Journal articles on the topic 'Amphetamine'
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1
Martin-Iverson, Mathew T., and Bruce A. Lodge. "Effects of chronic treatment of rats with "designer" amphetamines on brain regional monoamines." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 1825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y91-270.
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(+)-Amphetamine and two structurally related analogues, 4-methoxyamphetamine and a recent "designer drug," 4-ethoxy-amphetamine, were given to rats via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps for 1–14 days. Regional brain levels of the drugs as well as monoamine neurotransmitters and some of their major acidic metabolites were determined. Amphetamine produced depletions of dopamine in the striatum after at least 3 days of treatment but not in the nucleus accumbens or olfactory tubercle, even after 14 days of treatment. In contrast, the two ring-substituted amphetamine analogues increased levels of the monoamines and decreased levels of their acid metabolites. These data indicate that the two ring-substituted amphetamine analogues, at least one of which is a potent hallucinogen, have potent monoamine oxidase inhibition properties that are sustained during chronic treatment. Furthermore, these two compounds do not share amphetamine's regionally selective neurotoxic effects on dopamine-releasing terminals, even though brain and striatal drug levels are the same or higher than those of amphetamine.Key words: (+)-amphetamine, 4-methoxyamphetamine, 4-ethoxyamphetamine, designer amphetamines, monoamines, rats, chronic treatment.
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Kovar, K. A., D. Ebert, M. Ruchsow, and L. Hermle. "Amphetamin-induzierte psychische Störungen und somatische Komplikationen." Nervenheilkunde 27, no. 08 (2008): 759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1627140.
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ZusammenfassungZiel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen differenzierten Überblick über den Forschungsstand Amphetamin-induzierter psychischer Störungen zu geben. Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene konsumieren zunehmend häufiger Amphetamin/Methamphetamin. Methode: Die Literaturauswahl erfolgte mittels einer Medline-Datenbankrecherche der Jahrgänge 2000 bis 2007 mit den Suchbegriffen „amphetamine/methamphetamin- induced psychological disorders“, „amphetamine/ methamphetamin-induced psychosis“ sowie durch Sichtung und Auswertung weiterführender Literaturhinweise. Von 109 Literaturhinweisen wurden 55 Artikel in die Auswertung einbezogen. Ergebnisse: Das typische Wirkungsspektrum bei mehrfachem Konsum, insbesondere aber bei chronischem Missbrauch, umfasst Euphorie, Schlafunterdrückung, motorische Stimulation, schizophreniforme Psychosen, Bewegungsstörungen (Stereotypien) und ein charakteristisches Entzugssyndrom mit depressivem Syndrom, gesteigertem Appetit und Hypersomnie. Die chronische Einnahme von Amphetaminen führt über adaptive Mechanismen wie Bahnung (Sensitivierung) und Toleranz (Desensitivierung) zu Konditionierungs- und Lernvorgängen mit der Folge einer schweren Abhängigkeitsentwicklung des Individuums vom Amphetamintyp. Die verschiedenen Methamphetamin/Amphetamin-induzierten psychischen, somatischen und sozialen Folgewirkungen und Komplikationen einschließlich neuer therapeutischer Ansätze werden praxisrelevant dargestellt.
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Woodworth, Alison, Al N. Saunders, John W. Koenig, Thomas P. Moyer, John Turk, and Dennis J. Dietzen. "Differentiation of Amphetamine/Methamphetamine and Other Cross-Immunoreactive Sympathomimetic Amines in Urine Samples by Serial Dilution Testing." Clinical Chemistry 52, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 743–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.060616.
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Abstract Background: Immunoassay-based screening for amphetamines has a variable positive predictive value (PPV) for detecting amphetamine abuse. The lack of immunoassay specificity necessitates confirmatory testing by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS), but the technical complexity and expense of GC/MS limit its availability. Physicians may make decisions regarding patient disposition based on unverified results. In this study we assessed the utility of using dose–response properties to distinguish urine samples containing amphetamines from samples containing cross-immunoreactive species. Methods: Urine was supplemented with known concentrations of amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), or pseudoephedrine. Using a series of dilutions, we determined the maximum change in rate over the fractional change in concentration for each compound in the Emit® II amphetamine/methamphetamine immunoassay. Patient urine samples that screened positive for amphetamines were diluted 1:1, 1:10, and 1:20, and maximum slope estimates within the dynamic assay range were determined. An optimal slope cutoff that differentiated samples containing (meth)amphetamine from those containing cross-reacting species was determined by ROC analysis. Results: The slope of the dose response was largest for amphetamine and methamphetamine, followed by MDMA and pseudoephedrine. The optimum slope cutoff for identifying patient specimens containing (meth)amphetamine was 320 (sensitivity, 96%; specificity, 90%; PPV, 92%). High concentrations of less reactive compounds may mask low concentrations of amphetamines. Conclusions: Use of the slope of the dose–response relationship in patient urine specimens can enhance the PPV of presumptive positive immunoassay results but does not exclude the presence of low amphetamine concentrations in samples containing high concentrations of cross-reactive species.
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Al-Asmari, Ahmed I., Faiz D. Al-Solami, Abdulnasser E. Al-Zahrani, and Torki A. Zughaibi. "Post-Mortem Quantitation of Amphetamine in Cadaveric Fluids in Saudi Arabia." Forensic Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 222–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci2010017.
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Amphetamine abuse is a known problem in Saudi Arabia; it is estimated that 40% of drug abusers misuse amphetamines. Here, our aim was to perform an up-to-date epidemiological study of amphetamine-related postmortem cases in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in which 235 postmortem cases were included. The largest number of cases was recorded for the groups aged between 31 and 40 years (86 cases) and the lowest number of cases was recorded for the group aged between 61 and 70 years old (5 cases). Amphetamine was co-ingested with other drug(s) in 55% of the total cases (blood with sodium fluoride (BN), median, 0.3 mg/L). Approximately 23% of all deaths were due to other co-ingested drugs (BN, median, 0.2 mg/L). Amphetamines alone were detected in 107 cases, (BN, median, 0.5 mg/L). Amphetamine was the sole cause of death in 16% of the studied cases (BN, median, 1.0 mg/L). The combination of amphetamine and a pre-existing disease were observed in 9.4% of all deaths (BN, median, 0.7 mg/L). The causes of death were determined to be accidental in the majority (47%) of cases, homicides in 26% of cases, suicides in 11% of cases, and unknown in 7% of cases. This is the first discussion of the amphetamine concentration in bile in amphetamine-related deaths, the relationship between amphetamine concentration in different bodily fluids, and the amphetamine concentration in putrefied corpses. This study concluded that amphetamine abuse in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, increased over 400% between 2012 and 2018, and 41% of these cases involved violence. This result also suggests that preventive programs targeting youth and adolescent students are required to keep schools and universities free from drugs, especially amphetamines.
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McBride, Shawna M., and Francis W. Flynn. "Centrally administered vasopressin cross-sensitizes rats to amphetamine and drinking hypertonic NaCl." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293, no. 3 (September 2007): R1452—R1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00048.2007.
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Prior sodium restriction cross-sensitizes rats to the psychomotor effects of amphetamines and vice versa. Repeated central injections of vasopressin (VP) induce a psychomotor sensitization similar to amphetamine sensitization and repeated sodium deficiency. Thus brain VP signaling may be a common mechanism involved in mediating these two motivational systems. In experiment 1, we tested the hypothesis that rats previously sensitized to central VP would show enhanced psychomotor responses to amphetamine. Rats were administered saline, VP (50 ng), or amphetamine (1 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg) on days 1 and 2, and given saline or amphetamine on day 3. Amphetamine produced psychomotor arousal in all groups. However, amphetamine on day 3 elicited a significantly greater psychomotor response in rats that had prior injections of amphetamine or VP than in rats previously treated with saline. In experiment 2, the hypothesis that prior experience with central VP would cross-sensitize rats to drinking hypertonic sodium (NaCl) solutions was tested. Rats were administered VP (50 ng) or saline for 3 days. On the fourth day, nondeprived rats were given access to 0.3 M NaCl and water for 1 h. Control and saline-treated rats only drank 1 ml of 0.3 M NaCl, but rats previously exposed to central VP drank significantly more hypertonic saline (4 ml). These results show that prior experience with central VP cross-sensitizes rats to the psychomotor stimulant effects of amphetamine and the ingestion of concentrated NaCl solutions. This pattern of cross-sensitization links central VP signaling, amphetamine, and sodium deficiency, and therefore it may play a role in the cross-sensitization between sodium appetite and amphetamines.
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Moselhy, H. F., G. Georgiou, A. Kahn, and E. Day. "A survey of amphetamine prescribing by drug services in the East and West Midlands." Psychiatric Bulletin 26, no. 2 (February 2002): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.26.2.61.
