyses /." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1906.
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Armstrong, Victoria Diane. "Functional changes in neurons and glia following amphetamine-induced behavior sensitization." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2168.
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Bach, Mimi Vu. "The metabolism of amitriptyline and some analogs of amphetamine." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/nq22947.pdf.
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Mead, Andy Neil. "Investigations into the role of ampa-receptor mediated transmission in conditioned, psychostimulant influenced behaviours." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266445.
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Foster, Karen L. "Amphetamines and Western Australian detainees: A social profile." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2012. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/487.
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The current study utilised data collected from the Australian Institute of Criminology’s project known as Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA). The DUMA project examined detainees’ social demographics and past and present drug use, at various Australian sites. The current study examined secondary data as a subset of the DUMA data collected from the East Perth lockup in Western Australia. Three sections of the DUMA data were analysed in this study (i) changes in amphetamine use by detainees (ii) demographic profile of detained amphetamine users and (iii) offences for which they have been detained. Analyses included chi-square tests, Kendall’s tau_b, ANOVA, and descriptive statistics, which were used in order to ascertain if a change between the three main sections had occurred overtime (1999-2006). Results showed detainees’ amphetamine use increased during the ‘heroin drought’. The profile demographic of detainee amphetamine users showed some significant changes overtime; a majority were male, aged between 18 to 34 years, and most likely to be unemployed. The study also showed detainee amphetamine users were most likely to commit offences against property, rather than offences against a person. Recommendations include detainees be offered drug counselling where appropriate and have access to resources assisting with gaining long-term employment.
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Apollonio, Luigino Giuseppe, and n/a. "INNOVATIONS IN SYSTEMATIC TOXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS: AMPHETAMINETYPE SUBSTANCES AND DESIGNER ANALOGUES." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20081030.110007.
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Recently, several novel technologies have emerged with substantial benefits in
toxicological analysis. These include the development of beadbased
multiplex
immunoassay (Suspension Bead Array, SBA), the use of reduced-volume
centrifugal ion-exchange
extraction (SpinSPE),
and Ultra-Performance
(TM) liquid chromatographic
separation coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC(TM)/MS n ). This work sought to investigate
the efficacy and practicality of these innovative approaches against a benchmark of
established methods and instrumentation for the screening and confirmation of
amphetaminetype
substances.
This study begins with a statistical survey of amphetaminetype
substances encountered in
an accredited forensic laboratory supporting the Australian Capital Territory and regional
New South Wales. Over the 5year
period 2001-2005, it was determined that 6683 case
submissions required presumptive screening for amphetamines. Of these cases, 1269
(19.0%) required confirmative analysis of amphetaminetype
substances, including
amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, MDEA, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine,
and phentermine. Such analytical needs were then used in comparative assessment of the
novel and established methodologies, including examination of immunoassay specificity,
extraction efficiency, chromatographic resolution, general resource efficiency, and total
analysis time.
Development of a beadbased
immunoassay platform (SBA) for multiplex amphetamines
analysis proved to be a complex task. Efforts to multiplex the amphetamine and
methamphetamine immunoassay models into a single assay exhibited a significant degree
of non-specific
antibody cross-reactivity.
However, the merits of the individual bead
assays were demonstrated. Upon comparison with commercially available enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assays for amphetamine or methamphetamine (ELISA), it was observed
that the SBA models exhibited specificity comparable to that of the ELISA assays and
linearity over a concentration range of toxicological relevance (0-1000 ng/mL
amphetamine or methamphetamine). In addition, the results indicated the practical
applicability of the individual SBA assays for an oral fluid matrix, and demonstrated
significant reductions in the volumes of reagents required and length of time of analysis.
Additionally, in an optimised multiplex system, the amount of sample required for
screening could be reduced as the SBA technology theoretically permits analysis of up to
100 different drugs or metabolites from one volume of sample.
The aspect of forensic sample conservation was further explored with investigation of
reduced-volume
extraction techniques, such as the application of centrifugal ionexchange
extraction columns (SpinSPE).
Following initial development, the SpinSPE
technique
was applied to the isolation of amphetaminetype
substances from oral fluid and compared
with a mixedmode
SPE method for both extraction and resource efficiency. From the
observed results, both extraction methods were demonstrated to be effective in the
isolation of amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, PMA, MDA,
MDMA, MDEA, MBDB, and 2CB from an oral fluid matrix with detection by
heptafluorobutyric acid derivatisation (HFBTA) and GC/MS. The SpinSPE
model
demonstrated comparable efficacy with reduced sample volume (200 쌩, as well as
significant reductions in the volumes of reagents required for column conditioning,
washing, and elution. In addition, the linear working range (0-2000 ng/mL) and
sensitivity of the method indicated the potential to further reduce sample volume.
In the confirmative separation and identification of drug compounds, the technological
advancement of UltraPerformance
(TM) liquid chromatography (UPLC(TM)) has recently
evolved from efforts to improve LC resolution, sensitivity, and time of analysis. In this
research, UPLC(TM) coupled to mass spectrometry was demonstrated to be capable of
rapidly identifying several amphetaminetype
substances (phenylethylamine,
amphetamine, phentermine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, PMA, 4MTA,
MDA, MDMA, MDEA, MBDB) and ketamine in an analysis time of less than five
minutes. In addition, UPLC(TM)/MS demonstrated a resolving power comparable to GC/MS
with significantly reduced instrumental analysis time.
This research reveals the promise of these new applications in advancing towards a more
efficient and modernised systematic toxicological approach. The continued development
and optimisation of SBA multiplex immunoassays will permit customisable systems
capable of simultaneously detecting numerous compounds with antibodybased
sensitivity
and selectivity. In circumstances where low sample volumes are required for confirmation
of drug use, such as in roadside saliva drug testing for driving under the influence
offences, reducedvolume
SpinSPE
has been demonstrated to be a practical and effective
alternative for sample preparation. In addition, a more streamlined procedure is further
enhanced with the use of UPLC(TM) coupled to mass spectrometry for analyte separation
and molecular identification.
It is expected that illicit drug use will remain a significant public concern. With the
continued desire for more rapid and comprehensive methodologies, further study of these
and other innovative technologies will be of considerable future benefit to laboratories
such as that serving the Australian Capital Territory region.
7
Reile, Phyllis A. Barker Lewis. "Effects of D-amphetamine on choice behavior under mixed concurrent schedules." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/Send%2002-04-08/REILE_PHYLLIS_48.pdf.
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Taylor, Anita Margaret. "The discriminative stimulus properties of the atypical antipsychotic clozapine." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367204.
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Faulds, Karen Jade. "Detection of drugs of abuse by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288636.
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Slezak, Jonathan Michael. "Effects of variable training, signaled and unsignaled delays, and [delta]-amphetamine on delay-discounting functions obtained within session." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5650.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 52 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-48).
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Hiroi, Noboru 1961. "A pharmacological and neuroanatomical investigation of the conditioned place preference produced by amphetamine /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74669.
