Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ammonia compound

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Ammonia compound'

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Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Ammonia compound"

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Suchentrunk, Christof, and Nikolaus Korber. "Reduktion von Isochinolin und Indol mit Cäsium in flüssigem Ammoniak / Reduction of Isoquinoline and Indole with Cesium in Liquid Ammonia." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 58, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 990–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2003-1009.

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Isoquinoline and indole were reduced with solutions of cesium in liquid ammonia and the resulting crystalline compounds isolated as ammonia-rich solvate crystals. The reduction of isoquinoline yields the anion bisisoquinoline-2,2’-diide in the compound Cs2C18H14N2 · (7/2) NH3 as the result of a coupling reaction. Indole is reduced to the 5,8-dihydroindolide anion in the ammoniate CsC8H8N · 3NH3. Both anions display interactions between their aromatic π-systems and the cesium cations.
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Black, DS, N. Chaichit, BM Gatehouse, and GI Moss. "Unusual Formation of New Indole-Containing Heterocyclic Ring Systems." Australian Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 12 (1987): 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9871965.

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The oxazinoindoletrione (3) underwent reaction with aqueous ammonia in methanol or ethanol to yield the polycyclic methyl or ethyl esters (4) and (5) respectively. Reaction of trione (3) with gaseous ammonia in dry ethanol gave the aminobenzodiazepinone (7). This compound lost ammonia on heating in toluene to give compound (11) and in the presence of methanol or ethanol gave the methyl or ethyl esters (9) and (10) respectively. The structures of compounds (4), (7) and (10) were all established by X-ray crystallography.
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Gärtner, Stefanie, Christof Suchentrunk, and Nikolaus Korber. "Coordination preferences of the alkali cations sodium and caesium in the mixed-cationic Zintl ammoniate Cs3.2Na0.8Ge9·5.3NH3." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 70, no. 11 (October 11, 2014): 1036–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229614021998.

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The involvement of two different alkali cations in the nonagermanide ammoniate Cs3.2Na0.8Ge9·5.3NH3[tricaesium sodium nonagermanide–ammonia (1/5.3)] provides insights into the coordination behaviour of ammonia towards sodium and caesium cations within one compound and represents the first mixed-cationic solvate structure of nonagermanide tetraanions. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/mand, with the presence of pseudomerohedral twinning, mixed-cation sites and disordering of the nonagermanide cage anions, features a combination of crystallographic challenges which could all be resolved during the refinement.
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Xin, L., and NF Curtis. "Compounds of (1,4,8,11-Tetraazacyclotetra-Decane)Copper(II) With 6-Carbamoyl and 13-Carbamoyl, -Methylcarbamoyl, -Ethylcarbamoyl and -Hydrazinocarbonyl Substituents." Australian Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 6 (1992): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9921087.

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The (dimethyl trans-1,4,8,1l-tetraazacyclotetradecane-6,13-dicarboxylate)copper(II) cation reacts with ammonia, methylamine or hydrazine to give the dicarbamoyl-, di(methylcarbamoyl)- or di(hydrazinocarbonyl)-substituted complex cations, respectively. The 6,6,13,13-tetra(methoxy- carbonyl)-substituted compound reacts with ammonia at O�C to form the tetracarbamoyl- substituted macrocycle compound [which can also be prepared by condensation of bis(ethane-1,2-diamine)copper(II), formaldehyde and malondiamide], and the dicarbamoyl dicarboxylic acid compound at higher temperatures. Reaction of the tetra(ethoxycarbonyl) compound with ammonia yields a variety of products, depending upon conditions. Reaction of the tetra (ethoxycarbonyl) compound with methylamine yields the di(N- methylcarbamoyl) di(carboxy1ato) substituted macrocycle compound. Condensation of bis(ethane-1,2-diamine)copper(II), formaldehyde and N,N1-diethylmalondiamide yields the tetra(ethylcarbamoyl)-substituted macrocyle compound. A similar reaction with N,N1- dimethylmalondiamide yields a compound with a methylene group additional to the tetra(methylcarbamoyl) formulation.
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Yasuda, Tomoko, Miyoko Waki, Yasuyuki Fukumoto, Hiroaki Saito, and Hiroki Yokojima. "Odorous Compound Removal Performance and Water Properties of a Biotrickling Filter Installed in a Piggery." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 37, no. 4 (2021): 563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14443.

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Highlights We evaluated the performance of a two-stage biotrickling filter in a pig facility. A short empty bed residence time lowered the secondary filter removal efficiency for many odorous compounds. The removal efficiency of some compounds increased when the pH in the secondary water tank decreased. Low-odor-threshold compounds such as MT, n-BA, n-PA, and p-cresol were indicated as targets for optimization. Abstract . Odor is a major problem in pig production, and it is important to minimize odor emissions. To determine the factors influencing variations in odor removal efficiency, we analyzed the performance of a biotrickling filter installed in growing-finishing pig rooms on a commercial farm. Over 16 months, we conducted measurements of representative odorous compounds, namely sulfur compounds (hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide), volatile fatty acids (propanoic acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid, butanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, and pentanoic acid), and ammonia. The average removal efficiencies of methanethiol, dimethyl disulfide, volatile fatty acids, and ammonia were 83% to 89%, with 50% for hydrogen sulfide and 18% for dimethyl sulfide. For many, but not all, odorous compounds, removal efficiency declined significantly with decreasing empty bed residence time (EBRT). From an analysis of the correlations of odorous compounds’ removal efficiency with the properties of the trickling water, we hypothesized that water properties such as pH, free ammonia, free nitrous acid, ionic species (Na+, Ca2+) concentrations, temperature, electrical conductivity, and biological oxygen demand, in addition to EBRT, were associated with fluctuations in removal efficiency during full-scale operation. The pH in the secondary water tank was negatively correlated with the removal efficiencies of methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, butanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, pentanoic acid, and ammonia. Our identification of key odorous compounds indicates the importance of the secondary filter in odor treatment. Biotrickling filters for air in pig facilities could be further optimized by targeting low-odor-threshold compounds such as methanethiol, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, and p-cresol, in addition to ammonia. Keywords: Ammonia, Biotrickling filter, Pig facility odor, Sulfur compound, Trickling water, Volatile fatty acid.
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Undalkar, Rushikesh. "Ammonia Removal from Wastewater of Different Sources and Recent Development in Ammonia Stripping." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 673–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45946.

