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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Poluboyarinov, P. A., D. G. Elistratov, and V. I. Shvets. "METABOLISM AND MECHANISM OF TOXICITY OF SELENIUM-CONTAINING SUPPLEMENTS USED FOR OPTIMIZING HUMAN SELENIUM STATUS." Fine Chemical Technologies 14, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2019-14-1-5-24.

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The work presents a review devoted to the metabolism and the mechanism of toxicity of seleniumcontaining supplements: elemental selenium, sodium selenite, diacetophenonyl selenide, selenopyrane, ebselen, dimethyl dipyrasolyl selenide and selenium-containing amino acids used for correction of selenium deficiency. Elemental selenium penetrating through cell walls, but not through transport channels demonstrates poorly predicted and difficultly regulated bioavailability. Sodium selenate is known to be the most toxic form of selenium in food. The metabolism of xenobiotic diacetophenonyl selenide resembles that of sodium selenide. The xenobiotic reacts with thiols, for instance, with the reduced form of glutathione leading to the formation of hydrogen selenide. Ebselen is not considered to be a well bioavailable form of selenium and thus possesses low toxicity. Xenobiotic selenopyrane eliminates selenium only in processes of xenobiotic liver exchange, and in our investigations - partially in acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. The metabolism of xenobiotic dimethyl dipyrasolyl selenide having low toxicity is poorly investigated. The toxicity of high doses of selenomethionine is determined by the possibility of incorporation in proteins and vitally important enzymes with dramatic changes of protein quaternary structure. The toxicity of high doses of methylselenocysteine seems to be caused by the lack of an exchange pool in the body and quick regeneration of hydrogen selenide from methylselenol which is formed as a result of enzymatic destruction of this amino acid. Also the issue of the most prospect selenium donor is discussed. The physiological compatibility, the low toxicity, the presence of an exchangeable pool in the organism, the antioxidantal properties and the simplicity of production indicate selenocystine as an optimal selenium donor.
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2

Sonet, Jordan, Maurine Mosca, Katarzyna Bierla, Karolina Modzelewska, Anna Flis-Borsuk, Piotr Suchocki, Iza Ksiazek, et al. "Selenized Plant Oil Is an Efficient Source of Selenium for Selenoprotein Biosynthesis in Human Cell Lines." Nutrients 11, no. 7 (July 4, 2019): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11071524.

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Selenium is an essential trace element which is incorporated in the form of a rare amino acid, the selenocysteine, into an important group of proteins, the selenoproteins. Among the twenty-five selenoprotein genes identified to date, several have important cellular functions in antioxidant defense, cell signaling and redox homeostasis. Many selenoproteins are regulated by the availability of selenium which mostly occurs in the form of water-soluble molecules, either organic (selenomethionine, selenocysteine, and selenoproteins) or inorganic (selenate or selenite). Recently, a mixture of selenitriglycerides, obtained by the reaction of selenite with sunflower oil at high temperature, referred to as Selol, was proposed as a novel non-toxic, highly bioavailable and active antioxidant and antineoplastic agent. Free selenite is not present in the final product since the two phases (water soluble and oil) are separated and the residual water-soluble selenite discarded. Here we compare the assimilation of selenium as Selol, selenite and selenate by various cancerous (LNCaP) or immortalized (HEK293 and PNT1A) cell lines. An approach combining analytical chemistry, molecular biology and biochemistry demonstrated that selenium from Selol was efficiently incorporated in selenoproteins in human cell lines, and thus produced the first ever evidence of the bioavailability of selenium from selenized lipids.
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3

Chao, Wei, Shen Rao, Qiangwen Chen, Weiwei Zhang, Yongling Liao, Jiabao Ye, Shuiyuan Cheng, Xiaoyan Yang, and Feng Xu. "Advances in Research on the Involvement of Selenium in Regulating Plant Ecosystems." Plants 11, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 2712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11202712.

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Selenium is an essential trace element which plays an important role in human immune regulation and disease prevention. Plants absorb inorganic selenium (selenite or selenate) from the soil and convert it into various organic selenides (such as seleno amino acids, selenoproteins, and volatile selenides) via the sulfur metabolic pathway. These organic selenides are important sources of dietary selenium supplementation for humans. Organoselenides can promote plant growth, improve nutritional quality, and play an important regulatory function in plant ecosystems. The release of selenium-containing compounds into the soil by Se hyperaccumulators can promote the growth of Se accumulators but inhibit the growth and distribution of non-Se accumulators. Volatile selenides with specific odors have a deterrent effect on herbivores, reducing their feeding on plants. Soil microorganisms can effectively promote the uptake and transformation of selenium in plants, and organic selenides in plants can improve the tolerance of plants to pathogenic bacteria. Although selenium is not an essential trace element for plants, the right amount of selenium has important physiological and ecological benefits for them. This review summarizes recent research related to the functions of selenium in plant ecosystems to provide a deeper understanding of the significance of this element in plant physiology and ecosystems and to serve as a theoretical basis and technical support for the full exploitation and rational application of the ecological functions of selenium-accumulating plants.
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4

Eswayah, Abdurrahman S., Thomas J. Smith, and Philip H. E. Gardiner. "Microbial Transformations of Selenium Species of Relevance to Bioremediation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 16 (June 3, 2016): 4848–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00877-16.

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ABSTRACTSelenium species, particularly the oxyanions selenite (SeO32−) and selenate (SeO42−), are significant pollutants in the environment that leach from rocks and are released by anthropogenic activities. Selenium is also an essential micronutrient for organisms across the tree of life, including microorganisms and human beings, particularly because of its presence in the 21st genetically encoded amino acid, selenocysteine. Environmental microorganisms are known to be capable of a range of transformations of selenium species, including reduction, methylation, oxidation, and demethylation. Assimilatory reduction of selenium species is necessary for the synthesis of selenoproteins. Dissimilatory reduction of selenate is known to support the anaerobic respiration of a number of microorganisms, and the dissimilatory reduction of soluble selenate and selenite to nanoparticulate elemental selenium greatly reduces the toxicity and bioavailability of selenium and has a major role in bioremediation and potentially in the production of selenium nanospheres for technological applications. Also, microbial methylation after reduction of Se oxyanions is another potentially effective detoxification process if limitations with low reaction rates and capture of the volatile methylated selenium species can be overcome. This review discusses microbial transformations of different forms of Se in an environmental context, with special emphasis on bioremediation of Se pollution.
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5

Potapov, Vladimir A., Mikhail V. Andreev, Maxim V. Musalov, Irina V. Sterkhova, Svetlana V. Amosova, and Lyudmila I. Larina. "Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z,Z)-Bis(3-amino-3-oxo-1-propenyl) Selenides and Diselenides Based on 2-propynamides: A Novel Family of Diselenides with High Glutathione Peroxidase-like Activity." Inorganics 10, no. 6 (May 30, 2022): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10060074.

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The efficient regio- and stereoselective syntheses of (Z,Z)-bis(3-amino-3-oxo-1-propenyl) selenides and diselenides in high yields based on the nucleophilic addition of sodium selenide to 2-propynamides and sodium diselenide to 3-(trimethylsilyl)-2-propynamides have been developed. The first examples of the addition of a selenium-centered nucleophile to 2-propynamides with a terminal triple bond and diselenide anion to 3-(trimethylsilyl)-2-propynamides have been carried out. Bis(3-amino-3-oxo-1-propenyl) diselenides are a novel family of compounds, none of which has yet been described in the literature. The glutathione peroxidase-like activity of the obtained compounds has been evaluated and products with high activity have been found. It was established that diselenides are superior to selenides with the same substituents in glutathione peroxidase-like activity. The results of the structural studying of products by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and 77Se-NMR data are discussed.
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6

MB, Reddy. "Assessing the Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility of Selenium from Selenium-Rich Algae." Food Science & Nutrition Technology 5, no. 5 (September 30, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/fsnt-16000228.