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The present study investigated the neural mechanisms by which environmental stimuli guide conditioned behaviors in the amphetamine conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Systemically injected D1 and D2 dopamine antagonists blocked both acquisition and expression of the CPP: the selective D1 antagonist more effectively blocked expression than the D2 antagonists. The site of action of the antagonists on expression was the nucleus accumbens. Systemically injected reserpine, but not intra-accumbens a-MPT microinjections, also blocked the expression of the amphetamine CPP. Pre-conditioning and post-conditioning electrolytic or excitotoxic lesions of the lateral amygdaloid nucleus impaired the CPP. It was concluded that the effect of conditioned incentive stimuli is mediated by a neural system which involves the reserpine-sensitive dopamine pool and the D1 dopamine receptor in the nucleus accumbens and the lateral amygdaloid nucleus.
12
Slezak, Jonathan Michael. "Observing responses of chain-schedule stimuli and effects of [delta]-amphetamine and morphine." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10860.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2010.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 71 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-71).
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Geppert, Leanne Michele. "The Impact of Amphetamine and Cannabis Use on the Symptoms and Clinical Course of Early Psychosis." Thesis, Griffith University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365510.
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Amphetamines and cannabis are the most commonly used illicit substances in Australia and are associated with a range of severe mental health problems, including psychosis. While a number of studies have previously examined the symptom profiles of amphetamine users and cannabis users with psychosis, it remains unclear whether these patients experience differences in the severity and clinical course of their symptoms and behaviour compared to non-using patients with psychosis.
This thesis examined the demographics, psychiatric and family history, premorbid adjustment, clinical symptoms, and disturbed behaviours of 98 inpatients admitted to hospital with an early psychosis. The TimeLine Follow Back method was used to determine substance use in the 30 days prior to admission, allowing participants to be categorised according to the following drug classes: amphetamines, cannabis, amphetamines + cannabis, none. Participants were assessed at admission and then weekly until discharge (or for a maximum of eight weeks) with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (positive symptoms, negative symptoms, mania symptoms, depression-anxiety symptoms) and the Disturbed Behaviour Rating Scale. Multi-level modelling (MLM) was used to determine statistically significant differences between each of the substance-using groups and their respective non-using groups on the severity of their symptoms and behaviour at admission and over the course of their hospitalisation. Importantly, MLM also allowed for these groups to be compared on the rate of symptom and behaviour change during the first eight weeks of hospitalisation, providing evidence of any differences in clinical course.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Psychology
Griffith Health
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McAvoy, Yvonne. "The analysis of amphetamines and explosives by supercritical fluid chromatography : an evaluation." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287282.
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Moon, Nathan William. "The amphetamine years a study of the medical applications and extramedical consumption of psychostimulant drugs in the postwar united states, 1945-1980 /." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31743.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--History, Technology and Society, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.Committee Chair: Tone, Andrea; Committee Member: Flamming, Douglas; Committee Member: Krige, John; Committee Member: Metzl, Jonathan; Committee Member: Usselman, Steven. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Rahman, Abul Kaiser Mahmood Saiedur Boonyong Keiwkarnka. "Utilization of amphetamines among taxi motor cyclists and its correlates, in Nakornpathom province, Thailand /." Abstract, 1999. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2542/42E-AbulKaiserMahmood.pdf.
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Lieving, Lori M. "Effects of intertrial interval and d-amphetamine on temporally organized behavior of pigeons." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2418.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2002.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 54 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-54).
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Tarver, John A. (John Arthur). "Chemical Ionization (CI) GC/MS Analysis of Underivatized Amphetamines Followed by Chiral Derivatization to Identify d and l-Isomers with Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504248/.
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An efficient two step procedure has been developed using CI GC/MS for analyzing amphetamines and related compounds. The first step allows the analysis of underivatized amphetamines with the necessary sensitivity and specificity to give spectral identification, including differentiation between methamphetamine and phentermine. The second step involves preparing a chiral derivative of the extract to identify d and 1-isomeric composition.
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Dalal, Suntanu. "Amphetamine drugs potentiate morphine analgesia in the formalin test." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55488.
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There has been a great deal of research investigating drug combinations which can increase analgesia. A number of studies have been conducted with one particular combination--opioids combined with the amphetamine drugs. Despite the existing literature, this combination is rarely used in clinical practice. One purpose of this thesis is to review the literature pertaining to the opioid-amphetamine combination. Another purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether dextroamphetamine sulfate ($ circler$Dexedrine) can potentiate morphine sulfate analgesia in rats in the formalin test (Experiment 1). To investigate whether these results can be generalized to another psychostimulant, methylphenidate hydrochloride ($ circler$Ritalin) is used in Experiment 2. Methylphenidate has been chosen instead of another amphetamine drug because it is currently being used in clinical studies without supporting evidence from animal studies. The results of the two experiments indicate that low doses of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate can potentiate the analgesic effects of morphine.
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Packer, Robert R. "The effect of d-amphetamine on habituation of schedule controlled operant behavior." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2008/r_packer_070808.pdf.
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McBride, Shawna M. "An examination of early life sodium manipulation and its role in amphetamine sensitization in adult offspring." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1799961721&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thomas, Lee Davis. "Effects of d-amphetamine on signaled and unsignaled delays to reinforcement." View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-1/thomasl/leethomas.pdf.
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Shoobridge, Jodie. "An assessment of knowledge and risk behaviour among users of psychostimulants (amphetamines, ecstasy and LSD) /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpss559.pdf.
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Gore, Sayali Gore. "Behavioral characterization of substituted amphetamines and their synthetic cathinone analogues in the rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus)." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1510511175410233.
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Silber, Yvonne Beata. "The acute side effects of d-amphetamine and methamphetamine on simulated driving performance, cognitive functioning, brain activity, and the standardised field sobriety tests." Australasian Digital Theses Program, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au/public/adt-VSWT20070319.105603/index.html.
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Thesis (PhD) - Swinburne University of Technology, 2006.Typescript. [Submitted for the degree of] Doctor of Philosophy, Swinburne University of Technology - 2006. Includes bibliographical references (p. 253-290).
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Turnquest, Britt E. "Rapid Inline Derivatization of Primary and Secondary Amine Containing Drugs by Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/998.
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Despite the ongoing “war on drugs” the seizure rates for phenethylamines and their analogues have been steadily increasing over the years. The illicit manufacture of these compounds has become big business all over the world making it all the more attractive to the inexperienced “cook”. However, as a result, the samples produced are more susceptible to contamination with reactionary byproducts and leftover reagents. These impurities are useful in the analysis of seized drugs as their identities can help to determine the synthetic pathway used to make these drugs and thus, the provenance of these analytes. In the present work two fluorescent dyes, 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan and 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl)aminofluorescein, were used to label several phenethylamine analogues for electrophoretic separation with laser-induced fluorescence detection.
