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Journal articles on the topic 'Ammonia separation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Malmali, Mahdi, Giang Le, Jennifer Hendrickson, Joshua Prince, Alon V. McCormick, and E. L. Cussler. "Better Absorbents for Ammonia Separation." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6, no. 5 (March 30, 2018): 6536–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04684.

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2

Ojha, Deepak K., Matthew J. Kale, Alon V. McCormick, Michael Reese, Mahdi Malmali, Paul Dauenhauer, and E. L. Cussler. "Integrated Ammonia Synthesis and Separation." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7, no. 23 (October 17, 2019): 18785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b03050.

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3

Kale, Matthew J., Deepak K. Ojha, Sayandeep Biswas, Joshua I. Militti, Alon V. McCormick, Jeffrey H. Schott, Paul J. Dauenhauer, and E. L. Cussler. "Optimizing Ammonia Separation via Reactive Absorption for Sustainable Ammonia Synthesis." ACS Applied Energy Materials 3, no. 3 (February 7, 2020): 2576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b02278.

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4

Stevens, R. J., R. J. Laughlin, and J. P. Frost. "Effects of separation, dilution, washing and acidification on ammonia volatilization from surface-applied cattle slurry." Journal of Agricultural Science 119, no. 3 (December 1992): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600012223.

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SUMMARYTreatments which lowered the rate of ammonia volatilization from surface-applied cattle slurry were evaluated in three field experiments during 1989/90 at the Agricultural Research Institute of Northern Ireland. The relative effects of separation, dilution with water before application and washing with a water spray after application, on ammonia volatilization rates were compared over 4 days using ventilated enclosures. As the loss rate of ammonia during the first 4 days after application was highly correlated with the loss rate over the first 4 hours after application, the loss rate in the first 4 hours was used as a rapid method to assess the efficacy of various combinations of separation, dilution and acidification. Ammonia volatilization loss rates from treatment combinations were compared to the loss rate from whole slurry.A 50% decrease in ammonia volatilization was achieved by separation through a 0·4 mm mesh, separation through a 10·0 mm mesh plus dilution with 86% by volume of water, or separation through a 2·0 mm mesh plus washing with 53% by volume of water.A 75% decrease in ammonia volatilization was achieved by acidification to pH 6·5, or combinations of separation and dilution, namely separation through a 0·4 mm mesh plus 50% dilution or separation through a 5·0 mm mesh plus 100% dilution.A 90% decrease in ammonia volatilization was achieved by acidification to pH 6·0, dilution by 50% plus acidification to pH 6·5, or separation through a 0·4 mm mesh plus acidification to pH 6·5.The effects of separation and acidification on ammonia volatilization were cumulative. There was a highly significant inverse linear relationship between ammonia volatilization rate and volume of nitric acid used. Adding 10 M nitric acid at 1·4% by volume lowered volatilization by 75% of that from whole slurry and increased the nitrogen content of the slurry by 2 g N/l, making it a more balanced NPK fertilizer for cut swards. Because the variable value of cattle slurry is due to loss of nitrogen as ammonia and smothering of the sward with slurry solids, a combination of separation or dilution to lower sward contamination and acidification with nitric acid to lower volatilization may be the best practical option for improving cattle slurry as a fertilizer for cut grass.

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5

Yang, Kai, and Mohan Qin. "The Application of Cation Exchange Membranes in Electrochemical Systems for Ammonia Recovery from Wastewater." Membranes 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11070494.

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Electrochemical processes are considered promising technologies for ammonia recovery from wastewater. In electrochemical processes, cation exchange membrane (CEM), which is applied to separate compartments, plays a crucial role in the separation of ammonium nitrogen from wastewater. Here we provide a comprehensive review on the application of CEM in electrochemical systems for ammonia recovery from wastewater. Four kinds of electrochemical systems, including bioelectrochemical systems, electrochemical stripping, membrane electrosorption, and electrodialysis, are introduced. Then we discuss the role CEM plays in these processes for ammonia recovery from wastewater. In addition, we highlight the key performance metrics related to ammonia recovery and properties of CEM membrane. The limitations and key challenges of using CEM for ammonia recovery are also identified and discussed.

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6

Siegrist, H., W. Hunziker, and H. Hofer. "Anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse waste with UF-membrane separation and recycling of permeate after free ammonia stripping." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2005): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0563.

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Anaerobic digestion can adapt to free ammonia to a certain extent. During the anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse waste, however, an ammonia concentration of up to 15 g N l−1 can be reached in the sludge liquid and this will even inhibit adapted sludge. To lower this concentration, a fraction of the digester liquid must therefore be continuously separated from the digested sludge and the free ammonia stripped before the liquid is recycled to the digester. A mesophilic laboratory digester was successfully operated with an ammonium concentration of 4–5 g l−1 and a pH of 8.0–8.4. After free ammonia stripping, the excess liquid was treated in a laboratory SBR for nitrogen and phosphorus removal before being added to the receiving water. The effluent had no toxic effect on daphnia and algae.