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Aims and MethodThis study aimed to assess the current level of amphetamine prescribing for adults in drug services in the West and East Midlands. A questionnaire was developed to investigate prescribing habits and attitudes, and was addressed to the senior member of staff in each drug service within the West and East Midlands area.ResultsA total of 41 services were identified, and 29 questionnaires were returned (a 71% response rate). Of the services that replied, 20 (69%) prescribed amphetamines, with 132 (12%) patients identified as amphetamine misusers currently receiving a prescription. However, 26 (90%) services felt that substitute prescribing did have a role in a comprehensive service for this group.Clinical ImplicationsAlthough amphetamine prescribing has been shown to reduce both criminal and injecting behaviour, only two-thirds of the local services prescribe such drugs, with a small percentage of amphetamine users receiving a prescription. There is a need for a national consensus about substitute prescribing of amphetamines and increased flexibility within drug services when managing the problem.
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Obaid, Sami, Lior M. Elkaim, Charles Gariepy, Harrison J. Westwick, Sung-Joo Yuh, and Daniel Shedid. "Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma related to amphetamine abuse: A case report." Surgical Neurology International 13 (February 4, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_1114_2021.
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Background: Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is a rare condition that is typically associated with hypertension, the use of antithrombotic or sympathomimetic drugs. Here, we report a case of SSEH attributed to the use of amphetamines. Case Description: A 27-year-old amphetamine user presented with the sudden onset of paraplegia (Frankel A) following amphetamine use. An MRI revealed C7–T2 spinal cord compression due to an epidural hematoma. Following a negative angiogram, the SSEH was removed, and the patient markedly recovered. Notably, by exclusion, the etiology for the SSEH was attributed to the use of amphetamines. Conclusion: Here, we demonstrate the case of a 27-year-old male who presented paraplegic due to an acute C7– T2 SSEH secondary to amphetamine abuse.
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Oliveira, Lúcio Garcia de, Bernardo dos Santos, Priscila Dib Gonçalves, Heráclito de Barbosa Carvalho, Eduardo Massad, and Vilma Leyton. "Attention performance among Brazilian truck drivers and its association with amphetamine use: pilot study." Revista de Saúde Pública 47, no. 5 (October 2013): 1001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047004702.
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The aim of this article was to describe the attention functioning of twenty-two truck drivers and its relationship with amphetamine use. Those drivers who reported using amphetamines in the twelve months previous to the interview had the best performance in a test evaluating sustained attention functioning. Although amphetamine use may initially seem advantageous to the drivers, it may actually impair safe driving. The findings suggest the importance of monitoring the laws regarding amphetamine use in this country.
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Nevescanin, Marina, Sonja Banovic-Stevic, Slobodan Petrovic, and Vlatka Vajs. "Analysis of amphetamines illegally produced in Serbia." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 73, no. 7 (2008): 691–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0807691n.
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Forensic practice in the Republic of Serbia faced the illegal production of amphetamine for the first time in 2003. This paper presents the results of the chemical characterization of 32 batches of amphetamine samples from three separate cases, for the purpose of identification of the active components and additives. Through the profiling of impurities of all samples, using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), 30 compounds associated with amphetamine were identified. The results of the analysis of powder tartrate, sulfate and phosphate salts of amphetamine, as well as variously formulated tablets are presented in this study. The analyses showed that the amphetamines were synthesized by the Leuckart method in all cases. .
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Idayani, Sri, and Ni Luh Nova Dilisca Dwi Putri. "HUBUNGAN PERILAKU MEROKOK DENGAN PENGGUNAAN NAPZA JENIS AMPHETAMIN PADA MAHASISWA PERHOTELAN PERGURUAN TINGGI DI KOTA DENPASAR TAHUN 2019." Bali Medika Jurnal 7, no. 1 (July 28, 2020): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36376/bmj.v7i1.124.
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Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruh penyalahgunaan narkoba adalah kebiasaan merokok. Risiko terhadap penyalahgunaan narkoba cenderung meningkat pada seseorang yang memiliki kebiasaan merokok dan minum alkohol. NAPZA merupakan singkatan dari Narkotika, Psikotropika dan Bahan Adiktif berbahaya lainnya. Salah satu jenis NAPZA yaitu amphetamine. Amphetamine dapat berupa bubuk putih, kuning, maupun coklat, atau bubuk putih kristal kecil dan dapat juga berbentuk sediaan farmasi (tablet). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara perilaku merokok dengan penggunaan NAPZA jenis amphetamin dari urin mahasiswa perhotelan di Perguruan Tinggi Kota Denpasar Tahun 2019. Perilaku merokok dianalisa dari hasil wawancara menggunakan kuesioner dan kandungan amphetamine dari urin di uji dengan menggunakan metode rapid diagnostic test. Jumlah sampel yang urin yang dianalisa sebanyak 27 mahasiswa perhotelan Perguruan Tinggi di Kota Denpasar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, uji statistic Chi-Square diperoleh p-value tidak ada data statistik yang dihasilkan karena penggunanan NAPZA jenis amphetamine konstan. Hal tersebut berarti tidak ada hubungan antara perilaku merokok dengan penggunaan NAPZA jenis amphetamin pada urin mahasiswa perhotelan di Perguruan Tinggi Kota Denpasar Tahun 2019.
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Al-Imam, Ahmed. "Adverse Effects of Amphetamines on the Cardiovascular System: Review and Retrospective Analyses of Trends." Global Journal of Health Science 9, no. 11 (September 18, 2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v9n11p102.
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BACKGROUND: Amphetamine and amphetamine-type stimulants are powerful physical and psychostimulants; they are phenethylamine derivatives. The use of amphetamines can be either medicinal or illicit. Several amphetamines have been redesigned into illegal drugs of potent properties, also known as research chemicals and designer drugs. Hence, they are named novel (new) psychoactive substances (NPS).MATERIALS & METHODS: This study is a hybrid study of; data crunching and retrospective analysis of a trends database (1), and a systematic review of literature in relation to the amphetamines-induced adverse effects on the cardiovascular system (2). Google Trends database has been analysed in retrospect (2012-2017) to evaluate the attentiveness of surface web users towards amphetamine and a potent renowned amphetamine derivative known as captagon (fenethylline).RESULTS: Amphetamines appear to be highly popular worldwide, particularly in the developed world including North America and European countries, and to a less extent in the developing countries including the Middle East. However, the trends are oscillating with time with significant year-to-year changes although there was some steadiness in the temporal patterns (trends), for example in 2013-2014 (p-value=0.258). Variations in the trends were found to be correlated with global events including international terrorism. The adverse effects of amphetamines were found to be highly related to the cardiovascular system with a high incidence of intoxications and deaths among substance (ab)users.CONCLUSION: Several amphetamines are potent and used illicitly beyond their original therapeutic potential, as in the case of captagon, culminating in monumental public and economic threats. Legalising bodies should exercise tremendous and systematic efforts to counteract these threats. Database analyses can provide an accurate insight into this phenomenon that has been growing exponentially in the past decade.
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Mora, Francisco, and Alberto Porras. "Effects of amphetamine on the release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia of the conscious rat." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, no. 5-6 (May 1, 1993): 348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-054.
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The effects of systemic injections of amphetamine sulfate on the release of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and glutamine were studied using a push–pull perfusion system in the conscious rat. Amphetamine produced a dose-related increase of the extracellular levels of aspartic acid and glutamic acid. The mean time effect of amphetamine was 40 min, followed by a recovery to baseline levels. The mean percentage increase in amino acids released by the highest dose of amphetamine (5 mg/kg) was as follows: Asp, 334.6%; Glu, 224.5%; and Gln, 317.6%. All these effects were blocked by the dopamine D1–D2 receptor blocker haloperidol. It is suggested that dopamine, released by amphetamine, induces the release of amino acid neurotransmitters in the neostriatum. In addition, it is proposed that dopamine could mediate the neurotoxic effects produced by amphetamines through their secondary action on the release of excitatory amino acids.Key words: amphetamine, dopamine, excitatory amino acids, neostriatum, conscious rat.
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Sinha, Archana, O’Dene Lewis, Rajan Kumar, Sri Lakshmi Hyndavi Yeruva, and Bryan H. Curry. "Amphetamine Abuse Related Acute Myocardial Infarction." Case Reports in Cardiology 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7967851.