The large scale to which law enforcement is encountering these compounds has the potential to create a tremendous backlog. In order to combat this, a rapid, sensitive method capable of full automation is required. Through the utilization of the inline derivatization method developed whereby analytes are labeled within the capillary efficiently in a minimum span of time, this can be achieved. The derivatization and separation parameters were optimized on the basis of a variety of experimentally determined factors in order to give highly resolved peaks in the fluorescence spectrum with limits of detection in the low µg/mL range.
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Higgins, William J. "Do delay signals modulate the effect of d-amphetamine on "self-control" choice?" View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-1/r3/higginsw/williamhiggins.pdf.
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COSTA, GIULIA. "Vulnerability to cognitive, neurotoxic and neuroinflammatory effects of toxins that induce Parkinson's disease after administration of amphetamine-related drugs in mice." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266444.
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Clinical observations report a higher propensity to develop Parkinson’s disease (PD) in amphetamine users. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an amphetamine-related drug which may have neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic effects. The present study was aimed at
evaluating in mice whether administration of MDMA during adolescence might influence neurotoxicity towards dopaminergic neurons and neuroinflammatory effects of 1-methyl-4- phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a toxin known to induce PD in humans, in motor, limbic and cortical areas, and consequently affects cognitive performance.
Mice received MDMA (10 mg/kg, twice a day/a week) for 9 weeks, followed by MPTP (20 mg/kg × 4 administrations), starting 2 weeks after MDMA discontinuation. Activation of
astroglia and microglia by GFAP and CD11b immunohistochemistry in motor areas, as
substantia nigra compacta (SNc) and striatum, limbic and cortical areas, as hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), was assessed. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry in SNc and striatum was also evaluated.
Neurochemical evaluations were paired with assessment of cognitive performance by means of the novel object recognition (NOR) and spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze tests.
MPTP administration to MDMA-pretreated mice elicited a stronger increase in CD11b and GFAP levels in motor, limbic and cortical areas, and a stronger decrease of TH-positive neurons and fibers in motor areas, compared with either substance administered alone. Furthermore, NOR performance in the same group was lower, compared with mice that received either substance alone.
Results demonstrate that MDMA administration during adolescence influence negatively MPTP effects on motor, limbic and cortical areas and result in cognitive impairment.
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Nolte, Susan. "The effects of amphetamines on people with schizophrenia and healthy people : a systematic review and meta-analysis." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396574.
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Hand, Timothy Henry. "Effects of morphine on intracranial self-stimulation : the involvement of associative factors and the role of ventral tegmental dopamine neurons." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72033.
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A series of experiments was carried out to clarify the effects of morphine (0.3 - 10 mg/kg) on intracranial self-stimulation (ICS) and to compare these with the effects of the stimulant amphetamine on this behavior. It was shown that the enhancement of ICS by morphine requires repeated drug exposure, is prevented by pre-exposure to the drug in a non-ICS context, is mimicked by administration of vehicle, and is not reliably reversed by naloxone. In contrast, facilitation of ICS by amphetamine was immediate and remained stable over repeated days of testing. It was concluded that ICS facilitation induced by morphine, but not by amphetamine, is largely the outcome of a learned association between the drug effect and the ICS procedure, and does not appear to be a direct, opiate receptor-mediated effect. Finally, 6-OHDA lesions of ventral tegmental dopamine neurons were shown to block the facilitation of ICS by morphine but not by amphetamine. These lesions were also shown to delay the development of tolerance to morphine-induced catalepsy.
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Bazzarella, Rafael Barcellos. "Desenvolvimento de metodologia analítica para a investigação de anfetaminas em amostras de saliva, empregando cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60134/tde-24052010-204423/.
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O uso de drogas estimulantes por motoristas é reconhecidamente responsável por um aumento significativo na quantidade de acidentes nas estradas e rodovias. A própria exigência do trabalho muitas vezes acaba direcionando-os para a busca de algo que lhes proporcione maior estado de vigília e atenção nas estradas. Com base na importante correlação entre a profissão e o uso de substâncias anfetamínicas, foi proposta uma metodologia analítica para a determinação de anfetamina, metanfetamina, 3,4 metilenodioxianfetamina, 3,4 metilenodioximetanfetamina e 3,4 metilenodioxietilanfetamina em amostras de saliva através de técnica de extração líquido-líquido e análise por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (GC-MS). Para o desenvolvimento do método foi utilizado 1 mL de saliva, extração líquido-líquido com o solvente acetato de etila, derivatização com anidrido heptafluorobutírico (HFBA) e detecção com GC-MS. A metodologia foi validada e demonstrou linearidade de 10 a 400 ng/mL de saliva para todos os compostos. Os limites de detecção estabelecidos se encontraram entre 2,5 ng/mL e 7,5 ng/mL, enquanto os de quantificação foram de 10 ng/mL para todos os compostos. A exatidão apresentou valores entre 93,8% e 108,3%, a precisão intra-ensaio valores entre 4,05% e 9,34% e a precisão inter-ensaio valores entre 5,28% e 9,90%. A metodologia validada foi aplicada em amostras de saliva de caminhoneiros que trafegavam na região da cidade de Roseira SP em um evento de atendimento ao público promovido pela Sest/Senat (Serviço Social do Transporte/ Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem do Transporte) em parceria com a Polícia Rodoviária Federal. Duas amostras de saliva de um total de 40 amostras analisadas apresentaram resultado positivo para anfetamina.The use of stimulants by professional drivers is known as an increasing risk of accidents on the roads. The type of work itself induces the drivers to look out for something that provides better state of alertness and reduced sleep. Based on this important correlation between the occupation and use of stimulants, an analytical methodology was proposed for the determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and their methylenedioxy derivatives 3,4 methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3-4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4 methylenedioxyethylamphetamine on oral fluid samples using solvent extraction and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrum for detection and quantification of these analytes. The developed methodology used 1 mL of oral fluid, liquid-liquid extraction, heptafluorobutyric anhydride and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the detection and quantification. The methodology was validated and showed good linearity within the limits of 10 ng/mL and 400 ng/mL of oral fluid. The limits of detection were between 2.5 ng/mL and 7.5 ng/mL, while the limits of quantification were 10 ng/mL for all analytes. The accuracy showed values between 93.8% e 108.3%, the intra-assay precision between 4.05% e 9.34% and the inter-assay precision between 5.28% e 9.90%. The validated methodology was tested in oral fluid samples collected from truck drivers near the city of Roseira São Paulo during an event of health assistance fomented by SEST/SENAT in partnership with Federal Police. It was collected 40 saliva samples and two of them presented positive result for amphetamine.
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Choi, Fiona Yeuk-Lun. "The effects of (RS)-MCPG on amphetamine-induced sensitization in neonatal rats." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3181.