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7

Vorotyntsev, Ilya V., Pavel N. Drozdov, Dmitry N. Shablikin, and Tatjana V. Gamajunova. "Ammonia separation and purification by absorbing pervaporation." Desalination 200, no. 1-3 (November 2006): 379–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.382.

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8

Liu, Chun Yi, and Ken-ichi Aika. "Ammonia Absorption on Alkaline Earth Halides as Ammonia Separation and Storage Procedure." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 77, no. 1 (January 2004): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.77.123.

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9

Zhou, Tian Pei, and Wen Fang Huang. "Application of Single Neuron PID Control Based on Variable Scale Algorithm in Tar-Ammonia Separation." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 1945–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.1945.

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In the process of recycling chemical product in coking object, ammonia and tar were indispensable both metallurgy and agriculture, so the control of separation process for tar-ammonia was one of the most important control problems. Due to the density difference between the tar and ammonia was greater, easier to separate, the control method based on PID was used in field at present. But the control effect of traditional PID was not good because of environment change and fluctuation in material composition. Separation process for tar-ammonia was analyzed firstly, in view of the shortcoming of traditional PID control algorithm, single neuron PID control algorithm based on variable scale method was adopted through using optimization method. Detailed algorithm steps were designed and applied to tar-ammonia separation system. Simulation results show that by comparison with traditional PID algorithm, the algorithm have the following advantages: faster learning speed, shorter adjusted time and good convergence performance.

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10

Koivisto and Zevenhoven. "Energy Use of Flux Salt Recovery Using Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for a CO2 Mineralisation Process." Entropy 21, no. 4 (April 12, 2019): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21040395.

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Mineral carbonation routes have been extensively studied for almost two decades at Åbo Akademi University, focusing on the extraction of magnesium from magnesium silicates using ammonium sulfate (AS) and/or ammonium bisulfate (ABS) flux salt followed by carbonation. There is, however, a need for proper recovery and recirculation of chemicals involved. This study focused on the separation of AS, ABS and aqueous ammonia using different setups of bipolar membrane electrodialysis using both synthetic and rock-derived solutions. Bipolar membranes offer the possibility to split water, which in turn makes it possible to regenerate chemicals like acids and bases needed in mineral carbonation without excess gas formation. Tests were run in batch, continuous, and recirculating mode, and exergy (electricity) input during the tests was calculated. The results show that separation of ions was achieved, even if the solutions obtained were still too weak for use in the downstream process to control pH. Energy demand for separating 1 kg of NH4+ varied in the range 1.7, 3.4, 302 and 340 MJ/kg NH4+, depending on setup chosen. More work must hence be done in order to make the separation more efficient, such as narrowing the cell width.

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11

Mohammad, Ali, and Jay Pal Singh Chahar. "Colorimetric Determination of Silver in Synthetically Prepared Ores with Preliminary Separation from Associated Metal Ions by Thin-Layer Chromatography." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.1.172.

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Abstract Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of metal ions on layers of microcrystalline cellulose, alumina G, and their binary mixtures was performed with aqueous solutions of ammonia (NH3), acetic acid (HOAc), sodium acetate (NaOAc), ammonium acetate (NH4OAc), and sodium nitrate (NaNO3) as mobile phases. Ag+ was separated from other metal ions by using a mixed layer with 1.0M aqueous NH3 as mobile phase. Some important binary, ternary, and quaternary separations were achieved. The effect of acid-base equilibria on the retention behavior of Ag+ was examined. After TLC separation, Ag+ was determined quantitatively by spectrophotometry using dithizone solution (in acetone) as chromogenic reagent. The TLC–colorimetric method was applied to recovery of Ag+ from horn silver (AgCI) and argentite (Ag2S).

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12

Malmali, Mahdi, Yongming Wei, Alon McCormick, and Edward L. Cussler. "Ammonia Synthesis at Reduced Pressure via Reactive Separation." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 55, no. 33 (August 11, 2016): 8922–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01880.

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13

Zhang, Lu, Haifeng Dong, Shaojuan Zeng, Zongyuan Hu, Shahid Hussain, and Xiangping Zhang. "An Overview of Ammonia Separation by Ionic Liquids." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 60, no. 19 (April 29, 2021): 6908–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00780.

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14

Cui, Wei Wei, Jing Qiang Liu, Li Zhu Liu, Wen Hua Xu, Yuan Yuan Li, and Zhan Qiang Gao. "Effect of Ammonia as an Inert Solvent on Structure and Separation Performance for Oil/Water Mixtures of PVDF Porous Membranes." Key Engineering Materials 645-646 (May 2015): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.645-646.269.

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Porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were prepared from PVDF and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solution system using immersion precipitation phase inversion technique with ammonia as an inert solvent additive. The effects of ammonia amount on pore size, surface morphology, crystallinity, hydrophobic property, oil uptake and water-oil separation performance of the membranes were investigated. It was found that all membranes had an interpenetrating porous structure. The increase of ammonia amount led to significant variations in morphology. Lots of tiny apophysis formed on the membrane surface, pore size deceased, and pore density increased with the increase of ammonia amount. The crystallinity decreased with increasing ammonia amount, and hydrophobic property was improved. The membrane showed high oil uptake and effective separation function of oil-water mixture.