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Many new selenium (Se) sources for supplementation use are emerging. The objective of this study was to test the Se bioaccessibility (BAC) and bioavailability (BA) of Se-rich algae. Algal samples were cultivated in media containing selenite or selenate then BAC and BA were compared to Se-salts and Se-amino acids from traditional supplementation. BAC was tested based on the Se solubility post in vitro digestion and BA by induction of cellular glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx) in a Se deficient Caco-2 cell model. Cells treated with algae grown in selenate and selenite had a mean GPx activity that was significantly less than the SeMet treatment (P<0.05). Overall, no algae samples grown in selenite were identified as superior since no significant differences were found among the algae samples. However, the algae grown in the higher concentration of selenate (200 ppm) with no sulfite appeared to have a better BA than all other algae samples. Although Se-rich algae did not increase GPx activity as well as traditional supplementation forms, the results gave an insight for the ways to improve Se BA from this novel source. In addition, evaluation of nutritional profile of the algae will give us a greater understanding of how it can offer other health benefits for future supplementation.
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7

Wegner, Gerald L., Alexander Jockisch, Annette Schier, and Hubert Schmidbaur. "Crystal and Molecular Structures of the Sulfurization and Selenation Products of Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]germanium(II). Crystal Structure of (Triphenylphosphine)gold(I) Bis(trimethylsilyl)amide." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 55, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2000-0501.

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Treatment of bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]germanium(II) with elemental sulfur or selenium affords high yields of the corresponding monosulfide [(Me3Si)2N]2GeS and selenide [(Me3Si)2N]2GeSe, respectively. The crystalline products have now been shown to be cyclic dimers with (GeS/Se)2 four-membered rings by X-ray single crystal structure analysis. The crystal structure of (triphenylphosphine)gold(I) bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (Ph3P)Au-N(SiMe3)2 has also been determined. The molecule is a monomer with a tricoordinate nitrogen atom in a planar configuration [Si2NAu]. The compound does not undergo insertion of the bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]germylene.
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8

Nasim, Muhammad Jawad, Mhd Mouayad Zuraik, Ahmad Yaman Abdin, Yannick Ney, and Claus Jacob. "Selenomethionine: A Pink Trojan Redox Horse with Implications in Aging and Various Age-Related Diseases." Antioxidants 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060882.

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Selenium is an essential trace element. Although this chalcogen forms a wide variety of compounds, there are surprisingly few small-molecule organic selenium compounds (OSeCs) in biology. Besides its more prominent relative selenocysteine (SeCys), the amino acid selenomethionine (SeMet) is one example. SeMet is synthesized in plants and some fungi and, via nutrition, finds its way into mammalian cells. In contrast to its sulfur analog methionine (Met), SeMet is extraordinarily redox active under physiological conditions and via its catalytic selenide (RSeR’)/selenoxide (RSe(O)R’) couple provides protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other possibly harmful oxidants. In contrast to SeCys, which is incorporated via an eloquent ribosomal mechanism, SeMet can enter such biomolecules by simply replacing proteinogenic Met. Interestingly, eukaryotes, such as yeast and mammals, also metabolize SeMet to a small family of reactive selenium species (RSeS). Together, SeMet, proteins containing SeMet and metabolites of SeMet form a powerful triad of redox-active metabolites with a plethora of biological implications. In any case, SeMet and its family of natural RSeS provide plenty of opportunities for studies in the fields of nutrition, aging, health and redox biology.
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9

SUN, Mu-fang, Jing-jing WANG, Wei LIU, Peng YIN, Gui-yi GUO, Cui-ling TONG, and Ya-li CHANG. "Effect and mechanism of exogenous selenium on selenium content and quality of fresh tea leaves." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 50, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 12814. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha50312814.

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To study the effect and mechanism of selenium sources on the selenium content and quality of fresh tea leaves, tea seedlings (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) were the research object. A solution of 100 mg/L sodium selenate (Na2SeO4), sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), and selenium yeast (selenium yeast) were applied on the leaves surface of 5-week-old tea plants, and the selenium levels in the leaves, roots, and stems were determined at 20 weeks of age. The effects of different selenium sources on the mineral nutrient content, antioxidant enzyme activity, and quality parameters content in leaves were analyzed. The mechanism was analyzed by detecting the expression levels of related genes. The results showed that the three selenium sources can increase the growth of tea seedlings and the selenium content in leaves and stems, and the selenium yeast treatment had the most significant effect. Selenium spraying promoted the absorption of mineral nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, but had no significant impact on the absorption of calcium and magnesium. Spraying the three selenium sources dramatically increased the activities of APX, POD, and SOD antioxidant enzymes, among which the selenium yeast treatment had the most significant effect. However, there was no significant impact on the MDA level in this study. Selenium sources markedly increased leaves total amino acid levels, accompanied by up-regulation the genes of amino acid synthetic enzymes (CsGS, CsGOGAT, and CsGDH). Leaves glucose, tea polyphenol, total soluble protein, catechin, flavonoid contents, and sucrose were higher in selenium sources treatments than in control treatment seedlings. Moreover, selenium sources up-regulated expression of CsHMGR, CsAPX, and CsTCS1 genes. selenium yeast had the best comprehensive effect of the three selenium sources. These results confirmed that selenium sources play a positive role on the selenium content and quality of tea by increasing the antioxidant capacity of leaves, the absorption rate of mineral nutrients, and regulating expression of related genes in Camellia sinensis.
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10

Seale, Lucia A., Vedbar S. Khadka, Mark Menor, Guoxiang Xie, Ligia M. Watanabe, Alexandru Sasuclark, Kyrillos Guirguis, et al. "Combined Omics Reveals That Disruption of the Selenocysteine Lyase Gene Affects Amino Acid Pathways in Mice." Nutrients 11, no. 11 (October 26, 2019): 2584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11112584.

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Selenium is a nonmetal trace element that is critical for several redox reactions and utilized to produce the amino acid selenocysteine (Sec), which can be incorporated into selenoproteins. Selenocysteine lyase (SCL) is an enzyme which decomposes Sec into selenide and alanine, releasing the selenide to be further utilized to synthesize new selenoproteins. Disruption of the selenocysteine lyase gene (Scly) in mice (Scly−/− or Scly KO) led to obesity with dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance and lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes. As the liver is a central regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis, as well as selenium metabolism, we aimed to pinpoint hepatic molecular pathways affected by the Scly gene disruption. Using RNA sequencing and metabolomics, we identified differentially expressed genes and metabolites in the livers of Scly KO mice. Integrated omics revealed that biological pathways related to amino acid metabolism, particularly alanine and glycine metabolism, were affected in the liver by disruption of Scly in mice with selenium adequacy. We further confirmed that hepatic glycine levels are elevated in male, but not in female, Scly KO mice. In conclusion, our results reveal that Scly participates in the modulation of hepatic amino acid metabolic pathways.
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11

Breuer, Olof, Ola Brodin, Ali Razaghi, David Brodin, Bente Gammelgaard, and Mikael Björnstedt. "Intravenous Infusion of High Dose Selenite in End-Stage Cancer Patients: Analysis of Systemic Exposure to Selenite and Seleno-Metabolites." Biomedicines 11, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020295.

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Cancer is one of the main causes of human death globally and novel chemotherapeutics are desperately required. As a simple selenium oxide, selenite is a very promising chemotherapeutic because of pronounced its dose-dependent tumor-specific cytotoxicity. We previously published a first-in-man systematic phase I clinical trial in patients with cancer (from IV to end-stage) (the SECAR trial) showing that selenite is safe and tolerable with an unexpectable high maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and short half-life. In the present study, we analyzed the selenium species in plasma samples, from the patients participating in the SECAR trial and from various time points and dose cohorts using LC-ICP-MS. In conclusion, selenite, selenosugars, and 1–2 unidentified peaks that did not correspond to any standard, herein denoted ui-selenium, were detected in the plasma. However, trimethylated selenium (trimethylselenonoium) was not detected. The unidentified ui-selenium was eluting close to the selenium-containing amino acids (selenomethionine and selenocysteine) but was not part of a protein fraction. Our data demonstrate that the major metabolite detected was selenosugar. Furthermore, the identification of selenite even long after the administration is remarkable and unexpected. The kinetic analysis did not support that dosing per the body surface area would reduce interindividual variability of the systemic exposure in terms of trough concentrations.
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12

Hossain, Akbar, Milan Skalicky, Marian Brestic, Sagar Maitra, Sukamal Sarkar, Zahoor Ahmad, Hindu Vemuri, et al. "Selenium Biofortification: Roles, Mechanisms, Responses and Prospects." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 7, 2021): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040881.