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The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) in the ontogeny of amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization. Eleven-day-old rat pups were given five daily bilateral infusions of the mGluR antagonist, (RS)-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG) followed by a systemic injection of amphetamine and locomotor activity was measured. It was hypothesized that rats receving amphetamine pretreatment and an amphetamine challenge would exhibit a significant increase in activity, indicating short-term behavioral sensitization. As predicted, repeated amphetamine administration during the pretreatment phase produced progressively enhanced locomotor activity, indicating the development of behavioral sensitization. The effect of MCPG on locomotor activity appears to be independent from the effects of amphetamine-induced locomotor activity and MCPG pretreatment failed to consistently block the expression of behavioral sensitization in rats pretreated with amphetamine and challenged with amphetamine. This study demonstrated that contrary to previous studies on adult rats, the mGluR system does not appear to consistently mediate the development of amphetamine-induced sensitization in neonatal rats.
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Rostberg, James I. "Common chemicals as precursors of improvised explosive devices : the challenges of controlling domestic terrorism." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Sep%5FRostberg.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2005.Thesis Advisor(s): Maria Rasmussen, Robert Simeral. Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-74). Also available online.
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Doremus-Fitzwater, Tamara L. "Incentive motivational processes in adolescent and adult rats effects of amphetamine sensitization on cue-induced craving for natural rewards /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.
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Karper, Patrick Eugene. "Role of the Dopamine D₁-like receptor in amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization: A study using Dopamine D₁A-receptor deficient mice." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1682.
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The ability of the indirect dopamine agonist, amphetamine, to produce behavioral sensitization was assessed in adult D₁A-deficient and wild-type mice. It was originally predicted that : 1) dopamine (DA) D₁-like receptors are necessary for the occurrence of short- and long-term amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization, 2) DA D₁-like receptors are necessary for environmental conditioning factors associated with amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitiazation, and 3) DA D₅ receptors are required for amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization. Locomotor activity and sterotyped sniffing were assessed in each of three experiments.
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Briggs, Wendy Sue, and Kelly-Jo Chastain-Carlton. "Alcohol and amphetamine dependencies convoluted with anorexia and bulimia nervosa." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1420.
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This study explored the possibility that some individuals with alcohol and amphetamine addictions are initially motivated to use alcohol and amphetamines because of underlying issues involving body dissatisfaction and weight reduction associated with Anorexia and Bilimia Nervosa. Current literature reveals similarities among chemical dependencies and eating disorders.
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ROSA, KENIG ARIANE. "Antagonistes dopaminergiques : effets compares sur la reponse comportementale et striatale induite par les amphetamines chez le rat eveille et libre de ses mouvements." Amiens, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AMIEM059.
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COLTURATO, MARIA T. "Otimização das condições de marcação do cloridrato de N-isopropil-p-iodoanfetamina (IMP) com radioiodo. Estudos de distribuição biológica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2000. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9295.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Intituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Pantaleão, Lorena do Nascimento. "Análise toxicológica de anfetaminas e benzodiazepínicos em amostras de cabelo por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-02042014-104017/.
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As anfetaminas compreendem uma série de compostos com estrutura química semelhante à feniletilamina e que apresentam atividade estimulante do sistema nervoso central. Além de substâncias anorexígenas como o femproporex e a dietilpropiona, também estão incluídas nessa classe drogas ilícitas como a metanfetamina (ice, speed) e a metilenodioximetanfetamina (MDMA, ecstasy). Essas substâncias apresentam grande potencial de abuso, podendo ser utilizadas por diversos grupos sociais como motoristas profissionais (onde são conhecidas por \"rebite\"), estudantes, jovens (utilizando ecstasy em festas denominadas \"raves\") e pessoas que abusam de moderadores de apetite para o controle de peso. Interessantemente, há também a possibilidade de alguns indivíduos utilizarem anfetaminas em associação com benzodiazepínicos. Embora a comercialização dos derivados anfetamínicos tenha sido proibida no Brasil desde 2011, é de conhecimento que algumas pessoas ainda utilizam anorexígenos e recorram ao uso concomitante com benzodiazepínicos como forma de controlar a insônia provocada pelas anfetaminas. Outra situação de uso das duas substâncias ao mesmo tempo seria a de motoristas profissionais, usuários de \"rebite\", que também tentariam controlar os ciclos de sono utilizando benzodiazepínicos. Em vista dessa situação, seria interessante o monitoramento do uso desses grupos de fármacos através de análises toxicológicas. As análises toxicológicas convencionais (realizadas sobremaneira em sangue e urina) geralmente fornecem uma pequena janela de detecção, o que faz com que o uso intermitente possa não ser detectado. Quando se deseja informação de uso em longo prazo ou ainda sobre os padrões de uso de determinada droga, a matriz mais eficiente para realização das análises é o cabelo. No presente projeto, métodos analíticos foram desenvolvidos visando a detecção de fármacos da classe das anfetaminas (anfetamina, metanfetamina, MDMA, MDA e femproporex) e benzodiazepínicos (diazepam, nordiazepam, clordiazepóxido, oxazepam, clonazepam e temazepam) em amostras de cabelo. A microextração em fase líquida (LPME) e a extração em fase sólida (SPE) foram utilizadas como técnicas de preparação de amostras. Os analitos de interesse foram identificados por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS). Após o desenvolvimento, otimização e validação, os métodos foram aplicados em amostras reais de voluntários suspeitos de utilizar alguma das substâncias em estudo, provenientes de um centro para tratamento de dependência química. Os resultados obtidos com a aplicação dos métodos mostraram sua eficácia para o fim que se destinam.Amphetamines are a class of compounds with chemical structures similar to phenylethylamines that present stimulant activity in the central nervous system. Anorectic drugs such as fenproporex and diethylpropion and some illicit drugs as methamphetamine (ice, speed) and metilenodioximetamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) are also included in this class. These substances have a high abuse potential, and they can be used by various social groups, for example, professional drivers (who call them \"rebites\"), young students (using ecstasy in \"rave\" parties) and people who abuses anorectics to weight control. Interestingly, there is also a possibility of some people using anorectics and benzodiazepines in association. Although the commercialization of amphetamine derivatives has been recently banned in Brazil (2011), it is known that some people still use anorectic drugs and benzodiazepines to control insomnia induced by amphetamines. Another case of concomitant use would be professional drivers, who use \"rebites\", which also try to control their sleep cycles using benzodiazepines. Because of this situation, it would be interesting to monitoring the use of these drugs by toxicological analysis. The conventional toxicological analyses (performed in most cases in blood and urine) generally provide small window detection. In this case, intermittent drug use may not be detected. When long term information about drug use is needed, the most efficient matrix to carry out the analysis is hair. In this project, analytical methods were developed for the determination of amphetamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDA and fenproporex) and benzodiazepines (diazepam, nordiazepam, chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, clonazepam and temazepam) in hair samples. Liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) and solid phase extraction (SPE) were used as sample preparation techniques in these methods. Analites were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After the development, optimization and validation, the methods were applied in hair samples collected from patients of a drug rehabilitation clinic. The results obtained with the application of the developed methods showed their efficacy for the intended purpose.
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September, Roxanne. "A case study examining the experiences of a methamphetamine addict and its impact on the family relationships." Thesis, Online Access, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/modules/etd/docs/etd_gen8Srv25Nme4_6941_1262646226.pdf.