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Abstract: Industrial wastewater contains organic impurities such as nitrogen compounds and many more. There is a limit to each compound in wastewater before discharging it into the ecosystem. It is maximum 2000-4000 g N/m3. It also depends upon different countries' environmental conservation laws. As nitrogen is harmful for aquatic life in low concentrations as well, it is needed to be treated before discharging and also before reuse in other applications. the removal of ammonia can be accomplished by steam stripping as well as by air stripping i.e. absorption and desorption. the conventional method of removal of ammonia is packed tower which has many issues in operation. Presently there are many advancements in removal of ammonia and research are going on in this paper we will discuss development in ammonia stripping and application with different sources of waste water from different industries.
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Joseph, Stefanie, Christof Suchentrunk, and Nikolaus Korber. "Dissolving Silicides: Syntheses and Crystal Structures of New Ammoniates Containing Si52– and Si94– Polyanions and the Role of Ammonia of Crystallisation." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 65, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 1059–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2010-0901.

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The dissolution of the ternary material K6Rb6Si17 in liquid ammonia yields the solvate compound Rb4Si9 ・ 5NH3, which contains fourfold negatively charged nine atom silicon clusters Si94−. Using additionally the [2.2.2] cryptand during the dissolution results in the solvate [K(2.2.2- crypt)]2Si5 ・ 4NH3 , in which the Si52− anion is present in the crystal structure. The Si52− anion has the shape of a nearly ideal trigonal bipyramid. The starting material K6Rb6Si17 contains both Si44− and Si94− Zintl anions. In ammoniate crystal structures, Si94− anions are accessible independently of Si44− anions, and ammonia of crystallisation plays a major role in the observed crystal symmetry. For the cryptate structures of Si52− and Ge52− anions ammonia of crystallisation is obligatory despite the loss of crystal symmetry compared to the crystal structures of the heavier homologues Pb52− and Sn52−.
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Béres, Kende Attila, István E. Sajó, György Lendvay, László Trif, Vladimir M. Petruševski, Berta Barta-Holló, László Korecz, et al. "Solid-Phase “Self-Hydrolysis” of [Zn(NH3)4MoO4@2H2O] Involving Enclathrated Water—An Easy Route to a Layered Basic Ammonium Zinc Molybdate Coordination Polymer." Molecules 26, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 4022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134022.

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An aerial humidity-induced solid-phase hydrolytic transformation of the [Zn(NH3)4]MoO4@2H2O (compound 1@2H2O) with the formation of [(NH4)xH(1−x)Zn(OH)(MoO4)]n (x = 0.92–0.94) coordination polymer (formally NH4Zn(OH)MoO4, compound 2) is described. Based on the isostructural relationship, the powder XRD indicates that the crystal lattice of compound 1@2H2O contains a hydrogen-bonded network of tetraamminezinc (2+) and molybdate (2−) ions, and there are cavities (O4N4(μ-H12) cube) occupied by the two water molecules, which stabilize the crystal structure. Several observations indicate that the water molecules have no fixed positions in the lattice voids; instead, the cavity provides a neighborhood similar to those in clathrates. The @ symbol in the notation is intended to emphasize that the H2O in this compound is enclathrated rather than being water of crystallization. Yet, signs of temperature-dependent dynamic interactions with the wall of the cages can be detected, and 1@2H2O easily releases its water content even on standing and yields compound 2. Surprisingly, hydrolysis products of 1 were observed even in the absence of aerial humidity, which suggests a unique solid-phase quasi-intramolecular hydrolysis. A mechanism involving successive substitution of the ammonia ligands by water molecules and ammonia release is proposed. An ESR study of the Cu-doped compound 2 (2#dotCu) showed that this complex consists of two different Cu2+(Zn2+) environments in the polymeric structure. Thermal decomposition of compounds 1 and 2 results in ZnMoO4 with similar specific surface area and morphology. The ZnMoO4 samples prepared from compounds 1 and 2 and compound 2 in itself are active photocatalysts in the degradation of Congo Red dye. IR, Raman, and UV studies on compounds 1@2H2O and 2 are discussed in detail.
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Shi, Jianchao, Lianxiang Wang, Yongrui Yang, and Tinglin Huang. "Effects of Seasonal Thermal Stratification on Ammonia Nitrogen Transformation in a Source Water Reservoir." Processes 9, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 2218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9122218.

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Seasonal thermal stratification has a significant impact on water quality. In this paper, the variation of vertical distribution of ammonia nitrogen in a source water reservoir was studied, on the base of field monitoring data. The dominant factor of the variation in ammonia nitrogen is the anaerobic environment caused by the seasonal thermal stratification, which leads to the degradation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds in the sediments. To determine the rates of ammonia accumulation, an in situ experimental chamber was used. The results showed that, before the formation of thermal stratification in the reservoir, sediments in the bottom of the water have a high tendency to release ammonia; the rates of ammonia accumulation in the overlying water are 40.31–111.41 mg·m−2·d−1. However, thermal stratification causes changes in the physical and chemical properties of the sediment and reduction in the degradability of the nitrogen-containing compound in the sediment. The rates of ammonia accumulation (39.44–44.65 mg·m−2·d−1) after thermal stratification are lower than before. Considering the water pollution hazards caused by seasonal thermal stratification, it is necessary to take corresponding emergency response measures to cope with the possibility of water pollution risk.
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Tran, Thanh Trung, Nathan J. Bott, Rebecca van Gelderen, Nam Trung Nguyen, Phuong Minh Thi Chu, and Ha Hoang Chu. "Comparative Genome Analysis of Two Heterotrophic Nitrifying Pseudomonas putida Strains Isolated from Freshwater Shrimp Ponds in Soc Trang Province." Fermentation 8, no. 7 (July 17, 2022): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8070336.

