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Martin-Iverson, Mathew T., and Bruce A. Lodge. "Effects of chronic treatment of rats with "designer" amphetamines on brain regional monoamines." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 1825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y91-270.
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(+)-Amphetamine and two structurally related analogues, 4-methoxyamphetamine and a recent "designer drug," 4-ethoxy-amphetamine, were given to rats via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps for 1–14 days. Regional brain levels of the drugs as well as monoamine neurotransmitters and some of their major acidic metabolites were determined. Amphetamine produced depletions of dopamine in the striatum after at least 3 days of treatment but not in the nucleus accumbens or olfactory tubercle, even after 14 days of treatment. In contrast, the two ring-substituted amphetamine analogues increased levels of the monoamines and decreased levels of their acid metabolites. These data indicate that the two ring-substituted amphetamine analogues, at least one of which is a potent hallucinogen, have potent monoamine oxidase inhibition properties that are sustained during chronic treatment. Furthermore, these two compounds do not share amphetamine's regionally selective neurotoxic effects on dopamine-releasing terminals, even though brain and striatal drug levels are the same or higher than those of amphetamine.Key words: (+)-amphetamine, 4-methoxyamphetamine, 4-ethoxyamphetamine, designer amphetamines, monoamines, rats, chronic treatment.
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Idayani, Sri, and Ni Luh Nova Dilisca Dwi Putri. "HUBUNGAN PERILAKU MEROKOK DENGAN PENGGUNAAN NAPZA JENIS AMPHETAMIN PADA MAHASISWA PERHOTELAN PERGURUAN TINGGI DI KOTA DENPASAR TAHUN 2019." Bali Medika Jurnal 7, no. 1 (July 28, 2020): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36376/bmj.v7i1.124.
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Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruh penyalahgunaan narkoba adalah kebiasaan merokok. Risiko terhadap penyalahgunaan narkoba cenderung meningkat pada seseorang yang memiliki kebiasaan merokok dan minum alkohol. NAPZA merupakan singkatan dari Narkotika, Psikotropika dan Bahan Adiktif berbahaya lainnya. Salah satu jenis NAPZA yaitu amphetamine. Amphetamine dapat berupa bubuk putih, kuning, maupun coklat, atau bubuk putih kristal kecil dan dapat juga berbentuk sediaan farmasi (tablet). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara perilaku merokok dengan penggunaan NAPZA jenis amphetamin dari urin mahasiswa perhotelan di Perguruan Tinggi Kota Denpasar Tahun 2019. Perilaku merokok dianalisa dari hasil wawancara menggunakan kuesioner dan kandungan amphetamine dari urin di uji dengan menggunakan metode rapid diagnostic test. Jumlah sampel yang urin yang dianalisa sebanyak 27 mahasiswa perhotelan Perguruan Tinggi di Kota Denpasar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, uji statistic Chi-Square diperoleh p-value tidak ada data statistik yang dihasilkan karena penggunanan NAPZA jenis amphetamine konstan. Hal tersebut berarti tidak ada hubungan antara perilaku merokok dengan penggunaan NAPZA jenis amphetamin pada urin mahasiswa perhotelan di Perguruan Tinggi Kota Denpasar Tahun 2019.
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Al-Imam, Ahmed. "Adverse Effects of Amphetamines on the Cardiovascular System: Review and Retrospective Analyses of Trends." Global Journal of Health Science 9, no. 11 (September 18, 2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v9n11p102.
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BACKGROUND: Amphetamine and amphetamine-type stimulants are powerful physical and psychostimulants; they are phenethylamine derivatives. The use of amphetamines can be either medicinal or illicit. Several amphetamines have been redesigned into illegal drugs of potent properties, also known as research chemicals and designer drugs. Hence, they are named novel (new) psychoactive substances (NPS).MATERIALS & METHODS: This study is a hybrid study of; data crunching and retrospective analysis of a trends database (1), and a systematic review of literature in relation to the amphetamines-induced adverse effects on the cardiovascular system (2). Google Trends database has been analysed in retrospect (2012-2017) to evaluate the attentiveness of surface web users towards amphetamine and a potent renowned amphetamine derivative known as captagon (fenethylline).RESULTS: Amphetamines appear to be highly popular worldwide, particularly in the developed world including North America and European countries, and to a less extent in the developing countries including the Middle East. However, the trends are oscillating with time with significant year-to-year changes although there was some steadiness in the temporal patterns (trends), for example in 2013-2014 (p-value=0.258). Variations in the trends were found to be correlated with global events including international terrorism. The adverse effects of amphetamines were found to be highly related to the cardiovascular system with a high incidence of intoxications and deaths among substance (ab)users.CONCLUSION: Several amphetamines are potent and used illicitly beyond their original therapeutic potential, as in the case of captagon, culminating in monumental public and economic threats. Legalising bodies should exercise tremendous and systematic efforts to counteract these threats. Database analyses can provide an accurate insight into this phenomenon that has been growing exponentially in the past decade.
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O'Reilly, Bridie, Paul Rysavy, and Chris Moon. "The Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) 1999: Northern Territory drug patterns and trends." South Pacific Journal of Psychology 11, no. 2 (1999): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400000602.
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AbstractThe national Illicit Drug Reporting System acts as an early warning system to detect and track amphetamine, heroin, cannabis, and cocaine use patterns and emerging trends. In the Northern Territory, structured interviews of 28 key informants and analysis of other drug indicator data, demonstrated that there was were diverse groups of amphetamine, opiate, and cannabis users in Darwin. There were reports of increasing use by Aborigines and youth. Amphetamines and morphine were usually injected and there had been a 338% increase in needle and syringe distribution in the 4 years to 1998/99. MS Contin 100mg was the usual opiate used, and the consumption of this Schedule 8 morphine narcotic had increased 1,100% from 1996 to 1998. Opiate overdoses were rare. The purity of amphetamines was low, but cannabis potency was high. All three drugs were considered to be easy to obtain. The policy and research implications of the results are discussed.
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Oliveira, Lúcio Garcia de, Letícia Maria de Araújo de Souza, Lúcia Pereira Barroso, Marcela Júlio César Gouvêa, Carlos Vinícius Dias de Almeida, Daniel Romero Muñoz, and Vilma Leyton. "Occupational conditions and the risk of the use of amphetamines by truck drivers." Revista de Saúde Pública 49 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005944.
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OBJECTIVE To test whether the occupational conditions of professional truck drivers are associated with amphetamine use after demographic characteristics and ones regarding mental health and drug use are controlled for.METHODS Cross-sectional study, with a non-probabilistic sample of 684 male truck drivers, which was collected in three highways in Sao Paulo between years 2012 and 2013. Demographic and occupational information was collected, as well as data on drug use and mental health (sleep quality, emotional stress, and psychiatric disorders). A logistic regression model was developed to identify factors associated with amphetamine use. Odds ratio (OR; 95%CI) was defined as the measure for association. The significance level was established as p < 0.05.RESULTS The studied sample was found to have an average age of 36.7 (SD = 7.8) years, as well as low education (8.6 [SD = 2.3] years); 29.0% of drivers reported having used amphetamines within the twelve months prior to their interviews. After demographic and occupational variables had been controlled for, the factors which indicated amphetamine use among truck drivers were the following: being younger than 38 years (OR = 3.69), having spent less than nine years at school (OR = 1.76), being autonomous (OR = 1.65), working night shifts or irregular schedules (OR = 2.05), working over 12 hours daily (OR = 2.14), and drinking alcohol (OR = 1.74).CONCLUSIONS Occupational aspects are closely related to amphetamine use among truck drivers, which reinforces the importance of closely following the application of law (Resting Act (“Lei do Descanso”); Law 12,619/2012) which regulates the workload and hours of those professionals. Our results show the need for increased strictness on the trade and prescription of amphetamines in Brazil.
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Fonseca, Juliana Gusmão, Gustavo Magalhães Viana, Joyce Elen Murça de Souza, and Luiza Augusta Rosa Rossi-Barbosa. "FATORES ASSOCIADOS AO USO DE ANFETAMINAS ENTRE CAMINHONEIROS." Revista Interdisciplinar de Estudos em Saúde 8, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33362/ries.v8i1.1474.