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15

Rouwenhorst, Kevin H. R., and Leon Lefferts. "Feasibility Study of Plasma-Catalytic Ammonia Synthesis for Energy Storage Applications." Catalysts 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10090999.

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Plasma catalysis has recently gained traction as an alternative to ammonia synthesis. The current research is mostly fundamental and little attention has been given to the technical and economic feasibility of plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis. In this study, the feasibility of plasma-catalytic ammonia is assessed for small-scale ammonia synthesis. A brief summary of the state of the art of plasma catalysis is provided as well as a targets and potential avenues for improvement in the conversion to ammonia, ammonia separation and a higher energy efficiency. A best-case scenario is provided for plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis and this is compared to the Haber-Bosch ammonia process operated with a synthesis loop. An ammonia outlet concentration of at least 1.0 mol. % is required to limit the recycle size and to allow for efficient product separation. From the analysis, it follows that plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis cannot compete with the conventional process even in the best-case scenario. Plasma catalysis potentially has a fast response to intermittent renewable electricity, although low pressure absorbent-enhanced Haber-Bosch processes are also expected to have fast responses to load variations. Low-temperature thermochemical ammonia synthesis is expected to be a more feasible alternative to intermittent decentralized ammonia synthesis than plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis due to its superior energy efficiency.

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16

Han, Zhangliang, Yangjie Xu, Hui Wang, Haozhong Tian, Bin Qiu, and Dezhi Sun. "Synthesis of ammonia molecularly imprinted adsorbents and ammonia adsorption separation during sludge aerobic composting." Bioresource Technology 300 (March 2020): 122670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122670.

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17

ISHIMATSU, Shinji, Tetsuo NOHARA, and Takashi SAIKA. "Study of a Fuel Cell Vehicle with an Ammonia Onboard Reformer : 2^ Report; Separation of Ammonia from Reformed Ammonia." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2003 (2003): 373–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2003.373.

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18

Liu, Zhao, Gang Wen, Yuling Ni, Sibin Wang, Shuo Wang, Ya Yu, Tinglin Huang, and Jun Ma. "Inhibition of bromate formation in the ozone/peroxymonosulfate process by ammonia, ammonia-chlorine and chlorine-ammonia pretreatment: Comparisons with ozone alone." Separation and Purification Technology 278 (January 2022): 119600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119600.

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19

Chen, Yang, Yadan Du, Yong Wang, Puxu Liu, Libo Li, and Jinping Li. "Ammonia Modification on UTSA-280 for C2H4/C2H6 Separation." Acta Chimica Sinica 78, no. 6 (2020): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/a20040130.

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20

Blet, V., M. N. Pons, and J. L. Greffe. "Separation of ammonia with a gas-permeable tubular membrane." Analytica Chimica Acta 219 (1989): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(00)80361-x.

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21

Kinker, J. R. "THE SEPARATION OF THE LACTATE AND AMMONIA BREAK POINTS." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, Supplement (April 1989): S106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198904001-00635.

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22

Lamb, Krystina E., Michael D. Dolan, and Danielle F. Kennedy. "Ammonia for hydrogen storage; A review of catalytic ammonia decomposition and hydrogen separation and purification." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44, no. 7 (February 2019): 3580–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.12.024.

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23

Xu, Y., J. Wang, Z. Xu, and H. Xu. "A study on the PP hollow fiber membrane contactor and its performances for removing ammonia from wastewater or mixed gas: I. Removal and recovery of ammonia from wastewater." Water Supply 1, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2001): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0113.

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Recent research indicated that hydrophobic microporous hollow fiber membrane Contactor could be used to separate volatile contaminants from wastewater efficiently. The factors that influence the effect of separation of NH3/H2O are investigated carefully. It is found that the average diameter of micropores, porosity and gas penetration rate of polypropylene (PP) hollow fiber membrane are maximized synchronously at draw elongation 260%. The modules assembled with this PP hollow fiber membrane have good performance for separation of NH3/H2O. It is found that the overall mass transfer coefficient (K) only is dependent on the temperature and flux of ammonia solution and independent of the pressure and concentration of ammonia solution. Concentration of absorbing acid influences slightly the overall transfer coefficients K while the absorbent supply is sufficient. Under this condition, the relationship between transfer coefficient and raw ammonia water flow rate can be described using the Sieder and Tate equation. K is directly proportional to v1/3 (v stands for the flow rate of ammonia solution). The removal rate of NH3 was about 96-98% in the lab. Further industrial tests have been carried out individually in catalyst and chemical fertilizer factories to treat wastewater containing ammonium, whose concentration ranged from 1000-10,000g/m3. Wastewater treatment amount was 9.6 m3/day and 24 m3/day in catalyst and chemical fertilizer factories respectively. Average removal rate of NH3 was 93.5% during 5 months of continuous operation in the catalyst factory. The fouling is not heavy because the wastewater containing ammonia did not pass through the membrane wall. It is efficient to get rid of membrane fouling by washing the membrane with dilute acid and the cleanout period was 3 days. PP hollow fiber membrane can be produced by the melt-spinning and drawing method. This paper also investigates the relationship between processing condition of PP hollow fiber membrane and its structure and performance.