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Nitrogen compounds, especially ammonia, are widely produced in aquaculture systems during cultivation. Ammonia has been investigated as a model compound for use by heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria. Pseudomonas TT321 and Pseudomonas TT322, isolated from shrimp pond water in Soc Trang province, Vietnam, are identified by comparing them with 31 of the closest genomes sequences from the NCBI nucleotide database. The genome sizes of strains TT321 and TT322 were 5,566,241 bp and 5,563,644 bp, respectively. No plasmids were evident in these strains. Genome analysis revealed that TT321 and TT322 belonged to Pseudomonas putida and shared a common ancestor with 33 genomes. Analysis based on the comparison of genomes showed that three genes, carbamate kinase (arcC), glutamine synthetase (Glul), and aminomethyltransferase (amt), are involved in three metabolic pathways. These pathways are: (i) arginine and proline metabolism, (ii) alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and (iii) glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. These genes may play important roles in ammonia reduction and support bacterial growth via ammonia assimilation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ammonia compound"

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Laniel, Dominique. "Synthèse de polymères d'azote par pression comme matériaux énergétiques du futur." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS472.

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L’objectif de cette thèse doctorale fut la synthèse de composés polyazotés qui serviraient comme matériaux énergétiques du futur. Afin d’y arriver, les propriétés physico-chimiques de l’azote pur ainsi que des mélanges binaires xénon-azote, hydrogène-azote ainsi que lithium-azote furent étudiés à des pressions et températures extrêmes. Lors de la compression de l’azote pur jusqu’à environ 250 GPa et chauffé à 3300 K, une nouvelle forme d’azote polymérique constituée d’anneaux N6 interconnectés fut obtenue. À basse pression, les études du mélange Xe-N2 permirent de découvrir un composé de van der Waals de stoechiométrie Xe(N2)2. À plus haute pression et température (150 GPa et 2500 K) un solide composé de xénon et d’azote simplement lié fut obtenu. L’étude du système N2-H2 se focalisa sur le composé N2(H2)2. Sa structure complexe fut déterminée et, une réaction chimique vers 50 GPa ayant comme produit de réaction des azanes (NxHx+2) fut mise à jour. Il fut constaté que l’azane ammoniac (NH3), principalement obtenu, se transforme en hydrazine (N2H4)—pourtant a priori moins stable thermodynamiquement—lors de la décompression des échantillons réagit. Enfin, l’étude du système Li-N2 révéla une chimie remarquable entre ces deux éléments. Une grande variété d’anions d’azote fut obtenue, notamment N3-, [N2]~2 [N2]~1 et N5-. En particulier, le pentazolate de lithium (LiN5), contenant l’anion pentazolate hautement énergétique, put être récupéré aux conditions ambiantes. Ce composé est le premier composé polyazoté à haute densité d’énergie produit par pression et récupéré aux conditions ambiantes, démontré le potentiel des synthèses hautes pressions pour ce type de matériau
The goal of this thesis is to synthesize novel polynitrogen compounds by pressure as the next-generation high energy density materials (HEDM). To achieve this, the physico-chemical properties of pure nitrogen as well as the xenon-nitrogen, hydrogen-nitrogen and lithium-nitrogen mixtures were studied under extreme pressure and temperature conditions. In the case of the compression of pure nitrogen, a novel polymeric nitrogen solid composed of interconnected chains of N6 rings was produced at 250 GPa and 3300 K. The low pressure Xe-N2 investigation revealed the formation of a stoichiometric Xe(N2)2 van der Waals compound. Above 150 GPa and 2500 K a xenon-polynitrogen material was observed. The N2-H2 study, focusing on the characterization and high-density behavior of the N2(H2)2 van der Waals compound, uncovered its pressure-induced chemical reaction near 50 GPa into azanes (NxHx+2), with ammonia (NH3) as the main constituent. Intriguingly, decompression of the reacted sample resulted, below 10 GPa, in the transformation of ammonia into its thermodynamically less stable counterpart hydrazine (N2H4). Lastly, the Li-N2 system proved to be of great interest due to the large array of anionic nitrogen moieties discovered (N3-, [N2]~2 [N2]~1 and N5-). In particular, lithium pentazolate (LiN5), containing the elusive energetically-rich pentazolate anion, was synthesized above 45 GPa and 2500 K. Moreover, it could be retained down to ambient conditions. It is the first polynitrogen HEDM produced by high pressure and retrieved down to ambient conditions. These results demonstrate the potential of high pressure for the synthesis of industrially relevant HEDM
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John, Cathy Nisha. "Protein expression and antifungal effect of fluconazole-resistant Candida species following effective in vitro treatment with K21, a novel antifungal agent." University of Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7889.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Background: Oropharyngeal candidiasis, caused by the fungus Candida, is the most common opportunistic infection affecting the quality of life of immunocompromised patients. Fluconazole is widely used as the first line of treatment for fungal infections. However, the inappropriate and misguided use of the drug has led to the evolvement of fluconazole-resistant Candida organisms. This arising resistance resulted in the urgent need for the development of new antimicrobial drugs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antifungal action of K21, a novel antimicrobial quarternary ammonium compound, on fluconazole-resistant Candida species.
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McDonald, Valerie Alexandra. "Evaluating Immunotoxicity of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79723.

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Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) and didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) are common quaternary ammonium compounds used as disinfectants in households, medical, and restaurant settings. They cause occupational skin and respiratory hazards in humans, and developmental and reproductive toxicity in mice. They also cause increased secretions of proinflammatory cytokines in cell lines and vaginal inflammation in porcine models; but have not been evaluated for developmental immunotoxicity. We assessed immunotoxicity in-vitro with J774A.1 murine macrophage cell line by analyzing cytokine production and phagocytosis; and evaluated developmental immunotoxicity in CD-1 mice by analyzing antibody production. Additionally, because of the associations between gut microbiome dysbiosis and immune disease, we monitored changes in the microbiome as a result of ADBAC+DDAC exposure. Production of cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 increased at low ADBAC+DDAC concentrations, and IL-10 decreased in the murine macrophages with ADBAC+DDAC exposure. The phagocytic function of macrophages was also severely decreased. ADBAC+DDAC altered the mouse microbiome by decreasing the relative abundance of Bacteroides and increases in Clostridia in F0 and F1 generations. IgG primary and secondary responses were altered in F1 male mice; and IgA and IgM production were decreased in secondary response in F2 male mice. Since ADBAC+DDAC show signs of immunotoxicity in mice, further studies are needed to reassess risk for human exposure as ADBAC+DDAC may be contributing to immune disease.
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Lake, Steven Mitchell. "The cathodic generation of Zintl anions in amines : electrochemistry of bismuth polyanions in liquid ammonia /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Breuer, Paul 1968. "Gold leaching in thiosulfate solutions containing copper(II) and ammonia." Monash University, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7762.

