Academic literature on the topic 'Ammonization'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ammonization"
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Oliveira, Silvia da C., Romulo C. Dutra, José J. L. León, et al. "Activated Carbon Ammonization: Effects of the Chemical Composition of the Starting Material and the Treatment Temperature." C 11, no. 1 (2025): 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/c11010015.
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N-containing carbon-based materials have been employed with claimed improved performance as an adsorbent of acidic molecules, volatile organic compounds (VOC), and metallic ions; catalyst; electrocatalyst; and supercapacitor. In this context, the present work provides valuable insights into the preparation of N-doped activated carbons (ACs) by thermal treatment in NH3 atmosphere (ammonization). A commercial AC was submitted to two kinds of pretreatment: (i) reflux with dilute HNO3; (ii) thermal treatment up to 800 °C in inert atmosphere. The original and modified ACs were subjected to ammonization up to different temperatures. ACs with N content up to ~8% were achieved. Nevertheless, the amount and type of inserted nitrogen depended on ammonization temperature and surface composition of the starting material. Remarkably, oxygenated acidic groups on the surface of the starting material favored nitrogen insertion at low temperatures, with formation of mostly aliphatic (amines, imides, and lactams), pyridinic, and pyrrolic nitrogens. In turn, high temperatures provoked the decomposition of labile aliphatic functions. Therefore, the AC prepared from the sample pre-treated with HNO3, which had the highest content of oxygenated acidic groups among the materials submitted to ammonization, presented the highest N content after ammonization up to 400 °C but the lowest content after ammonization up to 800 °C.
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Bata, Muhamad, and Nur Hidayat. "Penambahan Molases Untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Amoniasi Jerami Padi dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Produk Fermentasi Rumen Secara In-Vitro." Jurnal Agripet 10, no. 2 (2010): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v10i2.641.
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Supplementation of molasses to improve the quality of rice straw ammonization and its effect on fermentation product in-vitroABSTRACT. Aimed of this research was to find out the optimal level of molasses addition at straw rice ammonization process to N-NH3 production, VFA and microbe protein synthesis. Material used was rumen fluid of fistula cattle, rice straw, water, urea and molasses. Treatment tried was level of molasses addition 0%, 15% and 30% on rice straw which given urea. Research was carried out by experimental method as in vitro, was conducted use completely randomized design. Variable measured were N-NH3, VFA and microbe protein synthesis. Intake data entered in data tabulation and analyzed variance then continued by orthogonal polynomial test. Research result after ammonization indicated that acidity level and concentration of released NH3 decrease parallel with addition of molasses level, and also increase the nutrient content which was crude protein increase and crude fiber decrease. Variance analysis and Test of orthogonal polynomial result indicated that treatment of molasses addition have highly significant effect (P0.01) and linier respond to concentration of released NH3 after ammonization. Research result as in vitro indicated concentration N-NH3 and VFA total decrease while microbe protein synthesis increase. Variance analysis result indicated that molasses addition treatment at straw rice ammonization process have highly significant (P 0.01) on concentration of N-NH3, VFA total and Microbe Protein Synthesis. Test of orthogonal polynomial for molasses addition at straw rice ammonization process indicated linier respond on concentration of NH3 N-NH3 and VFA total, but microbe protein synthesis quadratic had respond (P 0,01) white regression equation Y= 52.187-1.089222X + 0.11X2 (r2) 87.27 and (r) 0.9341. Research result could conclude that molasses addition up to level 30% able to improve quality of straw rice ammonization process by NH3 fixation so that increase nutrient ingredient, decrease NH3 that lost to atmosphere, improve utilization of N-NH3 and VFA and also increase microbe protein synthesis.
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Karshiev, B. N., А. R. Seytnazarov, U. K. Alimov, Sh S. Namazov, A. M. Reymov, and A. A. Rasulov. "Purification of wet process phosphoric acid by desulfurization and ammonization." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 1 (January 2021): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2021-134-1-24-34.