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24

Buday, M. "Reutilization of ammonia from wastewater using cation exchange resins." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 9 (November 1, 1994): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0456.

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The paper deals with adsorption of ammonium ions from wastewater of ammonia and ammonium nitrate plant on cation exchange resins. The aim of the treatment was not only separation of ammonium ions but also their return to the technology of ammonium nitrate fertilizer. Therefore, it was desirable to obtain high concentration of eluate. The columns of cation exchangers were arranged in the so-called “coupled columns” technique. The results were obtained on the pilot scale (0.6 m3.h−1) and in full scale (50 −110 m3.h−1) plants. Nitric acid was used for the regeneration of the exhausted resins. Its concentration was in the range of 3.9 − 7.0 mol.1−1. The average ammonium concentration of the eluate was in the range of 0.95 − 2.35 mol.l−1. This parameter of the treatment process depended on the pH value of wastewater and on the concentration of the regenerant. The concentration of ammonium nitrate achieved in the eluate is sufficient for its utilization in the technology for the ammonium nitrate fertilizer production.

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25

Bie, Yu, Ming Fu Hu, Xu Zhang, Xiao Qin Zhu, Jing Hua Chang, and Wen Yuan Mao. "Thermodynamic Analysis of an Ammonia Synthesis Process Based on Brayton Cycle." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 939–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.939.

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The paper develops a new ammonia synthesis process based on Brayton cycle, successfully solving the problem of low heat recovery efficiency of reaction heat by conventional Rankine cycle. In the new process, a gas turbine expander is introduced to drive the multistage compressor coaxially instead of raising steam in a waste heat boiler to drive a steam turbine. Such a process represents a typical reaction-separation system with a recycle stream and cold separation of the product from the recycle loop. Through thermodynamic analysis, it is found that the ammonia synthesis system has the innate convenience and conditions to use the actual improved Brayton cycle. Moreover, since the cold separation is always influenced by gas-liquid equilibrium of pure ammonia, absorption separation is integrated in the process to achieve better use of the reaction heat, which can be driven by the low temperature heat. Flow sheets of the new process are described with the pressure and temperature parameters according to the actual operation conditions. For this special case, thermodynamic calculation and analysis are carried out by a software. The calculated results show that the expansion work is much larger than the required compression work. Even if the utilization efficiency is relatively low, the output work can meet the need of gases compression.

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26

Rezka Putra, Amal, Khoirunnisa Fauziah Asyikin, Robertus Dwi Hendarto, Agus Ariyanto, Enny Lestari, Sumandi Juliyanto, and Ahsanal Fikri. "The Use of Low Ammonia Concentration in the Radiochemical Purity Test of [153Sm]Sm-EDTMP by Using the Thin Layer Chromatography Method." Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research 10, no. 1 (April 14, 2021): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jpacr.2021.010.01.562.

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Radiochemical purity testing of [153Sm]Sm-EDTMP usually uses the Thin Layer Chromatography method. The mobile phase used is a mixture of 25% ammonia and water. However, the lowest ratio of 25% ammonia in the mobile phase is unknown. Therefore, research related to the use of the lowest concentration in the radiochemical purity test of [153Sm]Sm-EDTMP is necessary. This research method includes labelling of EDTMP using Samarium-153, preparation of the mobile phase with variations in the concentration of 25% ammonia: water, radiochemical purity test and data analysis using t-test statistics. The results of this study are the concentration of 25% ammonia: water (1: 9) to (1: 200) still shows good separation with Rf of [153Sm]SmCl3 and [153Sm]Sm-EDTMP at 0.0, 1.0 respectively, whereas with a thinner concentration of ammonia indicates less optimal separation with Rf [153Sm]SmCl3 at 0.35 to 1.0. Comparison of concentrated ammonia concentrations of 1: 9 and dilute 1: 200 was performed using a statistical t-test. The results of the data analysis showed that the two methods were not significantly different, indicated by the t-value of 0.82 less than 2.78. The conclusion of this study is that the lowest concentration of 25% ammonia and water in the radiochemical purity test of [153Sm]Sm-EDTMP is 1: 200.

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27

Radzyminska-Lenarcik, Elzbieta, Ilona Pyszka, and Artur Kosciuszko. "Separation and Recovery of Gold(III), Palladium(II) and Platinum(IV) by Solvent Extraction Using a New β-Diketone Derivative from Acidic Solutions." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 8, 2021): 4436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164436.