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Odenwald, Michael. "The use of the stimulant khat, war-related trauma and psychosis in Somalia how changed use patterns of a traditional drug are related to psychiatric problems in a country in the transition from war to peace /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-23510.
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Lucas, Natasha. "The Analysis of Recreational Drugs in Biological Specimens Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2471.
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In the last few years, the prevalence of legal party pills in New Zealand has risen dramatically. These pills contain new piperazine designer drugs, two of the more common being 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP) and m-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP). This thesis describes an optimised LC-MS/MS method for the detection of BZP and TFMPP in whole blood, using an automated solid phase extraction (SPE) for sample clean-up. The method was validated on three different days using five replicate samples each day. The standard curve was linear from 7 - 7000 ng/mL for BZP and 10 - 10,000 ng/mL for TFMPP, with coefficients of variation (CV) below 10%, and accuracy greater than 90% for both drugs. The method was used to quantitate samples provided by the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand. Blood levels were used to show concentrations in the blood over time, and relate these to performance of subjects on a driving simulator. The study was stopped after 41% of the participants who received BZP and TFMPP had adverse reactions to the pills, including vomiting and migraines. The LC-MS/MS method was also used to detect and quantitate methamphetamine, amphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine, morphine, codeine and 6-monoacetylmorphine in hair. The drugs were extracted from 20 mg of hair using hydrochloric acid in a water bath overnight, then purified using SPE. Validation on three days with five replicate samples gave coefficients of variation (CV) below 12% and acceptable accuracy for all drugs. The method was tested on three samples, previously reported by Environmental Science and Research (ESR) using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) giving results in good agreement. This thesis describes a sensitive, accurate, reproducible LC-MS/MS method easily adapted to analyse drugs of abuse in different biological matrices. It demonstrates the versatility of LC-MS/MS and its applications in forensic work.
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Clark, Jeremy James. "Salt appetite and psychostimulants : interaction between reward systems/." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9071.
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Bombana, Henrique Silva. "Análise de anfetamina, cocaína e tetrahidrocanabinol em fluido oral de motoristas de caminhão que trafegam em rodovias do estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-06032017-164651/.
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No Brasil, em 2014, os acidentes de trânsito contabilizaram mais de 44 mil óbitos. Já foi relatado na literatura científica a relação entre o uso de drogas por motoristas de caminhão a fim de manterem a exaustiva jornada de trabalho a que são submetidos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a frequência do uso de drogas ilícitas por motoristas de caminhão através de análises toxicológicas em amostras de fluido oral. Motoristas de caminhão foram abordados de forma aleatória por policiais rodoviários federais e convidados a participar dos Comandos de Saúde nas Rodovias, evento de promoção à saúde dos caminhoneiros. Os motoristas que aceitaram participar do estudo doaram uma amostra de fluido oral, coletado com o dispositivo Quantisal(TM), e responderam a um questionário estruturado para coleta de dados sociodemográficos. As amostras de fluido oral foram submetidas à análise de triagem para cocaína, anfetamina e delta9-tetrahidrocanabinol (delta9-THC) por ELISA, sendo esse estudo pioneiro na utilização dessa técnica para triagem de amostras de fluido oral no trânsito. As amostras que apresentaram resultados positivos foram confirmadas por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS). No período de desenvolvimento desse estudo foi possível o envio das amostras positivas na etapa de triagem para o Instituto Norueguês de Saúde Pública para confirmação por cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas em tandem (UPLC-MS/MS). Além das três substâncias já pesquisadas no estudo foram analisadas a presença de outras 29, dentre drogas ilícitas e medicamentos psicoativos. Foram incluídos 762 motoristas. Das amostras analisadas, 5,2% (n=40) apresentaram resultado positivo para algum tipo das drogas estudadas. A cocaína foi a droga mais encontrada (n=16), seguida pela anfetamina (n=11) e delta9-THC (n=4). Ainda, três amostras apresentaram resultados positivos para cocaína e ?9-THC e uma amostra para cocaína e anfetamina. Além da cocaína, anfetamina e ?9-THC, com a confirmação por UPLC-MS/MS foram detectados outros fármacos psicoativos, o meprobamato e o alprazolam, (duas amostras testaram positivo para anfetamina e meprobamato uma para anfetamina e alprazolam e outra amostra para cocaína e meprobamato). Os motoristas com amostras positivas eram mais jovens, com menos escolaridade, mais inexperientes, possuíam uma jornada de trabalho mais extensa e percorriam percursos mais longos. Esse fato alerta, sem dúvida, a necessidade da ampliação de estudos nacionais sobre o uso de substâncias psicoativas, incluindo as ilícitas e medicamentos, para melhor entendimento na comunidade científica e permitindo a implementação de políticas públicas voltadas à prevenção e fiscalização do uso dessas substâncias, com o objetivo de reduzir a morbimortalidade resultante dos acidentes de trânsito nacionaisIn Brazil, in 2014 it caused more than 44 thousand deaths. In Brazil is already described in the literature the use of psychoactive substances by truck drivers to maintain their extensive work schedule and stay awake for several hours. Important highways cross through Sao Paulo to other regions from Brazil and to countries from Latin America. This study aims to demonstrate the prevalence of illicit drug use by truck drivers on the State of Sao Paulo through toxicological analyses on oral fluid. Truck drivers were randomly stopped by police officers on federal roads during morning hours. Oral fluid samples were collected using the Quantisal(TM) device. In addition, a questionnaire concerning sociodemographic characteristics and health information was administered. Oral fluid samples were screened for amphetamine, cocaine, and tetrahydrocannabinol (?9-THC) by ELISA. The samples were confirmed by GC-MS, using validated methods for the substances of interest. During the development of this study we had the opportunity to send the positive samples to the Norwegian Institute of Public Health for confirmation using UPLC-MS/MS. Besides cocaine, amphetamine and delta9-THC the samples were tested for others 29 samples, including illicit drugs and psychoactive medicines. 762 drivers agreed to participate. Of the total samples 5.2% (n = 40) tested positive for drugs. Cocaine was the most found drug (n = 16), followed by amphetamine (n = 11) and delta9-THC (n = 4). Furthermore, three samples tested positive for cocaine and delta9-THC and one sample for cocaine and amphetamine. The confirmation using UPLC-MS/MS pointed another two substances that were not tested previously, meprobamate and alprazolam (two samples tested positive for amphetamine and meprobamate, one for amphetamine and alprazolam and another one for cocaine and meprobamate). Drivers presenting positive samples were younger, with less education, less experienced, had a longer work schedule and drove longer distances. This fact shows that, undoubtedly, there is need for more national studies regarding the use of psychoactive substances, illicit and medicines, for a better understand by the scientific community and those responsible for implementation of public policies aiming the control of the use of these substances, in order to, one day, we were able to indeed reduce traffic accidents mortality in our country
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Duart, Castells Leticia. "Neurochemical and psychopharmacological study of MDPV, a cocaine-like psychostimulant. Characterization of structurally-related second-generation synthetic cathinones." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668800.
