Journal articles: 'Amorphous Carbon'

1

Robertson, J. "Amorphous carbon." Advances in Physics 35, no. 4 (January 1986): 317–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00018738600101911.

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2

Robertson, John. "Amorphous carbon." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 1, no. 4 (August 1996): 557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(96)80072-6.

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3

Best, Steven, Jake B. Wasley, Carla de Tomas, Alireza Aghajamali, Irene Suarez-Martinez, and Nigel A. Marks. "Evidence for Glass Behavior in Amorphous Carbon." C — Journal of Carbon Research 6, no. 3 (July 30, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c6030050.

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Amorphous carbons are disordered carbons with densities of circa 1.9–3.1 g/cc and a mixture of sp2 and sp3 hybridization. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we simulate diffusion in amorphous carbons at different densities and temperatures to investigate the transition between amorphous carbon and the liquid state. Arrhenius plots of the self-diffusion coefficient clearly demonstrate that there is a glass transition rather than a melting point. We consider five common carbon potentials (Tersoff, REBO-II, AIREBO, ReaxFF and EDIP) and all exhibit a glass transition. Although the glass-transition temperature (Tg) is not significantly affected by density, the choice of potential can vary Tg by up to 40%. Our results suggest that amorphous carbon should be interpreted as a glass rather than a solid.

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4

Dasgupta, D., F. Demichelis, and A. Tagliaferro. "Electrical conductivity of amorphous carbon and amorphous hydrogenated carbon." Philosophical Magazine B 63, no. 6 (June 1991): 1255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642819108205558.

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5

Orofino, V., L. Colangeli, E. Bussoletti, and F. Strafella. "Amorphous carbon around carbon stars." Astrophysics and Space Science 138, no. 1 (1987): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00642871.

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6

Bussoletti, E., L. Colangeli, and V. Orofino. "Interstellar amorphous carbon." Astrophysical Journal 321 (October 1987): L87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/185011.

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7

Kakinuma, H., H. Fukuda, S. Nishikawa, T. Watanabe, and K. Nihei. "Amorphous carbon coating on amorphous silicon photoreceptors." Journal of Applied Physics 61, no. 9 (May 1987): 4679–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.338379.

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8

Yastrebov, S. G., V. I. Ivanov-Omskii, V. I. Siklitsky, and A. A. Sitnikova. "Carbon clusters in amorphous hydrogenated carbon." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 227-230 (May 1998): 622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(98)00141-0.

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9

Han, Z. J., B. K. Tay, M. Shakerzadeh, and K. Ostrikov. "Superhydrophobic amorphous carbon/carbon nanotube nanocomposites." Applied Physics Letters 94, no. 22 (June 2009): 223106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3148667.

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10

Falk, Michael. "Amorphous solid carbon dioxide." Journal of Chemical Physics 86, no. 2 (January 15, 1987): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.452307.

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11

Robertson, J. "Diamond-like amorphous carbon." Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 37, no. 4-6 (May 24, 2002): 129–281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-796x(02)00005-0.

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12

Milne, W. I. "Tetrahedrally bonded amorphous carbon." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 198-200 (May 1996): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(95)00773-3.

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13

Kanasugi, Kazuya, Keita Arimura, Ali Alanazi, Yasuharu Ohgoe, Yoshinobu Manome, Masanori Hiratsuka, and Kenji Hirakuri. "UV Sterilization Effects and Osteoblast Proliferation on Amorphous Carbon Films Classified Based on Optical Constants." Bioengineering 9, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9100505.