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This study indicates that a new amine derivative of β-diketone (EDAB-acac) can be successfully used in an acidic medium (HCl) to separate a mixture containing Au(III), Pd(II), and Pt(IV) ions using solvent extraction. The study was conducted in single and ternary model solutions. The impact of acid concentration and the type of solvent (toluene, chloroform, methylene chloride, 2-ethylhexanol) on separation efficiency was discussed. It has been shown that increasing the HCl concentration in the aqueous phase does not favor extraction. In contrast, solvents with high donor numbers (methylene chloride, 2-ethylhexanol) increase both the extraction percentage of Pd and Au as well as the separation coefficients of Pd in relation to Au and Pt. The palladium(II) and gold(III) (which form 4-coordinated planar [MCl4]2− complexes) are extracted most efficiently, Pd(II) (87–93%) and Au(III) (56–62%). The stripping of Au(III), Pd(II), and Pt(IV) ions from the EDAB-acac-methylene chloride phase was also investigated using 0.5 M ammonia aq., mineral acid (5 M HCl, 5 M HNO3), 0.1 M thiourea in HCl and 0.5 M ammonium thiocyanate. A 3-step stripping process was proposed for the recovery of Pd(II), Au(III), and Pt(IV) from the Pd-Au-Pt mixture in the EDAB-acac-methylene chloride system. In the first stage, the aqueous phase is treated with 5 M HNO3 (Pt separation), followed by the application of 0.5 M ammonia (Pd separation) and, finally, 0.1 M thiourea in HCl (Au separation). The solvent extraction with EDAB-acac in acidic medium (HCl) can be used for separation of Pd(II) and Au(III) ions from e-waste leach solutions.

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28

Seelert, S., and U. Schindewolf. "ANION EXCHANGE WITH LIQUID AMMONIA: SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF SULFUR-AMMONIA SOLUTIONS." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 48, no. 1-4 (March 1990): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426509008045909.

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29

Hanif, Farzana, Yingcen Liu, Jihong Liu, Caicheng Song, Liyan Zhang, Hua Lin, Rongwen Lu, and Shufen Zhang. "Ammonia-controlled synthesis of monodispersed N-doped carbon nanoparticles." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 36 (2020): 15403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj02924f.

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30

Cancino-Madariaga, Beatriz, Carlos Felipe Hurtado, and Paula Pinto Villegas. "Ammonia, nitrite and nitrate separation from sweet water by nanofiltration." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 87 (2017): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.21329.

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31

Liu, Haiyang, and Jianlong Wang. "Separation of ammonia from radioactive wastewater by hydrophobic membrane contactor." Progress in Nuclear Energy 86 (January 2016): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2015.10.011.

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32

Radu, Mihai, Valentin Nedeff, Mihai C. Nicolescu, Marcela Danu, Mirela Panainte-Lehadus, Marius Stanila, and Carol Schnakovszky. "STUDY ON THE SEPARATION OF PURGE GASES FROM AMMONIA PLANT." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 15, no. 3 (2016): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2016.062.

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33

Czárán, E., Á. Mészáros-Kis, E. Domokos, and J. Papp. "Separation of ammonia from wastewater using clinoptilolite as ion exchanger." Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management 8, no. 2 (January 1988): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-815x(88)90069-1.

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34

Hwang, S. Y., and N. S. Kim. "Ammonia separation of Ni from spent fly ash leach liquor." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 27, no. 3 (August 2010): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03402239.

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35

Zeng, Shaojuan, Yongkang Cao, Pengfei Li, Xinyan Liu, and Xiangping Zhang. "Ionic liquid–based green processes for ammonia separation and recovery." Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 25 (October 2020): 100354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.100354.

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36

Kubáň, Vlastimil. "Conductimetric Gas Separation-Flow Injection Determination of Ammonia in Gaseous Process Streams." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 62, no. 4 (1997): 609–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19970609.

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Ammonia (up to 0.3 vol.%) can be determined (RSDs < 2%) after separation from a process gas stream containing (vol.%): carbon dioxide (0.3-20), hydrogen sulfide (< 0.4), hydrogen cyanide (< 1.5 . 10-4), sulfur dioxide (1), carbon monoxide (< 3) in 50-90 vol.% nitrogen and hydrocarbons. The ammonia content in sample is determined through changes in the conductivity of an acceptor stream (3 mM boric acid) caused by absorption of the analyte passed through a Nafion capillary membrane.

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37

Kazlauskienė, Daiva, Guoda Kiliuvienė, Palma Nenortienė, Giedrė Kasparavičienė, and Ieva Matukaitytė. "OPTIMIZATION OF THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY METHODS FOR SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN THEIR MIXTURE." Medicinos teorija ir praktika 21, no. 1 (December 20, 2014): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15591/mtp.2015.002.