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The trace element selenium (Se) is a crucial element for many living organisms, including soil microorganisms, plants and animals, including humans. Generally, in Nature Se is taken up in the living cells of microorganisms, plants, animals and humans in several inorganic forms such as selenate, selenite, elemental Se and selenide. These forms are converted to organic forms by biological process, mostly as the two selenoamino acids selenocysteine (SeCys) and selenomethionine (SeMet). The biological systems of plants, animals and humans can fix these amino acids into Se-containing proteins by a modest replacement of methionine with SeMet. While the form SeCys is usually present in the active site of enzymes, which is essential for catalytic activity. Within human cells, organic forms of Se are significant for the accurate functioning of the immune and reproductive systems, the thyroid and the brain, and to enzyme activity within cells. Humans ingest Se through plant and animal foods rich in the element. The concentration of Se in foodstuffs depends on the presence of available forms of Se in soils and its uptake and accumulation by plants and herbivorous animals. Therefore, improving the availability of Se to plants is, therefore, a potential pathway to overcoming human Se deficiencies. Among these prospective pathways, the Se-biofortification of plants has already been established as a pioneering approach for producing Se-enriched agricultural products. To achieve this desirable aim of Se-biofortification, molecular breeding and genetic engineering in combination with novel agronomic and edaphic management approaches should be combined. This current review summarizes the roles, responses, prospects and mechanisms of Se in human nutrition. It also elaborates how biofortification is a plausible approach to resolving Se-deficiency in humans and other animals.
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13

Xiaoguang, Ge, Wang Dahui, Wei Gongyuan, Nie Min, and Shao Na. "Improvement of Physiological Characteristic of Selenium-Enriched Candida utilis with Amino Acids Addition." Biotechnology Research International 2011 (September 19, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/238456.

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The effects of amino acids addition on cell growth, glutathione biosynthesis, glutathione distribution, and the intracellular oxidation-reduction environment of Candida utilis SZU 07-01 during selenium enrichment were investigated in this study. Most amino acids under appropriate concentrations have positive effects on cell growth of the yeast strain, except for phenylalanine and proline, compared with the control without amino acid addition. The bioconversion of selenite to organic selenium induced the reduction of glutathione synthesis and intracellular distribution of glutathione. However, amino acids including cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, and tyrosine could effectively promote the selenium-enriched yeast to elevate glutathione production, especially increasing the intracellular glutathione content. Moreover, addition of these six different amino acids apparently decreased malondialdehyde concentration and recovered the normal intracellular redox environment of the selenium-enriched C. utilis SZU 07-01. The improvement of physiological characteristic of the selenium-enriched yeast by increasing intracellular glutathione content and lowering malondialdehyde content will undoubtedly help to widen application of selenium-enriched yeast as food or feed additives.
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14

Wali, Ahmed Thamer. "Biosynthesis, Characterization and Bioactivity of Selenium Nanoparticles Synthesized by Propolis." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 43, no. 1 (August 4, 2019): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v43i1.490.

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Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles is safe, inexpensive, eco-friendly, non-toxic materials, furthermore, is more stable due to natural coating of the organic molecules and do not aggregate with time, here by the present study designed to investigate the bioactivity and safety of a new biogenic Selenium- nanoparticles using synthesized by propolis. To evaluate biogenic Selenium-nanoparticles, 27 adult rats were divided in to 3 groups: first group consider as control(C), seconed group (T1) received inorganic selenium by orally administration in a dosage of 100μg /kg BW third group (T2) received Selenium nanoparticles orally in a dosage 100μg /kg BW for 4 weeks. Body weight, food intake, blood Selenium binding protein, Catalase, and liver enzymes Aspartate Amino Transferase and Alanin Amino transferase were evaluated two weeks interval. Results showed that body weight and food intake were elevated significantly during the experiment periods. Rats had selenium nanoparticles showed significant increase in Selenium binding protein and Catalase correlated with normal values of liver enzymes. It can be concluded that the new propolis mediated Selenium- nanoparticles improve the availability of the Selenium to its binding proteins that limit its toxicity when compare with inorganic selenite.
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15

Mousa, Shaker A., Seema Mohamed, Laura O’Connor, and Eric Block. "Sulfur- and Selenium-Containing Compounds Derived from Natural and Synthetic Sources in Angiogenesis Modulation." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 3924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.3924.3924.

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Abstract Increases in serum sulfate may explain some of the therapeutic effects of methylsulfonyl methane (MSM), dimethyl sulfoxide, and glucosamine sulfate. Organic sulfur, as sulfur-containing amino acids, can be used to increase synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine, glutathione, taurine, and N-acetylcysteine. MSM may be effective for the treatment of allergy, pain syndromes, athletic injuries, and bladder disorders. Epidemiological studies have suggested that brassica vegetables are protective against cancers of the lungs and alimentary tract. Cruciferous vegetables are the dietary source of glucosinolates, a large group of sulfur-containing glycosides. However, dosages, mechanisms of action, and rationales for the use of various sulfur-containing compounds from natural or food products need to be better defined. The low toxicological profiles of these sulfur compounds, combined with promising therapeutic effects, warrant continued preclinical and clinical investigations. In this current study the angiostatic (antiangiogenesis) efficacy for individual sulfur-containing compounds derived from natural or synthetic sources was determined using in vitro (endothelial cell [EC] tube formation assay) and in vivo (chick chorioallantoic membrane [CAM] model). In vitro EC tube formation studies demonstrated significant inhibition of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) stimulated EC tube formation by the different sulfur- and selenium-containing compounds, with different potency depending on the oxidation state of the sulfur or selenium. Furthermore, utilizing the CAM model, similar inhibitory efficacy of FGF-2 induced angiogenesis. These data suggest that sulfur and selenium compounds derived from natural sources might be a useful therapy for the inhibition of angiogenesis associated with human tumor growth and other pathological angiogenesis-mediated disorders, such as ocular and inflammatory diseases. Antiangiogenesis Efficacy of Sulfone/Sulfoxide and Selenone/Selenoxide in the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Model Treatment Branch Points ± SEM % Inhibition ± SEM FGF = fibroblast growth factor; PBS = phosphate-buffered saline. PBS control 64.67 ± 3.00 ----- FGF-2 (1.5 ug/ml) 178.20 ± 5.32 ----- FGF-2 + diphenyl sulfoxide (100 uM) 145.65 ± 11.10 34.12 ± 4.8 FGF-2 + diphenyl sulfone (3 uM) 82.56 ± 4.4 84.25 ± 3.6 FGF-2 + dimethyl selenoxide (30 uM) 120.86 ± 3.1 50.74 ± 2.7 FGF-2 + dimethyl selenone (3 uM) 71.63 ± 3.8 93.87 ± 3.3
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Yu, Qiuran, Chuyan Xia, Fenglu Han, Chang Xu, Artur Rombenso, Jian G. Qin, Liqiao Chen, and Erchao Li. "Effect of Different Dietary Selenium Sources on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Gut Microbiota, and Molecular Responses in Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei." Aquaculture Nutrition 2022 (February 15, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5738008.