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Drugs of abuse represent a global problem not only at a health level, but also at a social and economic extent. Recently, a tidal wave of new emerging psychoactive substances has completely modified the illicit drug market, thereby hundreds of new drugs are being consumed by millions of people worldwide regardless most of these substances are hardly known. Among them, a new family of amphetamine derivatives named synthetic cathinones has surfaced, being 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) one of the most popular members of the first-generation of these drugs. MDPV shares mechanism of action with cocaine and its consumption is often linked to severe acute intoxications, drug dependence and even deaths. In this context, this doctoral dissertation aims to contribute to scientific knowledge by providing new insights about MDPV, more concretely, about the neuroadaptive changes underlying its abuse, its addictive properties, its behavioural effects, as well as about its relationship with cocaine, the most consumed psychostimulant worldwide.
In summary, repeated exposure to MDPV induces behavioural abnormalities such as anxiety-related and risk-taking behaviours, aggressiveness and locomotor sensitization. Moreover, it exerts powerful rewarding effects. Importantly, a cross-sensitization and cross-reinstatement between MDPV and cocaine has been evidenced. Nonetheless, despite the great similarities between these two psychostimulants, the intracellular responses that they trigger in reward-related brain areas notably differ.
Whereas the first part of the present doctoral dissertation has been focused on studying MDPV, the second one has been devoted to characterizing the in vitro pharmacology as well as the psychostimulant and rewarding properties of structurally related new second-generation synthetic cathinones.
To sum up, all the compounds tested proved to be potent dopamine and noradrenaline uptake inhibitors, and their potency at inhibiting such transporters varies according to their amino terminal group. Furthermore, all of them exerted psychostimulant and rewarding effects in mice, a fact that evidences their abuse liability.Las drogas de abuso representan un problema global no solo a nivel de salud, sino también a nivel social y económico. Recientemente, una ola de nuevas sustancias psicoactivas ha modificado por completo el mercado de las drogas ilegales, por lo que millones de personas en todo el mundo están consumiendo cientos de nuevas sustancias, la mayoría de las cuales apenas se conocen. Entre ellas, ha surgido una nueva familia de derivados anfetamínicos, denominados catinonas sintéticas, siendo la 3,4-mentilendioxipirovalerona (MDPV) una de las catinonas sintéticas de primera generación más populares. La MDPV comparte mecanismo de acción con la cocaína y su consumo está a menudo relacionado con intoxicaciones agudas graves, drogodependencia e incluso muertes. En este contexto, esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo contribuir al conocimiento científico proporcionando nueva información sobre la MDPV, más concretamente, sobre los cambios neuroadaptativos subyacentes al abuso de ésta, sus propiedades adictivas, sus efectos conductuales, así como sobre su relación con la cocaína, el psicoestimulante más consumido en todo el mundo. En resumen, la exposición repetida a MDPV induce anormalidades conductuales tales como comportamientos relacionados con ansiedad y una mayor toma de riesgos, agresividad y sensibilización locomotora. Además, ejerce potentes efectos gratificantes. Cabe destacar que se ha evidenciado una sensibilización locomotora y una recaída cruzada entre cocaína y MDPV. No obstante, a pesar de las grandes similitudes entre ambos psicoestimulantes, las respuestas intracelulares que desencadenan en las áreas cerebrales que forman parte del circuito de recompensa difieren notablemente. Mientras que la primera parte de la presente tesis doctoral se ha centrado en el estudio de la MDPV, la segunda parte se ha dedicado a caracterizar la farmacología in vitro, así como las propiedades psicoestimulantes y gratificantes de nuevas catinonas sintéticas de segunda generación estructuralmente relacionadas con la MDPV. En resumen, todos los compuestos testados demostraron ser potentes inhibidores de la recaptación de dopamina y noradrenalina, y su potencia para inhibir dichos transportadores varía según su grupo amino-terminal. Además, todas ellas provocaron potentes efectos psicoestimulantes y gratificantes en el ratón, hechos que demuestran su potencial de abuso.
Les drogues d’abús representen un problema global no només a nivell de salut, sinó també a nivell social i econòmic. Recentment, una onada de noves substàncies psicoactives ha modificat completament el mercat de les drogues il·legals, així doncs, milions de persones en tot el món estan consumint centenars de noves substàncies, la majoria de les quals gairebé no es coneixen. Entre elles, ha sorgit una nova família de derivats amfetamínics, anomenats catinones sintètiques, essent la 3,4-metilendioxipirovalerona (MDPV) una de les catinones sintètiques de primera generació més populars. La MDPV comparteix mecanisme d’acció amb la cocaïna i el seu consum està sovint relacionat amb intoxicacions agudes greus, drogodependència i fins i tot, morts. En aquest context, aquesta tesi doctoral té com a objectiu contribuir al coneixement científic proporcionant nova informació sobre la MDPV, més concretament, sobre els canvis neuroadaptatius subjacents a l’abús d’aquesta, les seves propietats addictives, els seus efectes conductuals, així com sobre la seva relació amb la cocaïna, el psicoestimulant més consumit arreu del món. En resum, l’exposició repetida a MDPV indueix anormalitats conductuals com ara comportaments relacionats amb ansietat i una major presa de riscs, agressivitat i sensibilització locomotora. A més a més, exerceix potents efectes gratificants. Cal destacar que s’ha evidenciat una sensibilització locomotora i una recaiguda creuada entre cocaïna i MDPV. No obstant això, malgrat les grans similituds entre ambdós psicoestimulants, les respostes intracel·lulars que desencadenen en àrees cerebrals que formen part del circuit de recompensa difereixen notablement. Mentre que la primera part de la present tesi doctoral s’ha centrat en l’estudi de la MDPV, la segona part s’ha dedicat a caracteritzar la farmacologia in vitro, així com les propietats psicoestimulants i gratificants de noves catinones sintètiques de segona generació estructuralment relacionades amb la MDPV. En resum, tots els compostos assajats van demostrar ser potents inhibidors de la recaptació de dopamina i noradrenalina, i la seva potència per inhibir aquests transportadors varia en funció del seu grup amino-terminal. A més, totes elles van provocar potents efectes psicoestimulants i gratificants en el ratolí, fets que posen de manifest el seu potencial d’abús.
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Takitane, Juliana. "Verificação do uso de anfetaminas (\"rebite\") por motoristas profissionais através da análise toxicológica em urina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-24102014-121944/.