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Amphetamine abuse is a global problem. The cardiotoxic manifestations like acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, or arrhythmia related to misuse of amphetamine and its synthetic derivatives have been documented but are rather rare. Amphetamine-related AMI is even rarer. We report two cases of men who came to emergency department (ED) with chest pain, palpitation, or seizure and were subsequently found to have myocardial infarction associated with the use of amphetamines. It is crucial that, with increase in amphetamine abuse, clinicians are aware of this potentially dire complication. Patients with low to intermediate risk for coronary artery disease with atypical presentation may benefit from obtaining detailed substance abuse history and urine drug screen if deemed necessary.
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Halfman, C. J., and D. W. Jay. "Homogeneous, micelle quenching fluoroimmunoassay for detecting amphetamines in urine." Clinical Chemistry 32, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 1677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.9.1677.
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Abstract We developed a homogeneous fluoroimmunoassay for detecting amphetamines in urine. Only fluorescence intensity need be measured because the emission of non-protein-bound fluorescein-labeled amphetamine is preferentially quenched by detergent micelles. In a previous reported prototype assay system for measuring gentamicin in serum we used fluorescein and dodecyl sulfate (Anal Chem 1985; 57:1928-30). We have found that favorable hydrophobic and (or) ionic character of the analyte and unfavorable polar and (or) ionic character of the fluor are important determinants of the desired interactions. An anionic detergent and fluorescein, therefore, should be appropriate for apolar of cationic analytes, such as gentamicin and amphetamines. A greater [H+] at the anionic micelle surface is important for quenching emission from the fluor moiety. Millimolar concentrations of dodecyl sulfate rapidly denature immunoglobulin unless hapten is bound with sufficiently high affinity. Affinity was sufficiently high for the antibody used in the prototype gentamicin assay but not for the amphetamine antibody. Thus for the amphetamine assay, we used a non-denaturing detergent, dodecyl(oxyethylene)12 sulfate. The assay requires 30 microL of specimen in 2 mL of total assay volume. Amphetamine(d-,dl-, and meth-), at a concentration of 1 mg per liter of urine, is readily detected.
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Sassi, Karina Lúcia Moreira, Natalia Pessoa Rocha, Gabriela Delevati Colpo, Vineeth John, and Antonio Lucio Teixeira. "Amphetamine Use in the Elderly: A Systematic Review of the Literature." Current Neuropharmacology 18, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159x17666191010093021.
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Objective: To systematically review the literature on the therapeutic use of amphetamine, lisdexamfetamine and methylphenidate in elderly population with and without dementia. Methods: We conducted two researches on the PubMed, Scopus and Embase using the keywords (“elderly”) AND (“amphetamine” OR “methylphenidate” OR “lisdexamfetamine”) and then (“Alzheimer” OR “dementia”) AND (“amphetamine” OR “methylphenidate” OR “lisdexamfetamine”). Results: Twenty-nine papers met all the eligibility criteria. The results are encouraging as 81.5% of the studies showed clinical improvement of the investigated condition. Conclusion: Amphetamines and methylphenidate are probably effective strategies for different conditions in the elderly population. However, further studies are needed to provide more robust evidence on efficacy, dosage and safety for this population.
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Lin, Yen-Feng, Wen-Hai Chou, Tung-Hsia Liu, Chiu-Ping Fang, Hsiang-Wei Kuo, Po-Hsiu Kuo, Shih-Jen Tsai, et al. "Splice-Site Variants in the Gene Encoding GABA-A Receptor Delta Subunit Are Associated with Amphetamine Use in Patients under Methadone Maintenance Treatment." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010721.
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Chronic opioid use disorder patients often also use other substances such as amphetamines. The gene-based analysis method was applied in the genomic database obtained from our previous study with 343 methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients. We found that the gene encoding gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABA-A receptor) delta subunit isoforms (GABRD) was associated with amphetamine use in heroin dependent patients under MMT in Taiwan. A total of 15% of the 343 MMT patients tested positive for amphetamine in the urine toxicology test. Two genetic variants in the GABRD, rs2889475 and rs2376805, were found to be associated with the positive urine amphetamine test. They are located in the exon 1 of the splice variant and altered amino acid compositions (T126I, C/T, for rs2889475, and R252Q, G/A, for rs2376805). The CC genotype carriers of rs2889475 showed a four times higher risk of amphetamine use than those with TT genotype. The GG genotype carriers of rs2376805 showed a three times higher risk of amphetamine use than the AA genotype carriers. To our knowledge, this is the first report that demonstrated an association of the delta splice variant isoform in the GABA-A receptor with an increased risk of amphetamine use in MMT patients. Our results suggest that rs2889475 and rs2376805 may be indicators for the functional role and risk of amphetamine use in MMT patients.
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Beck, O., M. Kraft, M. R. Moeller, B. L. Smith, S. Schneider, and R. Wennig. "Frontline ® immunochromatographic device for on-site urine testing of amphetamines: laboratory validation using authentic specimens." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 37, no. 2 (March 1, 2000): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0004563001899005.
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We evaluated a new test device for amphetamines and methamphetamines (Frontline ®, cut-off limit 300 ng/mL) using authentic clinical and forensic specimens. The device is based on immunochromatography and is dipped into urine and read visually by comparison with a colour scale after a few minutes. A total of 658 specimens were tested by comparing results of the screening procedure with established immunoassays. Discordant results were further investigated by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry or gas chromatography (with flame ionization detector). The Frontline device had a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 98%. When specimens were classified by urine amphetamine concentration, close agreement was obtained at concentrations below 150 ng/mL and above 1000 ng/mL. A small number of specimens with amphetamine concentrations between 300 and 1000 ng/mL tested negative in the Frontline test. This finding could to some extent be explained by the enantioselectivity of the antibodies in the Frontline test to d-amphetamine. We conclude that the performance of the Frontline test device for amphetamines is adequate for presumptive clinical and forensic screening.
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Loosmore, S., and D. Armstrong. "Do-Do Abuse." British Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 2 (August 1990): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.157.2.278.
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Three cases of prolonged abuse of Do-Do tablets, an over-the-counter remedy for “coughs, wheezing and breathlessness”, are reported. They have an amphetamine-like action and were used as easily obtained amphetamine substitutes, in one case to relieve social anxiety. Withdrawal symptoms similar to those following cessation of amphetamines occurred in two cases. Do-Do tablets are CNS stimulants and their abuse may be accounted for by the fact that they perhaps affect amine neurotransmitters.
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Green, PA, CLF Battersby, RM Heath, and L. McCrossan. "A fatal case of amphetamine induced ischaemic colitis." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 99, no. 7 (September 2017): e200-e201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2016.0350.
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Amphetamine induced ischaemic colitis is an exceedingly rare presentation of amphetamine toxicity. The cases reported in the literature have described mild or transient disease. We present a fatal case of ischaemic colitis induced by amphetamine use in a 44-year-old woman who presented in extremis after a cardiac arrest en route to the emergency department. A short history of headache, abdominal pain, vomiting and agitation preceded her admission. Imaging revealed changes consistent with ischaemic colitis. Emergency laparotomy revealed widespread colonic necrosis necessitating a subtotal colectomy. Despite aggressive resuscitation and inotropic support from arrival, the patient deteriorated intraoperatively and died in the immediate postoperative period. Histology showed arterial type ischaemia/reperfusion injury of the area supplied by the superior mesenteric artery. The patient’s serum amphetamine level was 0.52mg/l (peak therapeutic levels <0.2mg/l). The postmortem examination concluded that amphetamines were the likely cause of the vasospasm, leading to profound colonic ischaemia.
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Wagner, Gabriela Arantes, Lúcio Garcia de Oliveira, Lucia Pereira Barroso, Raphael Nishimura, Luciana Morita Ishihara, Vladimir de Andrade Stempliuk, Paulina do Carmo Arruda Vieira Duarte, and Arthur Guerra de Andrade. "Drug use in college students: a 13-year trend." Revista de Saúde Pública 46, no. 3 (June 2012): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102012005000033.
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OBJECTIVE: To analyze drug use trends among college students in 1996, 2001 and 2009. METHODS: A cross-sectional epidemiological study with a multistage stratified cluster sample with 9,974 college students was conducted in the city of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on drug use assessed in lifetime, the preceding 12 months and the preceding 30 days. The Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons of drug use rates between surveys. RESULTS: There were changes in the lifetime use of tobacco and some other drugs (hallucinogens [6.1% to 8.8%], amphetamines [4.6% to 8.7%], and tranquilizers [5.7% to 8.2%]) from 1996 to 2009. Differences in the use of other drugs over the 12 months preceding the survey were also seen: reduced use of inhalants [9.0% to 4.8%] and increased use of amphetamines [2.4% to 4.8%]. There was a reduction in alcohol [72.9% to 62.1%], tobacco [21.3% to 17.2%] and marijuana [15.0% to 11.5%] use and an increase in amphetamine use [1.9% to 3.3%] in the preceeding 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Over the 13-year study period, there was an increase in lifetime use of tobacco, hallucinogens, amphetamines, and tranquilizers. There was an increase in amphetamine use and a reduction in alcohol use during the preceding 12 months. There was an increase in amphetamine use during the preceding 30 days.