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This study investigated the effect of different dietary selenium (Se) sources on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, gut microbiota, and molecular responses of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Four Se sources (sodium selenite, L-selenomethionine, selenium yeast, or Se nanoparticles) were added to purified diets to 0.4 mg Se/kg diet for shrimp ( 1.60 ± 0.14 g ). Each treatment was randomly assigned to 3 replicated tanks and 30 shrimp in each tank (500 L). After 8 weeks of breeding, L-selenomethionine and selenium yeast significantly increased weight gain compared with sodium selenite treatment, while sodium selenite significantly decreased the shrimp hepatosomatic index compared with the other groups. The L-selenomethionine significantly increased the superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the hepatopancreas compared with the shrimp fed sodium selenite and decreased catalase activity and malondialdehyde content compared with other groups. The composition and β-diversity of gut microbiota were markedly changed in each group. The abundances of Rubrobacter and Rubritalea, Winogradskyella and Motilimonas, and Photobacterium in the gut microbiota were specially altered by L-selenomethionine, Se yeast, and Se nanoparticles, respectively. The sodium selenite group showed lower complexity of gut interspecies interactions. RNA-seq analysis showed that “arachidonic acid metabolism”-related genes were significantly enriched in the L-selenomethionine and Se yeast groups; “peroxisome” and “drug metabolism–other enzymes”-related genes were enriched in the Se nanoparticle group. Vibrio, Motilimonas, and Photobacterium were associated with amino acid and lipid metabolism. Pseudoalteromonas, Silicimonas, Roseovarius, and Halomonas inhibited the expression of glutathione peroxidase genes. These results suggested that organic Se, especially selenomethionine, is an effective feed supplement to promote growth and antioxidant capacity, maintain the health of gut microbiota, and promote the utilization of fatty acid and glutathione peroxidase genes in shrimp fed a 0.4 mg Se/kg diet.
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17

Yilmaz, Semih, Ali İrfan İlbaş, Mikail Akbulut, and Aysun Çetin. "Grain amino acid composition of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars subjected to selenium doses." Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 43, no. 3 (November 14, 2017): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2017-0027.

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Abstract Background: Selenium (Se34) is an essential micronutrient for humans and animals and has growth promoting and antioxidative effects at low concentrations. Methods: Effects of various sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) doses on grain amino acid content of barley cultivars (Bülbül 89 and Çetin 2000) was investigated using ion exchange liquid chromatography. Results: Majority of the amino acids could be altered with Selenium (Se) fertilization. Grain Se content of Bülbül 89 (0.175 mg kg−1) and Çetin 2000 (0.171 mg kg−1) were similar and both displayed an increase in proteinogenic, essential, and sulfur amino acids. The response of cultivars was more pronounced for Se accumulation and amino acid content at mid dose (12.5 mg ha−1). The quantities of proteinogenic, essential and sulfur amino acids increased considerably at that dose. Se induced increase in nitrogen content might cause an increase in some of the proteins of grain and consequently can alter amino acid composition. An obvious increase in the limiting amino acids (lysine and threonine) were prominent in response to Se fertilization. Conclusion: Se treatment influence amino acid composition of barley grains; especially improve the quantity of limiting amino acids and consequently nutritional value of the grain.
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18

Ježek, P., J. Hlušek, T. Lošák, M. Jůzl, P. Elzner, S. Kráčmar, F. Buňka, and A. Martensson. "Effect of foliar application of selenium on the content of selected amino acids in potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.)." Plant, Soil and Environment 57, No. 7 (July 14, 2011): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/57/2011-pse.

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Selenium (Se) is an important element associated with the enhancement of antioxidant activity in organisms. Potato is very suitable for fertilisation with Se (biofortification). The experiment was performed to examine the effect of foliar application of Se as sodium selenite (200 or 400 g Se/ha) at the tuberisation stage on a spectrum of amino acids in tubers of varieties. The trends of amino acids were consistent in both years of the study. Application of Se increased the relative content of total essential (EAA) and non-essential (NEAA) amino acids relative to the controls (Karin: EAA 16.81&ndash;21.73% and NEAA 14.18&ndash;18.63%; Ditta: EAA 4.71&ndash;13.00% and NEAA 5.78&ndash;6.49%). The increase in the content of phenylalanine (Phe) was particularly significant (up to 48.9%) when also the contents of aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), threonine (Thr), and tyrosine (Tyr) increased significantly compared with the controls. The results of changes in the content of isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), valine (Val), alanine (Ala), arginine (Arg), proline (Pro), cysteine (Cys), glycine (Gly), histidine (His), and serine (Ser) were also discussed. The highest dose of selenium is shown as a stress factor. Its toxic effects resulted in a change of amino acid contents.
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19

Wrackmeyer, Bernd, Berthold Distler, Silke Gerstmann, and Max Herberhold. "15N and 77Se Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Selenium Diimides and Aminoselenanes." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 48, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 1307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1993-1001.

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Selenium diimides R(NSeN)R [R = tBu (1a), tOct (1b)], the eight-membered heterocycle tBuN(SeSeSe)2NtBu (2) and the aminoselenanes of the type [R(Cl3Si)N]2Se (4a,b) and [(Me3Si)2N]2Se (5) were studied by multinuclear NMR with emphasis on 15N NMR for detection of coupling constants J(77Se15N). The selenium diimides possess the largest values of 1J(77Se15N) observed so far (1a: 158.4 and 163.5 Hz; 1 b: 158.6 and 162.8 Hz). Compound 1 b was found to be much more stable than 1a, the heterocycle 2 being the major decomposition product of 1a. The selenium diimides (1a,b) react readily with hexachlorodisilane to give the bis[alkyl(trichlorosilyl)amino]selenanes 4a,b. The solid state 13C, 15N, 29Si and 77Se CP/MAS NMR spectra of bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]selenane (5) gave results in accord with the known crystal structure, and there is agreement with the solution state NMR data
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20

Tomasi, Nicola, Roberto Pinton, Stefano Gottardi, Tanja Mimmo, Matteo Scampicchio, and Stefano Cesco. "Selenium fortification of hydroponically grown corn salad (Valerianella locusta)." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 11 (2015): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14218.

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There is increasing interest in the hydroponic technology to produce leafy vegetables for ready-to-eat salads. Optimisation of the growing system can lead to higher yield and/or improved nutritional value of the product. Selenium (Se) is an essential element for animal and humans, with quite a narrow range between deficiency and toxicity, whereas it is assumed beneficial for plants. In the present study, two cultivars (Gala and Baron) of corn salad (Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterr.) were used to test the possibility to increase Se content in the edible parts (leaves). Effects on yield, nitrate content, and accumulation of sulfur (S) and S-containing amino acids and Se and Se-containing amino acids were studied. Results showed that corn salad tolerates selenate (Na2SeO4) concentrations ranging from 10 to 40 µm in the nutrient solution, with plants accumulating Se at levels compatible with the need in human diets at 10 µm selenate. Se-treated plants showed some benefits with respect to a decrease of nitrate concentration and increase of pigment contents (chlorophylls and carotenoids). At 10 µm selenate, Se-cysteine and Se-methionine were produced, without affecting non-protein thiols or cysteine and methionine contents. At the higher Se supply, sulfate accumulated in the leaves with a parallel decrease in the amount of S-amino acids and a rise in the relative amount of Se-amino acids. Based on the chemical analyses, cv. Gala showed better tolerance than cv. Baron to moderate selenate supply (40 µm).
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Wu, Guojie, Xuegui Lin, Yong Liu, Jinwen Peng, and Jinhui Huang. "Biosynthesis of Red Elemental Selenium Protein." E3S Web of Conferences 131 (2019): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913101011.

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The red elemental selenoprotein was biosynthesized by active dry yeast in this study. Through a single factor experiment and L9(34)-orthogonal test fermentation condition optimization, the selenium content was 15.72 mg/g under optimal condition. The optimum culture condition was as follows: the sodium selenite concentration (0.8 mg/mL), culture time (36 h), the yeast dosage (5 g), pH (5.5), culture temperature (30°C), and the medium Baume degree (8 °Bé). The analysis of amino acid species, content and morphology of the product showed that the red elemental selenoprotein was successfully synthesized.
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22

Dall’Acqua, Stefano, Andrea Ertani, Elizabeth Pilon-Smits, Marta Fabrega-Prats, and Michela Schiavon. "Selenium Biofortification Differentially Affects Sulfur Metabolism and Accumulation of Phytochemicals in Two Rocket Species (Eruca Sativa Mill. and Diplotaxis Tenuifolia) Grown in Hydroponics." Plants 8, no. 3 (March 16, 2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8030068.