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Optical classification methods that distinguish amorphous carbon films into six types based on refractive index and extinction coefficient have garnered increasing attention. In this study, five types of amorphous carbon films were prepared on Si substrates using different plasma processes, including physical and chemical vapor deposition. The refractive index and extinction coefficient of the amorphous carbon films were measured using spectroscopic ellipsometry, and the samples were classified into five amorphous carbon types—amorphous, hydrogenated amorphous, tetrahedral amorphous, polymer-like, and graphite-like carbon—based on optical constants. Each amorphous carbon type was irradiated with 253.7 nm UV treatment; the structure and surface properties of each were investigated before and after UV treatment. No significant changes were observed in film structure nor surface oxidation after UV sterilization progressed at approximately the same level for all amorphous carbon types. Osteoblast proliferation associated with amorphous carbon types was evaluated in vitro. Graphite-like carbon, which has relatively high surface oxidation levels, was associated with higher osteoblast proliferation levels than the other carbon types. Our findings inform the selection of suitable amorphous carbon types based on optical constants for use in specific medical devices related to osteoblasts, such as artificial joints and dental implants.

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14

Roy, M., P. Sengupta, A. K. Tyagi, and G. B. Kale. "Investigations on Silicon/Amorphous-Carbon and Silicon/Nanocrystalline Palladium/Amorphous-Carbon Interfaces." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 4295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.an37.

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Our previous work revealed that significant enhancement in sp3-carbon content of amorphous carbon films could be achieved when grown on nanocrystalline palladium interlayer as compared to those grown on bare silicon substrates. To find out why, the nature of interface formed in both the cases has been investigated using Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA) technique. It has been found that a reactive interface in the form of silicon carbide and/silicon oxy-carbide is formed at the interface of silicon/amorphous-carbon films, while palladium remains primarily in its native form at the interface of nanocrystalline palladium/amorphous-carbon films. However, there can be traces of dissolved oxygen within the metallic layer as well. The study has been corroborated further from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies.

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15

Demichelis, F., A. Tagliaferro, and D. Das Gupta. "Diamond-like properties of amorphous carbon and hydrogenated amorphous carbon thin films." Surface and Coatings Technology 47, no. 1-3 (August 1991): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(91)90284-4.

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16

Tibrewala, A., E. Peiner, R. Bandorf, S. Biehl, and H. Lüthje. "Transport and optical properties of amorphous carbon and hydrogenated amorphous carbon films." Applied Surface Science 252, no. 15 (May 2006): 5387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.12.046.

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17

Dozhdikov V. S., Basharin A. Y., and Levashov P. R. "Structure studies of graded amorphous carbon obtained by liquid carbon quenching." Technical Physics 68, no. 3 (2023): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2023.03.55804.206-22.

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A new method for obtaining graded amorphous carbon using quenching of a graphite melt on a diamond substrate is proposed. Using molecular dynamics modeling of liquid carbon quenching on a cold diamond substrate, it is shown that the amorphous carbon obtained in the experiment is a material with a strongly gradient structure and properties along the depth of the sample. This is due to the quenching rate decrease with the distance from the substrate in the range of 1014-1012 K/s. In this case, the density of amorphous carbon varies from 1.50 g/cm3 to 1.93 g/cm3. The spatial change in the structural characteristics of the obtained amorphous carbon was studied: the distribution of carbon atoms according to the degree of chemical bond hybridization (sp1-, sp2-, sp3-), the radial distribution function, the angular distribution function, and a statistical analysis of carbon rings were carried out. It is shown that at a pressure in liquid of 1 GPa, the carbon structure within the quenched zone changes from a highly porous structure with a large number of sp1 chains of carbon atoms near the substrate to an amorphous graphene structure at the periphery. Keywords: amorphous carbon, liquid carbon, quenching, molecular dynamics, radial distribution function.

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18

Cutiongco, Eric C., Dong Li, Yip-Wah Chung, and C. Singh Bhatia. "Tribological Behavior of Amorphous Carbon Nitride Overcoats for Magnetic Thin-Film Rigid Disks." Journal of Tribology 118, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831572.