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Leclercq, Marion, Marion Soichot, Brigitte Delhotal-Landes, Emmanuel Bourgogne, Hervé Gourlain, Bruno Mégarbane, and Laurence Labat. "False positive amphetamines and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine immunoassays in the presence of metoprolol—two cases reported in clinical toxicology." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 2 (August 2, 2019): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz051.
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Abstract Amphetamines, frequently used recreational drugs with high risk of toxicity, are commonly included in urine drug screens. This screening is based on enzyme immunoassay, which is a quick and easy-to-perform technique, but may lack specificity resulting from cross-reactivity with other compounds, causing false positive results. We present two cases of presumed false positive MULTIGENT® amphetamine/methamphetamine and MULTIGENT® ecstasy (Abbott®) immunoassays with the beta-blocker metoprolol. Both metoprolol-poisoned patients presented positive urine screening despite no history of drug abuse. No confirmation for amphetamine molecular structures was found with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The cross-reactivity was further investigated by doping urine samples with metoprolol and its two major phase-I metabolites. Metoprolol showed positive results for both amphetamine and MDMA tests at low concentrations (200 and 150 μg/mL, respectively). Metoprolol metabolites cross-reacted with the amphetamines immunoassay only, but at higher concentrations (i.e., 2000 μg/mL for α-hydroxymetoprolol and 750 μg/mL for O-demethylmetoprolol). In conclusion, false positive results in amphetamines and MDMA immunoassays are possible in the presence of metoprolol. Toxicologists should be aware of frequent analytical interferences with immunoassays and a detailed medication history should be taken into consideration for interpretation. In vitro investigation of suspected cross-reactivity should include not only the parent drug but also its related metabolites.
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Armbruster, D. A., E. C. Hubster, M. S. Kaufman, and M. K. Ramon. "Cloned enzyme donor immunoassay (CEDIA) for drugs-of-abuse screening." Clinical Chemistry 41, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/41.1.92.
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Abstract Large numbers of specimens (5000-18,000) were screened for amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, marijuana, opiates, and phencyclidine by RIA (Roche), Emit II (Syva), and a new immunoassay, CEDIA (cloned enzyme donor immunoassay, Microgenics). All immunoassays performed equivalently for cocaine, opiates, and phencyclidine. All immunoassays detected the same amphetamine/methamphetamine-positive specimens, but all also detected numerous specimens containing cross-reacting sympathomimetic amines. CEDIA detected 100%, Emit II 93%, and RIA 82% of the barbiturate-positive specimens. Emit II and CEDIA detected 86-88% of the specimens found by RIA to be marijuana positive. A subset of specimens was additionally screened by OnLine (Roche) and TDx (Abbott) for amphetamines, cocaine, and marijuana. OnLine and TDx also detected all of the amphetamine-positive specimens and numerous specimens containing cross-reacting sympathomimetic amines. All immunoassays performed equivalently for cocaine, and the four nonisotopic tests detected 86-89% of the marijuana positives found by RIA. Interfering sympathomimetic amine drug compounds can be eliminated by using an oxidizing agent, thus decreasing the number of unconfirmable amphetamine presumptive positives. The CEDIAs for all of the major drugs of abuse are reliable and effective for large-volume urine screening programs.
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Bukhatwa, Salma, Ali A elmabsout, Nahla A. Elhouseni, Hadel B. Bennaser, Sondos M. Elfergany, Aisha Kashbour, and Eman Alyamani. "Psychostimulant Drugs Abuse among Libyan Medical Students." British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies 4, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/bjmas.2022.0085.
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The psychostimulant substances were used by medical students is a phenomenon partially well-known. The aim of present work was to find the prevalence of use and abuse of psychostimulant drugs among medical students. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted A structured questionnaire about potential use of caffeine, nicotine, and amphetamine as psychostimulant drugs use, was distributed by electronic means (google forms), among medical students from various levels at different faculties from 18 Libyan medical universities. A total of 752 students responded to the study. About 81.6% of respondents were caffeine users, 13.4% smokers and 6.8% were amphetamines consumers. More than 50% of Caffeine consumers reported increase in their caffeine consumption after started their university studies and 66.9% of nicotine consumers reported increase in nicotine consumption after started their university studies while 81.1% of amphetamine consumers reported that taking amphetamine only since they have started the university studies. About 73.5% of respondents have consume caffeine mainly during examination period. Furthermore, nicotine consumers reported different reasons for being smokers. About 52% of amphetamine consumers abuse amphetamine mainly during examination period. Nearly 47.3% of caffeine consumers reported their intention to quit caffeine intake but only 24.3% succeeded to quit. Similarly, 64.4% of nicotine consumers reported their intention to quit smoking but only 25.4% of them succeeded to quit. For amphetamine consumer approximately 39.4% have intention to quit amphetamine intake however only about 27.8% of them succeeded to quit. The use of psychostimulant substances by medical students in Libya is a phenomenon that should be evaluated systematically due to its prevalence and potential impact.
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Camarasa, Jordi, Teresa Rodrigo, David Pubill, and Elena Escubedo. "Memory impairment induced by amphetamine derivatives in laboratory animals and in humans: a review." BioMolecular Concepts 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc.2011.048.
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AbstractThe 20th century brought with it the so-called club drugs (the most notorious being amphetamine derivatives), which are used by young adults at all-night dance parties. Methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) are synthetic drugs with stimulant and psychoactive properties that belong to the amphetamine family. Here, we have reviewed the literature about the cognitive impairment induced by these two amphetamine derivatives and the preclinical and clinical outcomes. Although there is controversial evidence about the effect of methamphetamine and MDMA on learning and memory in laboratory animals, results from published papers demonstrate that amphetamines cause long-term impairment of cognitive functions. A large number of pharmacological receptors have been studied and screened as targets of amphetamine-induced cognitive dysfunction, and extensive research efforts have been invested to provide evidence about the molecular mechanisms behind these cognitive deficits. In humans, there is a considerable body of evidence indicating that methamphetamine and MDMA seriously disrupt memory and learning processes. Although an association between the impairments of memory performance and a history of recreational amphetamine ingestion has also been corroborated, a number of methodological difficulties continue to hamper research in this field, the most important being the concomitant use of other illicit drugs.
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Giacovelli, L., V. Battini, M. Boscacci, C. Carnovale, and B. Dell’Osso. "Psychotropic drugs cross-reactivity with amphetamines in a FAERS sample: an international pharmacovigilance study." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.875.
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Introduction Urine Drug Screening (USD) is one of the most used techniques for drug testing. However, one of the main issues related to USD is the high frequency of cross-reactivity with other molecules. Amphetamines, because of their simple structures, are highly subjected to cross-reactivity with other molecules. Objectives Our aim was to investigate and characterize the role of psychopharmacological drugs in the occurrence of false-positive amphetamine drug screening, by performing an international pharmacovigilance study through the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), in which user’s medication errors for drugs are reported in the form of Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs). Methods All ICSRs recorded between 2010 and 2020 with a positive screening for amphetamine reported as adverse reaction in patients with a psychiatric diagnosis were included in the study. Duplicated records and ICSRs with missing values for age and gender, were excluded from the study. Results Among 249 ICSRs involving false-positive amphetamine drug screening, 109 ICSRs reported psychiatric disorders and/or psychiatric drugs. In 83 (76%) cases, drugs were known for cross-react. 66 cases reported drugs known as “suspect”. 24% of cases reported unknown false-positive reactions: acetaminophen (5%), duloxetine (5%) and oxycodone (5%). Conclusions The high cross-reactivity of psychotropic drugs with amphetamine testing in USDs may be linked to the neuromodulatory effect of these drugs, suggesting a similar molecular structure. In this perspective, antidepressants and amphetamines share a similar mechanism of action, maybe partially explaining why the most reported cross-reactions are with antidepressant (59%). Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Morgan, John P. "Amphetamine and Methamphetamine During the 1990s." Pediatrics In Review 13, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.13.9.330.