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By conducting the toxicological analysis it is meaningful to determine the analytical system that could identify simultaneously several medicinal preparations quickly and precisely. The purpose of this work was to create and validate the method of thin-layer chromatography that would be suitable to separate the components of antidepressant mixture (amitriptyline hydrochloride, paroxetine hydrochloride, sertraline hydrochloride, fluvoxamine maleate and buspirone hydrochloride) and to identify them. The system was validated with regard to the sensitivity, repetition of data, resistance and particularity. The solvent systems with potential of high separation of components in their mixture were created: acetonitrile, methanol, ammonia solution 25 percent (85:10:5); acetonitrile, methanol, ammonia solution 25 percent (75:20:5); dichlormethane, 1,4-dioxane, ammonia solution 25 percent (50:45:5); dichlormethane, 1,4-dioxane, ammonia solution 25 percent (42:55:3); trichlormethane, 1,4-dioxane, ammonia solution 25 percent (25:70:5); trichlormethane, 1,4-dioxane, ammonia solution 25 percent (60:36:4). One of the most suitable solvent systems for separation of the analyzed mixture (sertraline, amitriptyline, paroxetine, buspirone, fluvoxamine) was determined – acetonitrile, methanol, ammonia solution 25 percent (85:10:5). When this solvent system was used, the average Rf values of the analyzed compounds differed the most. Validation was conducted – the relative standard deviation (RSD, percent) of the average Rf value of the analyzed compounds varied from 0,6 to 1,8 percent and did not exceed the permissible error of 5 percent. The sensitivity of methodology was determined by assessing the intensity of the mixture’s spots on the chromatographic plate. The detection limit of buspirone was 0,0012 µg; sertraline – 0,0008 µg; amitriptyline – 0,0004 µg; fluvoxamine – 0,0004 µg; paroxetine – 0,0008 µg. The resistance of results to the changed conditions – it was determined that when the amounts of the solvents acetonitrile and methanol were increased or decreased to two milliliters, the average Rf values of the analyzed compounds did not change statistically significantly

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38

Ferreira, AMR, J. Lima, and A. Rangel. "Potentiometric determination of total nitrogen in soils by flow injection analysis with a gas-diffusion unit." Soil Research 34, no. 4 (1996): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960503.

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A flow injection analysis (FIA) system incorporating a gas-diffusion unit and a potentiometric detector was developed for the determination of total nitrogen in soil digests. The solutions obtained from the Kjeldahl digestion of the soil samples were injected in the FIA system where ammonium was converted into ammonia. This gas diffused through a gas-permeable membrane to a buffer acceptor stream, allowing the separation of the gas from the rest of the sample. Once in contact with the buffer solution, ammonia was reconverted into ammonium and finally led to a tubular ammonium ion-selective electrode constructed for this purpose. The potentiometric detector is a PVC tubular selective electrode without inner reference solution, and with the sensor system composed of monactin in Tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate. Good agreement was obtained between the results provided with the developed FIA system and those from the classical Kjeldahl distillation/titration step, with relative deviations between the 2 methods always < 5%. A sampling rate of 80 determinations/h was achieved with good reproducibility for consecutive injections of soil digests (coefficients of variation < 3%).

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Inami, Hisao, Chie Abe, and Yasuhisa Hasegawa. "Development of Ammonia Selectively Permeable Zeolite Membrane for Sensor in Sewer System." Membranes 11, no. 5 (May 10, 2021): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11050348.

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Ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are hazardous and odorous gases. A special device that is not affected by other gases is necessary so that it can detect such gases. Zeolite membranes can separate the desired component selectively by molecular sieving and selective adsorption. LTA-, MFI-, and FAU-type zeolite membranes were prepared in this study, and the permeation and separation performances were determined for the ternary mixture of NH3, H2S, and N2 to develop an NH3 selectively permeable membrane. Although the separation factors of NH3 were high enough for the LTA-type zeolite membrane, the NH3 permeance was the lowest among the three membranes. In contrast, the FAU-type zeolite membrane with Si/Al = 1.35 showed a high enough NH3 permeance and a NH3/N2 separation factor. The membrane modification and varying the membrane composition were carried out to reduce the H2S permeance. As a result, the H2S permeance could be decreased by modification with silane coupling agents, and a separation factor of NH3 toward H2S of over 3000 was achieved.

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Ek, M., R. Bergström, J. E. Bjurhem, B. Björlenius, and D. Hellström. "Concentration of nutrients from urine and reject water from anaerobically digested sludge." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2006): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.924.

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Experiments with concentration of nutrients from source separated urine and reject water from digestion of sludge in sewage treatment plants (STP) have been performed in laboratory and pilot scale. The methods tested were membrane filtration with reverse osmosis (RO), evaporation, and precipitation of phosphorus and distillation of ammonia. In membrane filtration, pre-filtration with particle separation at 5–10 μm was enough to avoid clogging of the membranes. Separation of phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulphur (S) was almost 100%, while separation of nitrogen (N) was dependent on pH. The capacity of flux increased with temperature and pressure. In evaporation, all P, K and S were still in the concentrate, while pH had to be decreased to 4.5 to avoid significant loss of N. In precipitation and distillation, about 90% of P could be recovered from urine as magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) just by adding MgO. For the reject water pH was first increased by aeration to remove CO2. Ammonium can be distilled from the water phase after precipitation of MAP, without further increase of pH. At least 80–90% of N can be distilled in 5–10% of the total volume. The article also discusses the quality of different products, cost of separation, and energy and chemical demand.

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Pye, Havala O. T., Andreas Zuend, Juliane L. Fry, Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz, Shannon L. Capps, K. Wyat Appel, Hosein Foroutan, Lu Xu, Nga L. Ng, and Allen H. Goldstein. "Coupling of organic and inorganic aerosol systems and the effect on gas–particle partitioning in the southeastern US." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 1 (January 12, 2018): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-357-2018.