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Sango, Tawanda. "Nitrogen-containing compounds from ammonia co-feed to the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11354.

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The FT synthesis has been used predominantly for production of automotive fuels. This has made the financial benefit from the FT process heavily reliant on crude oil prices. Increasing the financial viability of the process has been achieved by improving production methods, production of alternative products such as waxes, lubricants, as well as valuable chemicals such as olefins and oxygenates. In an attempt to produce additional chemicals in the FT reaction, this work investigates the synthesis of nitrogen containing compounds via ammonia addition to a low temperature, low pressure, slurry reactor using an unsupported, potassium-promoted, precipitated iron catalyst. The process is subjected to various ammonia contents in the feed.
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Saloua, Sadok Maitrise. "Determinations of the fluxes of nitrogen-containing compounds in the mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.)." Thesis, University of Hull, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321876.

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Jorgensen, Tony Charles. "Removal of ammonia from wastewater by ion exchange in the presence of organic compounds." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemical and Process Engineering, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1124.

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The aim of the work described in this thesis was to study the removal of ammonium ions from water by ion exchange. The classical technique is to use biological nitrification and denitrification to convert ammonia into nitrogen gas. Removal by ion exchange offers a number of advantages, such as the ability to handle shock loadings and to polish water to a very high specification. The ion exchanger used in this project was clinoptilolite, a naturally occurring zeolite. Previous research has included characterisation of clinoptilolite, the effect of other common cations on uptake, biological regeneration, and a few other studies. A comparison with other exchangers was also conducted. Much of the available literature is concerned with clinoptilolite and occasionally with mordenite, however modern ion exchangers are polymer based. Two polymeric ion exchangers (Dowex 50w-x8, and Purolite MN500) were evaluated in this project. The main scope of this thesis was to look at the effect that organic pollutants has on ammonium ion removal during ion exchange. The results of batch equilibrations of NH4+ and the three exchanger resins can be seen in chapter 4.0. They show that the presence of an organic compound enhanced the uptake of NH4+ in most cases onto clinoptilolite and Purolite MN500. There was no apparent uptake onto Dowex 50w-x8. Further experiments with a sample of real industrial wastewater (woolscour wastewater) showed varied results, showing that each site should carry out its own pilot scale testing during plant design. Other experimental work showed that the exchanger resins adsorb little or none of the organic compounds in solution. These results can be seen in chapter 5.0. ii Removal of ammonia from wastewater by ion exchange in the presence of organics. Studies in a packed column showed that the presence of organic compounds had little or no effect on NH4+ removal. There was however an increase in capacity after each regeneration of the bed and continued removal after breakthrough. The same results were achieved in the control experiment with no organic compounds present, hence these results are not related to the presence of an organic compound. The presence of NH4+ and various compounds did however provide micro-organisms with substrates from which to grow causing hydraulic difficulties in the column. See chapter 6.0 for these results. The final section of experimental work studied whether the presence of organic compounds changed the rate of uptake of NH4+. The results in chapter 7.0 show that there was no effect on the rate of NH4+ uptake.
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Atifi, Abdelghani el. "Application des composés d'insertion du graphite au stockage chimique de l'énergie thermique." Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPG0072.

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Etude de l'action de l'ammoniac sur les composes d'insertion graphite-chlorures metalliques. Suivie de la reaction in sistu en temps reel par diffraction des neutrons. Formation de microcristallites d'ammoniacates au sein du reseau cristallin du graphite. Avantage de cette texture par rapport a l'ammoniacate seul en vue de son application aux procedes de conversion thermochimique de l'energie. L'etude cinetique des reactions mises en jeu
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Parr, J. A. "Antimicrobial properties of silicone quaternary ammonium compounds." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375600.

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Books on the topic "Ammonia compound"

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Amines and ammonium salts. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2009.

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Collins, Antony John. Analytical quality control quaternary ammonium compounds in pharmaceutical formulations. Portsmouth: Portsmouth Polytechnic, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 1988.

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Smil, Vaclav. Enriching the earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the transformation of world food production. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2001.

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Krohn, M. Dennis. Evaluation of near-infrared spectra for detecting ammonium minerals at Shoshone Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: [microform]. Reston, VA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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Krohn, M. Dennis. Evaluation of near-infrared spectra for detecting ammonium minerals at Shoshone Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: [microform]. Reston, VA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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Krohn, M. Dennis. Evaluation of near-infrared spectra for detecting ammonium minerals at Shoshone Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: [microform]. Reston, VA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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Krohn, M. Dennis. Evaluation of near-infrared spectra for detecting ammonium minerals at Shoshone Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: [microform]. Reston, VA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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United States International Trade Commission. In the matter of certain ammonium octamolybdate isomers: Investigation no. 337-TA-477. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 2004.

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Työterveyslaitos and Teknillinen Korkeakoulu. Faculty of Process Engineering and Material Science., eds. Occupational skin diseases from epoxy compounds: Epoxy resin compounds, epoxy acrylates, and 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. Helsinki: Institute of Occupational Health, 1991.

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Kenkyūjo, Mitsubishi Kagaku Anzen Kagaku. Heisei 20-nendo gyorui dokusei shiken chōsa (tansuiiki gyorui (medaka), kyūsei dokusei shiken oyobi shoki seikatsu dankai dokusei shiken) gyōmu hōkoku: Anmonia, himedaka, kyūsei dokusei shiken : LAS, himedaka, shoki seikatsu dankai dokusei shiken : Kankyōshō gyōmu kekka hōkokusho. [Tokyo]: Mitsubishi Kagaku Anzen Kagaku Kenkyūjo, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ammonia compound"

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Oenema, O., and G. L. Velthof. "Ammonia volatilization from compound nitrogen-sulfur fertilizers." In Optimization of Plant Nutrition, 341–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2496-8_53.