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We studied the processes of desulfurization of phosphoric acid obtained by wet process from washed and roasted concentrate and subsequent purification of acid from bivalent and trivalent metals and fluorine via partial ammonization (at pH of 2 to 4). Purified ammoniated slurry containing 16.96% P2O5, 8.06% N, 0.09% CaO, 0.58% MgO, 0.004% Fe2O3, 0.031% A12O3, 0.78% SO3 and 0.52% F was fabricated by the removal of precipitates at the stages of desulfurization and partial ammonization. The rheological properties of ammoniated slurry with 40% moisture were studied. When the temperature is increased from 40 to 800C, both the density and viscosity decrease from 1.395 to 1.365 g cm–3 and from 80.8 to 48.7 cP, respectively. Ammoniated suspension with pH of 5.5 and 8.5 was applied to prepare mono- and diammonium phosphates with the ratio P2O5:N of 52:14 and 48:18, respectively. The sludge obtained after desulfurization and ammonization processes can be used as a slow-release fertilizer.
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Doğan, Veysel, and Armağan Hayırlı. "Efficacy of Ammonization to Eliminate Common Mycotoxins." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 10 (2022): 1982–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i10.1982-1986.5371.
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Mycotoxin is a worldwide problem threatening animal health and performance as well as public health. The objective of this experiment was to test the effect of ammonization on elimination of common mycotoxins in laying hen compound feed (CF) and dairy cattle total mixed ration (TMR). The CF for laying hens and TMR for dairy cows were contaminated with commonly occurring mycotoxins [aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA)] at 25 times of their accepted legal limits (20 ppb, 200 ppb and 500 ppb, respectively). They were then subjected to ammonization with ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) at 50C for 24 hours under the atmospheric pressure. Mycotoxin levels were analyzed using the LC-MS/MS technique. The elimination levels in CF and TMR were 53% and 54% for AFB1; 31% and 31% for OTA and 22% and 22% for ZEA, respectively. In conclusion, ammonization was effective in destroying common mycotoxin, at an order of AFB1 > OTA > ZEA.
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Marchenko, Boris I., Petr V. Zhuravlev, Nina K. Plugotarenko, and Aleksandra I. Yuhno. "Assessment of carcinogenic risk from exposure to chlororganic compounds of water of systems of centralized water supply." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 2 (2021): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-2-99-110.
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Introduction. The problem of providing the population with drinking water with guaranteed quality, safety, and physiological usefulness is highly relevant for many regions of Russia. The use of chlorination for disinfection of the water is a potential cause of the formation of excess concentrations of organochlorine compounds in it, including trihalogenomethanes, which leads to elevated levels of carcinogenic risk. The study’s object was: data on the content in water of centralized water supply systems of carcinogenic organochlorine compounds - chloroform, dichlorobromomethane and chlorodibromomethane. Material and methods. information on the incidence of the population of malignant neoplasms; the results of an experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of the preliminary ammonization method. The paper used methods of health risk assessment, variation statistics, and mathematical modeling. Results. The use of preliminary ammonization in Taganrog prevents the formation of trihalogenomethanes and ensures the maintenance of an individual multi-route carcinogenic risk at an acceptable level (9.933 · 10-6). Systematic unreasonable hyper chlorination of river water without prior ammoniation is the main reason for the excess content of chlororganic compounds and the high level of individual carcinogenic risk in the Primorsky rural settlement of the Neklinovsky District - up to 3.234 · 10-3 in 2015. Modeling on the basis of experimental chlorination of natural water indicates the high efficiency of preliminary ammonization in the disinfection mode, which ensures the content of free total active chlorine in tap water in the range from 0.8 to 1.2 mg/l. Conclusion. The high efficiency of the application of preliminary ammonization of natural water to prevent the formation of trihalogenomethanes and reduce carcinogenic risk has been confirmed. The priority factor for the formation of excess amounts of organochlorine compounds in drinking water is its hyper chlorination. Promising measures to reduce the carcinogenic risk of trihalogenomethanes in tap water include the systematic monitoring of their content, the use of preliminary ammonization, the exact dosage of chlorine, the deep purification of the source water before chlorination, the replacement of primary chlorination with ultraviolet disinfection, and others.
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Deryabkina, L. A., B. I. Marchenko, N. K. Plugotarenko, and A. I. Yukhno. "Assessing efficiency of pre-ammonization aimed at reducing carcinogenic risks caused by trihalomethanes in drinking water." Health Risk Analysis, no. 3 (September 2020): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2020.3.08.