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As anfetaminas conhecidas como "rebites" são normalmente utilizadas por caminhoneiros. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência e fatores associados à utilização autorrelatada de anfetaminas entre caminhoneiros que trafegam na rodovia BR 251, no trecho de Montes Claros, MG, com parada em um posto de combustível. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, quantitativo com seleção dos indivíduos por amostragem de conveniência. Foi utilizado um questionário com dados sociodemográficos, econômicos, ocupacionais e relacionados às anfetaminas. Realizou-se a análise bivariada, cuja variável dependente foi o uso de anfetaminas e aquelas que apresentaram associação ao nível de 20% (p≤0,20) foram selecionadas para a análise múltipla utilizando a Regressão de Poisson. Permaneceram no modelo as variáveis com desfecho ao nível de 5% (p≤ 0,05). Dentre os 306 pesquisados, 22,2% eram usuários de anfetaminas, sendo o princípio ativo mais utilizado o Femproporex (Desobesi®). A média de idade foi de 41 anos, variando de 22 a 77 anos. A maioria trabalha mais de 10 horas diárias. O uso de anfetaminas esteve associado aos profissionais mais jovens e com maior carga horária de trabalho. Faz-se necessário um controle maior sobre a venda desses medicamentos por parte dos órgãos competentes.Palavras-chave: Prevalência. Anfetaminas. Drogas Ilícitas. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE AMPHETAMINES USE AMONG TRUCK DRIVERSABSTRACT: Amphetamines known as "rivets" are commonly used by truck drivers. This study aimed to verify the prevalence and factors associated with the self-reported use of amphetamines among truck drivers who travel on the BR 251 highway, in the Montes Claros stretch, MG, stopping at a fuel station. It is a cross-sectional, quantitative study with selection of individuals by convenience sampling. A questionnaire with socio-demographic, economic, occupational and amphetamine-related data was used. The bivariate analysis was performed, whose dependent variable was the use of amphetamines, and those that showed association at the level of 20% (p≤0.20) were selected to multiple variety analysis using Poisson Regression. Remain in analysis only variables whose end point was 5% (p≤0.05). Among 306 participants, 22.2% had used amphetamine, Femproporex (Desobesi®)was the most common active principle used. Mean age was 41 years, range 22 to 77 years old. Most interviewed works more than 10 hours a day. Younger drivers and more daily hours of work were associated with amphetamine use. Finally, to decrease amphetamine use and abuse, it is essential a closer sale control on this drugs by the government.Keywords: Prevalence. Amphetamines. Illicit Drugs.
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Reissig, James E., and Amy M. Rybarczyk. "Pharmacologic Treatment of Opioid-Induced Sedation in Chronic Pain." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39, no. 4 (April 2005): 727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1e309.
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OBJECTIVE: To review the literature for pharmacologic management of opioid-induced sedation (OIS) in patients with chronic pain. DATA SOURCES: A search of MEDLINE (1966–October 2004) for English-language literature and selected bibliographies was completed. Search terms included pain, opioid, sedation, psychostimulants, amphetamines, modafinil, and donepezil. DATA SYNTHESIS: Amphetamines and amphetamine-like agents, caffeine, donepezil, and modafinil have been evaluated for OIS. Available literature is limited by numbers of subjects, duration, and trial design; however, there is limited support for the use of methylphenidate, donepezil, and modafinil. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacologic treatment of OIS should be utilized selectively, given the available literature. Methylphenidate, donepezil, and modafinil may be considered in appropriate patients.
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Jonson, C. S. L. "Amphetamine profiling — improvements of data processing." Forensic Science International 69, no. 1 (November 1994): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(94)90048-5.
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Hasenhuetl, Peter S., Shreyas Bhat, Felix P. Mayer, Harald H. Sitte, Michael Freissmuth, and Walter Sandtner. "A kinetic account for amphetamine-induced monoamine release." Journal of General Physiology 150, no. 3 (February 9, 2018): 431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201711915.
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The plasmalemmal monoamine transporters for dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin (SERT) are targets for amphetamines. In vivo, amphetamines elicit most, if not all, of their actions by triggering monoamine efflux. This is thought to be accomplished by an amphetamine-induced switch from the forward-transport to the substrate-exchange mode. The mechanism underlying this switch has remained elusive; available kinetic models posit that substrates and cosubstrate Na+ ions bind either in a random or in a sequential order. Neither can account for all reported experimental observations. We used electrophysiological recordings to interrogate crucial conformational transitions associated with the binding of five different substrates (serotonin, para-chloroamphetamine, and the high-affinity naphthyl-propan-amines PAL-287, PAL-1045, and PAL-1046) to human SERT expressed in HEK293 cells; specifically, we determined the relaxation kinetics of SERT from a substrate-loaded to a substrate-free state at various intracellular and extracellular Na+ concentrations. These rates and their dependence on intracellular and extracellular Na+ concentrations differed considerably between substrates. We also examined the effect of K+ on substrate affinity and found that K+ enhanced substrate dissociation. A kinetic model was developed, which allowed for random, but cooperative, binding of substrate and Na+ (or K+). The synthetic data generated by this model recapitulated the experimental observations. More importantly, the cooperative binding model accounted for the releasing action of amphetamines without any digression from alternating access. To the best of our knowledge, this model is the first to provide a mechanistic framework for amphetamine-induced monoamine release and to account for the findings that some substrates are less efficacious than others in promoting the substrate-exchange mode.
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Tetlow, V. A., and J. Merrill. "Rapid Determination of Amphetamine Stereoisomer Ratios in Urine by Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectroscopy." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 33, no. 1 (January 1996): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456329603300107.
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We describe a method for the determination of amphetamine optical isomer ratios. A simple basic extraction of amphetamine from urine is followed by on-column derivatization with (S)–(−)-N-(trifluoroacetyl)-L-prolyl chloride and analysis by gas chromatography—mass spectroscopy. This approach has been shown to be satisfactory for the separation of d- and l-amphetamine isomers and precision data shows the method to be reproducible. Patient data is presented to demonstrate the ability to differentiate between patients taking d-amphetamine and those using illicit (racemic) amphetamine by their l/d amphetamine ratio.
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Vicente-Rodríguez, Marta, Rosalía Fernández-Calle, Esther Gramage, Carmen Pérez-García, María P. Ramos, and Gonzalo Herradón. "Midkine Is a Novel Regulator of Amphetamine-Induced Striatal Gliosis and Cognitive Impairment: Evidence for a Stimulus-Dependent Regulation of Neuroinflammation by Midkine." Mediators of Inflammation 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9894504.
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Midkine (MK) is a cytokine that modulates amphetamine-induced striatal astrogliosis, suggesting a possible role of MK in neuroinflammation induced by amphetamine. To test this hypothesis, we studied astrogliosis and microglial response induced by amphetamine (10 mg/kg i.p. four times, every 2 h) in different brain areas of MK−/− mice and wild type (WT) mice. We found that amphetamine-induced microgliosis and astrocytosis are enhanced in the striatum of MK−/− mice in a region-specific manner. Surprisingly, LPS-induced astrogliosis in the striatum was blocked in MK−/− mice. Since striatal neuroinflammation induced by amphetamine-type stimulants correlates with the cognitive deficits induced by these drugs, we also tested the long-term effects of periadolescent amphetamine treatment (3 mg/kg i.p. daily for 10 days) in a memory task in MK−/− and WT mice. Significant deficits in the Y-maze test were only observed in amphetamine-pretreated MK−/− mice. The data demonstrate for the first time that MK is a novel modulator of neuroinflammation depending on the inflammatory stimulus and the brain area considered. The data indicate that MK limits amphetamine-induced striatal neuroinflammation. In addition, our data demonstrate that periadolescent amphetamine treatment in mice results in transient disruption of learning and memory processes in absence of endogenous MK.
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Cody, J. T., and R. Schwarzhoff. "Interpretation of Methamphetamine and Amphetamine Enantiomer Data." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 17, no. 6 (October 1, 1993): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/17.6.321.
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Pérez-Bendito, D., A. Gómez-Hens, and A. Gaikwad. "Direct stopped-flow fluorescence polarization immunoassay of abused drugs and their metabolites in urine." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.8.1489.
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Abstract Kinetic methodology was applied to the direct determination of abused drugs (amphetamines, cocaine, and cannabinoids) in urine by stopped-flow fluorescence polarization immunoassay (SF-FPIA). This technique provides analytical data within a few seconds by measuring the variation of polarized fluorescence with time during development of immunochemical reactions. Methods based on this principle are particularly suitable for routine screening of these drugs in urine, being more expeditious than conventional FPIA methods. The dynamic ranges of the calibration curves were 20-300 micrograms/L for d,l-amphetamine, 15-300 micrograms/L for benzoylecgonine (a cocaine metabolite), and 10-400 micrograms/L for 11-nor-delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (a cannabinoid metabolite). The detection limits and within- and between-assay precision were better than those provided by conventional FPIA. Analytical recoveries ranged between 97.5% for d,l-amphetamine and 102.4% for the cannabinoid metabolite. The results for the three analytes were consistent with those obtained by conventional FPIA.