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Biofortification can be exploited to enrich plants in selenium (Se), an essential micronutrient for humans. Selenium as selenate was supplied to two rocket species, Eruca sativa Mill. (salad rocket) and Diplotaxis tenuifolia (wild rocket), at 0–40 μM in hydroponics and its effects on the content and profile of sulphur (S)-compounds and other phytochemicals was evaluated. D. tenuifolia accumulated more total Se and selenocysteine than E. sativa, concentrating up to ~300 mg Se kg−1 dry weight from 10–40 μM Se. To ensure a safe and adequate Se intake, 30 and 4 g fresh leaf material from E. sativa grown with 5 and 10–20 μM Se, respectively or 4 g from D. tenuifolia supplied with 5 μM Se was estimated to be optimal for consumption. Selenium supplementation at or above 10 μM differentially affected S metabolism in the two species in terms of the transcription of genes involved in S assimilation and S-compound accumulation. Also, amino acid content decreased with Se in E. sativa but increased in D. tenuifolia and the amount of phenolics was more reduced in D. tenuifolia. In conclusion, selenate application in hydroponics allowed Se enrichment of rocket. Furthermore, Se at low concentration (5 μM) did not significantly affect accumulation of phytochemicals and plant defence S-metabolites.
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23

Constantinescu-Aruxandei, Diana, Rodica Frîncu, Luiza Capră, and Florin Oancea. "Selenium Analysis and Speciation in Dietary Supplements Based on Next-Generation Selenium Ingredients." Nutrients 10, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10101466.

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Selenium is essential for humans and the deficit of Se requires supplementation. In addition to traditional forms such as Se salts, amino acids, or selenium-enriched yeast supplements, next-generation selenium supplements, with lower risk for excess supplementation, are emerging. These are based on selenium forms with lower toxicity, higher bioavailability, and controlled release, such as zerovalent selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and selenized polysaccharides (SPs). This article aims to focus on the existing analytical systems for the next-generation Se dietary supplement, providing, at the same time, an overview of the analytical methods available for the traditional forms. The next-generation dietary supplements are evaluated in comparison with the conventional/traditional ones, as well as the analysis and speciation methods that are suitable to reveal which Se forms and species are present in a dietary supplement. Knowledge gaps and further research potential in this field are highlighted. The review indicates that the methods of analysis of next-generation selenium supplements should include a step related to chemical species separation. Such a step would allow a proper characterization of the selenium forms/species, including molecular mass/dimension, and substantiates the marketing claims related to the main advantages of these new selenium ingredients.
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24

Antonioli, Paolo, Silvia Lampis, Irene Chesini, Giovanni Vallini, Sara Rinalducci, Lello Zolla, and Pier Giorgio Righetti. "Stenotrophomonas maltophilia SeITE02, a New Bacterial Strain Suitable for Bioremediation of Selenite-Contaminated Environmental Matrices." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 21 (September 7, 2007): 6854–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00957-07.

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ABSTRACT Biochemical and proteomic tools have been utilized for investigating the mechanism of action of a new Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain (SeITE02), a gammaproteobacterium capable of resistance to high concentrations of selenite [SeO3 2−, Se(IV)], reducing it to nontoxic elemental selenium under aerobic conditions; this strain was previously isolated from a selenite-contaminated mining soil. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that (i) nitrite reductase does not seem to take part in the process of selenite reduction by the bacterial strain SeITE02, although its involvement in this process had been hypothesized in other cases; (ii) nitrite strongly interferes with selenite removal when the two oxyanions (NO2 − and SeO3 2−) are simultaneously present, suggesting that the two reduction/detoxification pathways share a common enzymatic step, probably at the level of cellular transport; (iii) in vitro, selenite reduction does not take place in the membrane or periplasmic fractions but only in the cytoplasm, where maximum activity is exhibited at pH 6.0 in the presence of NADPH; and (iv) glutathione is involved in the selenite reduction mechanism, since inhibition of its synthesis leads to a considerable delay in the onset of reduction. As far as the proteomic findings are concerned, the evidence was reached that 0.2 mM selenite and 16 mM nitrite, when added to the culture medium, caused a significant modulation (ca. 10%, i.e., 96 and 85 protein zones, respectively) of the total proteins visualized in the respective two-dimensional maps. These spots were identified by mass spectrometry analysis and were found to belong to the following functional classes: nucleotide synthesis and metabolism, damaged-protein catabolism, protein and amino acid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism along with DNA-related proteins and proteins involved in cell division, oxidative stress, and cell wall synthesis.
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Pankratov, Alexei N., Nikolay A. Bychkov, and Olga M. Tsivileva. "Hydrogen-Bonded Interactions in the Systems L-Cysteine - H2SeO3 and L-Cysteine -H2SeO4." International Journal of Chemoinformatics and Chemical Engineering 1, no. 2 (July 2011): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcce.2011070105.

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Using the density functional theory method at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory, the formation of hydrogen-bonded complexes of L-cysteine with selenious and selenic acids has been studied. In both cases of selenium-containing acids, the complexes occur preferably by cysteine carboxylic group, therewith the enthalpy of formation values consist from –19 to –21 kcal/mol, and free energy from –6 to –9 kcal/mol. Probably, the initial act of interaction in the system hydroxyl-containing selenium compound - a-amino acid, proceeding with mutual orientation of the reactants molecules and intermolecular hydrogen bonds formation, serves as a prerequisite for the thiol group capability of participating in the subsequent stages (including more completed transformations) of biologically important reactions.
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26

Arscott, Sara, and Irwin Goldman. "Biomass Effects and Selenium Accumulation in Sprouts of Three Vegetable Species Grown in Selenium-enriched Conditions." HortScience 47, no. 4 (April 2012): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.4.497.

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Foods that can aid in prevention of disease are of increasing interest. Some vegetables experimentally enriched with selenium (Se) accumulate selenium as Se-methylselenocysteine (MeSeCys), a non-protein amino acid implicated with superior chemopreventive properties. The effects of increasing concentrations of Se on the gain in biomass (GIB) and total Se concentration of broccoli (Brassica oleracea), mung bean (Vigna radiata), and onion (Allium cepa ‘Red creole’) sprouts were evaluated against sulfur (S) as control. Trial 1 included treatments of selenate-Se and sulfate-S at levels of 127 μmol·L−1 and 1270 μmol·L−1. Trial 2 used additional treatments of 635 μmol·L−1 for broccoli and mung beans and 12,700 μmol·L−1 for onion. Sprouts were harvested at 3 and 5 days for broccoli and mung bean and at 5 and 7 days for onion. Broccoli was the most sensitive to Se, showing ≈45% GIB reduction at 635 μM Se. Mung bean GIB was 23% lower at 1,270 μM Se and onion GIB showed a small 16% reduction at 12,700 μM Se, suggesting high Se tolerance. These data clearly demonstrated species variation in tolerance to and uptake of Se during sprout production. The lowest treatment level, 127 μM selenate-Se, resulted in Se concentrations that exceeded the level desirable for fresh sprout consumption, suggesting that Se-biofortified sprout production for fresh consumption could be easily accomplished with little effect on growth rate or yield. Chemical name used: selenate (SeO42–) sulfate (SO42–).
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27

Takouachet, Radhwane, Rim Benali-Cherif, and Nourredine Benali-Cherif. "Cytosinium hydrogen selenite." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 70, no. 2 (January 22, 2014): o186—o187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536814001275.

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In the crystal structure of the title salt, C4H6N3O+·HSeO3−, systematic name 6-amino-2-methylidene-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-1-ium hydrogen selenite, the hydrogenselenite anions and the cytosinium cations are linkedviaN—H...O, N—H...Se, O—H...O, O—H··Se and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional framework.
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28

Ward, Virginia R., Matthew A. Cooper, and A. David Ward. "Synthesis of N-acylaziridines from β-amido selenides." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, no. 9 (2001): 944–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b102468j.