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A 1981 review of toxicity and illicit use of amphetamine noted that governmental actions had diminished the diversion of pharmaceutical amphetamine and methamphetamine. Much of the illicit market prior to 1972 had been supplied by diversion of legitimately manufactured material, chiefly through careless (or even criminal) wholesaling. Following the reduced availability of diverted amphetamine, a number of events transpired. A market of fake "look-alike" products evolved. These were produced in formulations that resembled popular amphetamine products and that contained available over-the-counter stimulants, such as ephedrine and caffeine. Between 1980 and 1982, a very popular "triple product" appeared that contained caffeine, ephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine. The look-alike problem was diminished by a series of actions taken by the federal Food and Drug Administration in 1984 that outlawed the legal marketing of any such combinations. Illicit synthesis and marketing of methamphetamine continues. Although distribution remains limited chiefly to southern California, it has clinical importance. While a volatile version of methamphetamine ("ice") has received wide exposure in the American media, its true clinical impact apparently remains limited. Definitions and Terminology Amphetamine refers to a unique chemical, for which there are a number of precise terms: methylphenethylamine, phenylisopropylamine, and 2-amino-1-phenylopropane. Use of the term "amphetamines" is careless; there is no basis for using the plural term.
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Fonseca, Juliana Gusmão, Gustavo Magalhães Viana, Joyce Elen Murça de Souza, and Luiza Augusta Rosa Rossi-Barbosa. "FATORES ASSOCIADOS AO USO DE ANFETAMINAS ENTRE CAMINHONEIROS." Revista Interdisciplinar de Estudos em Saúde 8, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33362/ries.v8i1.1474.
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As anfetaminas conhecidas como "rebites" são normalmente utilizadas por caminhoneiros. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência e fatores associados à utilização autorrelatada de anfetaminas entre caminhoneiros que trafegam na rodovia BR 251, no trecho de Montes Claros, MG, com parada em um posto de combustível. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, quantitativo com seleção dos indivíduos por amostragem de conveniência. Foi utilizado um questionário com dados sociodemográficos, econômicos, ocupacionais e relacionados às anfetaminas. Realizou-se a análise bivariada, cuja variável dependente foi o uso de anfetaminas e aquelas que apresentaram associação ao nível de 20% (p≤0,20) foram selecionadas para a análise múltipla utilizando a Regressão de Poisson. Permaneceram no modelo as variáveis com desfecho ao nível de 5% (p≤ 0,05). Dentre os 306 pesquisados, 22,2% eram usuários de anfetaminas, sendo o princípio ativo mais utilizado o Femproporex (Desobesi®). A média de idade foi de 41 anos, variando de 22 a 77 anos. A maioria trabalha mais de 10 horas diárias. O uso de anfetaminas esteve associado aos profissionais mais jovens e com maior carga horária de trabalho. Faz-se necessário um controle maior sobre a venda desses medicamentos por parte dos órgãos competentes.Palavras-chave: Prevalência. Anfetaminas. Drogas Ilícitas. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE AMPHETAMINES USE AMONG TRUCK DRIVERSABSTRACT: Amphetamines known as "rivets" are commonly used by truck drivers. This study aimed to verify the prevalence and factors associated with the self-reported use of amphetamines among truck drivers who travel on the BR 251 highway, in the Montes Claros stretch, MG, stopping at a fuel station. It is a cross-sectional, quantitative study with selection of individuals by convenience sampling. A questionnaire with socio-demographic, economic, occupational and amphetamine-related data was used. The bivariate analysis was performed, whose dependent variable was the use of amphetamines, and those that showed association at the level of 20% (p≤0.20) were selected to multiple variety analysis using Poisson Regression. Remain in analysis only variables whose end point was 5% (p≤0.05). Among 306 participants, 22.2% had used amphetamine, Femproporex (Desobesi®)was the most common active principle used. Mean age was 41 years, range 22 to 77 years old. Most interviewed works more than 10 hours a day. Younger drivers and more daily hours of work were associated with amphetamine use. Finally, to decrease amphetamine use and abuse, it is essential a closer sale control on this drugs by the government.Keywords: Prevalence. Amphetamines. Illicit Drugs.
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Yarnold, Barbara M. "Use in 1992 of Amphetamines among Miami's Public School Students." Psychological Reports 81, no. 2 (October 1997): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.2.411.
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This analysis examined self-reported amphetamine use by 473 adolescents in Dade County, Florida public schools in 1992. Significant factors which increase the probability of use include peers' use of amphetamines and the fact that the adolescent is a female.
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Aruan, Dyna Grace Romatua, and Maniur Arianto Siahaan. "IDENTIFIKASI AMPHETAMINE, METHAMPETAMINE DALAM URINE SISWA SMA “X” METODE STRIP STICK." JURNAL KIMIA SAINTEK DAN PENDIDIKAN 6, no. 1 (July 24, 2022): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51544/kimia.v6i1.2973.
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Amphetamines called alpha-methyl-phenethylamine, beta-phenyl-isopropylamine, or benzedrine are a class of simulants used to treat hyperactivity disorder due to inattention in adults and children. Methamphetamine is a drug that belongs to the amphetamine class. It works the same way as amphetamine can increase alertness, concentration, and when taken at high doses can cause euphoria. In general, marijuana is used through cigarettes, including the hallucinogenic drug group and class 1 drugs. The harmful impact of drugs on adolescents and especially for students is that drug use can cause negative effects that will cause mental and behavioral disturbances in a person, resulting in disruption of the neuro-transmitter system in the brain. nerves in the brain. Amphetamine and methampetamine levels were lowest in stems, roots and seeds, while the highest levels were found in flowers, sap and leaves. The type of research carried out is a qualitative analysis with the method of examining samples using ICT (Imunochromatography Test) with amphetamine and methamphetamine strips/sticks. The population in this study were 15 students of class XI SMA "X". The research conducted, took all the urine of class XI students. The urine collection process was carried out at the "X" School and then examined directly at the Science Laboratory in March 2022. The results of the overall urine sample examination were negative for amphetamine and methampetamine.
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Horwitz, Henrik, Kim P. Dalhoff, Marc Klemp, Anna Horwitz, Jon T. Andersen, and Gesche Jürgens. "The prognosis following amphetamine poisoning." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 45, no. 8 (August 21, 2017): 773–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817707634.
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Aims: This study investigated the long-term mortality following poisoning by amphetamine or substituted amphetamines. Furthermore, we examined the social problems and somatic and psychiatric co-morbidity related to amphetamine poisoning, and their impact on the long-term survival. Methods: We identified amphetamine poisoned patients from the Danish Poison Information Centre database and correlated their personal identification numbers with seven Danish national registries related to different social and health aspects. For each case, we sampled 100 age and gender matched controls from the background population. Results: From August 2006 to December 2013 we identified 1444 patients (70% males) who experienced amphetamine poisoning; 52% of the cases were classified as mixed poisonings and the average age at first contact was 24.8 years (SD 8.6). The prevalence of psychiatric disorders, HIV, viral hepatitis, and previous prison incarceration was approximately 10 times higher than among healthy controls. After seven years 11% were deceased as opposed to 0.6% in the control group, and 64% of the patients died from unnatural causes. Male gender (HR 2.29, 95% CI (1.07-4.90)), age (HR 1.06, 95% CI (1.03-1.09)), opioid dependence (HR 2.88, 95% CI (1.42-5.85)), schizophrenia (HR 3.09,95% CI (1.63-5.86)), affective disorders (HR 2.65, 95% CI (1.44-4.90)) and HIV (HR 5.45, 95% CI (1.19-24.90)) were associated with a high mortality. Furthermore, a significant proportion of these patients experienced social and health related deterioration in the years following poisoning. Conclusions: Amphetamine poisoning is associated with a poor long-term prognosis and is complicated by additional social and health related issues.
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Oliveira, Lúcio Garcia de, Letícia Maria de Araújo de Souza, Lúcia Pereira Barroso, Marcela Júlio César Gouvêa, Carlos Vinícius Dias de Almeida, Daniel Romero Muñoz, and Vilma Leyton. "Occupational conditions and the risk of the use of amphetamines by truck drivers." Revista de Saúde Pública 49 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005944.
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OBJECTIVE To test whether the occupational conditions of professional truck drivers are associated with amphetamine use after demographic characteristics and ones regarding mental health and drug use are controlled for.METHODS Cross-sectional study, with a non-probabilistic sample of 684 male truck drivers, which was collected in three highways in Sao Paulo between years 2012 and 2013. Demographic and occupational information was collected, as well as data on drug use and mental health (sleep quality, emotional stress, and psychiatric disorders). A logistic regression model was developed to identify factors associated with amphetamine use. Odds ratio (OR; 95%CI) was defined as the measure for association. The significance level was established as p < 0.05.RESULTS The studied sample was found to have an average age of 36.7 (SD = 7.8) years, as well as low education (8.6 [SD = 2.3] years); 29.0% of drivers reported having used amphetamines within the twelve months prior to their interviews. After demographic and occupational variables had been controlled for, the factors which indicated amphetamine use among truck drivers were the following: being younger than 38 years (OR = 3.69), having spent less than nine years at school (OR = 1.76), being autonomous (OR = 1.65), working night shifts or irregular schedules (OR = 2.05), working over 12 hours daily (OR = 2.14), and drinking alcohol (OR = 1.74).CONCLUSIONS Occupational aspects are closely related to amphetamine use among truck drivers, which reinforces the importance of closely following the application of law (Resting Act (“Lei do Descanso”); Law 12,619/2012) which regulates the workload and hours of those professionals. Our results show the need for increased strictness on the trade and prescription of amphetamines in Brazil.