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Amorphous carbon nitride coatings of thickness of 5 and 30 nm were deposited onto 65 and 95 mm magnetic thin-film rigid disks surfaces using single-cathode and dual-cathode magnetron sputtering systems containing nitrogen-argon plasmas. Under optimum deposition conditions, amorphous carbon nitride coatings can be synthesized on ultrasmooth thin-film disks with no significant pinholes at thickness down to 5 nm, with hardness 22–28 GPa (compared to 7–12 GPa for amorphous carbon), and r.m.s. roughness as low as 0.25 nm. These amorphous carbon nitride coatings were shown to have better contact-start-stop performance and three-to-four times better pin-on-disk contact durability compared with amorphous carbon overcoats under identical testing conditions. Amorphous carbon nitride appears to be a promising candidate overcoat material for replacing amorphous carbon in the next-generation magnetic thin-film rigid disk systems.

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19

Ilie, A., N. M. J. Conway, B. Kleinsorge, J. Robertson, and W. I. Milne. "Photoconductivity and electronic transport in tetrahedral amorphous carbon and hydrogenated tetrahedral amorphous carbon." Journal of Applied Physics 84, no. 10 (November 15, 1998): 5575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.368602.

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20

He, Xiaojun, Li Jiang, Chuangang Fan, Jiangwei Lei, and Mingdong Zheng. "Chemical elimination of amorphous carbon on amorphous carbon nanotubes and its electrochemical performance." Chemical Physics 334, no. 1-3 (April 2007): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.03.012.

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21

Heck, Christian, Yuya Kanehira, Janina Kneipp, and Ilko Bald. "Amorphous Carbon Generation as a Photocatalytic Reaction on DNA-Assembled Gold and Silver Nanostructures." Molecules 24, no. 12 (June 24, 2019): 2324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122324.

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Background signals from in situ-formed amorphous carbon, despite not being fully understood, are known to be a common issue in few-molecule surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Here, discrete gold and silver nanoparticle aggregates assembled by DNA origami were used to study the conditions for the formation of amorphous carbon during SERS measurements. Gold and silver dimers were exposed to laser light of varied power densities and wavelengths. Amorphous carbon prevalently formed on silver aggregates and at high power densities. Time-resolved measurements enabled us to follow the formation of amorphous carbon. Silver nanolenses consisting of three differently-sized silver nanoparticles were used to follow the generation of amorphous carbon at the single-nanostructure level. This allowed observation of the many sharp peaks that constitute the broad amorphous carbon signal found in ensemble measurements. In conclusion, we highlight strategies to prevent amorphous carbon formation, especially for DNA-assembled SERS substrates.

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22

KHAVRYUCHENKO, VOLODYMYR D., YURIJ A. TARASENKO, OLEKSIY V. KHAVRYUCHENKO, ANDRIY I. SHKILNYY, VLADYSLAV V. LISNYAK, and DENYS A. STRATIICHUK. "NANOSTRUCTURIZATION IN THE SKS ACTIVE CARBON, CHARACTERIZED BY SEM, TEM, EDX AND QUANTUM-CHEMICAL SIMULATIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 11 (April 30, 2010): 1449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210055627.

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SKS active carbon, prepared by dehydrogenation of the polystyrene–divinylbenzene copolymer, as a model sample of highly amorphous carbons, has been examined by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray methods, indicating a nanostructural nonperiodic character of the resulting product. No crystalline-like particles are experimentally found in the bulk. The PSDVB copolymer dehydrogenation has been quantum chemically (QC) simulated to describe the interconnecting amorphous phase. A set of clusters with a different degree of carbonization has been QC evaluated. The first level model of the amorphous active carbon has been proposed.

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23

Vasin, A. "Photoluminescent properties of oxidized stochiometric and carbon-rich amorphous Si1-xCx:H films." Semiconductor physics, quantum electronics and optoelectronics 18, no. 1 (March 25, 2015): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo18.01.063.

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24

Ryaguzov, A. P. "STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF AMORPHOUS CARBON FILMS MODIFIED WITH SILICON OXIDE." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 16, no. 1 (June 14, 2019): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2019no1/6-11.