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In most Russian regions there is still a pressing issue related to providing population with high quality and safe drinking water. Up to now, chlorination has been the primary technique applied to disinfect drinking water as it is highly efficient, reliable, and relatively cheap. However, when chlorine is used to disinfect natural water that contains organic pollutants, it results in risks of by-products occurrence. These products are trihalomethanes, epigenetic carcinogenesis promoters that cause elevated carcinogenic risks under oral, inhalation, and subcutaneous exposure. Our research goal was to hygienically assess efficiency of pre-ammonization applied in water treatment procedures in order to prevent occurrence of carcinogenic organic chlorine compounds during chlorination and to minimize carcinogenic risks. We determined trihalomethanes and residual chlorine contents in model samples of natural water taken from a surface water source after chlorination with different doses of chlorine. We examined 52 pair parallel samples that had undergone pre-ammonization with ammonia sulfate and control ones. Trihalomethanes concentrations were determined in model water samples with gas-liquid chromatography. Basing on the results obtained via experiments on laboratory chlorination of river water, we determined quantitative characteristics and built regression models showing dependence between concentrations of organic chlorine compounds occurring due to chlorination (chloroform, dichlorobrommethane, dibromchloromethane) and chlorine doses and preammonization parameters. It was established that pre-ammonization was the most efficient in terms of preventing trihalomethanes occurrence under such disinfection modes when contents of residual active chlorine didn’t exceed recommended levels (0.8–1.2 mg/L). Basic ways to minimize carcinogenic risks caused by trihalomethanes are systemic control over their contents in drinking water during social and hygienic monitoring procedures; preliminary ammonization of water taken from surface water sources; prevention of unjustified hyper-chlorination; preliminary deep purification of initial water; disinfection with ultrasound radiation instead of preliminary chlorination; etc.
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Deryabkina, L. A., B. I. Marchenko, N. K. Plugotarenko, and A. I. Yukhno. "Assessing efficiency of pre-ammonization aimed at reducing carcinogenic risks caused by trihalomethanes in drinking water." Health Risk Analysis, no. 3 (September 2020): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2020.3.08.eng.
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In most Russian regions there is still a pressing issue related to providing population with high quality and safe drinking water. Up to now, chlorination has been the primary technique applied to disinfect drinking water as it is highly efficient, reliable, and relatively cheap. However, when chlorine is used to disinfect natural water that contains organic pollutants, it results in risks of by-products occurrence. These products are trihalomethanes, epigenetic carcinogenesis promoters that cause elevated carcinogenic risks under oral, inhalation, and subcutaneous exposure. Our research goal was to hygienically assess efficiency of pre-ammonization applied in water treatment procedures in order to prevent occurrence of carcinogenic organic chlorine compounds during chlorination and to minimize carcinogenic risks. We determined trihalomethanes and residual chlorine contents in model samples of natural water taken from a surface water source after chlorination with different doses of chlorine. We examined 52 pair parallel samples that had undergone pre-ammonization with ammonia sulfate and control ones. Trihalomethanes concentrations were determined in model water samples with gas-liquid chromatography. Basing on the results obtained via experiments on laboratory chlorination of river water, we determined quantitative characteristics and built regression models showing dependence between concentrations of organic chlorine compounds occurring due to chlorination (chloroform, dichlorobrommethane, dibromchloromethane) and chlorine doses and preammonization parameters. It was established that pre-ammonization was the most efficient in terms of preventing trihalomethanes occurrence under such disinfection modes when contents of residual active chlorine didn’t exceed recommended levels (0.8–1.2 mg/L). Basic ways to minimize carcinogenic risks caused by trihalomethanes are systemic control over their contents in drinking water during social and hygienic monitoring procedures; preliminary ammonization of water taken from surface water sources; prevention of unjustified hyper-chlorination; preliminary deep purification of initial water; disinfection with ultrasound radiation instead of preliminary chlorination; etc.
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Xu, Lujiang, Qian Yao, Ying Zhang, and Yao Fu. "Producing pyridines via thermo-catalytic conversion and ammonization of glycerol over nano-sized HZSM-5." RSC Advances 6, no. 89 (2016): 86034–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra18603c.