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No Brasil, estudos apontam aumento de quase 30% no número de acidentes de trânsito em rodovias federais de 2008 a 2010 sendo que, no último ano, os veículos de carga, especificamente, estiveram envolvidos em 88.963 acidentes. Relata-se que muitos motoristas profissionais têm estreitos prazos de entrega a serem cumpridos e, portanto, se veem obrigados a dirigir por longo período de tempo e/ou sem paradas para descanso. A fim de atingir tal objetivo, alguns motoristas acabam recorrendo ao uso de anfetaminas, estimulantes do SNC, popularmente conhecidas como \"rebite\". Análises toxicológicas utilizadas para verificar o uso de drogas por motoristas de caminhão em estudos epidemiológicos, por exemplo, baseiam-se em testes de triagem utilizando imunoensaios, cujos resultados positivos são confirmados por técnicas de espectrometria de massas. Os testes disponíveis no mercado para a triagem detectam a presença de anfetamina, que pode ser proveniente da biotransformação de alguns medicamentos. Entretanto, motoristas de caminhão relatam também o uso dos anorexígenos Dualid® S, Inibex® S e Hipofagin® S, cujo princípio ativo é a dietilpropiona, que se biotransforma diretamente em fenilpropanolamina e, portanto, não é detectada pelos testes de triagem convencionais, o que pode gerar resultados falso-negativos e, assim, subestimar o número de casos positivos em uma pesquisa. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento e validação de um método para detecção de anfetamina, dietilpropiona e femproporex, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC-DAD) e a posterior aplicação deste método em amostras de urina coletadas de caminhoneiros. A extração líquido-líquido da urina (2,0 mL) foi realizada com éter etílico (4,0 mL) e a validação seguiu o guia do United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Os limites de detecção e quantificação encontrados foram 120 e 150 ng/mL respectivamente. O método mostrou-se preciso, com coeficientes de variação inferiores a 15% e a recuperação para os três analitos foi superior a 50%. A linearidade abrangeu a faixa de 150 ng/mL a 1000 ng/mL (r2 > 0,99) e para a dietilpropiona e anfetamina foi utilizado o coeficiente de ponderação 1/y devido à heteroscedasticidade apresentada. Entre as amostras analisadas (n=385), nove foram positivas para anfetamina e uma, para femproporex e anfetamina. Através da aplicação de questionário, foi traçado também o perfil sociodemográfico dos entrevistados. O método desenvolvido se mostrou preciso e sensível, podendo assim ser utilizado em estudos epidemiológicos e testes em ambientes de trabalho para a análise de anfetamina, dietilpropiona e femproporex em urinaIn Brazil, studies indicate an increase of approximately 30% in the number of traffic accidents on federal highways, from 2008 to 2010 and, in 2010, cargo vehicles, specifically, were involved in 88,963 accidents. In fact, many professional drivers have tight deadlines to be met and, therefore, are forced to drive for long periods of time and/or without rest stops. In order to achieve this goal, some drivers end up resorting to the use of amphetamines, CNS stimulants, popularly known in Brazil as \"rebite\". Toxicological analyses used to verify the use of drugs by truck drivers in epidemiological studies are based on immunoassays screening tests and positive results are confirmed by mass spectrometry techniques. The commercially available screening tests detect the presence of amphetamine, which can be derived from the biotransformation of some drugs. However, truck drivers also report the use of anorectic Dualid® S, Hipofagin® S and Inibex® S, whose active compound is diethylpropion, which metabolizes directly to phenylpropanolamine. Therefore it is not detected by conventional screening tests, which can generate false-negative results and underestimate the number of positive cases. Thus, the aim of this study was the development and validation of a method for the detection of amphetamine, diethylpropion and fenproporex by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) and the subsequent application of this method in urine samples collected from truck drivers. The liquid-liquid extraction of urine (2.0 mL) was carried out with diethyl ether (4.0 mL) and the validation was performed according to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime guidelines. The limits of detection and quantification were 120 and 150 ng/mL, respectively. The method was precise, with coefficients of variation less than 15% and the recovery for the three analytes was greater than 50%. The linearity covered the range of 150 ng/mL to 1000 ng/ml (r2 > 0.99) and for diethylpropion and amphetamine it was applied the weighting factor 1/y due to heteroscedasticity. Among the analyzed samples (n=385), nine were positive for amphetamine and one tested positive for femproporex and amphetamine. Sociodemographic profile of the interviewees was obtained through the application of questionnaires. The developed method proved to be accurate and sensitive, and thus can be used in epidemiological studies and in workplace drug testing
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Sharp, Jennifer Ann. "Limiting loss: a grounded theory of mothers who use illicit drugs." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/513.
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Illicit drug use is a major public health problem with women who use illicit drugs being one of the most marginalised minority groups in our society. In Australia, the most commonly used illicit drug is marijuana/cannabis, followed by ecstasy, meth/amphetamines, opioids (heroin, non-maintenance methadone, and other opiates), and cocaine, with polydrug use being common practice.This research focuses on Western Australian women who use illicit drugs whilst pregnant and mothering. There is a paucity of literature related to the multifaceted psychosocial phenomenon of mothers who use illicit drugs. As a result, the extent of problems faced by these women and their families has been poorly understood. Grounded theory was the method of choice to investigate the phenomenon as it allowed an exploration of participants’ experiences from within their social context. The method provided strategies to discover the shared basic psychosocial problem, the processes employed to cope with the identified problem, and the conditions influencing the problem and the process.Women who were experiencing the phenomenon, were knowledgeable about the topic and were able to articulate detailed experiential information were invited to participate. This thesis presents the findings from 14 mothers who were using illicit drugs and is supported by interviews with relevant health professionals. The 14 mothers had 60 pregnancies with 35 live births, 2 women were pregnant at the time of interview, and the mothers had collectively experienced 31 loss experiences. Twenty eight children were in the custody of their mother at the time of interview. Data were collected from individual in-depth interviews, informal interviews, field observations, review of case records, and a brief quantitative questionnaire to elicit demographic information. Data were managed using QSR NUD*IST software and analysed using the constant comparative method consistent with grounded theory methodology.The central problem, relevant to all study participants, was the threat of loss. The threat of loss emanated from (a) judgment and disapproval by self and others; (b) being abused, manipulated, overwhelmed, and dependent; (c) damaging myself and damaging my baby; (d) losing my baby or having my baby taken off me; (e) having a sense of not belonging; and (f) not trusting others and not being trusted. These problems resulted in loss of respect; loss of freedom; loss of health; loss of child; loss of identity; and loss of trust. In an attempt to overcome the threat of loss, the basic psychosocial process employed by mothers who use illicit drugs was: limiting loss through a process of safeguarding.The mothers engaged in this core process through three sub-processes: safeguarding during pregnancy; safeguarding as mother; and safeguarding to preserve integrity. Depending on the perceived nature of the threat and the influencing conditions, the safeguarding processes employed by the mothers oscillated between reactive responses of struggling and proactive strategies of taking back control. Whilst struggling during pregnancy the mothers struggled to make decisions and struggled to find a way. When struggling as mother they engaged in trial and error nurturing; and when safeguarding to preserve integrity they struggled to preserve their integrity. However, when they were stronger, had more resources, and were more knowledgeable they were able to take back control and promote health during pregnancy. This was achieved by changing their priorities and by actively taking care of self. When taking back control as mother they were able to strive to be ‘good mother’ through nurturing and by increasing their capacity. When taking back control when safeguarding to preserve integrity the mothers engaged in redefining to preserve integrity where they actively created a better environment; controlled events; accessed support systems; and remodelled self. Conditions that influenced the mothers’ threat of loss and limiting loss through a process of safeguarding included: the self; the nature of support from significant others; negative influences of others; attitudes and practice of health professionals; fear of being ‘bad mother’; and maturation of children.This substantive theory of limiting loss through a process of safeguarding provides a better understanding of the subjective experience of mothers who use illicit drugs. Whilst it has previously been reported that these mothers fear losing their baby to social services, this study has identified that it is multiple forms of loss that is problematic for these mothers. Additionally, this theory presents new understandings of mothers who use illicit drugs and demonstrates not only the struggle they endure but attributes of strength, resilience, motivation, capacity and ‘good mothering’. The development of this theoretical framework has provided a foundation on which to inform health care provision, future research, education and policy development for this vulnerable but resilient group of women.