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25

Wang, Jia, and Cheng Lin Liu. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation for Temperature and Graphite-Like Structure Effects on Amorphous Carbon Graphitization." Materials Science Forum 956 (June 2019): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.956.78.

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The effects of temperature and graphite-like structure additive on the graphitization process of amorphous carbon were investigated through molecular dynamics simulation. The molecular models of amorphous carbon and graphite-like structure-amorphous carbon were constructed with the initial density of 1.62 g/cm3 and carbon atoms number of 4096 by rapid quenching method. After annealing treatment at 3200 K, 3600 K and 4000 K respectively, the evolution rules of sp2 C atoms and the instantaneous conformations of the graphite-like structure-amorphous carbon system were analyzed to investigate the effects of temperature and graphite-like structure on the graphitization process. It could be found that increasing graphitization temperature properly could improve graphitization degree of amorphous carbon. Addition of graphite-like structure could promote recrystallization of the irregular carbon atoms in amorphous carbon materials, thus accelerating graphitization process and promoting graphitization of the system.

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26

Ardiani, Irma Septi, Khoirotun Nadiyyah, Anna Zakiyatul Laila, Sarayut Tunmee, Hideki Nakajima, Budhi Priyanto, and Darminto. "Structural Analysis of Boron- and Nitrogen-Doped Amorphous Carbon Films from Bio-Product." Key Engineering Materials 860 (August 2020): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.860.190.

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Amorphous carbon films have been explored and used in a wide variety of applications. With the n-type and p-type amorphous carbon film, it can be used to make p-n junctions for solar cells. This research aims to study the structure of boron- and nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon (a-C:B and a-C:N) films. This research uses the basic material of bio-product from palmyra sugar to form amorphous carbon. Amorphous carbon was synthesized by heating the palmyra sugar at 250°C. The results of XRD showed that the doped films produce an amorphous carbon phase. PES was used to analyze the bonding state of dopants in the sample. B4C, BC3, and BC2O bonds formed in a-C:B, while pyridine and pyrrolic formed in a-C:N.

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27

Muller, David A. "Electron-diffraction studies of amorphous carbon thin films." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 1100–1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100151337.

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The sp2 rich amorphous carbons have a wide variety of microstructures ranging from flat sheetlike structures such as glassy carbon to highly curved materials having similar local ordering to the fullerenes. These differences are most apparent in the region of the graphite (0002) reflection of the energy filtered diffracted intensity obtained from these materials (Fig. 1). All these materials consist mainly of threefold coordinated atoms. This accounts for their similar appearance above 0.8 Å-1. The fullerene curves (b,c) show a string of peaks at distance scales corresponding to the packing of the large spherical and oblate molecules. The beam damaged C60 (c) shows an evolution to the sp2 amorphous carbons as the spherical structure is destroyed although the (220) reflection in fee fcc at 0.2 Å-1 does not disappear completely. This 0.2 Å-1 peak is present in the 1960 data of Kakinoki et. al. who grew films in a carbon arc under conditions similar to those needed to form fullerene rich soots.

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28

Chu, V., M. Fang, and B. Drevillon. "Insituellipsometric study of amorphous silicon/amorphous silicon‐carbon interfaces." Journal of Applied Physics 69, no. 5 (March 1991): 3363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.348534.

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29

Long, N. J., and H. J. Trodahl. "Structure of amorphous carbon in amorphous C/Ge multilayers." Journal of Applied Physics 67, no. 4 (February 15, 1990): 1753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.345599.

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30

Kreider, K. G., M. J. Tarlov, G. J. Gillen, G. E. Poirier, L. H. Robins, L. K. Ives, W. D. Bowers, R. B. Marinenko, and D. T. Smith. "Sputtered amorphous carbon nitride films." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 12 (December 1995): 3079–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.3079.