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29

Peters, Franziska, Michael Rother, and Matthias Boll. "Selenocysteine-Containing Proteins in Anaerobic Benzoate Metabolism of Desulfococcus multivorans." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 2156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.7.2156-2163.2004.

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ABSTRACT The sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfococcus multivorans uses various aromatic compounds as sources of cell carbon and energy. In this work, we studied the initial steps in the aromatic metabolism of this strictly anaerobic model organism. An ATP-dependent benzoate coenzyme A (CoA) ligase (AMP plus PPi forming) composed of a single 59-kDa subunit was purified from extracts of cells grown on benzoate. Specific activity was highest with benzoate and some benzoate derivatives, whereas aliphatic carboxylic acids were virtually unconverted. The N-terminal amino acid sequence showed high similarities with benzoate CoA ligases from Thauera aromatica and Azoarcus evansii. When cultivated on benzoate, cells strictly required selenium and molybdenum, whereas growth on nonaromatic compounds, such as cyclohexanecarboxylate or lactate, did not depend on the presence of the two trace elements. The growth rate on benzoate was half maximal with 1 nM selenite present in the growth medium. In molybdenum- and/or selenium-depleted cultures, growth on benzoate could be induced by addition of the missing trace elements. In extracts of cells grown on benzoate in the presence of [75Se]selenite, three radioactively labeled proteins with molecular masses of ∼100, 30, and 27 kDa were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. The 100- and 30-kDa selenoproteins were 5- to 10-fold induced in cells grown on benzoate compared to cells grown on lactate. These results suggest that the dearomatization process in D. multivorans is not catalyzed by the ATP-dependent Fe-S enzyme benzoyl-CoA reductase as in facultative anaerobes but rather involves unknown molybdenum- and selenocysteine-containing proteins.
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30

Al-Rubaie, Ali Z., Shaker A. S. Al-Jadaan, Anwar T. Abd Al-Wahed, and Ibraheem A. Raadah. "Synthesis, characterization and biological studies of some new organometallic compounds containing mercury, selenium and tellurium based on p-aminobenzoic acid." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2063, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2063/1/012003.

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Abstract Ten chalcogen and mercury bearing compounds based on 4-aminobenzoic acid (i.e., (2-amino-5-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl)mercury(II) chloride (1), (2-amino-5-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl) phenyl selenide (2), (2-amino-5-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl) phenyl telluride (3), (4-carboxyphenyl)mercury(II) chloride (4), 4-selenocyanatobenzoic acid (5), 4-tellurocyanatobenzoic acid (6), bis(4-carboxyphenyl) diselenide (7) bis(4-carboxyphenyl) ditelluride (8), bis(4-carboxyphenyl) selenide (9) bis(4-carboxyphenyl) telluride (10) were prepared and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. All compounds were screened for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli by using the disk diffusion technique. The antibacterial activity of these compounds was dependent on the molecular structure of the compounds, and the bacterial strain under consideration.
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31

Siivari, Jari, Arto Maaninen, Esa Haapaniemi, Risto S. Laitinen, and Tristram Chivers. "Formation and Identification of Bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]triand tetrachalcogenides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 50, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 1575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1995-1101.

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The reaction of (Me3Si)2NLi with SCl2 and elemental sulfur or with Se2Cl2 and elemental selenium leads to the formation of mixtures of bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]suIfides and selenides [(Me3Si)2N]2Ex (E = S or Se; x = 1 - 4 ). The reaction products were identified by mass spectroscopy as well as by 77Se and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The reaction of (Me3Si)2NH with S2Cl2 produces [(Me3Si)2N]2S3 as the main product with only traces of other aminosulfides. [(Me3Si)2N]2S3 was purified by distillation under reduced pressure and identified by elem ental analysis, mass spectroscopy, and by 1H, 13C, and 14N NMR spectroscopy. The successful cyclocondensation reaction of [(Me3Si)2N]2S3 with SCl2 and SO2Cl2 produces S4N2 in 72% yield and provides further verification of the identity of bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]trisulfide. While the analogous reaction of (Me3Si)2NH with Se2Cl2 also leads to the formation of [(Me3Si)2N]2Se3 (48 mol %) as the main product, the reaction mixture contains [(Me3Si)2N]2Se2 and [(Me3Si)2N]2Se4 in significant amounts (17 and 35 mol %, respectively). Attempts to purify the mixture by distillation under reduced pressure resulted only in the formation of a 83:17 mixture of [(Me3Si)2N]2Se2 and [(Me3Si)2N]2Se3.
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32

Tanini, Damiano, Alessandro Degl'Innocenti, and Antonella Capperucci. "Bis(trimethylsilyl)selenide in the Selective Synthesis of β-Hydroxy, β-Mercapto, and β-Amino Diorganyl Diselenides and Selenides Through Ring Opening of Strained Heterocycles." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2015, no. 2 (November 21, 2014): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201403015.

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33

Ward, Virginia R., Matthew A. Cooper, and A. David Ward. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N-Acylaziridines from β-Amido Selenides." ChemInform 32, no. 34 (May 25, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200134043.

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34

V. Andreev, Mikhail, Vladimir A. Potapov, Maxim V. Musalov, and Svetlana V. Amosova. "(Z,Z)-Selanediylbis(2-propenamides): Novel Class of Organoselenium Compounds with High Glutathione Peroxidase-Like Activity. Regio- and Stereoselective Reaction of Sodium Selenide with 3-Trimethylsilyl-2-propynamides." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 5940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245940.

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The efficient regio- and stereoselective synthesis of (Z,Z)-3,3′-selanediylbis(2-propenamides) in 76–93% yields was developed based on the reaction of sodium selenide with 3-trimethylsilyl-2-propynamides. (Z,Z)-3,3′-Selanediylbis(2-propenamides) are a novel class of organoselenium compounds. To date, not a single representative of 3,3′-selanediylbis(2-propenamides) has been described in the literature. Studying glutathione peroxidase-like properties by a model reaction showed that the activity of the obtained products significantly varies depending on the organic moieties in the amide group. Divinyl selenide, which contains two lipophilic cyclohexyl substituents in the amide group, exhibits very high glutathione peroxidase-like activity and this compound is considerably superior to other products in this respect.
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35

Akriche, Samah, and Mohamed Rzaigui. "2-Amino-5-nitropyridinium hydrogen selenate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 65, no. 12 (November 7, 2009): o3009—o3010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536809042354.

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36

Akriche, Samah, and Mohamed Rzaigui. "2-Amino-3-nitropyridinium hydrogen selenate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 65, no. 7 (June 20, 2009): o1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536809022879.

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37

Khudair, Khalisa Khadim. "Effect of selenium and melatonin on some parameters Related to metabolic syndrome induced by Acryl amide in male rats (Part I)." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 40, no. 2 (January 5, 2017): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v40i2.126.

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This study was designed to investigate the ameliorative role of sodium selenite and melatonin on acryl amide induced metabolic syndrome in adult male rats. Twenty (20) adult male rats were randomly and equally divided into 4 groups (G1, G2, G3 and G4) and were treated orally for seven weeks G1, (control group) was given distilled water, G2 were given orally 1mg/kg /B.W of Acryl amide, G3 group received 1mg/kg /B.W of Acryl amide followed by 0.5 mg/Kg/ B.W. of sodium selenite orally. G4 group received 1 mg/kg /B.W of acryl amide (orally) followed by 8 mg/Kg/ B.W. melatonin (IP/ injection). Fasting blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture at (0, 7 weeks) of the experiment for measuring serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and serum uric acid, in addition to measuring waist circumference .The results showed an occurrence of central obesity, hyper uricemia, dyslipidemia (hyper cholesterolemia, triacyleglycerolemia and lowered high density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration) in acryl amide treated animals. The results also indicated the alleviation of the changes in the above- mentioned parameters related to metabolic syndrome by sodium selenite and melatonin through lowering central obesity, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, elevation of serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and lowering in serum uric acid.
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38

Tanini, Damiano, Alessandro Degl'Innocenti, and Antonella Capperucci. "ChemInform Abstract: Bis(trimethylsilyl)selenide in the Selective Synthesis of β-Hydroxy, β-Mercapto, and β-Amino Diorganyl Diselenides and Selenides Through Ring Opening of Strained Heterocycles." ChemInform 46, no. 22 (May 15, 2015): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201522234.