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Abstract. Several models were used to describe the partitioning of ammonia, water, and organic compounds between the gas and particle phases for conditions in the southeastern US during summer 2013. Existing equilibrium models and frameworks were found to be sufficient, although additional improvements in terms of estimating pure-species vapor pressures are needed. Thermodynamic model predictions were consistent, to first order, with a molar ratio of ammonium to sulfate of approximately 1.6 to 1.8 (ratio of ammonium to 2 × sulfate, RN∕2S ≈ 0.8 to 0.9) with approximately 70 % of total ammonia and ammonium (NHx) in the particle. Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Network (SEARCH) gas and aerosol and Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) Monitor for AeRosols and Gases in Ambient air (MARGA) aerosol measurements were consistent with these conditions. CMAQv5.2 regional chemical transport model predictions did not reflect these conditions due to a factor of 3 overestimate of the nonvolatile cations. In addition, gas-phase ammonia was overestimated in the CMAQ model leading to an even lower fraction of total ammonia in the particle. Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) and aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements indicated less ammonium per sulfate than SEARCH and MARGA measurements and were inconsistent with thermodynamic model predictions. Organic compounds were predicted to be present to some extent in the same phase as inorganic constituents, modifying their activity and resulting in a decrease in [H+]air (H+ in µg m−3 air), increase in ammonia partitioning to the gas phase, and increase in pH compared to complete organic vs. inorganic liquid–liquid phase separation. In addition, accounting for nonideal mixing modified the pH such that a fully interactive inorganic–organic system had a pH roughly 0.7 units higher than predicted using traditional methods (pH = 1.5 vs. 0.7). Particle-phase interactions of organic and inorganic compounds were found to increase partitioning towards the particle phase (vs. gas phase) for highly oxygenated (O : C ≥ 0.6) compounds including several isoprene-derived tracers as well as levoglucosan but decrease particle-phase partitioning for low O : C, monoterpene-derived species.

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Mahmud, Nazira, and Kurt A. Rosentrater. "Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA) of Different Pretreatment and Product Separation Technologies for Cellulosic Butanol Production from Oil Palm Frond." Energies 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010181.

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Among the driving factors for the high production cost of cellulosic butanol lies the pretreatment and product separation sections, which often demand high amounts of energy, chemicals, and water. In this study, techno-economic analysis of several pretreatments and product separation technologies were conducted and compared. Among the pretreatment technologies evaluated, low-moisture anhydrous ammonia (LMAA) pretreatment has shown notable potential with a pretreatment cost of $0.16/L butanol. Other pretreatment technologies evaluated were autohydrolysis, soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA), and soaking in sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) with pretreatment costs of $1.98/L, $3.77/L, and $0.61/L, respectively. Evaluation of different product separation technologies for acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation process have shown that in situ stripping has the lowest separation cost, which was $0.21/L. Other product separation technologies tested were dual extraction, adsorption, and membrane pervaporation, with the separation costs of $0.38/L, $2.25/L, and $0.45/L, respectively. The evaluations have shown that production of cellulosic butanol using combined LMAA pretreatment and in situ stripping or with dual extraction recorded among the lowest butanol production cost. However, dual extraction model has a total solvent productivity of approximately 6% higher than those of in situ stripping model.

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Kartohardjono, Sutrasno, Milasari Herdiana Putri, and Setijo Bismo. "Combination of ozonation and absorption through membrane contactor to remove ammonia from waste water." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 11, no. 2 (October 2, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2012.11.2.3.

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Ammonia in waste water is a major pollutant produced in industrial and agricultural waste water. Ammonia is often removed by conventional technologies such as pack tower aeration, biological treatment or adsorption as ammonium ion onto zeolites. In many cases, conventional methods are very costly and inefficient, and therefore, there is a need for an alternative separation technique for more efficient removal of ammonia from waste waters. The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of the combination of ozonation and absorption through membrane processes to remove ammonia from wastewater using natural hot spring water (NHSW) as absorbent. Experimental results show that operating variables such as time and pH of absorbent solution are found to remarkably influence the removal process efficiency. Based on experimental results ozonation can improve ammonia removal efficiency through the hollow fiber membrane contactor. Ammonia removal efficiencies and overall mass transfer coefficients increase with decreasing pH of absorbent solution. Keywords: ammonia, mass transfer, membrane, ozonation, removal efficiencyAbstrak Amonia di dalam air limbah merupakan polutan utama yang berasal dari air limbah industri dan pertanian. Amonia kebanyak disisihkan dengan teknologi konvensional seperti aerasi di menara isian, pengolahan secara biologi atau penyerapan sebagai ion amonium pada zeolit. Dalam banyak hal, metode konvensional sangat mahal dan kurang efisien, sehingga diperlukan teknik separasi alternatif untuk proses penyisihan amonia dari air limbah yang lebih efisien. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk menyelidiki kinerja kombinasi proses ozonasi dan proses absorbsi melalui membran untuk menyisihkan amonia dari air limbah menggunakan absorben berbahan dasar air dari sumber air panas. Hasil eksperimen memperlihatkan bahwa variabel operasi, seperti waktu dan pH larutan penyerap, sangat mempengaruhi efisiensi proses penyisihan amonia. Berdasarkan hasil eksperimen, ozonasi dapat meningkatkan efisiensi penyisihan ammonia melalui kontaktor membran serat berlubang. Efisiensi penyisihan amonia dan koefisien perpindahan massa keseluruhan naik dengan turunnya pH larutan penyerap.Kata kunci: amonia, perpindahan massa, membran, ozonasi, efisiensi penyisihan

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Dimitriadou, Athina, and Aristidis Anthemidis. "Automatic On-Line Purge-and-Trap Sequential Injection Analysis for Trace Ammonium Determination in Untreated Estuarine and Seawater Samples." Molecules 25, no. 7 (March 29, 2020): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071569.