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Johnson, Benjamin. "The Mystery of Ammonia Synthesis." In Making Ammonia, 43–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85532-1_4.

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Johnson, Benjamin. "Physical Chemistry: Uniting Two Branches of Science." In Making Ammonia, 47–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85532-1_5.

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AbstractThe complexity of the chemistry that emerged out of the eighteenth century, especially chemical reactions containing organic compounds, quickly overwhelmed the ability of mechanical theories provided by physics to deal with a large number of bodies involved. These theories had worked well to describe the interactions of objects on our human scale as well as some celestial events, but failed to adequately clarify chemical phenomena. Despite the plausibility of speculation based on atomic principles, efforts to understand chemical processes on these grounds remained largely futile. At the same time, the growing practical and industrial importance of chemical processes meant that an understanding of the physical parameters guiding a chemical reaction was gaining relevance.
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Gooch, Jan W. "Quaternary Ammonium Compound." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 602. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9688.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Quaternary Ammonium Compound." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 919. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14628.

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Loontjens, J. A. "Quaternary Ammonium Compounds." In Biomaterials Associated Infection, 379–404. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1031-7_15.

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Metters, Jonathan P., and Craig E. Banks. "Nitrogen Compounds: Ammonia, Amines and NOx." In Environmental Analysis by Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors, 1069–109. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1301-5_16.

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Arp, D. J., N. G. Hommes, M. R. Hyman, L. Y. Juliette, W. K. Keener, S. A. Russell, and L. A. Sayavedra-Soto. "Ammonia Monooxygenase from Nitrosomonas europaea." In Microbial Growth on C1 Compounds, 159–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0213-8_22.

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Mertens, Florian, Gert Wolf, and Felix Baitalow. "Ammonia Borane and Related Compounds as Hydrogen Source Materials." In Handbook of Hydrogen Storage, 215–47. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527629800.ch8.

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Trojanowicz, Marek, Wojciech Matuszewski, Beata Szczepanczyk, and Andrzej Lewenstam. "Clinical Application of Biosensing with Amperometric Detection of Ammonia-Nitrogen." In Uses of Immobilized Biological Compounds, 141–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1932-0_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ammonia compound"

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Vasiliev, Leonard L., Donatos A. Mishkinis, and Leonid I. Vasiliev. "Complex Compound/Ammonia Coolers." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/961462.

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Boualiong, Kerlee, Keisuke Yamane, Masashi Moriyama, Hiroto Sekiguchi, Hiroshi Okada, and Akihiro Wakahara. "Metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy of GaPN alloys assisted by surface nitridation with ammonia." In 2016 Compound Semiconductor Week (CSW) [Includes 28th International Conference on Indium Phosphide & Related Materials (IPRM) & 43rd International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors (ISCS)]. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciprm.2016.7528600.

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Osterman, Virginia M., and Donald F. Jordan. "The Influence of Nitrogen versus Hydrogen Diluting Gas on the Compound Layer Phase Formation during Ammonia Gas Nitriding of Iron and Low Alloy Steel." In HT2019. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2019p0146.

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Abstract In many large industrial furnaces, atmospheric ammonia gas nitriding processes use nitrogen as the diluting gas for safety, economic, and environmental reasons. The widely published Lehrer diagram for ammonia/hydrogen gas nitriding of pure iron serves as a reference guide for selecting ammonia/gas mixtures for nitriding of alloy steels, though the diagram is not precise or accurate when the diluting gas is not hydrogen. Current data reveals that nitrogen shifts the Lehrer diagram phase boundaries to the left. This is pertinent to the topic when only the alpha (α) or gamma prime phase (Fe4N) is desired, not epsilon (Fe2-3N).
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Yu, Weiqiang, Hongxing Gui, Ting Wang, Jianlong Wang, Rizhong Zeng, and Maofang Huang. "Effects of Ammonia/HTT Compound Preservative on the Preservation and Properties of Concentrated Natural Rubber Latex." In 2015 4th International Conference on Mechatronics, Materials, Chemistry and Computer Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmmcce-15.2015.235.

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Ardanese, Raffaello, Michelangelo Ardanese, Marc C. Besch, Theodore Adams, Arvind Thiruvengadam, Benjamin C. Shade, Mridul Gautam, Adewale Oshinuga, and Matt Miyasato. "Development of an Open Loop Fuzzy Logic Urea Dosage Controller for Use With an SCR Equipped HDD Engine." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2009-14105.

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Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems have been shown to be the most promising exhaust aftertreatment system for near term in-use applications to meet the stringent US 2010 oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions regulations of 0.2 g/bhp-hr for on-highway heavy duty diesel engines. SCR systems use the ammonia-containing compound urea, as a reducing agent. In order to control the urea dosage during transient operation of the engine, sophisticated control strategies are needed. This study discusses the development of an open loop, non-sensor based fuzzy logic urea dosage controller. The goal of the fuzzy logic based control was to achieve maximum NOx emission reduction, while limiting the amount of ammonia slip. The open loop controller was implemented on a heavy duty diesel engine equipped with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (DPF) and a SCR system. The control system was quantified by operating the engine over different test cycles on an engine dynamometer. This study shows that the fuzzy logic approach is a simple and effective way to control NOx, as well as ammonia slip.
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Kot, A., V. Radchikov, I. Seryakov, and V. Petrov. "Рубцовое пищеварение и продуктивность молодняка крупного рогатого скота при скармливании органического кобальта." In Scientific and practical conference with international participation: "Management of the genetic fund of animals – problems, solutions, outlooks". Scientific Practical Institute of Biotechnologies in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61562/mgfa2023.38.