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O'Reilly, Bridie, Paul Rysavy, and Chris Moon. "The Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) 1999: Northern Territory drug patterns and trends." South Pacific Journal of Psychology 11, no. 2 (1999): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400000602.
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AbstractThe national Illicit Drug Reporting System acts as an early warning system to detect and track amphetamine, heroin, cannabis, and cocaine use patterns and emerging trends. In the Northern Territory, structured interviews of 28 key informants and analysis of other drug indicator data, demonstrated that there was were diverse groups of amphetamine, opiate, and cannabis users in Darwin. There were reports of increasing use by Aborigines and youth. Amphetamines and morphine were usually injected and there had been a 338% increase in needle and syringe distribution in the 4 years to 1998/99. MS Contin 100mg was the usual opiate used, and the consumption of this Schedule 8 morphine narcotic had increased 1,100% from 1996 to 1998. Opiate overdoses were rare. The purity of amphetamines was low, but cannabis potency was high. All three drugs were considered to be easy to obtain. The policy and research implications of the results are discussed.
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Dasgupta, A., S. Saldana, G. Kinnaman, M. Smith, and K. Johansen. "Analytical performance evaluation of EMIT II monoclonal amphetamine/methamphetamine assay: more specificity than EMIT d.a.u. monoclonal amphetamine/methamphetamine assay." Clinical Chemistry 39, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/39.1.104.
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Abstract We evaluated a new EMIT II monoclonal amphetamine/methamphetamine assay for screening human urine by comparing it with the EMIT d.a.u. monoclonal amphetamine/methamphetamine assay and a fluorescence polarization assay. The EMIT II assay has a cutoff of 1 mg/L d-methamphetamine. The EMIT II and EMIT d.a.u. assays were run on a BM/Hitachi 704 analyzer; for the fluorescence polarization assay we used a TDx analyzer. All EMIT II positive samples were also analyzed by the fluorescence polarization assay. We used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for confirmation of the presence of amphetamine or methamphetamine. Within-run CVs for the Level 1 (1 mg/L) and Level 2 (3 mg/L) calibrators for the EMIT II assay were 0.47% and 0.53%, respectively. Corresponding between-run CVs were 1.48% and 1.60%, respectively. Of the 1007 samples screened for amphetamines, 50 were positive by the EMIT d.a.u. assay; 21 samples (not a subset of the 50 samples) were positive by the EMIT II assay. However, 19 samples that tested positive by EMIT II also tested positive by the EMIT d.a.u. assay. Subsequent testing of the EMIT II positive samples by the fluorescence polarization assay detected in six positive samples. By means of chiral derivatization wer identified two specimens containing primarily l-isomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine. Sympathomimetic amines were identified in several of the samples not containing amphetamine or methamphetamine.
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Hurley, Seth W., Terry G. Beltz, Fang Guo, Baojian Xue, and Alan Kim Johnson. "Amphetamine-induced sensitization of hypertension and lamina terminalis neuroinflammation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 318, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): R649—R656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00233.2019.
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Psychomotor stimulants are prescribed for many medical conditions, including obesity, sleep disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. However, despite their acknowledged therapeutic utility, these stimulants are frequently abused, and their use can have both short- and long-term negative consequences. Although stimulants such as amphetamines acutely elevate blood pressure, it is unclear whether they cause any long-term effects on cardiovascular function after use has been discontinued. Previous work in our laboratory has demonstrated that physiological and psychosocial stressors will produce sensitization of the hypertensive response, a heightened pressor response to a hypertensinogenic stimulus delivered after stressor exposure. Here, we tested whether pretreatment with amphetamine for 1 wk can sensitize the hypertensive response in rats. We found that repeated amphetamine administration induced and maintained sensitization of the pressor response to angiotensin II following a 7-day delay after amphetamine injections were terminated. We also found that amphetamine pretreatment altered mRNA expression for molecular markers associated with neuroinflammation and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation in the lamina terminalis, a brain region implicated in the control of sympathetic nervous system tone and blood pressure. The results indicated amphetamine upregulated mRNA expression underlying neuroinflammation and, to a lesser degree, message for components of the RAAS in the lamina terminalis. However, we found no changes in mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus. These results suggest that a history of stimulant use may predispose individuals to developing hypertension by promoting neuroinflammation and upregulating activity of the RAAS in the lamina terminalis.
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Perez-Downes, Julio, Abdulwahab Hritani, Candice Baldeo, and Patrick Antoun. "Amphetamine Containing Dietary Supplements and Acute Myocardial Infarction." Case Reports in Cardiology 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6404856.
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Weight loss is one of the most researched and marketed topics in American society. Dietary regimens, medications that claim to boost the metabolism, and the constant pressure to fit into society all play a role in our patient’s choices regarding new dietary products. One of the products that are well known to suppress appetite and cause weight loss is amphetamines. While these medications suppress appetite, most people are not aware of the detrimental side effects of amphetamines, including hypertension, tachycardia, arrhythmias, and in certain instances acute myocardial infarction. Here we present the uncommon entity of an acute myocardial infarction due to chronic use of an amphetamine containing dietary supplement in conjunction with an exercise regimen. Our case brings to light further awareness regarding use of amphetamines. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion of use of these substances when young patients with no risk factors for coronary artery disease present with acute arrhythmias, heart failure, and myocardial infarctions.
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Hasenhuetl, Peter S., Shreyas Bhat, Felix P. Mayer, Harald H. Sitte, Michael Freissmuth, and Walter Sandtner. "A kinetic account for amphetamine-induced monoamine release." Journal of General Physiology 150, no. 3 (February 9, 2018): 431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201711915.
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The plasmalemmal monoamine transporters for dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin (SERT) are targets for amphetamines. In vivo, amphetamines elicit most, if not all, of their actions by triggering monoamine efflux. This is thought to be accomplished by an amphetamine-induced switch from the forward-transport to the substrate-exchange mode. The mechanism underlying this switch has remained elusive; available kinetic models posit that substrates and cosubstrate Na+ ions bind either in a random or in a sequential order. Neither can account for all reported experimental observations. We used electrophysiological recordings to interrogate crucial conformational transitions associated with the binding of five different substrates (serotonin, para-chloroamphetamine, and the high-affinity naphthyl-propan-amines PAL-287, PAL-1045, and PAL-1046) to human SERT expressed in HEK293 cells; specifically, we determined the relaxation kinetics of SERT from a substrate-loaded to a substrate-free state at various intracellular and extracellular Na+ concentrations. These rates and their dependence on intracellular and extracellular Na+ concentrations differed considerably between substrates. We also examined the effect of K+ on substrate affinity and found that K+ enhanced substrate dissociation. A kinetic model was developed, which allowed for random, but cooperative, binding of substrate and Na+ (or K+). The synthetic data generated by this model recapitulated the experimental observations. More importantly, the cooperative binding model accounted for the releasing action of amphetamines without any digression from alternating access. To the best of our knowledge, this model is the first to provide a mechanistic framework for amphetamine-induced monoamine release and to account for the findings that some substrates are less efficacious than others in promoting the substrate-exchange mode.
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Thomas Murillo, Jorge De, Richard Bueno-Antonio, Ana Laura Calderón-Garcidueñas, Cristina García Franco, Rubén Ruiz-Ramos, José Carlos Sáenz Álvarez, Karina Alor-Aguilar, Pedro Guy Baeza-Pérez, Wendy Elena Romero-Becerra, and Enrique Villarreal-Ríos. "The profile of amphetamine users in a substance abuse treatment center in Mexico." Revista Internacional de Investigación en Adicciones 8, no. 1 (March 27, 2022): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.28931/riiad.2022.1.03.
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Introduction: in Mexico, amphetamine use is a public health problem. Objective: to describe the profile of consumers of amphetamines. Method: it was retrospective and cross-sectional study. The medical records of those admitted to the state Cúspide substance abuse treatment center, during the period 2016-2018, were reviewed. Results: 112 patients (89 men, 23 women) were analyzed. The profile included a patient with high school (40.2%), coming from an unstructured (67.9%) and dysfunctional family (93.8%) with poor parental affective relationship, alcoholism in the family nucleus (55.3%), early onset of sexual activity, alcohol and tobacco consumption; impulsive personality, suicide attempts (35.7%), and injuries to third parties and theft (73.2%). Discussion and conclusions: amphetamine use and rising prevalence behavior are a reality; the problem goes beyond the field of health and becomes a social problem that potentially involves the entire population to a greater or lesser extent. Knowing the epidemiological profile of the amphetamine consumer is a reference for implementing health policies and establishing preventive and therapeutic measures in order to solve the problem.