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Sara, Grant, Clifford Baxter, Patricia Menendez, and Julia Lappin. "Amphetamine availability predicts amphetamine-related mental health admissions: A time series analysis." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 11 (March 19, 2018): 1050–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867418763538.
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Objective: Amphetamine use and availability have increased in Australia and there are concerns that this has led to more frequent hospital admissions with amphetamine-related psychosis. This study examines whether amphetamine-related admissions to mental health units are more common at times of greater amphetamine availability. Methods: We conducted an ecological study using aggregate crime and health service data for NSW, Australia, from January 2000 to March 2015. Amphetamine-related criminal incidents (arrests or cautions for possession or use) were used as an indirect measure of amphetamine availability. Semiparametric time series analysis was used to compare monthly arrest rates to monthly hospitalisation rates for (1) amphetamine abuse or dependence, (2) amphetamine-related psychosis and (3) any psychosis. Results: Amphetamine-related admissions to NSW mental health units have increased four- to fivefold since 2009 and comprised approximately 10% of all admissions to these units in early 2015. There was a significant association between arrests and amphetamine-related admissions. After adjustment for seasonal variation, this effect demonstrated a time lag of 1–2 months. There was no relationship between amphetamine arrests and overall admissions for psychosis. Conclusion: Greater amphetamine availability significantly predicts admissions for amphetamine use disorders and amphetamine-related psychosis. Better treatment strategies are needed to break the nexus between drug availability and drug-related harm.
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Edwards, Alexandra Marie, Eric Gregory Johnson, and Andrew C. Bernard. "Intraoperative vasopressor use during emergency surgery on injured meth users." Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open 5, no. 1 (November 2020): e000553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2020-000553.
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BackgroundMethamphetamine is a growing drug of abuse in America. Patients with recent methamphetamine use pose potential complications to general anesthesia due to changes in hemodynamics and arrhythmias. Limited data exists on the incidence of intraoperative complications on methamphetamine-intoxicated patients requiring urgent or emergent trauma surgery. This study aims to describe intraoperative complications observed in methamphetamine and amphetamine-intoxicated patients requiring emergent surgery.MethodsUsing the Trauma Registry at our ACS-verified level I trauma center, we completed a single-center, descriptive, retrospective cohort review between July 1, 2012 and June 30, 2016, of adult patients requiring emergent surgery with a positive urine-drug screen for methamphetamines or amphetamines. The objective was to evaluate vasopressor utilization during surgical operation.ResultsA total of 92 patients were identified with a positive UDS for amphetamine and/or methamphetamine who went to the operating room within 24 hours of admission. Thirty-two (34%) patients received one or more (≥1) doses of vasopressor, while 60 patients (66%) received no vasopressor. Changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) were noted in 64%, while only 3% experienced an EKG change. A binomial logistic regression showed age, base deficit and change in MAP to be predictive of vasopressor use (p<0.002). No intraoperative cardiac events or anesthetic complications were seen.DiscussionHemodynamic instability in the amphetamine and methamphetamine-intoxicated population may be more directly related to degree of resuscitation required, than the presence of a positive UDS.Level of evidenceIV
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Guterstam, Joar, Nitya Jayaram-Lindström, Simon Cervenka, J. James Frost, Lars Farde, Christer Halldin, and Johan Franck. "Effects of amphetamine on the human brain opioid system – a positron emission tomography study." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 16, no. 4 (May 1, 2013): 763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1461145712000818.
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Abstract Studies in rodents have shown that psychostimulant drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine cause endorphin release in the brain reward system. There is also evidence for the involvement of the opioid system in human psychostimulant dependence. The acute effects of an i.v. psychostimulant drug on the brain opioid system, however, have not yet been investigated in humans. We hypothesized that an i.v. dose of amphetamine as compared to placebo would cause an opioid release in the human brain reward system, measurable as a reduction of the binding potential of the µ-opioid receptor radioligand [11C]carfentanil. Ten healthy young men were examined using positron emission tomography (PET) and [11C]carfentanil in three sessions: at baseline; after placebo; after an i.v. amphetamine dose of 0.3 mg/kg bodyweight. The order of amphetamine and placebo was double-blinded and randomized. PET examinations were performed with a Siemens high resolution research tomograph. Data were analysed with the simplified reference tissue model, applying manually drawn regions of interest for every subject. Using repeated measures analysis of variance, we found no significant differences in [11C]carfentanil binding potential between amphetamine and placebo conditions in any of the investigated brain regions. In contrast to data from rodent studies and a recent study of oral amphetamine administration in humans, an i.v. dose of amphetamine does not cause any acute opioid release in healthy human subjects. The postulated role of the opioid system in mediating the effects of amphetamine needs to be further investigated in animal models of the disease as well as in patient populations.
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Lambert, Nadine. "The Contribution of Childhood ADHD, Conduct Problems, and Stimulant Treatment to Adolescent and Adult Tobacco and Psychoactive Substance Abuse." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 7, no. 3 (September 2005): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.7.3.197.
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The investigation capitalizes on a 28-year prospective longitudinal study of hyperactive (ADHD) and age mate control participants identified from among 5212 elementary school children in randomly sampled classrooms from grades kindergarten through 5. The participants were followed from childhood through adolescence and interviewed 3 times in adulthood to document their life histories and the ages and use of licit and illicit substances over the developmental course. The Children’s Attention and Adjustment survey provided parent and teacher rating scales of the cardinal symptoms of ADHD—inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity—as well as ratings of conduct problems. The ratings were available at baseline, making possible the classification of all of the participants by research diagnostic proxies for DSM-IV ADHD. The substance use data included the age of initiation into tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and amphetamines, daily smoking and lifetime use of the substances, and DSM-III-R diagnoses of psychoactive substance use disorder at an average age of 26. Survival analysis of the age of regular smoking showed that the severity of ADHD symptoms lowered the survival rate for regular smoking. Severity of conduct problems also lowered the survival rate. Stimulant treatment affected lower survival rates, and when participants were classified by the age when stimulant treatment stopped, a protective effect was evident: Regular smoking did not begin until stimulant treatment ended. But the protective effect was short-lived. Those who had been treated with stimulants were significantly more likely to be daily smokers in adulthood. Chi-square analysis of ADHD, problem behavior and stimulant treatment showed a significant association between ADHD and between stimulant treatment and DSM-III-R diagnoses of tobacco dependence, and cocaine dependence. ADHD was also significantly associated with amphetamine dependence. Childhood conduct problems were significantly associated only with tobacco dependence. ADHD and stimulant treatment were each significantly associated with daily smoking in adulthood. Stimulant treatment was associated as well with lifetime use of amphetamine, and conduct problems only with the lifetime use of marijuana. Logistic regression was used to model the prediction of psychoactive substance dependence and lifetime use. Being initiated into tobacco by age 13 increased the odds of dependence on all of the substances in the investigation. Severity of ADHD increased the odds of dependence on tobacco, cocaine, amphetamine, and cocaine/amphetamine when the contribution of other variables in the analysis was accounted for. Stimulant treatment increased the odds of dependence on tobacco, cocaine, and cocaine/amphetamine. The logistic regressions for lifetime use as the dependent variable showed that being initiated into tobacco by age 13 increased the risk for lifetime use of all of the substances. Having been treated with stimulants increased the odds of adult daily smoking and lifetime use of amphetamine and cocaine/amphetamines. ADHD and problem behavior did not increase the odds of either daily smoking or lifetime use of any of the substances. The study supported hypotheses that tobacco serves as a gateway substance for dependence and lifetime use of all of the substances investigated. Self-medication, problem behavior, and sensitization hypotheses were discussed as possible explanations for the findings.
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MacQueen, David A., Arpi Minassian, Brook L. Henry, Mark A. Geyer, Jared W. Young, and William Perry. "Amphetamine Modestly Improves Conners’ Continuous Performance Test Performance in Healthy Adults." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 24, no. 3 (October 16, 2017): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561771700090x.