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López, Arnau Raúl. "Nuevas drogas psicoestimulantes. Estudio farmacológico y neurotoxicológico de la metilona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284625.
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La metilona (3,4-metilendioximetcatinona), también conocida como M1, MDMC, bk-MDMA o “Ease” es un psicoestimulante y entactógeno de la familia de las catinonas, también incluida dentro del grupo de las fenetilaminas o de las β-ceto anfetaminas. Cabe destacar que la metilona posee una gran similitud estructural con la MDMA o “éxtasis” (Figura 20), de la cual sólo difiere por la presencia de un grupo cetona en la posición β del anillo de fenetilamina. La mayoría de estas catinonas poseen una similitud estructural con otros derivados anfetamínicos, como la MDMA o la metanfetamina por lo que sus efectos psicoestimulantes y empatógenicos podrían ser similares a los producidos por éstos (Schifano et al., 2011). Concretamente, la metilona, objeto de la presente Tesis Doctoral, es una sustancia relativamente nueva, y por ello, la información disponible es muy limitada. El rápido aumento del consumo/abuso de esta sustancia, juntamente con los serios efectos sobre la salud, exige un mejor conocimiento tanto de su perfil farmacocinético como farmacodinámico. No podemos subestimar tampoco el potencial de la metilona para producir efectos a largo plazo de índole neurotóxica.
En nuestro modelo in vitro, utilizando sinaptosomas de rata, tanto la butilona como la mefedrona y la metilona produjeron una reducción concentración-dependiente de la captación de [3H]5-HT, [3H]DA y [3H]NA, además tanto el componente de membrana como el componente vesicular están involucrados en el efecto inhibitorio final de estas catinonas. Cuando a los animales se les administró, 30 minutos antes de la catinona, ketanserina (antagonista 5- HT2A) o haloperidol (antagonista no-selectivo dopaminérgico), se inhibió el aumento de la actividad locomotora inducido por las catinonas, sugiriendo la implicación tanto del sistema serotoninérgico como del dopaminérgico. La afinidad de estos compuestos por los receptores 5-HT2A respalda tal hipótesis. Sin embargo, su relativa baja afinidad por los receptores D2 nos permite descartar un efecto directo sobre este tipo de receptores, lo cual nos lleva a creer que este tipo de sustancias al producir un aumento de la concentración de DA extracelular, será ésta la que finalmente interactúe con este tipo de receptores.
El tiempo de semivida de la metilona tras la administración oral fue significativamente más elevado que tras la administración intravenosa, lo que nos lleva a pensar que su farmacocinética se ajusta a un modelo flipflop. La ruta metabólica propuesta consta de, en primer lugar, una reacción de desmetilación, dando lugar a la correspondiente amina primaria, la metilendioxicatinona (MDC), estructuralmente relacionada con uno de los metabolitos activos de la MDMA, la MDA. Además creemos que la metilona puede ser sustrato de una hidroxilación alifática, dando lugar a la 3’-hidroxi-metilendioximetcatinona (3’-OH-MDMC). También se identificaron dos metabolitos hidroxilados, la 4-hidroxi-3- metoximetcatinona (4-OH-3-MeO-MC) y la 3-hidroxi-4- metoximetcatinona (3-OH-4-MeO-MC).
Los cambios neuroquímicos inducidos por metilona son más aparentes cuando ésta es administrada 4 veces al día cada 3 horas, mostrando una disminución de los marcadores de los terminales neuronales serotoninérgicos en corteza frontal e hipocampo, juntamente con una activación astroglial en la región del giro dentado y la CA1 del hipocampo una semana después del tratamiento. A diferencia de la neurotoxicidad especie-dependiente de la MDMA, la metilona induce alteraciones en el cerebro de rata que no difieren cualitativamente de las observadas en ratón utilizando un régimen de administración similar. La metilona produce, en ratón, efectos depresivos tras un régimen de administración neurotóxico. Tras un tratamiento similar en rata, la metilona provoca una disfunción en la memoria referencial.A decrease in the illegal availability of chemical compounds used for the synthesis of methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or Ecstasy, coupled with a more than 50% decrease in the purity of ecstasy or cocaine (Measham et al., 2010; Winstock et al., 2011), has resulted in the appearance on the black market of a new generation of designer drugs known as ‘cathinones’ or ‘beta-keto amphetamines’ (the latter name deriving from the characteristic presence of a ketone in the side chain). These derivatives include a wide range of substances such as butylone, ethylone, methylone and mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone). Butylone, mephedrone and methylone caused hyperlocomotion, which was prevented with ketanserin or haloperidol. Methylone was the most potent compound inhibiting both [3H]5-HT and [3H]dopamine uptake. Mephedrone was found to be the cathinone derivative with highest affinity for vesicular monoamine transporter-2 causing the inhibition of dopamine uptake. The affinity of cathinones for 5-HT2A receptors was similar to that of MDMA. Oral administration of methylone induced a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity in rats. The plasma concentrations after i.v. administration were described by a two-compartment model. For oral administration, peak methylone concentrations were achieved between 0.5 and 1 h and fitted to a flip-flop model. Absolute bioavailability was about 80%. We have identified four Phase I metabolites after oral administration. The major metabolic routes are N-demethylation, aliphatic hydroxylation and O-methylation of a demethylenate intermediate. Repeated methylone administration induced hyperthermia and a significant loss in rodent body weight. Methylone induced transient dopaminergic (frontal cortex) and serotoninergic (hippocampus) impairment in mice. We found evidence of astrogliosis in the CA1 and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The animals also showed an increase in immobility time in the forced swim test, pointing to a depressive-like behavior. We also determined a serotonergic impairment in methylone-treated rats, especially in the frontal cortex, where it was accompanied by astrogliosis. Some serotonergic alterations were also present in the hippocampus and striatum. No significant neurotoxic effect on the dopaminergic system was identified. Methylone-treated rats only displayed impairments in the probe trial of the Morris water maze, which concerns reference memory, while the spatial learning process seemed to be preserved.
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Jonson, Sten. "Identification and forensic classification of amphetamine /." Linköping : Univ, 2000. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2000/tek641s.htm.
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Martin, Eleanor. "Attributional beliefs of recreational amphetamine users." Thesis, University of East London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532425.
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