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39

Ansary, Abu A., Asad Syed, Abdallah M. Elgorban, Ali H. Bahkali, Rajender S. Varma, and Mohd Sajid Khan. "Neodymium Selenide Nanoparticles: Greener Synthesis and Structural Characterization." Biomimetics 7, no. 4 (October 3, 2022): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7040150.

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This investigation presents the greener biomimetic fabrication of neodymium selenide nanoparticles (Nd2Se3 NPs) deploying nitrate-dependent reductase as a reducing (or redox) agent, extracted from the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum. The Nd2Se3 NPs, with an average size of 18 ± 1 nm, were fabricated with the assistance of a synthetic peptide comprising an amino acid sequence (Glu-Cys)n-Gly, which functioned as a capping molecule. Further, the NPs were characterized using multiple techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and XRD. The hydrodynamic radii of biogenic polydispersed Nd2Se3 NPs were found to be 57 nm with PDI value of 0.440 under DLS. The as-made Nd2Se3NPs were water-dispersible owing to the existence of hydrophilic moieties (-NH2, -COOH, -OH) in the capping peptide. Additionally, these functionalities render the emulsion highly stable (zeta potential −9.47 mV) with no visible sign of agglomeration which bodes well for their excellent future prospects in labeling and bioimaging endeavors.
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40

Zhao, Feng, Ting Sun, Zhenhua Liu, Kai Sun, Chong Zhang, and Xin Wang. "Amidoselenation of Alkenes Yielding the β-Amido-selenides through a Radical Pathway." Current Organic Chemistry 22, no. 6 (May 14, 2018): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2215081107666180123144818.

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41

Yin, Yifan, Chen Li, Kai Sun, Yingjie Liu, and Xin Wang. "Radical Aminoselenation of Styrenes: Facile Access to β-Amido-selenides." Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry 42, no. 5 (2022): 1431. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/cjoc202112028.

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42

Saravanan, Raju, Harkesh B. Singh, and Ray J. Butcher. "Bis(2-nitrophenyl) selenide, bis(2-aminophenyl) selenide and bis(2-aminophenyl) telluride: structural and theoretical analysis." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 77, no. 6 (May 17, 2021): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229621005015.

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Three organoselenium and organotellurium compounds containing ortho substitutents, namely, bis(2-nitrophenyl) selenide, C12H8N2O4Se, 2, bis(2-aminophenyl) selenide, C12H12N2Se, 3, and bis(2-aminophenyl) telluride, C12H12N2Te, 7, have been investigated by both structural and theoretical methods. In the structures of all three compounds, there are intramolecular contacts between both Se and Te with the ortho substituents. In the case of 2, this is achieved by rotation of the nitro group from the arene plane. For 3, both amino groups exhibit pyramidal geometry and are involved in intramolecular N—H...Se interactions, with one also participating in intermolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonding. While 3 and 7 are structurally similar, there are some significant differences. In addition to both intramolecular N—H...Te interactions and intermolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonding, 7 also exhibits intramolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonding. In the packing of these molecules, for 2, there are weak intermolecular C—H...O contacts and these, along with the O...N interactions mentioned above, link the molecules into a three-dimensional array. For 3, in addition to the N—H...N and N—H...Se interactions, there are also weak intermolecular C—H...Se interactions, which also link the molecules into a three-dimensional array. On the other hand, 7 shows intermolecular N—H...N interactions linking the molecules into R 2 2(16) centrosymmetric dimers. In the theoretical studies, for compound 2, AIM (atoms in molecules) analysis revealed critical points in the Se...O interactions with values of 0.017 and 0.026 a.u. These values are suggestive of weak interactions present between Se and O atoms. For 3 and 7, the molecular structures displayed intramolecular, as well as intermolecular, hydrogen-bond interactions of the N—H...N type. The strength of this hydrogen-bond interaction was calculated by AIM analysis. Here, the intermolecular (N—H...N) hydrogen bond is stronger than the intramolecular hydrogen bond. This was confirmed by the electron densities for 3 and 7 [ρ(r) = 0.015 and 0.011, respectively].
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43

Raibaut, Laurent, Marine Cargoët, Nathalie Ollivier, Yun Min Chang, Hervé Drobecq, Emmanuelle Boll, Rémi Desmet, Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu, and Oleg Melnyk. "Accelerating chemoselective peptide bond formation using bis(2-selenylethyl)amido peptide selenoester surrogates." Chemical Science 7, no. 4 (2016): 2657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sc03459k.

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44

Lima, Leonardo Warzea, Serenella Nardi, Veronica Santoro, and Michela Schiavon. "The Relevance of Plant-Derived Se Compounds to Human Health in the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic Era." Antioxidants 10, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071031.

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Dietary selenium (Se)-compounds accumulated in plants are essential for human metabolism and normal physiological processes. Inorganic and organic Se species can be readily absorbed by the human body, but are metabolized differently and thus exhibit distinct mechanisms of action. They can act as antioxidants or serve as a source of Se for the synthesis of selenoproteins. Selenocysteine, in particular, is incorporated at the catalytic center of these proteins through a specific insertion mechanism and, due to its electronic features, enhances their catalytic activity against biological oxidants. Selenite and other Se-organic compounds may also act as direct antioxidants in cells due to their strong nucleophilic properties. In addition, Se-amino acids are more easily subjected to oxidation than the corresponding thiols/thioethers and can bind redox-active metal ions. Adequate Se intake aids in preventing several metabolic disorders and affords protection against viral infections. At present, an epidemic caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) threatens human health across several countries and impacts the global economy. Therefore, Se-supplementation could be a complementary treatment to vaccines and pharmacological drugs to reduce the viral load, mutation frequency, and enhance the immune system of populations with low Se intake in the diet.
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45

Przybylski, Wiesław, Elżbieta Żelechowska, Marian Czauderna, Danuta Jaworska, Katarzyna Kalicka, and Krzysztof Wereszka. "Protein profile and physicochemical characteristics of meat of lambs fed diets supplemented with rapeseed oil, fish oil, carnosic acid, and different chemical forms of selenium." Archives Animal Breeding 60, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-60-105-2017.

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Abstract. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of the longissimus muscle of lambs fed a control diet containing 3 % rapeseed oil (RO) (group I); an experimental diet with 2 % RO and 1 % fish oil (FO) (group II); or experimental diets with coupled addition of 2 % RO, 1 % FO, and 0.1 % carnosic acid (CA) (group III) without/with 0.35 ppm Se as selenized yeast (SeY) (group IV) or selenate (SeVI as sodium selenate, Na2SeO4) (group V). The results showed that dietary FO or SeVI affected the ultimate pH and meat color in comparison to lambs fed the control diet. The differences noted between diets in the case of muscle tissue were as follows: myosin HC (heavy chain) and LC1 (light chain), 150 kDa, α-actinin, 60 kDa, and TnT (troponin T), 30 kDa protein. The addition of FO to lamb diets resulted in a lower content of 30 kDa proteins, which are indicators of proteolysis. Considering the protein profile of drip loss, results showed effects of dietary administration of FO, CA, and Se (as SeY and SeVI) on the abundance of the following sarcoplasmic proteins: AMPDA (AMP deaminase), PGM (phosphoglucomutase), PK/PGI (pyruvate kinase/phosphoglucose isomerase), CK/PGAK (creatine kinase/phosphoglycerate kinase), ALD (aldolase), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), PGAM (phosphoglycerate mutase), and TPI (triosephosphate isomerase). The lower content of TPI (in group II with comparison to groups III–V) and PGAM (in group II with comparison to group I and III) could be due to a higher ultimate pH in the group with FO addition, whereas lower contents of CK/PGAK, ALD, and LDH were attributed to Se addition. In comparison to the control diet, all experimental diets without SeVI decreased the content of the sum of all assayed amino acids ( ∑ AAs), indispensable amino acids ( ∑ IAAs), and dispensable amino acids ( ∑ DAAs) in the muscle. The highest ratios of ∑ IAAs to ∑ DAAs and ∑ IAAs to ∑ AAs were found in the muscle of lambs fed the diet containing RO, FO, and CA. The FO-supplemented diet with CA and SeVI increased the abundance of methionine in the muscle in comparison to the control diet and the FO-supplemented diet without/with CA.
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46

Kumar, R. Uday, Kommula Dileep, K. Harsha Vardhan Reddy, and Y. V. D. Nageswar. "Cu(OAc)2-Promoted Thiolation and Selenylation of C(sp2)-H Bonds Using a 2-Amino Oxazole Directing Group." Letters in Organic Chemistry 16, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570178615666180627111437.