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AbstractObjectives: Amphetamine improves vigilance as assessed by continuous performance tests (CPT) in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Less is known, however, regarding amphetamine effects on vigilance in healthy adults. Thus, it remains unclear whether amphetamine produces general enhancement of vigilance or if these effects are constrained to the remediation of deficits in patients with ADHD. Methods: We tested 69 healthy adults (35 female) on a standardized CPT (Conner’s CPT-2) after receiving 10- or 20-mg d-amphetamine or placebo. To evaluate potential effects on learning, impulsivity, and perseveration, participants were additionally tested on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST). Results: Participants receiving placebo exhibited the classic vigilance decrement, demonstrated by a significant reduction in attention (D’) across the task. This vigilance decrement was not observed, however, after either dose of amphetamine. Consistent with enhanced vigilance, the 20-mg dose also reduced reaction time variability across the task and the ADHD confidence index. The effects of amphetamine appeared to be selective to vigilance since no effects were observed on the IGT, WCST, or response inhibition/perseveration measures from the CPT. Conclusions: The present data support the premise that amphetamine improves vigilance irrespective of disease state. Given that amphetamine is a norepinephrine/dopamine transporter inhibitor and releaser, these effects are informative regarding the neurobiological substrates of attentional control. (JINS, 2018, 24, 283–293)
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Winsløw, Frederik, Nadja Skadkær Hansen, and Michael Broksgaard Jensen. "Vertebral Artery Dissection Related to Amphetamine Abuse – A Case Report." Journal of Central Nervous System Disease 12 (January 2020): 117957352093934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179573520939340.
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We report the case of a 37-year-old male patient with chronic amphetamine abuse who presented with vertebral artery dissection. Prior to presentation, he had increased the consumption of amphetamine from 5 times a year to once every week and had used amphetamine on the day of presentation. He attended with neck pain, vertigo and coordinating difficulties of his left arm. Computed tomography angiogram of the neck vessels showed a left vertebral stenosis and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging showed a left vertebral pseudolumen and a medullary stroke. Cervical artery dissection is a major cause of stroke in the young. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the second reported case of vertebral artery dissection in a patient with amphetamine abuse. Amphetamine might contribute to an increased risk of vertebral artery dissection through its vasculopathic properties although more data are needed to establish a causal relationship.
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Kraemer, Thomas, and Hans H. Maurer. "Toxicokinetics of Amphetamines: Metabolism and Toxicokinetic Data of Designer Drugs, Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, and Their N-Alkyl Derivatives." Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 24, no. 2 (April 2002): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007691-200204000-00009.
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Almagthly, Naif Talal, and Abd Alhadi Hasan. "The Impact of Substance Misuse Disorder on Psychosocial Aspects of Patients’ Lives." Research in Health Science 4, no. 3 (June 21, 2019): p152. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rhs.v4n3p152.
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the psychosocial impact of substance use/abuse on participants psychosocial life.Methodology: The study was employed descriptive explanatory design with purposive sampling was used, and 181 male participants were recruited at the Al-Amal Hospital in Jeddah. The psychosocial life aspect of patient life was assessed by using a validated scale Results: Data were analyzed by the SPSS-23. The most commonly used substances were amphetamines, alcohol and marijuana. The greatest effect of substance use was on self-esteem, followed by anxiety, depression, hostility and risk taking. Interestingly, group one (alcohol) and group three (amphetamine) showed the highest psychosocial influence. Conclusions: Substance use/abuse significantly affected psychosocial aspects, especially self-esteem and depression.
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Schifano, Fabrizio, John Corkery, Vinesha Naidoo, Adenekan Oyefeso, and Hamid Ghodse. "Overview of Amphetamine-Type Stimulant Mortality Data – UK, 1997–2007." Neuropsychobiology 61, no. 3 (2010): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000279302.
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Hornbeck, Cecil L., and Robert J. Czarny. "Retrospective Analysis of Some l-Methamphetamine/l-Amphetamine Urine Data*." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/17.1.23.
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Lehner, Małgorzata H., Ewa Taracha, Ewelina Kaniuga, Aleksandra Wisłowska-Stanek, Marek Gryz, Alicja Sobolewska, Danuta Turzyńska, Anna Skórzewska, and Adam Płaźnik. "Low-anxiety rats are more sensitive to amphetamine in comparison to high-anxiety rats." Journal of Psychopharmacology 31, no. 1 (October 4, 2016): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881116667708.
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This study utilised the two injection protocol of sensitisation (TIPS) and the conditioned place preference test to validate and extend previous findings on the effects of amphetamine on positive reinforcement-related 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalisation (USV) in rats. We also examined changes in the expression of c-Fos and the NMDA receptor 2B (GluN2B) subunit, markers of neuronal activity and plasticity, in brain regions of rats in response to TIPS. We used low anxiety-responsive (LR) and high anxiety-responsive (HR) rats, which are known to exhibit different fear-conditioned response strengths, different susceptibilities to amphetamine in the TIPS procedure and different amphetamine-dependent 50 kHz USV responses. The LR rats, compared to the HR rats, not only vocalised much more intensely but also spent significantly more time in the amphetamine-paired compartment. After the second dose of amphetamine, the LR rats exhibited more c-Fos and GluN2B activation in layers II and III of the M1/M2 motor cortex area and prefrontal cortex (PRE, PRL, IL) and also presented with more GluN2B activation in the basal amygdala. These data reveal that HR and LR rats exhibit different levels of reactivity in the cortical-limbic pathway, which controls reward-related motivational processes. These findings contribute to the general hypothesis that heterogeneity in emotional processes is one of the causes of sensitisation to amphetamine and drug addiction.
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Hemmer, Selina, Lea Wagmann, and Markus R. Meyer. "Altered metabolic pathways elucidated via untargeted in vivo toxicometabolomics in rat urine and plasma samples collected after controlled application of a human equivalent amphetamine dose." Archives of Toxicology 95, no. 10 (August 19, 2021): 3223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03135-8.
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AbstractAmphetamine is widely consumed as drug of abuse due to its stimulating and cognitive enhancing effects. Since amphetamine has been on the market for quite a long time and it is one of the most commonly used stimulants worldwide, to date there is still limited information on its effects on the metabolome. In recent years, untargeted toxicometabolomics have been increasingly used to study toxicity-related pathways of such drugs of abuse to find and identify important endogenous and exogenous biomarkers. In this study, the acute effects of amphetamine intake on plasma and urinary metabolome in rats were investigated. For this purpose, samples of male Wistar rats after a single dose of amphetamine (5 mg/kg) were compared to a control group using an untargeted metabolomics approach. Analysis was performed using normal and reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry using positive and negative ionization mode. Statistical evaluation was performed using Welch’s two-sample t test, hierarchical clustering, as well as principal component analysis. The results of this study demonstrate a downregulation of amino acids in plasma samples after amphetamine exposure. Furthermore, four new potential biomarkers N-acetylamphetamine, N-acetyl-4-hydroxyamphetamine, N-acetyl-4-hydroxyamphetamine glucuronide, and amphetamine succinate were identified in urine. The present study complements previous data and shows that several studies are necessary to elucidate altered metabolic pathways associated with acute amphetamine exposure.
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Endres, Christopher J., Bhaskar S. Kolachana, Richard C. Saunders, Tom Su, Daniel Weinberger, Alan Breier, William C. Eckelman, and Richard E. Carson. "Kinetic Modeling of [11C]Raclopride: Combined PET-Microdialysis Studies." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 17, no. 9 (September 1997): 932–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199709000-00002.
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The in vivo binding of D2 receptor ligands can be affected by agents that alter the concentration of endogenous dopamine. To define a more explicit relation between dopamine and D2 receptor binding, the conventional compartment model for reversible ligands has been extended to account for a time-varying dopamine pulse. This model was tested with [11C]raclopride positron emission tomography and dopamine microdialysis data that were acquired simultaneously in rhesus monkeys. The microdialysis data were incorporated into the model assuming a proportional relation to synaptic dopamine. Positron emission tomography studies used a bolus-plus-infusion tracer delivery with amphetamine given at 40 minutes to induce dopamine release. The extended model described the entire striatal time–activity curve, including the decrease in radioactivity concentration after an amphetamine-induced dopamine pulse. Based on these results, simulation studies were performed using the extended model. The simulation studies showed that the percent decrease in specific binding after amphetamine measured with the bolus-plus-infusion protocol correlates well with the integral of the postamphetamine dopamine pulse. This suggests that changes in specific binding observed in studies in humans can be interpreted as being linearly proportional to the integral of the amphetamine-induced dopamine pulse.