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The recent announcement of the synthesis of C3N4 has increased interest in this unique material. Carbon nitride may have several useful applications as wear and corrosion resistant coatings, electrical insulators, and optical coatings. We have produced amorphous carbon nitride coatings containing up to 40% nitrogen using planar magnetron RF sputtering with and without an ion beam in a nitrogen atmosphere. Both wavelength dispersive x-ray spectrometry (WDX) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate this composition. Coatings up to 2 μm thick were produced on alumina, silicon, SiO2, and glass substrates using a graphite target. Films with transparency greater than 95% in the visible wavelengths and harder than silicon have been produced. The properties of these films are correlated with composition, fabrication, conditions, and subsequent heat treatments. A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the morphology of the films. XPS studies confirm the stability of a carbon nitrogen phase up to 600 °C. Compositional variations were determined with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiling, and the Raman spectra are compared with those of carbon and carbon nitride films prepared by other methods.

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31

Zhang, Xu, Hui Xing Zhang, Xiang Ying Wu, and Tong He Zhang. "Low Stress Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon Films Prepared by Filtered Vacuum Arc Deposition." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 3623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.3623.

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The tetrahedral amorphous carbon films are attracting materials because of their properties similar to diamond, such as high hardness, resistivity, optical transparency, chemical inertness and low coefficient of friction. These properties make it ideal for wear resistance application on cutting tools, automotive component, aerospace components and orthopedic prosthesis etc. In this paper the structures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of the tetrahedral amorphous carbon films deposited on silicon under lower pulse bias voltage by filtered catholic vacuum arc deposition system have been investigated. The high quality tetrahedral amorphous carbon film has been obtained. The hardness and elastic modulus of the low stress tetrahedral amorphous carbon films are higher than 60Gpa and 380Gpa respectively determined by nano indentation tests. The friction performance of the tetrahedral amorphous carbon films was also studied by SRV tests, the results show: the tetrahedral amorphous carbon films have much lower wear rate than that of silicon substrate.

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32

Sullivan, J. P., T. A. Friedmann, and K. Hjort. "Diamond and Amorphous Carbon MEMS." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 4 (April 2001): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.68.

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The designer of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) can increase MEMS performance either by improved mechanical design or by the selection of a MEMS material with improved mechanical performance. In the quest to identify highperformance MEMS materials, diamond and amorphous carbon have recently emerged as a promising class of materials.

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33

Yastrebov, S. G., and V. I. Ivanov-Omskiĭ. "Allotropic composition of amorphous carbon." Semiconductors 41, no. 8 (August 2007): 946–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063782607080155.

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34

Voevodin, A. A., S. V. Prasad, and J. S. Zabinski. "Nanocrystalline carbide/amorphous carbon composites." Journal of Applied Physics 82, no. 2 (July 15, 1997): 855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365784.

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35

Komlev, Anton, Erkki Lähderanta, Evgeniy Shevchenko, and Nikolay Vorob’ev-Desyatovskii. "Magnetism of purified amorphous carbon." EPJ Web of Conferences 185 (2018): 04012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818504012.

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In this work, magnetic properties of activated carbon coal, which is also named amorphous carbon, were investigated. Composition and structure analysis was performed by XRD, SEM and EDS techniques. Position and width of peaks on XRD pattern confirmed amorphous structure of coals with small degree of graphitization. Magnetic measurements were performed by SQUID magnetometer. According to thermomagnetic measurements, in part of the samples, antiferromagnetic transition was observed near 120 K. Nature of such phenomena, as well as effect of oxygen and magnetic contaminations on thermomagnetic measurements are discussed referring to similar results from previous researches and data from literature.

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36

Santoro, Mario, Federico A. Gorelli, Roberto Bini, Giancarlo Ruocco, Sandro Scandolo, and Wilson A. Crichton. "Amorphous silica-like carbon dioxide." Nature 441, no. 7095 (June 2006): 857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04879.