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The effect of cobalt acetic acid on the indicators of cicatricial digestion and protein metabolism in bulls aged 3-6 months was studied. The replacement of cobalt sulphate with cobalt acetic acid in the compound feed did not have a significant effect on the processes of scar digestion. All indicators were within the limits of physiological norms. The animals of the experimental group showed a tendency to decrease the ammonia content in the scar fluid by 4.2%. The use of concentrates with the addition of organic cobalt compounds helps to increase the productivity of animals and the efficiency of feed use. The average daily increase in live weight in the animals of the experimental group increased by 2.7%-4.5%. The increase in productivity had a positive effect on the efficiency of the transformation of nutrients in the diet into products. Thus, feed costs for products decreased by 2.8%.
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Dongmei, Li, Liu Bei, Huang Taifu, Huang Mingzhu, Lin Xianzeng, and Ye Tingjin. "Study on Compound Biofilm Formation on the surface of Iron Oxide Coated Sands and Its Removal Efficiency to Ammonia-Nitrogen." In 1st International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Material Science). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mems.2012.79.

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Li, Nilton, Ashraf El-Hamalawi, Richard Barrett, Andrew Wheatley, and Jonathan Robinson. "A Comparison of Ammonia Measurements Using Fourier Transform Infrared and Tuneable Diode Laser Spectroscopy." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65454.

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Current diesel engine after-treatment systems such as Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) use ammonia (NH3) to reduce Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) into Nitrogen (N2) and water. However, if the reaction between NH3 and NOx is unbalanced, it can lead either to NH3 or NOx being released into the environment. As NH3 is classified as a hazardous compound on the environment, its accurate measurement is essential. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Tuneable Diode Laser (TDL) spectroscopy are two of the methods that can measure raw emissions from engine exhaust pipes, especially NH3. However, it is difficult to suggest which method is the right one for measuring NH3 from engine exhausts. This paper compares the effectiveness of FTIR and TDL methods for NH3 measurement from diesel engine exhausts, based on tests conducted under well-controlled laboratory conditions. The concentration of NH3 from a diesel engine was measured under both a steady-state test cycle and a transient test cycle. The NH3 readings from FTIR and TDL were analysed, for comparison of precision, response time and their accuracy. It was shown that both techniques were suitable with attention to the different sampling procedures to avoid absorption.
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Wang, Peng, Wuqiang Long, Fuxing Wei, Dongsheng Dong, Hua Tian, Jiangping Tian, Pengbo Dong, Xiaolei Zhang, and Mingfei Lu. "Study on the image recognition of ammonia ignition process induced by methanol micro-jet." In 2023 JSAE/SAE Powertrains, Energy and Lubricants International Meeting. 10-2 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-32-0067.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Ammonia is regarded as a possible carbon-free energy source for engines, drawing more and more attention. However, the low burning velocity of ammonia inhibits its application. To improve the ignition energy by ignition chamber (pre-chamber) jet ignition seems to be a good solution. In this study, the jet-controlled compound ignition (JCCI) model was proposed to improve the ammonia premixed combustion, in which the ignition chamber was fueled with methanol, investigated by visualization method in a constant volume chamber. Jet flame image recognition and characteristic parameters determination is significant to the analysis of the jet flame propagation and combustion processes. In this study, jet flame image recognition approaches were investigated and compared. The Approach 1 as jet flame contour extraction method was applied to study the overall jet flame propagation. Approach 2 focuses on the jet flame variation of the adjacent images to recognition the jet ignition process, which is more conducive to paying attention to the instantaneous change of the ignition process. The jet ignition timings were determined and analyzed with the help of pressure rise rate (Method 1) and jet flame image characteristic parameter (Method 2), respectively. The jet ignition timing determined by Method 1 is 0.52ms later than that of the Method 2. The delay of jet ignition timing determined by jet flame image recognition is mainly due to the jet flame images information being less sensitive than that of pressure variation information. The difference turned to be smaller as the equivalent ratio increased. As the equivalent ratio increased from 0.8 to 1.2, the ignition delay times calculated by Method 2 were delayed by 20%, 7%, and 2% than that of Method 1, respectively. The study of jet flame image recognition of ammonia induced by methanol micro-jet ignition helps to understand the jet ignition and ammonia combustion process.</div></div>
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Moreno-Quintanar, G., W. Rivera, and R. Best. "Experimental Evaluation of a Solar Intermittent Refrigerator Working With the Mixtures NH3 – LiNO3 and NH3 – LiNO3 – H2O." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54421.

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Solar energy could help to reduce the request of electric energy which is generated via hydrocarbons, having the possibility to provide energy to rural communities which do not have it through the conventional distribution. The application of solar system on refrigeration has a great range of development, that will have a competitive cost when the hydrocarbons diminish. An intermittent solar refrigerator that works with the absorption cycle is studied in the Center of Research on Energy of UNAM. It was designed to produce 8 kg of ice. The refrigerator consists of a condenser, an expansion valve, an evaporator and a generator/absorber. A compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) receives solar energy and turns into thermal energy. It is concentrated in the cylindrical receiver that works as generator or absorber. Being intermittent, the refrigerator performs two stages to complete a refrigeration cycle: a generation-condensation stage and another of evaporation-absorption stage. The present work focuses on the evaluation of the generation-condensation stage. One of the working mixture is ammonia-lithium nitrate (NH3 – LiNO3) that presents some advantages over the common mixtures such as the avoiding of rectification and working with relatively low manometric pressures. A disadvantage is that it presents crystallization at low concentrations. The other working mixture is ammonia-lithium nitrate-water (NH3 – LiNO3 – H2O) with higher conductivity and lower viscosity than the ammonia/lithium nitrate. Several test were made at different solution concentrations for both mixtures, binary mixture (NH3 – LiNO3) and ternary mixture (NH3 – LiNO3 – H2O). Comparing the performance of the system operating with the two mixtures, it was found that with the ternary mixture the solar coefficients of performance can be up to 24% higher than those obtained with the binary mixture.
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Reports on the topic "Ammonia compound"

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Kaj, Lennart, Petra Wallberg, and Eva Brorström-Lundén. Quaternary ammonium compounds. Nordic Council of Ministers, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2014-556.