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Chen, Siru, Yanqiang Li, Zhihua Zhang, Qiang Fu, and Xinhe Bao. "The synergetic effect of h-BN shells and subsurface B in CoBx@h-BN nanocatalysts for enhanced oxygen evolution reactions." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 23 (2018): 10644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta02312c.
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Bata, Muhamad. "Pengaruh Molases Pada Amoniasi Jerami Padi Menggunakan Urea Terhadap Kecernaan Bahan Kering dan Bahan Organik In Vitro." Jurnal Agripet 8, no. 2 (2008): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v8i2.610.
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The effect of molasses on ammoniated straw by using urea on dry and organic matter digestibility as in vitroABSTRACT. Aimed of this research was to find out the optimal level of molasses addition to improve quality, dry matter and organic matter digestibility of rice straw ammonization process. Materials used were rumen fluid of fistula cattle, grind of rice straw, water, urea and molasses. Research designed used Completely Randomized Design (CRD). As treatments were R0: rice straw 1000 g dry matter + 500 g water + 50 g urea + 0 percent of molasses, R1: R0 + 15 percent of molasses, R2: R0 + 30 percent of molasses. Urea and molasses dissolved in water and then entered into pollybag. All pollybag observe and let for 15 days, each treatment replicated 6 times. Variable measured were dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility. Research result showed that ammonization product of NH3, Acidity Level and crude fiber having decreased while crude protein content increased. Variance analysis indicated that treatments had significant effect (P0.05) on dry matter and organic matter digestibility. Orthogonal polynomial test indicated that level of molasses increase (P0.05) of dry matter and organic matter digestibility linearly. It can be concluded that addition up to 30 percent in ammoniating of rice straw using urea can improve quality of ammonization and increasing dry matter and organic matter digestibility.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ammonization"
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Вецнер, Юлана Ігорівна. "Технологія NPCа-добрив з використанням карбаміду та фосфоритів з низьким вмістом фосфору (V) оксиду". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/18483.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.01 – технологія неорганічних речовин. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2015. Дисертацію присвячено розробці наукових основ технології комплексних NPCa-добрив з мікроелементами із залученням фосфоровмісної сировини з низьким вмістом фосфору (V) оксиду. Вперше на основі термодинамічних розрахунків, експериментальних досліджень та рентгенофазових аналізів визначено перелік реакцій, що перебігають в процесі взаємодії карбаміду з нітратно-кислотною витяжкою (НКВ). Визначено технологічні параметри взаємодії карбаміду з НКВ та процесу амонізації NPCа-добрив, а також розроблено принципову схему, яка дозволяє отримати низку комплексних NPCa-добрив з мікроелементами по безвідходній технології із залученням фосфоровмісної сировини України з низьким вмістом фосфору (V) оксиду. Встановлено, що взаємодія карбаміду з НКВ відбувається у кінетичній області та створено кінетичну модель процесу, знайдено константи швидкості, енергію активації. Створена математична модель, яка дозволяє розрахувати технологічні параметри процесу і хімічний реактор синтезу. Отримане комплексне NPCa-добриво з мікроелементами завдяки високому вмісту водорозчинної та засвоюваної форм Р₂О₅ та СаО при агрохімічних випробуваннях у Національному науковому центрі "Інститут ґрунтознавства і агрохімії імені О. Н. Соколовського" показало на підвищення врожайності овочевих культур до 12 ÷ 30 %. Доведено їх економічну доцільність.<br>Dissertation for degree of candidate of technical sciences, specialty 05.17.01 - Technology of inorganic substances. - National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute", Kharkov, 2015. Dissertation is devoted to development of scientific bases of technology NPCa - involving phosphorus fertilizer raw materials with low content of phosphorus (V) oxide. For the first time on the basis of thermodynamic calculations and experimental studies, X-ray analysis of a list of reactions in the process of interaction with the urea nitrogen - acid extract (NAE). Defined technological parameters of the interaction of urea with nitrogen - acid extract and ammoniation process NPCa-fertilizers and developed concept that allows you to receive a number of complex NPCa-fertilizer with trace elements of non-waste technology using phosphorus-containing raw materials in Ukraine are low in phosphorus (V) oxide. It was found that the interaction of urea with the nitrogen - acid extract is happening in the kinetic region, established kinetic model of the process, found the rate constants, activation energy. A mathematical model that allows you to calculate the technological parameters of the process and the chemical synthesis reactor. The resulting complex NPCa - fertilizer with trace elements due to the high content of water-soluble and digestible forms of Р₂О₅ and CaO in the agro-chemical tests at the National Scientific Center "Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry named after Sokolovsky" has shown an increase in crop yields of up to 12 ÷ 30 %. Prove their economic viability.