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37

McKenzie, D. R. "Tetrahedral bonding in amorphous carbon." Reports on Progress in Physics 59, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 1611–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/59/12/002.

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38

Vilcarromero, J., and F. C. Marques. "Hydrogen in amorphous germanium-carbon." Thin Solid Films 343-344 (April 1999): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(98)01663-0.

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39

Ma, S., J. H. Xia, Vadali V. S. S. Srikanth, X. Sun, T. Staedler, X. Jiang, F. Yang, and Z. D. Zhang. "Magnetism of amorphous carbon nanofibers." Applied Physics Letters 95, no. 26 (December 28, 2009): 263105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3272940.

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40

Lifshitz, Y. "Pitfalls in amorphous carbon studies." Diamond and Related Materials 12, no. 2 (February 2003): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-9635(03)00014-1.

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41

Bauschlicher, Charles W., and John W. Lawson. "Amorphous carbon and its surfaces." Chemical Physics 374, no. 1-3 (August 2010): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2010.06.022.

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42

Cascarini de Torre, L. E., and E. J. Bottani. "Ethylene Physisorption on Amorphous Carbon." Langmuir 15, no. 24 (November 1999): 8460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la990376u.

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43

Drabold, D. A., P. A. Fedders, and Petra Stumm. "Theory of diamondlike amorphous carbon." Physical Review B 49, no. 23 (June 15, 1994): 16415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.49.16415.

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44

Wang, C. Z., and K. M. Ho. "Structural trends in amorphous carbon." Physical Review B 50, no. 17 (November 1, 1994): 12429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.50.12429.

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45

O'Reilly, E. P., J. Robertson, and D. Beeman. "Electronic structure of amorphous carbon." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 77-78 (December 1985): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(85)90616-7.

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46

Rusli, J. Robertson, and G. A. J. Amaratunga. "Photoluminescence in hydrogenated amorphous carbon." Diamond and Related Materials 6, no. 5-7 (April 1997): 700–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-9635(96)00665-6.

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47

Rodil, S. E., and S. Muhl. "Bonding in amorphous carbon nitride." Diamond and Related Materials 13, no. 4-8 (April 2004): 1521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2003.11.008.

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48

Zou, Qin, Ming Zhi Wang, and Yan Guo Li. "Onion-Like Carbon Transformed from Nanodiamond." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.747.

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Onion-like carbon (OLC) was fabricated by annealing nanodiamond at temperatures ranging from 500°C to 1400°C. At 800°C, nanodiamond was completely transformed into amorphous carbon. At 900°C, OLC began appearing. As the annealing temperature increased from 1000°C to 1200°C, OLC particles size became larger and larger and the amorphous carbon coexisted in the center of the OLC particle became less and less. At 1400°C, all the amorphous carbon was transformed into the OLC.

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49

Zhang, Bin, Li Qiang, Xiao Ling, and Jun Yan Zhang. "Impacts of N2 Import into Reaction System on the Structures and Properties of the Graphite-Amorphous Carbon Films." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 1924–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1924.

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Graphite-amorphous carbon films were grown by sputtered Ni target in Ar/CH4 mixture atmosphere. The impacts of N2 import into reaction system on the structures and properties of the graphite-amorphous carbon films were studied. The results shown that graphite-amorphous carbon films with good hardness, elastic and friction coefficient were obtained at the N2/CH4 flow ratio below 20/80. Beyond the flow ratio of 20/80, the number and size of nanocrystal graphite decrease induce the bad hardness, elastic and friction coefficient of the graphite-amorphous films. Graphite-amorphous carbon films properties were possible correlate with the size and number of nanocrytal graphite and its crosslinking degree to carbon network, especially the former.

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50

Duley, W. W., A. P. Jones, S. D. Taylor, and D. A. Williams. "Infrared emission from hydrogenated amorphous carbon and amorphous carbon grains in the interstellar medium." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 260, no. 2 (January 15, 1993): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/260.2.415.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Amorphous Carbon'

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