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Chivaurah, Bernard M., David Lienert, and Dominiek Coates. "Amphetamine-type-substance-related presentations to the Emergency Department Mental Health Team of a local health district in Australia." Australasian Psychiatry 27, no. 4 (May 13, 2019): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856219848836.
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Objectives: To identify the prevalence and profile of amphetamine-type-substance-related presentations to the Emergency Department Mental Health Team of a local health district in Australia. Methods: Data was collected from medical records of all amphetamine-type-substance presentations to the Emergency Department Mental Health Team over a 1-year period, between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2015. Results: Of all presentations referred to the Emergency Department Mental Health Team, 0.15% ( N = 189) were amphetamine-type-substance related. Of these, the majority were male, the average age was 32, 19.0% engaged in intravenous drug use, some were aggressive and 15.9% required tranquilisation. The most common presenting issues were psychosis and suicidal threats, intent and behaviour (including intentional overdose). Multiple comorbid conditions were identified. On discharge, 34.4% were admitted into a psychiatric hospital and 32.8% were referred to Community Mental health teams. Conclusions: Amphetamine-type-substance users suffer from multiple comorbidities and pose a significant burden on emergency services.
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Gautam, Lata, Karen S. Scott, and Michael D. Cole. "Amphetamine Binding to Synthetic Melanin and Scatchard Analysis of Binding Data." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 29, no. 5 (July 1, 2005): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/29.5.339.
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Darbar, Aneela, Richard T. Stevens, Adnan H. Siddiqui, James S. McCasland, and Charles J. Hodge. "Pharmacological modulation of cortical plasticity following kainic acid lesion in rat barrel cortex." Journal of Neurosurgery 109, no. 1 (July 2008): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns/2008/109/7/0108.
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Object The brain shows remarkable capacity for plasticity in response to injury. To maximize the benefits of current neurological treatment and to minimize the impact of injury, the authors examined the ability of commonly administered drugs, dextroamphetamine (D-amphetamine) and phenytoin, to positively or negatively affect the functional recovery of the cerebral cortex following excitotoxic injury. Methods Previous work from the same laboratory has demonstrated reorganization of whisker functional responses (WFRs) in the rat barrel cortex after excitotoxic lesions were created with kainic acid (KA). In the present study, WFRs were mapped using intrinsic optical signal imaging before and 9 days after creation of the KA lesions. During the post-lesion survival period, animals were either treated with intraperitoneal D-amphetamine, phenytoin, or saline or received no treatment. Following the survival period, WFRs were again measured and compared with prelesion data. Results The findings suggest that KA lesions cause increases in WFR areas when compared with controls. Treatment with D-amphetamine further increased the WFR area (p < 0.05) while phenytoin-treated rats showed decreases in WFR areas. There was also a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the D-amphetamine and phenytoin groups. Conclusions These results show that 2 commonly used drugs, D-amphetamine and phenytoin, have opposite effects in the functional recovery/plasticity of injured cerebral cortex. The authors' findings emphasize the complex nature of the cortical response to injury and have implications for understanding the biology of the effects of different medications on eventual functional brain recovery.
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Quelch, Darren R., Loukia Katsouri, David J. Nutt, Christine A. Parker, and Robin J. Tyacke. "Imaging Endogenous Opioid Peptide Release with [11C]Carfentanil and [3H]Diprenorphine: Influence of Agonist-Induced Internalization." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 34, no. 10 (July 9, 2014): 1604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2014.117.
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Understanding the cellular processes underpinning the changes in binding observed during positron emission tomography neurotransmitter release studies may aid translation of these methodologies to other neurotransmitter systems. We compared the sensitivities of opioid receptor radioligands, carfentanil, and diprenorphine, to amphetamine-induced endogenous opioid peptide (EOP) release and methadone administration in the rat. We also investigated whether agonist-induced internalization was involved in reductions in observed binding using subcellular fractionation and confocal microscopy. After radioligand administration, significant reductions in [11C]carfentanil, but not [3H]diprenorphine, uptake were observed after methadone and amphetamine pretreatment. Subcellular fractionation and in vitro radioligand binding studies showed that amphetamine pretreatment only decreased total [11C]carfentanil binding. In vitro saturation binding studies conducted in buffers representative of the internalization pathway suggested that μ-receptors are significantly less able to bind the radioligands in endosomal compared with extracellular compartments. Finally, a significant increase in μ-receptor-early endosome co-localization in the hypothalamus was observed after amphetamine and methadone treatment using double-labeling confocal microscopy, with no changes in δ- or κ-receptor co-localization. These data indicate carfentanil may be superior to diprenorphine when imaging EOP release in vivo, and that alterations in the ability to bind internalized receptors may be a predictor of ligand sensitivity to endogenous neurotransmitter release.
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Du, Peng, Xin Liu, Guangcai Zhong, Zilei Zhou, Margaret William Thomes, Choon Weng Lee, Chui Wei Bong, et al. "Monitoring Consumption of Common Illicit Drugs in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, by Wastewater-Cased Epidemiology." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030889.
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Southeast Asian countries including Malaysia play a major role in global drug trade and abuse. Use of amphetamine-type stimulants has increased in the past decade in Malaysia. This study aimed to apply wastewater-based epidemiology for the first time in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to estimate the consumption of common illicit drugs in urban population. Influent wastewater samples were collected from two wastewater treatment plants in Kuala Lumpur in the summer of 2017. Concentrations of twenty-four drug biomarkers were analyzed for estimating drug consumption. Fourteen drug residues were detected with concentrations of up to 1640 ng/L. Among the monitored illicit drugs, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy had the highest estimated per capita consumptions. Consumption and dose of amphetamine-type stimulants (methamphetamine and MDMA) were both an order of magnitude higher than those of opioids (heroin and codeine, methadone and tramadol). Amphetamine-type stimulants were the most prevalent drugs, replacing opioids in the drug market. The prevalence trend measured by wastewater-based epidemiology data reflected the shift to amphetamine-type stimulants as reported by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Narcotics Cooperation Center. Most of the undetected drug residues were new psychoactive substances (NPSs), suggesting a low prevalence of NPSs in the drug market.
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Office, Editorial. "10th International Conference on Philosophy, Psychiatry and Psychology, Sun City." South African Journal of Psychiatry 13, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v13i3.23.
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<p>In the last few years much data in the gulf region indicate that amphetamine psychosis has become more common and more prolonged.</p><p><strong>Aim.</strong> This study was done to: 1) assess clinical features related to amphetamine withdrawal, 2) assess if there are changes in these features in comparison to other previous studies or not, 3) study the relation between amphetamine and chronicity of psychotic symptoms, 4) find a reason for such suspected changes if present.</p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> A total of 150 male amphetamine dependent inpatients were selected according to ICD-10 research diagnostic criteria. Patients were subjected to the following procedures: 1) Oral informed consent. 2) Full psychiatric interview. 3) Urine test for common addictive substances on admission 4) Symptoms checklist which have been designed by the authors to assess Clinical features associated with amphetamine 5) Symptom Checklist–90–Revised (Derogates 1994).</p><p><strong>Results.</strong> Generally the present study shows that the psychotic symptoms were very common with Amphetamine dependent patients and the severity of all symptoms decreased significantly during the different phases of treatment. Delusions and hallucinations were very common during 2nd week (54% and 51% respectively) and persisted for more than 8 weeks in 24% and 10% of patients respectively.</p><p><strong>Discussion.</strong> Some of the results are similar to previous studies as Dalmau et al. 1999 and Koyama et al. 1991 but still the duration of psychosis is much longer.</p><p><strong>Conclusion.</strong> There is increased risk of psychosis with use of amphetamine and a lot of reasons may play role as starting abuse at early age, sensitization process that may lead to chronic psychosis, and adulterating substances like ephedrine that may be dangerous and can lead to permanent damage of brain serotonin nerve endings.</p>
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Dr. Muhammad Saleem, Aftab Hussain,. "Effect Of Mindfulness Based Relapse Prevention Therapy on Uncontrolled Aggression Among Individual with Amphetamine use Disorder: a Systematic Review." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 5675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.2990.