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Вецнер, Юлана Ігорівна. "Технологія NPCа-добрив з використанням карбаміду та фосфоритів з низьким вмістом фосфору (V) оксиду". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/18482.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.01 – технологія неорганічних речовин. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2015.
Дисертацію присвячено розробці наукових основ технології комплексних NPCa-добрив з мікроелементами із залученням фосфоровмісної сировини з низьким вмістом фосфору (V) оксиду. Вперше на основі термодинамічних розрахунків, експериментальних досліджень та рентгенофазових аналізів визначено перелік реакцій, що перебігають в процесі взаємодії карбаміду з нітратно-кислотною витяжкою (НКВ). Визначено технологічні параметри взаємодії карбаміду з НКВ та процесу амонізації NPCа-добрив, а також розроблено принципову схему, яка дозволяє отримати низку комплексних NPCa-добрив з мікроелементами по безвідходній технології із залученням фосфоровмісної сировини України з низьким вмістом фосфору (V) оксиду. Встановлено, що взаємодія карбаміду з НКВ відбувається у кінетичній області та створено кінетичну модель процесу, знайдено константи швидкості, енергію активації. Створена математична модель, яка дозволяє розрахувати технологічні параметри процесу і хімічний реактор синтезу. Отримане комплексне NPCa-добриво з мікроелементами завдяки високому вмісту водорозчинної та засвоюваної форм Р₂О₅ та СаО при агрохімічних випробуваннях у Національному науковому центрі "Інститут ґрунтознавства і агрохімії імені О. Н. Соколовського" показало на підвищення врожайності овочевих культур до 12 ÷ 30 %. Доведено їх економічну доцільність.<br>Dissertation for degree of candidate of technical sciences, specialty 05.17.01 - Technology of inorganic substances. - National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute", Kharkov, 2015. Dissertation is devoted to development of scientific bases of technology NPCa - involving phosphorus fertilizer raw materials with low content of phosphorus (V) oxide. For the first time on the basis of thermodynamic calculations and experimental studies, X-ray analysis of a list of reactions in the process of interaction with the urea nitrogen - acid extract (NAE). Defined technological parameters of the interaction of urea with nitrogen - acid extract and ammoniation process NPCa-fertilizers and developed concept that allows you to receive a number of complex NPCa-fertilizer with trace elements of non-waste technology using phosphorus-containing raw materials in Ukraine are low in phosphorus (V) oxide. It was found that the interaction of urea with the nitrogen - acid extract is happening in the kinetic region, established kinetic model of the process, found the rate constants, activation energy. A mathematical model that allows you to calculate the technological parameters of the process and the chemical synthesis reactor. The resulting complex NPCa - fertilizer with trace elements due to the high content of water-soluble and digestible forms of Р₂О₅ and CaO in the agro-chemical tests at the National Scientific Center "Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry named after Sokolovsky" has shown an increase in crop yields of up to 12 ÷ 30 %. Prove their economic viability.
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Lin, Dah-cheng. "Kinetic study on the synthesis of Si���N��� via the ammonization of SiO vapor." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/34606.
Full textBooks on the topic "Ammonization"
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Lin, Dah-cheng. Kinetic study on the synthesis of Si₃N₄ via the ammonization of SiO vapor. 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Ammonization"
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Govorova, Zhanna, Uliana Rudich, and Oleg Govorov. "Pre-ammonization in the Preparation of Chromaticity Water for Drinking Purposes." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79983-0_46.
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Kaipbergenov, B. T., B. A. Fayzullaev, and M. K. Elmuratov. "Modeling of the Technological Process of Ammonization of Soda Production Under Conditions of Changing Initial Data." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68004-6_40.
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