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Sarkisian, Paul, Kaveh Khalili, Lance Kirol, James Langeliers, and Uwe Rockenfeller. Ammonia Storage as Complex Compounds for a Safe and Compact Hydrogen Storage. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada429096.

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Koziel, Jacek, Yael Laor, Jeffrey Zimmerman, Robert Armon, Steven Hoff, and Uzi Ravid. Simultaneous Treatment of Odorants and Pathogens Emitted from Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) by Advanced Oxidation Technologies. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592646.bard.

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A feasibility study was conducted, aiming to explore the potential effectiveness of UV/TiO2/O3 photooxidation technologies for simultaneous treatment of odorant and pathogen emissions from livestock and poultry operations. Several key parameters were tested in laboratory (US) and semi-pilot (Israel) scale conditions including: the effects of light energy dose (treatment time and light intensity), relative humidity and air temperature, UV wavelength, presence of photocatalyst (TiO2) and the presence of ozone. Removal and conversion of odor, target gases (sulfur-containing volatile organic compounds S-VOCs, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), phenolics, and ammonia), and airborne pathogens was tested. Up to 100% removal (below method detection level) of S-VOCs, VFAs, and phenolics, the overall odor, and up to 64.5% of ammonia was achieved with optimized treatment. Treatments involving deep UV band (185 nm) and photocatalyst (TiO2) were more efficient in removal/conversion of odorous gases and odor. The estimate of the operational cost of treatment was based on measured emissions of several odorous VOCs from full scale, commercial swine farm ranges from $0.15 to $0.59 per finisher pig. This figure represents significantly lower cost compared with the cost of biofiltration or air scrubbing.
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Chepeliev, Maksym. Development of the Air Pollution Database for the GTAP 10A Data Base. GTAP Research Memoranda, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.rm33.

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The purpose of this note is to document data sources and steps used to develop the air pollution database for the GTAP Data Base Version 10A. Emissions for nine substances are reported in the database: black carbon (BC), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), organic carbon (OC), particulate matter 10 (PM10), particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The dataset covers four reference years – 2004, 2007, 2011 and 2014. EDGAR Version 5.0 database is used as the main data source. To assist with emissions redistribution across consumption-based sources, IIASA GAINS-based model and IPCC-derived emission factors are applied. Each emission flow is associated with one of the four sets of emission drivers: output by industries, endowment by industries, input use by industries and household consumption. In addition, emissions from land use activities (biomass burning) are estimated by land cover types. These emissions are reported separately without association with emission drivers.
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Tsybekmitova, G. Ts, L. D. Radnaeva, N. A. Tashlykova, V. G. Shiretorova, A. K. Tulokhonov, B. B. Bazarova, and M. O. Matveeva. THE EFFECT OF CLIMATIC SHIFTS ON BIODIVERSITY OF PHYTOCENOSIS: LAKE ARAKHLEY (EASTERN SIBERIA, RUSSIA). DOICODE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/0973-7308-2020-35-3-77-90.

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Lake Arakhley is located within the Lake Baikal basin in Eastern Siberia, Russia. The area is characterized by continental subarctic climate with considerate diurnal temperature range, long cold dry winters and short hot summers with more precipitation occurring during the latter half of the summer. Climatic shifts in high water years and low water years result in morphometric changes in the lake and in the chemical and physical parameters of the ecosystem. During low water years, concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen are decreased, whereas nitrate concentration increases. High water years feature average concentrations of ammonium ions 1.5–2 times higher than the values of recent dry years. Redundancy analysis (RDA) of abiotic factors and biotic community indicated that the community structure shows the greatest correlation with physical and chemical parameters of water and biogenic elements (nitrites, ammonium, phosphates) along the first axis, and with the lake depth and transparency along the second axis. Changes in abiotic factors induce functioning and formation of characteristic communities of the primary producers in the trophic structure of the ecosystem. During low water years, with increased level of autochthonous organic matter, Lindavia comta dominance is observed, while during high water years, with increased allochthonous organic matter Asterionella formosa appeared as dominant. Currently, during low water years, the hydrophytes community is monodominant and composed of Ceratophyllum demersum. Meanwhile, such species indicating eutrophic conditions as Myriophyllum sibiricum, Potamogeton pectinatus are found in the lake vegetation.
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Dudareva, Natalia, Alexander Vainstein, Eran Pichersky, and David Weiss. Integrating biochemical and genomic approaches to elucidate C6-C2 volatile production: improvement of floral scent and fruit aroma. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7696514.bard.

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The specific objectives of approved proposal include to: 1. Elucidate the C6-C2 biochemical pathways leading to the biosynthesis of phenylacetaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol and phenylethyl acetate in floral tissues of ornamentally important plants, pefunia and roses. 2. Isolate and characterrze genes responsible for the production of these C6-C2 compounds and those involved in the regulation of the pathway using genomic and transcriptomic tools. 3. Determine whether altering the expression of key genes of this pathway can result in changing the aroma characteristics of flowers. Aldehydes are intermediates in a variety of biochemical pathways including those involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, vitamins, steroids, amino acids, benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, hormones, and lipids. In plants they are also synthesized in response to environmental stresses such as salinity, cold, and heat shock or as flavors and aromas in fruits and flowers. Phenylacetaldehyde along with 2-phenylethanol and its acetate ester, are important scent compounds in numerous flowers, including petunias and roses. However, little is known about the biosynthesis of these volatile compounds in plants. We have shown that the formation PHA and 2-phenylethanol from Phe does not occur via trans-cinnamic acid and instead competes with the key enzyme of phenypropanoid metabolism Pheammonia-lyase (PAL) for Phe utilization. Using functional genomic approach and comparative gene expression profiling, we have isolated and characterized a novel enzyme from petunia and rose flowers that catalyzes the formation of the Ca-Czcompound phenylacetaldehyde (PHA) from L-phenylalanine (Phe) by the removal of both the carboxyl and amino groups. This enzyme, designated as phenylacetaldehyde synthases (PAAS), is a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the unprecedented efficient coupling of phenylalanine decarboxylation to oxidation, generating phenylacetaldehyde, CO2, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide in stoichiometric amounts. Down-regulation of PAAS expression via RNA interference-based (RNAi) technology in petunia resulted in no PHA emission when compared with controls. These plants also produced no 2-phenylethanol, supporting our conclusion that PHA is a precursor of 2-phenylethanol. To understand the regulation of scent formation in plants we have also generated transgenic petunia and tobacco plants expressing the rose alcohol acetyltransferase (RhAAT) gene under the control of a CaMV-35S promoter. Although the preferred substrate of RhAAT in vitro is geraniol, in transgenic petunia flowers, it used phenylethyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol to produce the corresponding acetate esters, not generated by control flowers. These results strongly point to the dependence of volatile production on substrate availability. Analysis of the diurnal regulation of scent production in rose flowers revealed that although the daily emission of most scent compounds is synchronized, various independently evolved mechanisms control the production, accumulation and release of different volatiles. This research resulted in a fundamental discovery of biochemical pathway, enzymes and genes involved in biosynthesis of C6-C2s compounds, and provided the knowledge for future engineering plants for improved scent quality.
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Noga, Edward J., Angelo Colorni, Michael G. Levy, and Ramy Avtalion. Importance of Endobiotics in Defense against Protozoan Ectoparasites of Fish. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586463.bard.