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Mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) is an approach that incorporates cognitive behavioral relapse prevention with mindfulness practice. The present research indicates that MBRP can effectively minimize craving in people with substance use disorder (SUD). The purpose of this review was to examine the efficacy Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (MBRP) strategies to mitigate uncontrolled aggression in individuals with amphetamine use disorder. In the context of a systematic review, this paper proposes a research project to investigate the effect of mindfulness based relapse prevention therapy on uncontrolled aggression among individual with amphetamine use disorder. Selection of studies, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were carried out. PRISMA protocol was applied to ensure a standardized review strategy. No ethical approval was required. Review indicated that mindfulness training intervention as MBRP was successful for individuals with amphetamine use disorder. This preventive strategy has helped them improve their ability to deal with temptation and high-risk behaviors, such as uncontrolled aggression
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Srisurapanont, Manit, Ngamwong Jarusuraisin, and Jaroon Jittiwutikan. "Amphetamine Withdrawal: I. Reliability, Validity and Factor Structure of a Measure." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 1 (February 1999): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00517.x.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to create a short, reliable and valid questionnaire for the evaluation of amphetamine withdrawal, which we shall call the Amphetamine Withdrawal Questionnaire (AWQ). Method: Items of the AWQ included in this study were based on the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) and a comprehensive review. A field trial for assessing the reliability, validity and factor structure was conducted in outpatients and inpatients with amphetamine withdrawal. Results: Thirty and 102 patients’ data were included in the reliability-validity tests and the factor study, respectively. Due to the very low mean score of insomnia item, this item was excluded from subsequent analyses. The AWQ internal consistency was satisfactory with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.77. For test-retest reliability, a Spearman rank order correlation coefficient of the AWQ total score was 0.79. The AWQ total score for criterion validity was moderately correlated with the other two accepted measures. Principal component analysis, eigenvalue-one test and a varimax rotation performed to elicit the factors of AWQ yielded a three-factor model of AWQ: namely hyperarousal, reversed vegetative and anxiety factors. Conclusions: The AWQ is a short, reliable and valid measure for assessing amphetamine withdrawal symptoms. Further studies with a larger number of patients should be conducted to confirm the results of this factor analysis.
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Sandiego, Christine M., Jean-Dominique Gallezot, Keunpoong Lim, Jim Ropchan, Shu-fei Lin, Hong Gao, Evan D. Morris, and Kelly P. Cosgrove. "Reference Region Modeling Approaches for Amphetamine Challenge Studies with [11C]FLB 457 and PET." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 35, no. 4 (January 7, 2015): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2014.237.
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Detecting fluctuations in synaptic dopamine levels in extrastriatal brain regions with [11C]FLB 457 and positron emission tomography (PET) is a valuable tool for studying dopaminergic dysfunction in psychiatric disorders. The evaluation of reference region modeling approaches would eliminate the need to obtain arterial input function data. Our goal was to explore the use of reference region models to estimate amphetamine-induced changes in [11C]FLB 457 dopamine D2/D3 binding. Six healthy tobacco smokers were imaged with [11C]FLB 457 at baseline and at 3 hours after amphetamine (0.4 to 0.5 mg/kg, per os) administration. Simplified reference tissue models, SRTM and SRTM2, were evaluated against the 2-tissue compartmental model (2TC) to estimate [11C]FLB 457 binding in extrastriatal regions of interest (ROIs), using the cerebellum as a reference region. No changes in distribution volume were observed in the cerebellum between scan conditions. SRTM and SRTM2 underestimated binding, compared with 2TC, in ROIs by 26% and 9%, respectively, with consistent bias between the baseline and postamphetamine scans. Postamphetamine, [11C]FLB 457 binding significantly decreased across several brain regions as measured with SRTM and SRTM2; no significant change was detected with 2TC. These data support the sensitivity of [11C]FLB 457 for measuring amphetamine-induced dopamine release in extrastriatal regions with SRTM and SRTM2.
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Satish, Sangeeta, Carl Freeman, and John Culhane. "Urine drug screen positive for cocaine and amphetamine is not an adverse risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity or mortality in trauma." Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open 6, no. 1 (August 2021): e000749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2021-000749.
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BackgroundUrine drug screening (UDS) is a component of trauma workup and of perioperative risk evaluation. Illicit stimulant use has been associated with cardiovascular complications. This study investigates the impact of stimulant use and its interaction with surgery on cardiovascular complications in trauma patients.MethodsPatients were identified from the 2017 National Trauma Data Bank. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the effect of amphetamine and cocaine on mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke. We evaluated three subsets: all screened patients, those who underwent surgery, and those whose surgery was immediate. Significance was tested with χ2 test for categorical variables, Student’s t-test for continuous variables, and logistic regression for multivariate analysis.Results317 688 (32.1%) patients underwent UDS. Multivariate analysis showed protective association between cocaine and mortality OR 0.9 (p=0.028). Cocaine was a non-significant predictor of MI and stroke: OR 0.63 (p=0.065) and 0.91 (p=0.502), respectively. Amphetamine was a non-significant predictor of mortality, MI, and stroke: OR 0.97 (p=0.405), 0.80 (p=0.283), and 1.02 (p=0.857), respectively.On univariate analysis, amphetamine showed a protective association with MI for all screened patients: relative risk (RR) 0.58 (p=0.005), and for surgical patients: RR 0.58 (p=0.019). Amphetamine showed a protective association with mortality for all three subsets: RR 0.83 (p<0.001), 0.78 (p<0.001), and 0.71 (p<0.001), respectively. Cocaine showed a protective association with MI for all screened patients: RR 0.45 (p=0.001), and for surgical patients: RR 0.44 (p=0.005). Cocaine showed a protective association with mortality for all three subsets: RR 0.76 (p<0.001), 0.71 (p<0.001), and 0.63 (p<0.001), respectively.DiscussionUDS positive for cocaine or amphetamine is not an adverse risk factor in trauma, including trauma patients who underwent surgery. The apparent protective effects of illicit drugs warrant further investigation.Level of evidenceTherapeutic/care management, level IV.
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Wilson, J. F., B. L. Smith, P. A. Toseland, J. Williams, D. Burnett, A. D. Hirst, I. D. Watson, and A. N. Horn. "External Quality Assessment of Techniques for the Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Urine." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 31, no. 4 (July 1994): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456329403100405.
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Five chromatographic and six immunoassay techniques were compared using data reported by 131 participants in the UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme for Drugs of Abuse in Urine. Twenty Five samples were studied containing none or one of three concentrations of amphetamine, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, benzoylecgonine, methadone and morphine. Technique sensitivity and specificity achieved with realistic clinical samples of 25 mL vol were assessed as the percentage of true positive and true negative tests, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography was inadequate for the detection of several analytes, the sensitivity for 0 · 5 mg/L of benzoylecgonine being < 30%, and for 1 · 5 mg/L of amphetamine < 86%. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was significantly less sensitive than other techniques for the detection of 0·5 mg/L of benzoylecgonine (71%) and 1 · 5 mg/L of morphine (88%). High-performance liquid chromatography was the most sensitive for amphetamine. Immunoassays performed well when operating above then-specified cut-off concentrations but, because they are directed to quinalbarbitone showed reduced cross-reactivity with amylobarbitone, the barbiturate more commonly prescribed in the UK.
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Hamidi, Samin. "Simultaneous and Sensitive Determination of Amphetamine, Codeine and Morphine in Exhaled Breath Condensate, Using Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with On-line and Off-line Enhancing Methods." Current Pharmaceutical Analysis 16, no. 7 (August 17, 2020): 872–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573412915666190219143049.
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Background: Abuse of drugs is associated with several medical, forensic, toxicology and social challenges. “Drugs of abuse” testing is therefore an important issue. Objective: We propose a simple CE-based method for the quantification of amphetamine, codeine and morphine after direct injection of Exhaled Breath Condensate (EBC) by the aid of simple stacking mode and an off-line pre-concentration method. Methods: Using graphene oxide adsorbents, amphetamine, codeine and morphine were extracted from EBC in order to eliminate the proteins and other interferences. In addition to off-line method, an online stacking mode was applied to improve the analytical signal obtained from the instrument. Results: The validation parameters were experimented on the developed method based on the FDA guideline over concentration ranges of 12.5-100, 30-500 and 10-1250 ng/mL associated with amphetamine, codeine and morphine, respectively. Small volumes (around 100 μL) of EBC were collected using a lab-made setup and successfully analyzed using the proposed method where precisions and accuracies (within day and between days) were in accordance with the guideline (recommended less than 15 % for biological samples). The recovery tests were used to evaluate the matrix effect and data (94 to 105 %) showed that the proposed method can be applied in different EBC matrix samplings of subjects. Conclusion: The proposed method is superior for simultaneous determination of amphetamine, codeine and morphine over chromatographic analyses because it is fast and consumes fewer chemicals, with no derivatization step.