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An innovative automatic purge-and-trap (P&T) system coupled with fluorimetric sequential injection (SI), for the on-line separation and preconcentration of volatile compounds, is presented. The truth of concept is demonstrated for the ammonium fluorimetric determination in environmental water samples with complex matrices without any pretreatment. The P&T flow system comprises a thermostated purge-vessel where ammonium is converted into gaseous ammonia and a trap-vessel for ammonia collection. This configuration results in matrix removal as well as analyte preconcentration, avoiding membrane-associated problems. All the main parameters affecting the efficiency of a P&T system were studied and optimized. The proposed method is characterized by a working range of 2.7–150.0 μg L−1 of NH4+, with a detection and quantification limit of 0.80 and 2.66 μg L−1, respectively, for a 10-mL sample consumption. The accuracy of the method was assessed by recovery assays in seawater, estuarine, and lake water samples as well as by the analysis of standard reference material.

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Wang, Chong-qing, Hui Wang, Guo-hua Gu, Qing-quan Lin, Ling-ling Zhang, Luo-luo Huang, and Jun-yao Zhao. "Ammonia modification for flotation separation of polycarbonate and polystyrene waste plastics." Waste Management 51 (May 2016): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.02.037.

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Martens-Habbena, Willm, Paul M. Berube, Hidetoshi Urakawa, José R. de la Torre, and David A. Stahl. "Ammonia oxidation kinetics determine niche separation of nitrifying Archaea and Bacteria." Nature 461, no. 7266 (September 30, 2009): 976–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08465.

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Wagner, Kevin, Mahdi Malmali, Collin Smith, Alon McCormick, E. L. Cussler, Ming Zhu, and Nicholas C. A. Seaton. "Column absorption for reproducible cyclic separation in small scale ammonia synthesis." AIChE Journal 63, no. 7 (February 28, 2017): 3058–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.15685.

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Laanbroek, Hendrikus J., and Arjen G. C. L. Speksnijder. "Niche separation of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria across a tidal freshwater marsh." Environmental Microbiology 10, no. 11 (November 2008): 3017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01655.x.

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Rutherford, Julian C., Gordon Chua, Timothy Hughes, Maria E. Cardenas, and Joseph Heitman. "A Mep2-dependent Transcriptional Profile Links Permease Function to Gene Expression during Pseudohyphal Growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular Biology of the Cell 19, no. 7 (July 2008): 3028–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e08-01-0033.

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The ammonium permease Mep2 is required for the induction of pseudohyphal growth, a process in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that occurs in response to nutrient limitation. Mep2 has both a transport and a regulatory function, supporting models in which Mep2 acts as a sensor of ammonium availability. Potentially similar ammonium permease-dependent regulatory cascades operate in other fungi, and they may also function in animals via the homologous Rh proteins; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that mediate ammonium sensing. We show that Mep2 is localized to the cell surface during pseudohyphal growth, and it is required for both filamentous and invasive growth. Analysis of site-directed Mep2 mutants in residues lining the ammonia-conducting channel reveal separation of function alleles (transport and signaling defective; transport-proficient/signaling defective), indicating transport is necessary but not sufficient to sense ammonia. Furthermore, Mep2 overexpression enhances differentiation under normally repressive conditions and induces a transcriptional profile that is consistent with activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. This finding is supported by epistasis analysis establishing that the known role of the MAP kinase pathway in pseudohyphal growth is linked to Mep2 function. Together, these data strengthen the model that Mep2-like proteins are nutrient sensing transceptors that govern cellular differentiation.

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Oldenburg, Martin, and Ivan Sekoulov. "Multipurpose filters with ion-exchanger for the equalization of ammonia peaks." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 7 (October 1, 1995): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0232.

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In this study the use of zeolites as ion-exchangers for equalization of ammonia peak loadings in aerated biological activated filters was investigated. For this use zeolites were mixed with a filter medium and the nitrifying filter was loaded with ammonia peaks for two hours at different flow rates. It could be demonstrated that during the phase of higher inflow concentrations the zeolite was collecting ammonia. When the influent concentration decreased ammonia was desorbed from the zeolite and could be nitrified by the bacteria growing on the filter medium. It was shown that additional zeolites can equalize variations of ammonia, especially in filter units which are working at a high nitrification rate and which are very sensitive to varying influent conditions. During the operation time of the filter no separation of the zeolite by higher hydraulic loading or by backwashing could be recognized. So the upgrading of nitrifying filters with zeolite represents an additional security for effluents containing oscillating ammonia concentrations.

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