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Cu-catalyzed thiolation or selenylation of aryl C-H bonds with diaryl disulfides and diphenyl diselenides was accomplished using a readily removable directing group. This protocol represents a convenient route for the formation of valuable diaryl sulfides or diphenyl selenides. This simple method gives a variety of functionalized diphenyl sulfides or diphenyl selenides in moderate to good yields in a simple and efficient way.
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47

Premadasa, Lakmini, Gabrielle Dailey, Jan A. Ruzicka, and Ethan Will Taylor. "Selenium-Dependent Read Through of the Conserved 3’-Terminal UGA Stop Codon of HIV-1 nef." American Journal of Biopharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 1 (November 1, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ajbps_6_2021.

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Objectives: The HIV-1 nef gene terminates in a 3’-UGA stop codon, which is highly conserved in the main group of HIV-1 subtypes, along with a downstream potential coding region that could extend the nef protein by 33 amino acids, if readthrough of the stop codon occurs. It has been proposed that antisense tethering interactions (ATIs) between a viral mRNA and a host selenoprotein mRNA are a potential viral strategy for the capture of a host selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element. This mRNA hijacking mechanism could enable the expression of virally encoded selenoprotein modules, through translation of in-frame UGA stop codons as selenocysteine (Sec). Here, our aim was to assess whether readthrough of the 3’-terminal UGA codon of nef occurs during translation of HIV-1 nef expression constructs in transfected cells, and whether selenium-based mechanisms might be involved. Material and Methods: To assess UGA codon readthrough, we used fluorescence microscopy image analysis and flow cytometry of HEK 293 cells transfected with full length HIV-1 nef gene expression constructs including the 3’-UGA stop codon and a predicted thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) antisense region spanning the UGA codon, engineered with a downstream in-frame green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene. These were designed so that GFP can only be expressed by translational recoding of the UGA codon, that is, if the UGA codon is translated as an amino acid or bypassed by ribosomal hopping. To assess readthrough efficiency, appropriate mutant control constructs were used for 100% and 0% readthrough. We used anti-TXNRD1 siRNA to assess the possible role of the proposed antisense interaction in this event, by knockdown of TXNRD1 mRNA levels. Results: UGA stop codon readthrough efficiency for the wild-type nef construct was estimated by flow cytometry to be about 19% (P < 0.0001). siRNA knockdown of TXNRD1 mRNA resulted in a 67% decrease in GFP expression in this system relative to control cells (P < 0.0001), presumably due to reduced availability of the components involved in selenocysteine incorporation for the stop codon readthrough (i.e. the TXNRD1 SECIS element). Addition of 20 nM sodium selenite to the media enhanced stop codon readthrough in the pNefATI1 plasmid construct by >100% (P < 0.0001), that is, more than doubled the amount of readthrough product, supporting the hypothesis that selenium is involved in the UGA readthrough mechanism. Conclusion: Our results show that readthrough of the 3’-terminal UGA codon of nef occurs during translation of HIV-1 nef expression constructs in transfected cells, that this is dependent on selenium concentration, and the presence of TXNRD1 mRNA, supporting the proposed antisense tethering interaction.
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48

Skřivan, M., M. Englmaierová, G. Dlouhá, I. Bubancová, and V. Skřivanová. "High dietary concentrations of methionine reduce the selenium content, glutathione peroxidase activity and oxidative stability of chicken meat." Czech Journal of Animal Science 56, No. 9 (September 19, 2011): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1289-cjas.

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Three experiments (EXP) were conducted using two hundred seventy male chicks Ross 308 in each (90 cockerels per treatment; 3 replications, 30 chickens per pen) for 42, 38 and 35 days. The basal diets (treatment 1) for three EXPs contained the identical ingredients, and the concentration of selenium (Se), methionine (Met) and total sulphur amino acids (TSAA) in the control diet was 0.11 mg/kg, 5.65 g per kg and 9.25 g/kg, respectively. Chicks in dietary treatment 2 were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.3&nbsp;mg/kg of Se (EXP 1, 2 and 3) and in dietary treatment 3 they were fed a basal diet with the addition of 0.3 mg/kg of Se and 1 g/kg (EXP 1 and 2) or 2.5 g/kg of dl-methionine (EXP 3). In EXP 1, sodium selenite and in EXP 2 and 3 Se-enriched yeast were used as sources of supplemental selenium, respectively. The results indicated that the addition of Se or Se and Met into the diet of broilers did not significantly affect the final live weight of chickens and the feed consumption. Moreover, the concentration of Met (P = 0.004), Cys (P&nbsp;= 0.01) and tyrosine (P &lt; 0.001) in breast muscle increased with an increase in dietary Met content, and the isoleucine concentration decreased (P &lt; 0.001). Moreover, the addition of inorganic and organic sources of Se increased the Se content of breast meat (P &lt; 0.001). On the other hand, the addition of Met decreased the concentration of Se (P &lt; 0.001) in breast meat and reduced glutathione peroxidase activity and oxidative stability of raw breast muscle (P = 0.019, P&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.001) and breast meat stored for 3 days (P = 0.016, P&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.006) in EXP 2 and 3.
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Yokoi, Toshiyuki, Takashi Tatsumi, and Hideaki Yoshitake. "Selective Selenate Adsorption on Cationated Amino-Functionalized MCM-41." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 76, no. 11 (November 2003): 2225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.76.2225.

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50

Zhou, Lianyu, Huichun Xie, Xuelan Ma, Jiasheng Ju, Qiaoyu Luo, and Feng Qiao. "Effect of Sodium Selenite Concentration and Culture Time on Extracellular and Intracellular Metabolite Profiles of Epichloë sp. Isolated from Festuca sinensis in Liquid Culture." Agriculture 12, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091423.

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Selenium (Se) is not only an essential trace element critical for the proper functioning of an organism, but it is also an abiotic stressor that affects an organism’s growth and metabolite profile. In this study, Epichloë sp. from Festuca sinensis was exposed to increasing concentrations of Na2SeO3 (0, 0.1, and 0.2 mmol/L) in a liquid media for eight weeks. The mycelia and fermentation broth of Epichloë sp. were collected from four to eight weeks of cultivation. The mycelial biomass decreased in response to increased Se concentrations, and biomass accumulation peaked at week five. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), approximately 157 and 197 metabolites were determined in the fermentation broth and mycelia, respectively. Diverse changes in extracellular and intracellular metabolites were observed in Epichloë sp. throughout the cultivation period in Se conditions. Some metabolites accumulated in the fermentation broth, while others decreased after different times of Se exposure compared to the control media. However, some metabolites were present at lower concentrations in the mycelia when cultivated with Se. The changes in metabolites under Se conditions were dynamic over the experimental period and were involved in amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides. Based on these results, we conclude that selenite concentrations and culture time influence the growth, extracellular and intracellular metabolite profiles of Epichloë sp. from F. sinensis.
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