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Elk, Carrie. "MDMA (Ecstacy): Useful Information for Health Professionals Involved in Drug Education Programs." Journal of Drug Education 26, no. 4 (December 1996): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/k2pl-q2yf-wng0-54qd.
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3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “Ecstacy”) is an amphetamine derivative that is related chemically to both amphetamines and hallucinogens. Despite reports of an increase in MDMA usage among adolescents and young adults in the past decade, systematic scientific information concerning MDMA and its effects remains insufficient, thus limiting or eliminating MDMA from inclusion in the drug education curriculum.
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Melanson, Stacy E. F., Elizabeth Lee-Lewandrowski, David A. Griggs, William H. Long, and James G. Flood. "Reduced Interference by Phenothiazines in Amphetamine Drug of Abuse Immunoassays." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 130, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 1834–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2006-130-1834-ribpia.
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Abstract Context.—Emergency department physicians frequently request urine drug screens, but many are unaware of their limitations, including the potential for false-positive results. Promethazine, a phenothiazine derivative, is used for the treatment of allergies, agitation, nausea, and vomiting. Many patients taking promethazine are subject to urine drug screens and any potential interferences are important to recognize. Design.—During an 11-month period, all patients presenting to the Massachusetts General Hospital emergency department who had a finding of promethazine in their serum drug screen, and who also had a urine drug screen performed, were selected for inclusion in the study. The urine drug screen results (n = 22 patients/samples) were then studied. Objective.—To determine if promethazine use can cause false-positive urine amphetamine results in widely used drug of abuse immunoassays. Results.—Thirty-six percent of patients taking promethazine had false-positive test results for urine amphetamines using the EMIT II Plus Monoclonal Amphetamine/Methamphetamine Immunoassay. Sixty-four percent of patients showed cross-reactivity greater than 20% higher than the blank calibrator rate. In a separate, related study, no promethazine-induced false-positive results were seen with the EMIT II Plus, Triage, and TesTcard 9 amphetamine assays, or the Triage methamphetamine assay. Reduced chlorpromazine interference was also seen with these other assays. Conclusions.—False-positive urine amphetamine results can be obtained in patients taking promethazine. Promethazine metabolite(s), and not the parent compound, are the likely cause of these urine false-positive results obtained with EMIT II Plus Monoclonal Amphetamine/Methamphetamine Immunoassay. Immunoassays from different manufacturers can have very different “interference” profiles, which the pathologist and laboratory scientist must understand and relay to clinicians.
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Tomaszewski, Waldemar, Vladimir Gun’ko, Roman Leboda, and Jadwiga Skubiszewska-Zięba. "Interaction of methoxy- and methylenedioxyamphetamines with carbon and polymeric adsorbents in polar liquids." Open Chemistry 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 750–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-010-0042-y.
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AbstractSolid phase extraction (SPE) of methoxy- and methylenedioxyamphetamines from diluted aqueous solutions was investigated on carbon and polymeric adsorbents of different textures and chemical compositions. Those adsorbents were applied cartridges packed with three chemically modified carbons prepared from plum stones (initial A2PS, oxidized A2PS-O, and reduced A2PS-H) and commercially available adsorbents (polymeric LiChrolut EN, graphitized Hypercarb and Carboprep). Several factors influence the recovery rates of amphetamine derivatives such as the polarity of adsorbates (free energy of salvation), the specific surface area and surface composition of adsorbents, and the solvent characteristics. Different combinations of these factors affect the recovery rate (R1) for high- and low-surface area adsorbents. The minimal R1 values are observed for an amphetamine derivative at a maximal solvation effect and for a set of amphetamines adsorbed on graphitized carbons.
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Foye, William O. "Sulfur Compounds in Therapy: Radiation-Protective Agents, Amphetamines, and Mucopolysaccharide Sulfation." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 9 (September 1992): 1144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809202600918.
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OBJECTIVE: Sulfur-containing compounds have been used in the search for whole-body radiation-protective compounds, in the design of amphetamine derivatives that retain appetite-suppressive effects but lack most behavioral effects characteristic of amphetamines, and in the search for the cause of kidney stone formation in recurrently stoneforming patients. METHODS: Organic synthetic procedures were used to prepare radiation-protective compounds having a variety of sulfur-containing functional groups, and to prepare amphetamine derivatives having electron-attracting sulfur functions. In the case of the kidney stone causation research, isolation of urinary mucopolysaccharides (MPS) from recurrently stoneforming patients was carried out and the extent of sulfation of the MPS was determined by electrophoresis. RESULTS: Whole-body radiation-protective agents with a high degree of protection against lethal doses of gamma-radiation in mice were found in a series of quinolinium and pyridinium bis(methylthio) and methylthio amino derivatives. Mechanism studies showed that the copper complexes of these agents mimicked the beneficial action of superoxide dismutase. Electron-attracting sulfur-containing functions on amphetamine nitrogen, as well as 4'-amino nitrogen provided amphetamine derivatives with good appetite-suppressant effects and few or no adverse behavioral effects. Higher than normal levels of sulfation of the urinary MPS of stone formers suggested a cause for recurrent kidney stone formation. A sulfation inhibitor was found to prevent recurrence of stone formation and inhibit growth of existing stones. CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of various sulfur-containing functions in organic molecules yielded compounds having whole-body radiation protection from lethal doses of gamma-radiation in animals. The presence of electron-attracting sulfur functions in amphetamine gave derivatives that retained appetite-suppressant effects and eliminated most adverse behavioral effects. A therapy for recurrent urolithiasis resulted from inhibition of MPS sulfation, after the finding that stoneforming patients had abnormally high levels of MPS sulfation.
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Amin, Shreya, Matthew Gilbert, and Kaitlyn Barrett. "Giant Pheochromocytoma Diagnosis Confounded by Amphetamine Use." Case Reports in Endocrinology 2023 (January 27, 2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8799089.
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Objective. Diagnosis of giant pheochromocytoma is difficult; patients often lack the classic triad and presence of gross biochemical positivity. At times, presence of sympathetic stimulant drugs can further complicate the clinical picture. Here, we present a case of giant “functional” pheochromocytoma with a history of amphetamine use. Case Description. 37-year-old female presented with a 1-day history of abdominal pain. CT abdomen identified a 12.5 cm heterogeneously enhancing left adrenal mass. Plasma/urine catecholamine and metanephrine levels were markedly elevated with evidence of elevated serum/urine cortisol. However, the patient’s subsequent urine toxicology was found to be positive for amphetamines, which she later admitted to using, 1 week prior to admission. Repeat biochemical workup after 1 week drug washout period showed improvement in both catecholamine and cortisol levels. Given the high degree of suspicion for PCC, an open laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed with histology confirming SDHB gene mutation positive giant pheochromocytoma. Discussion. Diagnosis of PCC in a patient with a history of amphetamine abuse remains an enigma, to which addition of it being a giant PCC that are rare and typically silent further confounds the clinical picture as seen in this case. Conclusion. PCC could be termed a “chameleon” tumor given its varied clinical presentations and lack of standardized biochemical and radiological data (giant, pheochromocytoma, and amphetamine).
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Palfrey, S., and M. Labib. "A Simple HPLC Method for the Separation of Amphetamine Isomers in Urine and its Application in Differentiating between ‘Street’ Amphetamine and Prescribed D-Amphetamine." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 33, no. 4 (July 1996): 344–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456329603300410.
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D-amphetamine has been increasingly prescribed to treat amphetamine abusers. Prescribing D-amphetamine requires laboratory evidence or confirmation of current use of ‘street’ amphetamine, using a method which should be capable of differentiating between ‘street’ amphetamine and prescribed D-amphetamine. We have developed a simple high-performance liquid chromagraphy (HPLC) method for the separation of the two isomers of amphetamine in urine and have assessed its use in differentiating between ‘street’ amphetamine and prescribed D-amphetamine. The method is reproducible, free from interference and has a detection limit of 0·1 μg/mL for each isomer. Urine from patients prescribed D-amphetamine contained only a trace amount of L-amphetamine (less than 4%) whereas urine from those taking ‘street’ amphetamine contained more than 50% L-amphetamine. The method is applicable to confirmation of ‘street’ amphetamine misuse and for monitoring patient compliance with treatment. The presence of 4% or less L-amphetamine in urine would suggest that the patient is only taking prescribed D-amphetamine whereas the presence of L-amphetamine in higher concentrations suggests that the patient is taking ‘street’ amphetamine, with or without prescribed D-amphetamine.