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Infectious disease is one of the most serious causes of economic loss in all sectors of aquaculture. There is a critical need to understand the molecular basis for protection against infectious disease so that safer, more reliable and more cost-effective strategies can be designed for their control. As part of this effort, the major goal of our BARD project was to determine the importance of endobiotics as a defense against protozoan ectoparasites in fish. Endobiotics, or antimicrobial polypeptides, are peptides and small proteins that are increasingly recognized as having a vital role in the innate defense of virtually all animals. One objective of our BARD project was to determine the antiparasitic potency of one specific group of endobiotics that were isolated from hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M chrysops). We found that these endobiotics, which we had previously named histone-like proteins (HLPs), exhibited potent activity against Amyloodinium and that the putative levels of HLPs in the skin were well within the levels that we found to be lethal to the parasite in vitro. We also found evidence for the presence of similar antibiotics in sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We also examined the effect of chronic stress on the expression of HLP in fish and found that HLP levels were dramatically decreased after only one week of a crowding/high ammonia sublethal stress. We also began to explore the feasibility of upregulating endobiotics via immunostimulation. However, we did not pursue this objective as fully as we originally intended because we spent a much larger effort than originally anticipated on the last objective, the attempted isolation of novel endobiotics from hybrid striped bass. In this regard, we purified and identified four new peptide endobiotics. These endobiotics, which we have named piscidins (from "Pisces" meaning fish), have potent, broad-spectrum activity against a number of both fish and human pathogens. This includes not only parasites but also bacteria. We also demonstrated that these peptides are present in the mast cell. This was the first time that the mast cell, the most common tissue granulocyte in vertebrates, was shown to possess any type of endobiotic. This finding has important implications in explaining the possible function of mast cells in the immune response of vertebrates. In summary, the research we have accomplished in this BARD project has demonstrated that endobiotics in fish have potent activity against many serious pathogens in aquaculture and that there is considerable potential to use these compounds as stress indicators in aquaculture. There is also considerable potential to use some of these compounds in other areas of medicine, including treatment of serious infectious diseases of humans and animals.
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Hutchinson, M. L., J. E. L. Corry, and R. H. Madden. A review of the impact of food processing on antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in secondary processed meats and meat products. Food Standards Agency, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bxn990.

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For meat and meat products, secondary processes are those that relate to the downstream of the primary chilling of carcasses. Secondary processes include maturation chilling, deboning, portioning, mincing and other operations such as thermal processing (cooking) that create fresh meat, meat preparations and ready-to-eat meat products. This review systematically identified and summarised information relating to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during the manufacture of secondary processed meatand meat products (SPMMP). Systematic searching of eight literature databases was undertaken and the resultantpapers were appraised for relevance to AMR and SPMMP. Consideration was made that the appraisal scores, undertaken by different reviewers, were consistent. Appraisal reduced the 11,000 initially identified documents to 74, which indicated that literature relating to AMR and SPMMP was not plentiful. A wide range of laboratory methods and breakpoint values (i.e. the concentration of antimicrobial used to assess sensitivity, tolerance or resistance) were used for the isolation of AMR bacteria.The identified papers provided evidence that AMR bacteria could be routinely isolated from SPMMP. There was no evidence that either confirmed or refuted that genetic materials capable of increasing AMR in non-AMR bacteria were present unprotected (i.e. outside of a cell or a capsid) in SPMMP. Statistical analyses were not straightforward because different authors used different laboratory methodologies.However, analyses using antibiotic organised into broadly-related groups indicated that Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to third generation cephalosporins might be an area of upcoming concern in SPMMP. The effective treatment of patients infected with Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to cephalosporins are a known clinical issue. No AMR associations with geography were observed and most of the publications identified tended to be from Europe and the far east.AMR Listeria monocytogenes and lactic acid bacteria could be tolerant to cleaning and disinfection in secondary processing environments. The basis of the tolerance could be genetic (e.g. efflux pumps) or environmental (e.g. biofilm growth). Persistent, plant resident, AMR L. monocytogenes were shown by one study to be the source of final product contamination. 4 AMR genes can be present in bacterial cultures used for the manufacture of fermented SPMMP. Furthermore, there was broad evidence that AMR loci could be transferred during meat fermentation, with refrigeration temperatures curtailing transfer rates. Given the potential for AMR transfer, it may be prudent to advise food business operators (FBOs) to use fermentation starter cultures that are AMR-free or not contained within easily mobilisable genetic elements. Thermal processing was seen to be the only secondary processing stage that served as a critical control point for numbers of AMR bacteria. There were significant linkages between some AMR genes in Salmonella. Quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes were associated with copper, tetracycline and sulphonamide resistance by virtue of co-location on the same plasmid. No evidence was found that either supported or refuted that there was any association between AMR genes and genes that encoded an altered stress response or enhanced the survival of AMR bacteria exposed to harmful environmental conditions.
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