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Amato, Davide, Fabio Canneva, Huu Phuc Nguyen, Peter Bauer, Olaf Riess, Stephan von Hörsten, and Christian P. Müller. "Capturing schizophrenia-like prodromal symptoms in a spinocerebellar ataxia-17 transgenic rat." Journal of Psychopharmacology 31, no. 4 (November 10, 2016): 461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675510.
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Rationale: The polyglutamine disease spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17) is a neurodegenerative disease leading to severe neurological symptoms during development. Additionally, patients affected by SCA17 display psychosis earlier than their motor disorders. Objective: Here the putative psychotic phenotype and endophenotype of transgenic SCA17 rats was examined. Methods: The expression of schizophrenia-like symptoms was evaluated over a longitudinal period before and after the onset of neurological symptoms in SCA17. To this end, transgenic SCA17 rats’ monoamine neurotransmission was investigated along with their locomotion at baseline and in response to amphetamine using in-vivo microdialysis in free moving conditions, their sensorimotor gating using pre-pulse inhibition of startle reaction, and their object memory using the novel object recognition test as an index of cognitive impairments. Results: Presymptomatic SCA17 rats displayed dysregulated monoamine levels at baseline and in response to amphetamine compared with control wild-type (wt) rats. At that stage, neither amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion nor sensorimotor gating differed from that in wt rats. Symptomatic SCA17 rats developed sensorimotor gating deficits and also showed an impaired object memory, while their monoaminergic responses remained supersensitive to amphetamine. Conclusions: The data of the present study demonstrate a neurochemical endophenotype in SCA17 rats resembling that of prodromal schizophrenia. These findings suggest that a sensitization of the monoamine systems arises early in adulthood in SCA17 rats and may predispose them to express schizophrenia-like symptoms later in life.
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Ødegård, Einar, Anne Line Bretteville-Jensen, and Astrid Skretting. "Article." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 19, no. 2 (April 2002): 106–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250201900208.
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Einar Ødegård & Anne Line Bretteville-Jensen & Astrid Skretting: The development of drug abuse in Norway in the 1990s This article aims to shed light on the development of drug abuse in Norway during the 1990s. The data come from various different sources, including questionnaire studies as well as other data sets describing the extent of drug abuse in the country. There has been a marked increase in drug abuse during the 1990s. Data from annual youth surveys in 1990 to 1995 indicate that between 8 and 10 per cent of youths aged 15–20 had ever used cannabis, whereas the figure during the latter half of the decade was substantially higher at 18–19 per cent. Surveys in the whole population also point at an increase from 1991 through to 1999: in 1991 the proportion indicating they had ever used cannabis was 8.2%, by 1999 the figure had risen to 12.5%. Furthermore, a simple cohort analysis clearly indicates that large numbers are continuing to use cannabis: the figures are also rising in older age groups. With the growing prevalence of cannabis use in younger age groups we may therefore expect to see increasing numbers of regular and frequent cannabis users in the whole population as well. Drug seizures by the police and customs have increased sharply during the latter half of the 1990s: this applies not only to amphetamine and ecstasy but also cocaine and LSD. This is supported by the results of annual questionnaire surveys among youths, who are reporting a marked increase in the use of these types of drugs. In the early 1990s around 1% of youths in the age group 15–20 said they had ever used amphetamine. This figure remained more or less unchanged through to the mid-1990s. However by the end of the decade around 4% said they had used amphetamine. The data from youth surveys furthermore indicate that there is considerable overlap in the use of amphetamine and ecstasy. In this material the sharpest increase is recorded in the proportion of those indicating they have used both amphetamine and ecstasy. There are several indicators which describe the extent of heroin abuse. All these indicators show that there has been a sharp increase in heroin abuse during the 1990s. A simple mortality analysis suggests that the number of heroin abusers has doubled over the past decade. Drug abuse has also spread markedly both in relation to age groups and geographically: today the problem is by no means limited to any specific age group, nor just to a few major cities.
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Karimi, Javad, Mohamadreza Maghsoudi, Lida Shojaei Arani, Shahrooz Yazdani, Nami Mohammadian Khonsar, Kiumars Bahman, and Hoorvash Faraji Dana. "Assessment of Risk Factors and the Effect of Drug Abuse on the Incidence of Ischemic Heart Disease in Patients Less Than 40 Years Old." International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine 11, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 31751.1–31751.6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.v11i1.31751.
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Background: in this study, we examined the risk factors and the effects of substance abuse on the incidence of ischemic heart disease in patients less than 40 years old in Shahid Rajaei Hospital in Karaj from 2019-2020. Methods: This case-control study was done on 70 patients in the cases and 70 cases in the control groups. All demographic data, including age, gender, place of residence, weight, height, body mass index, cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors, including hypertension, high levels of blood fats, diabetes, a history of smoking cigarettes, tobacco, crystal meth, and cocaine, alcohol consumption, as well as a history of taking supplements for bodybuilding, and sex-enhancing drugs were obtained. Afterward, blood levels of glucose and fats were evaluated and urine analysis for the presence of drugs, such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, buprenorphine, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, cocaine, morphine, methadone, tramadol, and tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) was done. SPSS software v. 22 was used for data analysis. Results: Among the studied underlying factors and drugs, family history, high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels above 130 mg/dL were significantly associated with a higher risk of acute myocardial infarction (MI) (P<0.05). Interestingly, alcohol consumption and the use of tobacco, opium, methadone, heroin, cocaine, cannabis, amphetamines, methamphetamine, tramadol, benzodiazepines, TCA, buprenorphine, and anabolic steroids were not significantly associated with acute MI under 40 years (P>0.05). Conclusion: according to the results of the present study, it seems that a positive family history of MI under the age of 55, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and LDL levels above 130 mg/dL are more significant risk factors for acute MI in patients under 40 years of age in comparison with the consumption of alcohol and the use of hookah, opium, methadone, heroin, cocaine, cannabis, amphetamine, methamphetamine, tramadol, benzodiazepines, TCA, buprenorphine, and anabolic steroids. It should be noted that further studies in this area are recommended.
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Farrell, M., A. Boys, P. Bebbington, T. Brugha, J. Coid, R. Jenkins, G. Lewis, et al. "Psychosis and drug dependence: results from a national survey of prisoners." British Journal of Psychiatry 181, no. 5 (November 2002): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.181.5.393.
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BackgroundThe links between drug use and psychosis are of major aetiological and prognostic significance. Psychosis and drug dependence frequently co-occur within the prison population, providing the opportunity to study this link more closely.AimsTo explore the relationship between psychosis and drug dependence in a sample of prisoners.MethodA total of 3142 prisoners were surveyed nationally and structured clinical data were obtained from a subsample of 503 respondents. Psychiatric assessment was based on the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (version 1.0). Measures of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and heroin use and dependence were obtained through self-report.ResultsLogistic regression analyses indicated that first use of amphetamines or cocaine before the age of 16 years and severe cannabis or cocaine dependence were related to an increased risk of psychosis. In contrast, severe dependence on heroin was associated with a reduced risk of this classification.ConclusionsSevere dependence on cannabis and psychostimulants is associated with a higher risk of psychosis and is in contrast to severe dependence on heroin, which has a negative relationship with psychosis.
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Groos, Dominik, Fang Zheng, Manfred Rauh, Benedikt Quinger, Johannes Kornhuber, Christian P. Müller, and Christian Alzheimer. "Chronic antipsychotic treatment targets GIRK current suppression, loss of long-term synaptic depression and behavioural sensitization in a mouse model of amphetamine psychosis." Journal of Psychopharmacology 33, no. 1 (November 29, 2018): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118812235.
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Background: Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) are the mainstay of the pharmacological treatment of psychotic disorders like schizophrenia. While the clinical efficacy of APDs has long since been established, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying their therapeutic benefits are still not well understood. Methods: Here, we used an escalating amphetamine regimen to induce a psychosis-like state in mice. To achieve clinically relevant drug concentrations in amphetamine-pretreated mice, the typical APD haloperidol or the atypical APD olanzapine were chronically administered via subcutaneously implanted osmotic mini-pumps. Results: Demonstrating their therapeutic efficacy, both drugs dampened amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion and restored normal behaviour in the light-induced activity test. Whole-cell recordings from dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in ex vivo brain slices revealed two pronounced aberrations associated with the psychosis-like state: Strongly enhanced spontaneous firing and a substantial loss of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) current upon activation of GABAB receptors with baclofen. Chronic haloperidol and olanzapine restored normal firing and partially rescued the GIRK current response to baclofen. In ex vivo slices containing the nucleus accumbens, which receives a dopaminergic projection from the VTA, abrogation of long-term synaptic depression (LTD) and enhanced excitatory drive onto medium spiny neurons were identified as synaptic consequences of amphetamine-induced psychosis. Again, both alterations proved amenable to chronic APD treatment. Conclusion: Our data provide evidence for aberrant neuronal function and plasticity in the mesolimbic dopamine system during an induced psychotic state and identify these alterations as targets of chronic APD treatment.