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Zhou, Xun, Jamal Bouitbir, Matthias E. Liechti, Stephan Krähenbühl, and Riccardo V. Mancuso. "Para-Halogenation of Amphetamine and Methcathinone Increases the Mitochondrial Toxicity in Undifferentiated and Differentiated SH-SY5Y Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 8 (April 18, 2020): 2841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082841.
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Halogenation of amphetamines and methcathinones has become a common method to obtain novel psychoactive substances (NPS) also called “legal highs”. The para-halogenated derivatives of amphetamine and methcathinone are available over the internet and have entered the illicit drug market but studies on their potential neurotoxic effects are rare. The primary aim of this study was to explore the neurotoxicity of amphetamine, methcathinone and their para-halogenated derivatives 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA), 4-chloroamphetamine (PCA), 4-fluoromethcathinone (4-FMC), and 4-chloromethcathinone (4-CMC) in undifferentiated and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. We found that 4-FA, PCA, and 4-CMC were cytotoxic (decrease in cellular ATP and plasma membrane damage) for both cell types, whereby differentiated cells were less sensitive. IC50 values for cellular ATP depletion were in the range of 1.4 mM for 4-FA, 0.4 mM for PCA and 1.4 mM for 4-CMC. The rank of cytotoxicity observed for the para-substituents was chloride > fluoride > hydrogen for both amphetamines and cathinones. Each of 4-FA, PCA and 4-CMC decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential in both cell types, and PCA and 4-CMC impaired the function of the electron transport chain of mitochondria in SH-SY5Y cells. 4-FA, PCA, and 4-CMC increased the ROS level and PCA and 4-CMC induced apoptosis by the endogenous pathway. In conclusion, para-halogenation of amphetamine and methcathinone increases their neurotoxic properties due to the impairment of mitochondrial function and induction of apoptosis. Although the cytotoxic concentrations were higher than those needed for pharmacological activity, the current findings may be important regarding the uncontrolled recreational use of these compounds.
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Salomé, F., P. Boyer, and M. Fayol. "The effects of psychoactive drugs and neuroleptics on language in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients: a review." European Psychiatry 15, no. 8 (December 2000): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00520-4.
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The aim of this survey is to present an overview of research into psychopharmacology as regards the effects of different psychoactive drugs and neuroleptics (NL) on language in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients. Eighteen studies that have investigated the effects of different drugs (alcohol, amphetamines, secobarbital, L-dopa, psilocybin, ketamine, fenfluramine) and neuroleptics (conventional and atypical) on language are reviewed. There are no studies concerning the effects of neuroleptics on language in healthy subjects. The results of the effects of other molecules indicate that language production can be increased (alcohol, amphetamine, secobarbital), rendered more complex (d-amphetamine), more focused (L-dopa) or more unfocused (psilocybin) and clearly impaired (ketamine). For schizophrenic patients, most studies show that conventional neuroleptic treatments, at a therapeutic dosage and in acute or chronic mode, reduce language disorders at all levels (clinic, linguistic, psycholinguistic). In conjunction with other molecules, the classical NL, when administered at a moderate dosage and in chronic mode, modify language in schizophrenia, either by improving the verbal flow and reducing pauses and positive thought disorder (NL + amphetamine) or by inducing an impairment in the language measurements (NL + fenfluramine). Clinical, methodological and theoretical considerations of results are debated in the framework of schizophrenic language disorders.
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Sara, Grant, Clifford Baxter, Patricia Menendez, and Julia Lappin. "Amphetamine availability predicts amphetamine-related mental health admissions: A time series analysis." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 11 (March 19, 2018): 1050–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867418763538.
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Objective: Amphetamine use and availability have increased in Australia and there are concerns that this has led to more frequent hospital admissions with amphetamine-related psychosis. This study examines whether amphetamine-related admissions to mental health units are more common at times of greater amphetamine availability. Methods: We conducted an ecological study using aggregate crime and health service data for NSW, Australia, from January 2000 to March 2015. Amphetamine-related criminal incidents (arrests or cautions for possession or use) were used as an indirect measure of amphetamine availability. Semiparametric time series analysis was used to compare monthly arrest rates to monthly hospitalisation rates for (1) amphetamine abuse or dependence, (2) amphetamine-related psychosis and (3) any psychosis. Results: Amphetamine-related admissions to NSW mental health units have increased four- to fivefold since 2009 and comprised approximately 10% of all admissions to these units in early 2015. There was a significant association between arrests and amphetamine-related admissions. After adjustment for seasonal variation, this effect demonstrated a time lag of 1–2 months. There was no relationship between amphetamine arrests and overall admissions for psychosis. Conclusion: Greater amphetamine availability significantly predicts admissions for amphetamine use disorders and amphetamine-related psychosis. Better treatment strategies are needed to break the nexus between drug availability and drug-related harm.
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Reissig, James E., and Amy M. Rybarczyk. "Pharmacologic Treatment of Opioid-Induced Sedation in Chronic Pain." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39, no. 4 (April 2005): 727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1e309.
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OBJECTIVE: To review the literature for pharmacologic management of opioid-induced sedation (OIS) in patients with chronic pain. DATA SOURCES: A search of MEDLINE (1966–October 2004) for English-language literature and selected bibliographies was completed. Search terms included pain, opioid, sedation, psychostimulants, amphetamines, modafinil, and donepezil. DATA SYNTHESIS: Amphetamines and amphetamine-like agents, caffeine, donepezil, and modafinil have been evaluated for OIS. Available literature is limited by numbers of subjects, duration, and trial design; however, there is limited support for the use of methylphenidate, donepezil, and modafinil. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacologic treatment of OIS should be utilized selectively, given the available literature. Methylphenidate, donepezil, and modafinil may be considered in appropriate patients.
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&NA;. "Amphetamine." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 392 (March 1992): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199203920-00008.
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Pérez-Bendito, D., A. Gómez-Hens, and A. Gaikwad. "Direct stopped-flow fluorescence polarization immunoassay of abused drugs and their metabolites in urine." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.8.1489.
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Abstract Kinetic methodology was applied to the direct determination of abused drugs (amphetamines, cocaine, and cannabinoids) in urine by stopped-flow fluorescence polarization immunoassay (SF-FPIA). This technique provides analytical data within a few seconds by measuring the variation of polarized fluorescence with time during development of immunochemical reactions. Methods based on this principle are particularly suitable for routine screening of these drugs in urine, being more expeditious than conventional FPIA methods. The dynamic ranges of the calibration curves were 20-300 micrograms/L for d,l-amphetamine, 15-300 micrograms/L for benzoylecgonine (a cocaine metabolite), and 10-400 micrograms/L for 11-nor-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (a cannabinoid metabolite). The detection limits and within- and between-assay precision were better than those provided by conventional FPIA. Analytical recoveries ranged between 97.5% for d,l-amphetamine and 102.4% for the cannabinoid metabolite. The results for the three analytes were consistent with those obtained by conventional FPIA.
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Preve, M., N. E. Suardi, M. Godio, R. Traber, and R. A. Colombo. "Paramethoxymethamphetamine (Mitsubishi turbo) abuse: Case report and literature review." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1762.
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IntroductionParamethoxymethamphetamine and paramethoxyamphetamine (PMMA and PMA) are two so-called designer amphetamines, which appear from time to time on the illegal narcotics market in many countries. They are frequently sold as ecstasy or amphetamine, often mixed with amphetamine or methamphetamine [1, 2]. Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) is a hallucinogenic synthetic substituted amphetamine with capable of development of dependence [3]. The purpose of this report is to review the clinical evidence for the potential of abuse of paramethoxyamphetamine. We propouse a case report and literature review.MethodWe conducted a systematic review of the literature with the principal database (PubMed, Enbase, PsychInfo) and we present a case report.ResultsThe effects of paramethoxyamphetamine is characterized at the beginning with symptoms like euphoria, derealizzation, psychomotor activation, feeling in tune with surroundings and in love for friends, who come to visual and auditory illusions and hallucinations, paranoid delusion, and violent agitation.Discussion and conclusionThe use of these recreational drugs is especially common among young people participating in rave parties. Occasionally paramethoxymethamphetamine (PMMA) or paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) are found in street drugs offered as ecstasy. Further research is warranted to replicate our clinical and qualitative observations and, in general, quantitative studies in large samples followed up over time are needed. Methodological limitations, clinical implications and suggestions for future research directions are considered.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.