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Hser, Yih-Ing. "Population Estimation of Illicit Drug Users in Los Angeles County." Journal of Drug Issues 23, no. 2 (April 1993): 323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269302300210.
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The author describes the application of several methods to obtain population estimates of illicit drug users in Los Angeles County. The study applied several multiple-capture models to drug treatment data and the synthetic estimation method to arrestee data to provide separate estimates for cocaine, heroin, amphetamine, and intravenous drug users. The author demonstrates the advantages of employing complementary methods and data sources.
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Lebedev, Andrei Andreevich, Eugeny Grigorievich Shumilov, Eugeny Rudolfovich Bychkov, Vitaly Ivanovich Morozov, and Petr Dmitriyevich Shabanov. "Orexin A role in mechanisms of reinforcement in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis." Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 13, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rcf13220-26.
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The orexin family of hypothalamic neuropeptides has been implicated in reinforcement mechanisms relevant to both food and drug reward. Previous behavioral studies with antagonists at the orexin A-selective receptor OX(1), have demonstrated its involvement in behavioral sensitization, conditioned place-preference, self-administration and reinstatement of drugs abuse. There are dense concentrations of hypocretin receptors, in brain regions implicated in drug reinforcement processes, such as the nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis Adult male Wistar rats were implanted the stimulating electrodes to the lateral hypothalamus. Simultaneously, the microcanules were implanted into the BNST to inject the OX(1) receptor antagonist. Rats were trained to perform intracranial self-stimulation. The effects of the OX(1)-selective antagonist SB-408124 on brain stimulation-reward (BSR) were measured. SB-408124 injected into the BNST (1µg/1 µl in volume for each injection.) alone had no effect on self-stimulation of lateral hypothalamus. Amphetamine (1 mg/kg i.p.) potentiated BSR, measured as lowering of BSR threshold and enhancing of BSR frequency. Amphetamine-induced stimulatory effects on intracranial self-stimulation was blocked by injections of SB-408124 into BNST. These data demonstrate that OX(1) play an important role in regulating the reinforcing and reward-enhancing properties of amphetamine and suggest that orexin transmission is likely essential for establishing and maintaining the amphetamine habit in human addicts. However, the observations that OX1 antagonism reduce brain reward and block stress- and cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking suggests that this class of compounds may be useful additions to stress-reduction and other behavioral therapies in the treatment of substance abuse disorders.
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Brauer, L. H., Andrew J. Goudie, and Harriet de Wit. "Dopamine ligands and the stimulus effects of amphetamine: animal models versus human laboratory data." Psychopharmacology 130, no. 1 (March 6, 1997): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050207.
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Mullenix, Phyllis J., William J. Kernan, Melissa S. Tassinari, and Ann Schunior. "Generation of Dose-Response Data Using Activity Measures." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 8, no. 1 (January 1989): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818909009104.
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The measurement of activity is being employed as a routine test to screen for neurotoxicity. Yet the detection capability of many activity monitoring techniques is limited to the extent that the potential for false negative results is present. This study dissects a drug-induced change in behavior to illustrate the relative importance of various measures in the delineation of dose-response information. This type of analysis is crucial for understanding what measures are needed to generate meaningful activity data. The behavioral response to four doses of amphetamine is determined using three independent measures of change, the number of behavioral initiations, total time, and time structure. Subjectivity in the identification of behavior was minimized by using a computer pattern recognition system to classify all acts. It was found that the biggest contributor to dose-response delineation was the measure of time distribution and sequence, a measure ignored by most automated activity devices available today. Both the behavioral act and the measures used must be specifically identified to avoid artificial summations that could underestimate or overestimate the overall effect on behavior.
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Pugh, James. "The Royal Air Force, Bomber Command and the Use of Benzedrine Sulphate: An Examination of Policy and Practice During the Second World War." Journal of Contemporary History 53, no. 4 (October 17, 2016): 740–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009416652717.
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This article explores the development of policy in the Royal Air Force (RAF) relating to the use of Benzedrine, a potent amphetamine, by aircrews during the Second World War. This policy evolved from total prohibition in September 1939 to cautious approval for the use of the drug on operations in November 1942. Such caution reflected the subjective evidence available about Benzedrine, the media profile of the substance, and wider social and cultural factors relating to the use of drugs during this period. This challenges our understanding of drug history, demonstrating that while amphetamines were framed as a ‘miracle drug’, more nuanced, functional interpretations of the substance were in evidence. In turn, the article examines evidence from the operational context, including new data gathered from questionnaires and interviews with former Bomber Command aircrew and existing oral history material held by the Imperial War Museum. Both policy discussions and operational evidence allows for a re-evaluation of the arguments of Nicholas Rasmussen, who suggests the RAF made use of Benzedrine as a frontline ‘psychiatric medicine’. Such conclusions downplay the significance the RAF attached to the drug’s effects on wakefulness and concerns about the drug’s effects on wellbeing.
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Di Miceli, Mathieu, Adesina Omoloye, and Benjamin Gronier. "Chronic methylphenidate treatment during adolescence has long-term effects on monoaminergic function." Journal of Psychopharmacology 33, no. 1 (October 18, 2018): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118805494.
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Background: Psychostimulants like methylphenidate or D-amphetamine are often prescribed for attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders in children. Whether such drugs can be administered into a developing brain without consequences in adulthood is still an open question. Methods: Here, using in vivo extracellular electrophysiology in anesthetised preparations, combined with behavioural assays, we have examined the long-term consequences in adulthood of a chronic methylphenidate oral administration (5 mg/kg/day, 15 days) in early adolescent (post-natal day 28) and late adolescent (post-natal day 42) rats, by evaluating body weight change, sucrose preference (indicator of anhedonia), locomotor sensitivity to D-amphetamine and electrical activities of ventral tegmental area dopamine and dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin neurons. Results: Chronic methylphenidate treatment during early or late adolescence did not induce weight deficiencies and anhedonia-like behaviours at adulthood. However, it increased bursting activities of dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin neurons. Furthermore, chronic methylphenidate treatment during early but not during late adolescence enhanced D-amphetamine-induced rearing activity, as well as ventral tegmental area dopamine cell excitability (firing, burst and population activity), associated with a partial desensitisation of dopamine D2 auto-receptors. Conclusions: We have demonstrated here that early, but not late, adolescent exposure to oral methylphenidate may induce long-lasting effects on monoamine neurotransmission. The possible clinical implication of these data will be discussed.
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Aldandashi, S., and M. Blackman. "The Prevalence of Substance Induced Psychosis & Substance Induced Mood Disorders in Adolescent Population." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70636-4.
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Introduction:Drug and alcohol addiction is a leading cause of raising health care cost and has adverse effect on peoples health, social and occupational functioning.The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of substance induced psychosis and mood disorders in adolescent population, and to determine what type of substance causing the presentation.Methods:Child psychiatry consults in the emergency department at Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Canada during October, November, and December, 2007.Age was 12 to 17 years both sexes. Presenting complaints were either psychosis or mood symptoms. The diagnosis of substance induced disorder was made according to the DSM IV TR. Urine toxicology screen were obtained before discharge from Emergency department for cannabis, amphetamine, and cocaine. Blood test for ETOH was performed.Results:Total number of subjects was 27 patients. 70.37% presented with substance induced mood disorder, 29.62% with substance induced psychosis. For patients with psychosis (8, one was excluded, untested urine) 28.57% the urine test was positive for amphetamine, 42.85% marijuana, 14.28% cocaine, 14.28% negative test. For patients with mood disorder (19, 6 was excluded, untested urine) 76.92% urine was negative for substances, 15.30% blood was positive for ETOH, 7.69% urine was positive for cannabis.Discussion:In this preliminary data, a trend that substance induced mood disorder is more prevalent than substance induced psychosis. Substance is more to cause psychosis than mood disorder. Cannabis use is more than amphetamine and cocaine to produce psychosis. ETOH use is more than Cannabis to produce mood symptoms.